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CITY OF RENTON
MAPLEWOOD GOLF COURSE REGRADE
Based on Field Survey
ENGINEER'S PLANNING LEVEL COST ESTIMATE
August 20,2001
G&O#01657.00
NO. ITEM QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT
GRADING AND LANDSCAPING IMPROVEMENTS
1 Mobilization,Cleanup&Demobilization 1 LS $ 12,000.00 $ 12,000.00
2 Locate and Protect Existing Utilities 1 LS $ 500.00 $ 500.00
3 Clearing and Grubbing 1.5 AC $ 6,000.00 $ 9,000.00
4 Removal of Structures and Obstruction 1 LS $ 1,500.00 $ 1,500.00
5 Tree Removal and Replanting 7 EA $ 200.00 $ 1,400.00
6 Temporary Water Pollution/Erosion Control 1 LS $ 2,000.00 $ 2,000.00
7 Construction Surveying,Staking,and As-built Drawings I LS $ 2,000.00 $ 2,000.00
8 CPEP Storm Sewer Pipe 4 In.Diam. 30 LF $ 20.00 S 600.00
9 Structural Fill for Cart Path 4,500 TN $ 9.00 $ 40,500.00
10 Crushed Surfacing Top Course 150 TN $ 18.00 $ 2,700.00
11 Asphalt Conc.Pavement Cl.B 90 TN $ 70.00 $ 6,300.00
12 Topsoil Type A 1,100 TN $ 14.00 $ 15,400.00
13 1 Sod Installation 6,200 SY $ 5.00 $ 31,000.00
14 1 Irrigation Revisions I LS $ 3,000.00 $ 3,000.00
Subtotal(Items 1-14): $127,900.00
Sales Tax @ 8.8%: $11,255.20
TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST $139,155.20
30%Construction Contingencies $41,746.56
Subtotal $180,901.76
ENGINEER'S PLANNING LEVEL COST ESTIMATE $181,000
DATE:August 20,2001
PREPARED BY:Matt Winkelman,E.I.T.
CHECKED BY:Roger Kuykendall,P.E.
Roughly 1,250 TN of fill material will be used for landscaping feature. At$9.00 per TN,this cost is$11,250.
The additional landscaping features will also add approximately 1,200 SY of topsoil and sod.
At$14.00 per TN,the golf cours's share of the cost for 6"of topsoil is$8,400.
The difference in cost between sod and hydroseed is approximately$3.50 per SY.
Over 1,200 SY,the golf course's share of the cost for sod is$4,200.
The cost of relocating and replanting trees is also added into the golf course's portion.
The total amount to be paid by the golf course is$11,250+$8,400+$4,200+$1,400=$22,850 or$23,000.
8/27/2001 7:53 AM Page 1 of 1 M:\Renton\01657\fin_cost.xls
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IV . c. STRliC IRE INV-P �IOEY Ai'Q MP—EDS ASSESS�n Tr Date -
r�
General Inventory Information
1. River I�-rarrae of Structure_ A&
Lt�-
2. Rives mile and bar-& '!raining levee, flood control levee o revetrnent
3. Access from what read?
(address, name, or descri 'on
Municipality .structure•i s. located in ✓i` ` l
--- - 1 77
4. Length: from design _ Width(slope length) : fran design
measured D measured • .
5. Slope gradient toe design: weighted or buried
6. Rock thickness rock size
7. Original cubic yards rock (rock-thickness x sq. area of structure)
8. Existing design drawings? yes_; no Is structure built in accordance to design? yes
9. Is there an existing maintenance/repair agreement? :yes _no CA Mot- Cd At E+`i►�t t iQt 1
with what agency?: Army Corps of Engineers
Ctnc.Itne�d "e) SCS
- -----------
federal flood assistance project FQAA
10. Is there an existing access/repair easement?: yes o f,(AnY{Dtit'Y�GtY1y CjOC,QYY1P.111or1
tMq wht;7?
11. ?motion of structure on river:
a. strzig t channel �r _ length
b. inside curve — length
c. outside curve length
12. Structure protects: urban, residential, commercial, industrial, recreation agricultural
• open space ri ge, oad.
m�ti-.�rrn (otu derw�i}�fok3
J 5h°t'�ir� c�rt�t�r Luc---) -4V compteX
rv� post 4�f �ta aP� nvnuv4'ur(T
Z- 900 ut'�� u�p� anim4zv -�Arm b(AlUrnc-o
ye etstion Inventory (ccxrplete separate sheets for each section of the structure iF you
have Oivided it into inside/outside curve and straight, use one
sheet if you are inventorying the structure as one length.)
(Inc icate-iJhat. secti n and. langth is inventoried. on this sheet)
R }LNC 0
A
_ D_ metal vegetation cover of struct�lre_ 100%-70%, 70i-30% 30,.-0
(dense) (moderate) (sparse)�� v� ,c, 5�Ylp ►ro�t �n ovcx'�3t'`n+l�iw Y (o tcCn;� *j Jr { VU `r Ajc
e�.
G.m i1C&,1 ,ev drl�j V42C7 ��w1 t.
d•..0rowiy10 ,n te� fe�4w clw np. pi-,04 kre
J+. Total square yards of vegetation on structure:
a. Potential control area; 1 sq. yds.
(length of structure or length of section x width of vegetative growth area) .
��t ds.
b. Existing_....
xisting � � Y
(potential or control area x % total vegetation cover on structure) .
I gtZl�ihG�J, GtI a,W miyeA Al4er, miyc -�r6v;2 -VjII63
betYii bYN�h tr tt'a,wc .`��xin5h _ - --
CC --
d
% cover of
bank. (fram
question #14) 2) 6
1) .
total sq- yam•
2)
height
stem diameter . . . . . . .
% of`decid.
leaf cover out
in bud, flower,
or fruit? . . . . . .
location on t .
structure: '
water Is edge
to midslo
mid to access rd.
top of structure
on access rd.
Notes: (unique features or problems pertaining to vegetation, any summary analysis) . `
- .- Y
* 1) within 12' flail reach *2)beYond 12' flail reach
Vegetation Inventory (complete separate sheets for each section of the structure if you
have divided it into inside/outside curve and straight, use one
sheet if you are inventorying the structure as one length.)
(Indicate-i4hat--section and lengt'a is inventoried on this sheet)
niNG
_ 1-1A_ 'I`otal vegetation cover of structure: 100%-70% 70%-30% 30%-0%
(dense) (raderate) (sparse)
j� v �;—,c.• �raLN �►, �{cn - , j , cn. c Jar, Gov r h cam' ?
b. 5ca�'cr�q ovYX'�ru�L. tJha�" IC►��i _-------• .
mow 6441-rA
_ 1+• _Total square yards of vegetation on structure:
a. Potential control area' ' sq. yds.
(length of structure or length of section x width of vegetative growth area) .
b. E`xist i ncr sI• yds.
(potential or control area x % total vegetation cover on structure) _
gtc�, - 'OL fblac - miXu1 Alc(er; M� �Ycc� _ ,i11 . cox
15. }_ �h' bet'hc� "l�ru,�h$ Go(tonk ah — - —- -
% coven of 1)
bank. (fron
question #14) 2)
total sq. yds.
height i I . . . . . . . ' ,
stem diameter
% of deci.d.
leaf cover out
in bud, flower,
or fruit?
location on i I:
structure: '
waterIs edge f
to midslo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mid to access rd.
top of structure
on access rd. , . . . . . . . .
Notes: (unique features or problem pertaining to vegetation, any surrra-ry analysis) .
. . . . . . . . . . . .^4 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* 1) within 12' flail reach *2)beYond 12' flail reach
Vegetation Inventory cunt.
14,. General description of vegetation on: (include type, density, height, stability of
vegetation corrmunity)
a. area iediately behind structure to a depth of 50'375�;�(;mr
Ce
b. adjacent vegetation on unrevetted riverbank
. . . . . .�. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. vegetation across river from structure: - " '
is vegetation directing flow toward structure?
River Characteristics '
IT. Natural streambank composition: silt sand gravel clay
1$. Silt deposit on structure? yes
19. Damage potential due to river characteristics and location of structure on river:
Circle one: highmoderate low
-structure on outside curve -on straight channel -on inside curve
---
-presence of gravel bar, island, -long, gent e -low velocity
or log jam, diverting flow -gravel bar
against structure deposit in f r on t�o
structure.
-narrow channel channel shift
-cha-u_el shifting
away
- high flow capacity needed
Notes: '
Multi-Use Enhancement (consider land use, river characteristics, aesthetics,
etc. , )
Zo. Indicate potential for multi-use enhancement and explain how and why:
a. water access
b. adjacent to park land
C. trail development
d. viewpoint
e. wildlife habitat enhancement plantings
f _ nP—.thAtic chnrncter
Kl,4e.r
1983 Vegetation Maintenance Needs Assessment
Management procedure is determined by the following combination of
factors and information taken from the inventory:
Location of
St,—ucture on Maintenance
Vegetation Type River Procedure
/ 1. .. Grass. Weeds, ,� All sites No cutti.n_g necessary
herbaceous layer
2. Brush, woody a) in high domage -if dense to moderate cover
stemmed shrubs potential areas and tallerithan 4'
cut veg. to ground.
-if sparse cover, cut veg.
if causing problems.
-If not cut in ' 83, should
it be cut in 184?
b) in moderate damage rif, der,,se to moderate cover
potential areas and taller than 61 , then
cut veg . 'to ground.
-if sparse cover, , cut .veg.
if creating problems.
-if not cut in 183, should
it be cut in 184?
c) in low damage -allow veg& to grow, cut
potential areas only veg . causing problems.
3. Blackberries a) in high damage !cnd ,mixed
f dense to moderate -cover
potential areas with other brush
u ush above (2a}
-if growing as isolated
clumps and herbicide use
approved, then spray.
(consider aesthetics,
adjacent land use, etc. ).-
-if growing as isolated
clumps, cut if taller
than 4' .
Opin moderate damage seeabove (3a)otential areas -hydro seed or replant
area
c) in low damage -cut only if causing
potential areas problems.
Location of
Structure on
Vegetation type River ;,�? ntenance Procedure
4. Trees, esp. a) high damage .. -if dense to moderate cover
alder, cotton- potential area and mixed with other brush
wood. then cut as brush (2a) .
-if growing in isolated
clumps then cut if stem
4 diameter is greater than 4
3 b) moderate damage -if mixed with brush then
potential area cut as above (4a) .
-if growing in isolated
clumps then cut if stem
diameter is greater than 6
c) low damage -allow to grow with brus�i `
potential area cut only if causing prob-
lem.
-cut i 'dn -d1ameter is
greater than 6"diameter.
-allow willows to grow
until. density .or height
catches too much debris.
zt. lc-;) ti'tfcl 15 rV TuIC. rv�Abk,-�N- exp_-rimama( tc-,5litn �- (_er`tAin aff"Crrw-t7Vc�
Crn�d�r• land USc.�bc�;nd ru ure,, lando�urfe,r prt�rcn�, �c�ch'��� ��'►��
wze— on blv�ry onto,
L.oj�t�, r�rdant�
�. .� �V3t1d���e. enhotrlG�rCten�" �lan�i�s _
Rock Needs
2L' . Type of problem: (check all appropriate) �.
- a. levee with rock missing, subgrade exposed CQY- �rN�
b. levee with toe slippage, bank exposed
c. revetment with rock missing, subgrade exposed
d . levee with rock missing, subgrade not exposed
e. revetment with rock missing, subgrade not exposed
f. revetment with toe slippage, bank exposed
g. no problem evident
h. no problem visible, vegetation obscuring rock. Veg. type
i . potential problem (explain)
j . other
23. Locate problem area on drawing of structure below:
175 CPA
v
r
��� 41
24. Location of problem on structure: ING
00
a. upper portion
b. midslope
C. lower portion
entire face
toe -
2;5. Maintenance priority: A r 8\ , C D
t _
20. Cubic yards of rock needed for repair - �7i 1
27 . Other repair needs
26. What are the consequences of not repairing thistyear?
a. facility will fail at next high water
b. damage to adjacent property
(c additional rock will be lost
d. facility will probably remain stable
e. channel will change
other ,
21 . What is the apparent cause of this damage?
a. upstream debris
Oflood damage
c. drainage problem behind structure
d` last year' s maintenance not done r
J
e. vegetation problem
f. deteriorating rock
g. inadequate rock size
other 57>Za OLL k IIIM ' rv-\?,6U -- - �.
�D X WX I . 7.5"
I , 75- x 3
)1 x -� .a as Zo
9
Access Roads
3b. Access to structure:
� r
length width
Condition a ro::d
f
Is maintenance nee e/d? , (could a 38, 000 GV'S /truck bed driven on this
t
road?)
r` 7
i..( / / ,r yy..
Is vegetation encroaching? `(type,`)height, deity, etc. Y- • cc>C'f
31 . Access on structure:
length_ *7�) width
Condition of road p �% r -�f / _ ✓f ` ' �f�f"
Is maintenance needed? (could a 3 ,000 GVwl truck be driven on this
road?) r`-' ,
Is vegetation encroaching? (type, height, density, etc. )
/7 b
Access Gates
3Z. Are there access gates? M How many?
3-:5 Is there a problem? (Y/N) .
If so, what -is it?
� ;. Are there any fences associated with this structure? (Y/N)
Approximate lineal feet
Is there a problem? (Y/N)
If so, what is it?
Flood Gates
35. Are there any flood gates? How many?
- 3(0 . Do they opercte?
Culverts
37. Number of culverts at diameter
Technical References Page 1 Page 1 of 1
¢zq S50
Q U A 0 A M 0
.Water Structureso
Water Controlling Water*"
Technical References:
Water Structures® are environmentally safe, stable water barriers used to contain, divert, and control
the flow of water. The design consists of two polyethylene liners contained by a single woven geo-
tech outer tube. When the two inner tubes are filled with water, the resulting pressure and mass create
a stable, non-rolling wall of water.
k
A single tube filled with water will not provide a stable
wall or dam. As the water builds up on one side of the PRESSRE
tube the pressure on the wall of the tube begins to
increase.
Single Tube Water Barrier
---- L
As a result of the building pressure, the water is pushed �� -PRESME
from one side of the tube to the other side where the '�► j
pressure remains low. As the water continues to move WATER
from one side to the other,the tube begins to roll. DISPLACED
Single Tube Water Barrier
NEXT
http://www.waterstructures.com/refs.html 11/14/2000
Technical References Page 2 Page 1 of 1
Technical References Page 2
Two water-filled tubes or columns placed side-by-side,
will assume their natural shapes. If pressure is applied m .rP s4R6
to one side, the water is displaced in the first tube and
causes it to roll. As the first tube rolls, it pushes on the MAIE& 'M«, �._._ Tan
second tube moving the water from one side to the other ��EE�r. rkn t��4�x�.,t►: u+
and the two tubes roll together.
Two Separate Water Barrier Tubes
The Water Structure-> is able to offer a stable wall by
containing two water columns in a single outer tube.
The contained water columns are unable to assume their
natural position and form a vertical wall in the middle
as they press against each other. The pressure inside the
tubes applies a substantial force to both sides of this
vertical wall.
Water Structure
Ikk
As water begins to build on one side of the structure the 4,
inner tube naturally tries to roll. However, the friction ,I
between the vertical walls and between the inner and -+�-
�:., 41,
outer tubes opposes the rolling tendency and the
structure remains fixed. FRICTION FRICTION
Water Structure
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http://www.waterstructures.com/refs2.html 11/14/2000
Technical References Page 3 Page 1 of 1
Technical References Page 3
As water builds up on one side of the Water Structure—>,
the pressure displaces the water in the inner tubes. y ,. 1 RE.'3S fI
However, because the inner tubes are unable to roll, the
Water Structure—> assumes a position of equilibrium and
behaves as a solid barrier.
Water Structure
In order to roll a filled Water Structure, it must be tipped
end-over-end. This would require lifting all of the water PRESSURE
mass in the first column up and over the second column. - -
Even if the water builds to the top of the Water Structure,
the pressure is far too low to provide enough force to lift
the water mass and tip the Water Structure. The result is HATER MASS
a stable, non-rolling barrier that forms a solid dam.
Water Structure
Previous I Next
http://www.waterstructures.com/ref3.html 11/14/2000
Technical References Page 4 Page 1 of 1
Technical References Page4
i
i
In order for the Water Structure—>to move as a result of the pressure exerted on one side, it must
either be tipped end over end or slide across the surface on which it rests. In order to tip, the water
pressure must lift the first inner tube up and over the second. The following calculations show the
Water Structure's—> resistance to tipping:
Assumptions:
To facilitate the calculations, we will assume that the inner tubes are generally
rectangular when filled. As the worst case scenario, we will assume that the water level
on one side has reached the top of the Water Structure—>.
P =pressure
h=water depth
D =width of Water Structure®
I == length of Water Structure®
p =mass density of water
g = gravitational acceleration
Y= specific weight of water
F=force exerted on the face of the Water Structure® due to pressure (P)
A= area of the side face of the Water Structure®
W=weight of water in the inner tube
V =volume of the inner tube
P =pgh=yh
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http://www.waterstructures.com/refs4.html 11/14/2000
Technical Reference Page 5 Page 1 of 1
Technical References Page 5
A= hl
F = PA =P,.SA
W = yV
The force exerted on the side of the water structure is then: } -y h h1
Having determined the force on the side of the Water Structure TM' we can evaluate the tendency of the
Water StructureTM to tip. We assume point A as the pivot point and sum moments about this point.
The moment created by each force, is a measure of how much the force contributes tc rotating the
first column of water around point A.
OR
MA ph D I'U -p h 1-=0
2 2 2 3
Simplifying the expression we see that the stability of the Water Structure TM is dependant on the
relationship between its width(D) and the depth of water it must resist.
D=(.82)h
The relationship above indicates the minimum width of the Water Structure TM to prevent it from
tipping when resisting water with a depth(h) equal to the height of the Water Structure itself. The
design height for the Water StructuresTM to prevent tipping would be described as:
D>(.82)h
In order to quantify the stability of the Water Structure TM we substitute the actual dimensions of the
standard Water StructuresTM for D and h into the equation above. The results are expressed in terms of
a safety factor. The safety factor indicates how many times greater the water pressure or water depth
must be in order to roll the Water Structure TM. Based on the current Water StructuresTm designs, the
safety factor against tipping when the water levels are to the top of the Water StructureTm are as
follows:
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http://www.waterstructures.com/Refs5.html 11/14/2000
Technical References Page 6 Page 1 of 1
Technical References Page 6
INFLATED HEI HT INFLATED WIDTH SAFETY FACTOR
(in inches) (in inches) AGAINST TIPPING
12 24 2.44
24 IF 4 2.34
36 1 68 2.30
xno
48
72 1 3.15
E4 IF 282 4.12
If the recommended maximum water depth is maintained,the safety factor against tipping is
improved. The following table illustrates the improvement when recommended water depths are
observed:
INFLATED INFLATED SAFETY FACTOR
HEIGHT WIDTH RECOMMENDED AGAINST
(in inches) (in inches) MAXIMUM DEPTH TIPPING
12 24 3.65
24 46 18 3.11
36112 2.96
4.0
72 18 54
84 282 72 4.7
http://www.waterstructures.com/refs6.html 11/14/2000
TECHNICAL REFERENCES PAGE 7 Page 1 of 1
Technical References Page 7
The second method for moving the Water Structure® is to slide the entire structure. The resistance to
sliding is provided by the friction between the ground and the structure. Although any type of barrier
could slide along the ground if the pushing force were great enough, we will present the calculations
for sliding the Water Structure® in order to quantify its tendency to slide.
11Y HIV -"a - PRESSU
------------
... ,...,.. ..... ..•� ice.,.-w-+.....-.
_
FRI TIO
Water Structure®
In addition to the variables already defined we add:
µ=coefficient of friction between Water Structure® and its supporting surface
f=friction force
N=normal force (equivalent to weight)
Assumptions:
We are assuming that the supporting surface is smooth and flat. Any deviation from a
smooth surface will add greater opposition to sliding. Again, we assume that the inner
tubes are generally rectangular to facilitate the calculations.
f=µN=µ W
or
1x=2(y ho, �h1=0
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http://www.waterstructures.com/refs7.html 11/14/2000
Technical References Page 8 Page 1 of 1
Technical References Page 8
Deriving a term for the coefficient of friction yields:
2
For current Water Structure--> designs, the coefficient of friction(µ)that will allow sliding when the
water depth is equal to the height of the Water Structure—> are as follows:
INFLATED INFLATED COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION FOR
HEIGHT WIDTH SLIDING12
(in inches) (in inches)
12 24 .25
24 46 .26
36 68 .26
48 120 .2
72 186 .19
84 282 .15
The coefficient of friction that will allow sliding if the recommended maximum water depths are
observed as follows:
INFLATED INFLATED RECOMMENDED COEFFICIENT OF
HEIGHT WIDTH MAXIMUM DEPTH FRICTION FOR
(in inches) (in inches) (in inches) SLIDING
12 24 8 .11
24 46 18 .15
36 68 71 28 11 .16
48 120 36 .11
72 186 54 .11
84 282 72 .11
Coefficients of friction ranging from .10 - .20 indicate that the surface may be quite slippery. For
example, the coefficient of friction between two pieces of greased or oiled steel is .10 - .20. Again we
have assumed that the surface under the Water Structure-> will be comparatively rough and will pose
even greater opposition to sliding than indicated in the calculations above.
The principles used to create the Water Structure—> are simple, yet effective. The stable non-rolling
wall of water conforms to the surface beneath it, creating a tight seal. The Water Structure—> will not
tip or move even if water levels rise to the very top of the structure. Water Structures—>provide a
lightweight, reusable and ecologically-safe method of temporary water control.
HOME I TECH REFERENCES
http://www.waterstructures.com/refs8.html 11/14/2000
Water Structures® user Guide - Cover Page 1 of 1
User's Guide:
- -�' '�s kd•?�u
WATER STRUCTURES UNLIMITEDTM
P.O. BOX 206
CARLOTTA, CA 95528
(707) 768-3439
LOW-IMPACT
ENVIRONMENTAL WATER DIVERSION,
CONTAINMENT, AND STORAGE STRUCTURES
Next Page...
http://www.waterstructures.com/guide/guide—c.html 11/14/2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 of 1
Page
I. Introduction 1
H. About the Company 1
HI. Patents 1
IV. Concept. 2
V. Applications 3
VI. Site Selection and Size Criteria 4
A. Water Depth 5
B. Water Velocity 5
C. Installation Site 5
D. Climate/Spring Run Off 6
E. Other Site Criteria 6
Vu. Installation 6
A. Small Water Structures 6
1. Equipment List 6
2. Manpower 6
B. Large Water Structures 7
1. Equipment List 7
2. Manpower 7
C. Installation Procedures 8
D. Joining Water Structure 12
IX. Maintenance Procedures 15
X. Removal 15
XI. Safety 16
Appendix 18
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http://www.waterstructures.com/guide/toc.html 11/14/2000
User's Guide, Page 1 Page 1 of 1
INTRODUCTION
Protection and objective management of water resources within the United States have become
significant public issues during the last two decades. The importance of conservation, water
pollution, and the utilization of water resources is expected to increase as a result of increased
demand, deteriorating water quality, pollution, protection of endangered species, and water shortages.
Past practices by industry,public, and private sectors in the utilization of fluvial or wetland
environments can no longer be tolerated. The days of building earthen levees within the ecosystem of
a stream, river or lake are no longer acceptable to the general public.
Water Structures®Unlimited offers a low-impact environmental alternative to past practices of
building earthen barriers in fluvial systems by digging or trenching with large pieces of heavy
equipment, which commonly caused long term damage to local streams, rivers, lakes, and wet lands.
There is a growing realization of the importance of rational water management programs that protect
water systems for future use, but also allow present day industrial operations to continue in an
economical manner. The US Corp. of Engineers has, and is presently approving the use of Water
Structures®made by Water Structures Unlimited as a viable, environmentally acceptable method of
diverting or containing water in our nations water ways and wetlands.
The following is an overview of Water Structures®Unlimited; the various applications of Water
Structure; site and size requirements; equipment and manpower requirements; installation techniques;
safety, maintenance, and removal of Water Structures.
ABOUT THE COMPANY
Water Structures®Unlimited is a sole proprietorship created to offer a new concept for managing
water diversions, water and silt containment, emergency flood control management, levee toppings,
and water storage. Over five years research, development and testing are involved in the present
design of the Water Structures—+ described in this text. Several patents have been issued to Water
Structures Unlimited® and the development and testing of new designs and more efficient structures
continues. Water Structures®Unlimited® offers installation services, consulting services. Regarding
the design and implementation of your containment, diversion, or storage needs, and the sale of
Water Structures—> for customer installation. Possibly the most important features of Water
Structures—> are the ease and speed at which they can be installed in emergency situations.
PATENTS
Water Structures®Unlimited® presently has several US Patents on the design and utilization of
multiple chambered Water Structures—>that use water as the inflation media, and the technique used
in connecting, or joining multiple Water Structure-> sections.
Patent No.: US PATENT No. 5059065
Patent No.: Issued but not received by Water Resources Unlimited
at the time of printing of this User's Guide.
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CONCEPT
Water Structures-> function like portable dams or barriers that are positioned wherever needed to
contain or divert the movement of water. Water Structures-> consist of two basic parts 1.) an 'outer or
master tube' made of a woven plastic fiber 2.) multiple 'inner tubes' composed of 10 mm thick
polyethylene. The 'outer tube' and 'inner tube' combine to form a water structure as shown in Figure
1., a cut away section illustrating the relationship between the 'inner and outer tubes' of a typical
Water Structure.
TYPICAL WATER STRUCTURE:
LY ce.
A B
-A and B are 10 mm polyethylene plastic 'inner tubes,
that are inflated with water.
- C is the 'outer tube or master tube' made of a polypropylene
woven plastic fabric which confines the 'inner tubes' and that
gives the Water Structure-> its strength and durability along
with the massive weight of the confined water.
Figure 1. A cross section of a typical large (41-101) Water Structure-+ illustrating the relationship
between the two polyethylene 'inner tubes' filled with water encased by a stronger but flexible outer
tube' made of a woven (geotextile)plastic fabric.
Water is pumped into the 'inner tubes' during the inflation process. The durable woven'outer tube'
confines the inflated 'inner tubes'. The counter friction/hydraulic pressure between the 'inner tubes'
along with their inherent weight stabilizes the entire Water Structure-*. Counter friction stabilizes the
structure and keeps it from rolling when lateral water pressure is exerted against it. Given the
inherent flexibility of polyethylene, and the weight of the Water Structures-* when filled, Water
Structures-> will readily conform to most sedimentary surfaces, river beds, or other fluvial terrains.
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Water Structures® come in a variety of sizes, ranging from one to ten feet in height when inflated.
Water Structures® come in standard lengths of 50, 100, and 200 feet. Customized lengths are
available upon request. Two or more water structures can be joined together to form structures of any
workable length. Structures are joined together by a unique coupling collar method. (patented by
Water Structures® Unlimited) which can create almost any length of Water Structure. The
configuration of Water Structures® on the ground or in a fluvial environment is almost limitless.
They can be used in a straight line, form an arc, or encircle a building. Water Structures® can also be
connected at angles to each other, as may be required by the task.
Water Structures® are commonly assembled at the factory and shipped, intact, ready to use at the job
site. However, it is not unusual to assemble a Water Structure on site due to changes or specific needs
of the job site. A typical Water Structure consists of the 'outer tube or master tube' and at least two
'inner tubes. wrapped around and rolled up on a section of PVC or metal pipe (core) as shown in
Figure 2. The core also plays an important part in the installation in some circumstances and
transportation of larger size Water Structures® around the work site.
MASTER
OUTER TUBE
- - (WOVEN PLASTIC)
�. <IK
{�K2s
_ + TWO
�4
� " '� h POLYETHYLENE
CORE FOR INSTALLATION 10mm INNER
AND TRANSPORTATION TUBES
Figure 2. A typical factory assembled Water Structure®prior to installation, showing the 'inner and
outer tubes' rolled up around the core. One end of the assembled tubes is left open for filling
purposes; the other end is sealed and/or may contain a coupling collar used in joining a second Water
Structure.
APPLICATIONS
Water Structures® Unlimited offers a wide range of applications for the use of Water Structures as
well as installation and consulting services. Listed below are some of the more beneficial uses or
applications of Water Structures:
- Water diversion during pipeline installation in rivers or standing water
- Water containment during repairs on bridges, sewage, and power plants
- Flood control in rural or urban area, fast effective installation times
- Erosion control through diversion or containment of flowing water
- Temporary reservoirs for water storage in and areas
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- Silt containment, sediment collection, or settling ponds
- Water storage for stock or wildlife in arid or drought
plagued areas
- Water storage of spring run-off water
- Fire protection (water storage) in rural areas
- Levees, levee toppings
- Fish habitat restoration (containment)
- Agricultural uses
- Hazardous waste or oil spills (containment)
- Portable dams
- Temporary storage of hydrocarbons from spills
- Temporary foot bridge through environmentally sensitive
areas
- Wet lands management
When used for flood control and augmenting levees, for example, Water Structures@ are as
effective as sandbags and sheet piling. They can be installed much quicker and at a
fraction of the cost of these more traditional methods of controlling flood water. Consider
also the amount of water that can be stored in a standard ten foot Water Structure@ with a
width of 22 feet and a length of one hundred feet filled to its theoretical capacity, about
100,000 gallons of water. Water Structures@ are durable, long lasting, and with proper
installation and removal from service can be stored and used again and again. Should an
'inner tube' develop a leak, polyethylene replacement tubes are available from Water
Structures@ Unlimited.
Water Structures@ are relatively easy to install, requiring only a couple of portable pumps,
an available water supply, and depending on the size of the Water Structure@ a few
laborers. Manpower requirements are discussed later under the heading of Installation.
SITE SELECTION AND SIZE CRITERIA
Site selection criteria determines the size and number of Water Structure@ to be used.
Seven standard sizes are presently available from Water Structures Unlimited. Customized
Water Structures@ greater than ten feet in height are available upon request.
Water Structure@ selection is determined by the height of water to be contained and
diverted, stream bed slope water velocity, and maximum projected changes in water levels
after inflation. Table 1. lists the seven basic sizes of Water Structures that are presently
available and their recommended water depth usage.
STANDARD WATER STRUCTURE SIZES
AND RECOMMENDED USE
SIZES HEIGHT WIDTH LENGTH WATER DEPTH (obi
(INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES) (FEET) (INCHES)
12 12 22 50,100,200 8
18 17 31 50,100,200 12 �i m�Ih
24 24 44 50,100,200 18 /1
36 36 66 50,100,200 28
52 52 120 50,100,200 40 W l
78 78 186 50,100,200 54 j bod rj
120 120 260 50,100,200 70 1 ��
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Table 1. Standard sizes of Water Structures and recommended water depth usage in
non-flowing water conditions. Lateral pressures from flowing water as in a river may
require multiple Water Structures installed parallel with each other. Depending on the
amount of current the above water depths would be lowered proportionately.
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Water Depth- The height of water to be contained by the Water Structure® is most important in
selecting the proper Water Structure® size. A good rule of thumb for determining the water height
after diversion is as follow: Add 1.) the maximum water depth along the installation site, 2.)the
average depth of water at the installation site, 3.) and the difference in elevation(water levels)
between the installation and diverted water sites. These three numbers equal the height of water that
will be found at the installation site after the Water Structures®have been installed and water is now
flowing through the diversion channel, see Figure 3.
HEIGHT DETERMINATION ON
INSTALLED WATER STRUCTURES
2, DWL
EWL
31 5' DIVERSION
14, # CHANNEL
EXISTING EWL=EXISTING WATER LEVEL
CHANNEL DWL=DIVERTED WATER LEVEL
a'=TOTAL WATER WEIGHT
Figure 3. The height of water to be retained by a Water Structure® is related to the
maximum depth of water at the installation site,the average depth of water
along the installation site, and the difference in water levels between the
installation site and the diversion point.
Figure 3. illustrates the importance of determining the projected height of water after installation and
fun inflation of the Water Structures. Estimating the height of water to be retained by a Water
Structure® is often underestimated by 25-50%resulting
_in inadequate barriers, increased costs, and
potentially unsafe conditions.
Water Velocity - When a Water Structure® is used to stem a water flow, some consideration must
also be given to the velocity of the water running around the end of the Water Structure® during
installation. When the water flow is being pinched off during installation, the water velocity will
increase and, depending on the firmness of the stream/river bed that the water structure is being laid
over, may cause some undercutting around the end of the structure as it is being installed. This would
result in an increase in the height of the water to be retained and should be considered in the above
analysis when determining the maximum water height. Current velocity will also play an important
part in the installation of a Water Structure. For example, during installation a Water Structure has to
be filled to a higher capacity so as to prevent it from rolling down stream.
Installation Site - Water Structures® can be installed on top of most types of soils or fluvial bottom
materials, including flat lying bed rock, mud, sand, gravel, small rocks, and vegetation. Select a site
that is smooth, flat, and void of wire, rebar, sharp objects, garbage, glass or dead vegetation
containing tree branches, etc. The slope of the river bed should also be relatively flat or inclined in
the direction of the up stream or contained water. Police the entire area for holes or washed out areas
which may cause problems during installation.
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Climate/SRrinL- Rtin Off- Spring run-off from winter snow-packs, local wet seasons, and
thunderstorms effect water levels in rivers, lakes, and wet lands and are important in local areas of the
country. Projects that have flexible construction dates should be correlated 'With favorable weather
conditions and potentially high water levels.
Other Site Criteria- All of the above factors are important considerations once the site has been
selected. The following are additional factors that may influence the site selection.
-Width of the river is important, since a location on a wide, shallow river is easier to
control that a narrow deep river with rapids.
-An extremely rugged alpine river bed with large angular boulders, etc. within the stream
bed
is a difficult area to install structures, since a good tight seal can only be accomplished
through the removal of said boulders by hand or heavy equipment.
- Access to the area by road or trail is helpful in transporting the Water Structure.
However,
Water Structures® are extremely portable and can be moved down a river or lake by
rowboat or canoe. Larger rolled-up Water Structure®will also float.
INSTALLATION
Installation procedures in this section cover Water Structures® installed in either standing or moving
water. Both require the same procedures; however, flowing water does pose problems which require
additional manpower, water pump capacity, and possibly assistance from heavy equipment if
permitted. The size of the Water Structures®to be installed and the velocity/volume of flowing water
dictates the equipment and manpower needs at the job site.
SMALL WATER STRUCTURES (12 -36 INS:
Equipment List:
- Two portable gasoline water pumps (100+ gpm) or one split outlet gasoline pump
(100+gpm);
- 2+ inch discharge and suction hoses per pump;
- Two or three wet suits (chest waders);
- One roll of duct tape per each installed Water Structure;
- Two or three pocket knifes or one per laborer on the job and one pair scissors;
- 100 feet of 1/2 inch rope for tie downs per installed structure;
- Two shovels;
Manpower:
Two or three laborers are required to install the smaller two tube Water Structures. The
number of structures to be installed, time constraints, and access to the installation sites
may dictate the need for additional help.
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LARGE WATER STRUCTURES (52-120 inch
Equipment List:
- Two to four high capacity gasoline water pumps (150-200+gpm minimum), "pumps of
equal output", a 6-10 foot structure could use 300400 gpm pumps (4 cylinder) or 4
smaller pumps;
-A 2 inch, minimum diameter, discharge and suction hose per pump;
-Three to six wet suits (chest waders);
-Two rolls of duct tape for each installed Water Structure;
-Five to eight pocket knives, one per laborer and one pair scissors;
-250 feet of 1/2 inch rope per line for each 100 foot structure that is installed, i.e. a four
rope set up on a ten foot structure would require 1000 feet of rope; -Four shovels and
one or two sheets of 1/2 inch plywood 4'X8';
-Two-four 4 inch OD metal posts about 7 feet long;
Manpower:
Five to eleven laborers are needed to install the larger Water Structures;
The exact number of laborers is related to structure size, number of structures, terrain,
water velocity, water depths, and time constraints. Standing water conditions require the
fewest number of laborers (usually 1-5 less laborers). The following chart better
describes the manpower needs during a typical installation of 4 to 10 foot Water
Structures'
RECOMMENDED MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
DURING INSTALLATION IN MOVING WATER
WATER ROPE NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
STRUCTURE ASSISTED LABORERS LABORERS LABORERS
SIZE INSTALLATION IN WATER ON PUMPS ON ROPES
1-3 FEET NO 1-3 0-1 0
4 FEET NO 4-6 1 0
4 FEET YES-2 2-4 1 2
6 FEET YES-3 3-5 1 3
10 FEET YES-4 4-6 1 4
Table 2.
Manpower requirements based on a particular size of Water Structure® in moving water,
The chart also provides the number of ropes commonly used with a specific structure
size. Note that 4, 6, and 10 foot structures are commonly installed with the aid of ropes.
Only in standing water would rope assisted installations not be used on larger size Water
Structures. Strong water velocities or currents require more manpower to insure
installation and to secure the safety of those in the water. The above list does not address
personnel that might be operating heavy equipment at the site. A coordinator of activities
or who over sees the installation procedure is also recommended,
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In most installations, very little site preparation work is required. The area should be policed for
objects that might puncture the Water Structure®during installation. Be sure you have the right size
and length Water Structure® at the correct location. It's a "lousy" feeling when you unroll a 10 foot
Water Structure® and find out you are 25 feet short. Check your measurements and do not forget that
portion of the structure that laps upon to the river bank, shore, or berm (about 8-10 feet).
This Guide assumes that all Federal, State, County, and City Permits have been obtained by
appropriate personnel, project contractor or the persons in authority_At the site and that all conditions
or restrictions have been addressed and discussed with the personnel installing the structures, field
supervisors, and 12rime contractor and compan3: management Water Structures®Unlimited also
recommends that the buyer(Prime Contractor, Company Supervisor, etc.)have an understanding of
the above permits and have authority or knowledge of what can or can not be done within the river
bed (lake), should the use of heavy equipment be needed.
INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
1. Unpack and remove any shrink wrap that may be securing the Water Structure, with scissors,
carefully. Transport the structure to the installation point. Be sure not to snag or puncture the
polyethylene as this would result in leaks. If the structure is to be moved by heavy equipment, use
straps secured around the structure then connect the straps to the heavy equipment for transportation.
2. Position the assembled Water Structure perpendicular to the path that it is to be unrolled and
at an elevation(berm, river bank, etc.)higher than the highest projected water mark on the installed
structure. Leave some- slack at the bank in the tube(s) for tying off the ends of the tubes after the
structure has been filled. It may be necessary to build a berm at the starting point by hand or with
heavy equipment. Let the rolled up Water Structure®roll down the berm into the water. Larger
structures will float, but do not let it float away. Water Structures® four or more feet in height
commonly require restraining lines around the unrolled portion of the structure during filling.
Without these lines or ropes the pressure of the water in the 'inner tubes' would cause the Water
Structure®to unroll before the proper inside head pressure is achieved. The number of ropes (lines)
required by a particular sized structure is discussed in Table 2 and Figure 4.
3. If ropes are to be used in the installation process, they should be cut and placed under the
structure at this time before water is added and secured to the metal posts mentioned in the list of
suggested equipment, see Figure 4. The metal posts should be driven into the ground 2-3 feet with
either a back hoe or by sledge hammer, etc. The ropes are attached to the base of the metal posts, then
run under the structure, over the top, and back to the metal post, where they are tied off in a manner
that would allow the rope to be let out sparingly. The rope should be twice as long as the length of the
structure when inflated plus an extra 50 feet. One laborer should man each rope and each laborer
should understand all signals that n-might be used during the unrolling and inflation sequence. Only
one person should be giving signals to the "rope holders", preferably someone in the water next to the
unrolled portion of the structure or the coordinator on top of the structure as it is being unrolled and
inflated. The coordinator should also watch for structure movement or rolling in the unrolled
structure due to an inadequate head, as well as movement in those structures already installed, if any.
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TYPICAL WATER STRUCTURE
DURING INSTALLATION
- PUS -
_ ;r ,�; r• :•�., .:�+::'i!"--'ram""' 'a `i -
EF
RE- - ti
F'
WATER .� '...�;.� P UMPS
PUMPS
Figure 4. Water StructureO during installation showing the location of the ropes, posts and
the inflating structure.
4. After the fill hoses have been installed in to the 'inner tubes, a 'yard' of dirt
dumped on the master tube between the two inner tubes at the very end of the
structure on the berm, will help hold the structure during 'installation. Should the
crew loose control of the structure during installation, the "yard" of dirt may keep
it from taking off down stream, see Figure 5. Leave some slack in the 'inner
tubes'for tying-off-the ends after the Water Structure® has been filled.
ROPES IN
BERM
• INFLATED STRUCTURE. DUMP
WATER
HEAD LEVEL
-RIVER BED- S' MIh11I'r+IUM
Figure 5. A cross section of a structure partly installed illustrating the location of
the berm, pumps, ropes, and laborers.
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5.lnsert the discharge hoses from the water pump 6-8 feet into the
polyethylene 'inner tubes', gather up the loose polyethylene around the hoses
and secure with duct tape, if necessary. Should the end of the hose have sharp
points or edges, wrap duct tape around them, since the end of the hose will
have a tendency to flop around when water is flowing through the hose. Be sure
the intake (suction) hose is in deep water on the up stream side and not on the
side being drained. Make sure the water pumps are full of gasoline and a spare
five gallon gasoline can is stored nearby: on land, It is very important that the
'inner tubes'be filled rapidly and generally at the same pace (simultaneously).
Be sure there are no kinks in the discharge lines from the pumps, as this will cut
the pump capacities by 50-75%. The larger the water pump capacity, the faster
the job will be completed. A water Structure 4+ feet high and a 100 foot long
should be installed in no more than 1-1.5 hours.
6.Once the ropes are manned, the pumps are primed and ready, and the
Water StructureO is properly aimed in the right direction, the pumps can be
turned on and the inflation processes begin. Figure 6 shows a picture of
restraining lines (ropes) used during installation of a ten foot Water Structure.
The unrolled section should be unrolled at about six inches at a time to maintain
a six-twelve inch head. Smaller structures can be unrolled more rapidly
especially if the stream currents (water volumes) are small. Laborers should be
aware that standing at the end of the unrolled section is dangerous should the
ropes fail and the structure unwrap rapidly forcing a laborer under the structure.
This is why all laborers should carry knives to slit the structure open on both
sides, immediately to relieve water pressure on anyone pinned under the
structure.
" ':�"�,,,.m �'�`° � ,sue^ �� � •� ,,
"
en;
pp ,
Figure 6. A ten foot Water StructureO being installed on the San Juan River in
northern New Mexico. Note the use of four restraining lines and four laborers in
water.
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7. Water should be entering both inner tubes at the same rate and the master tube should be
rising out of the water equally on both sides. In flowing water a head of at least 6-12 inches should be
maintained in the structure at all times above the surrounding water. Head is described here as, that
portion of the Water Structure-> that rises above the surrounding water during inflation. In stronger
currents 12 inches of head should be maintained on the inflating structure, see Figure 5. Flowing
water will have a tendency to push the structure down stream. The 6-12 inch of head of water within
the structure is the positive weight that keeps the structure on the river bed and from taking off down
stream. However, the greater the head, the harder it is to restrict unrolling of the structure, so a
happy medium must be worked out during the installation process.
8. 'ROLLING' of a structure during installation occurs when there is an insufficient head of
water on the structure during or after installation. Water levels will rise rapidly during installation
and should be monitored continuously by the crew in the water and the supervisor standing on the
structure or in the water. Sometimes rolling is hard to detect but usually the following are indications
of rolling:
a. Visual lateral movement of the structure is the best indicator.
b. The seams on the structure are straight for some distance but appear bent in
the middle of the installed structure, bowing of the central part of section.
c. Water marks or muddy marks can be seen increasingly higher along the sides
of the structure, crescent shaped marks.
d. The structure is no longer pointed in the direction originally taken.
e. Once installed and during the final inflation of the structure, an object can be
place down stream to see if it is being encroached upon by the structure.
f. Rolling could occur in areas along a structure where, during installation
the structure was turned or twisted. These are generally the weakest points
along a fully inflated Water Structure.
g. If rolling is beginning to take place or evidence of rolling can be seen along the
structure then steps should be taken to correct it or a 1-2 inch change in water
level could wipe out all of the installed structures. Keep a maximum amount
of water in the 'inner tubes' and always fill your structures to their recommended
height with heads of 12 inches or greater above adjoining water.
Surrounding water heights may be higher than planned once installed. In
this case the structure could be shored-up by using material from the river bed
on the down stream side or river bank, see Figure 7. Remember that your
Government Permit may not allow for any digging in the river. There should be
an understanding of what can or can not be done to shore-up the structures
with 2-3 feet of dirt/rock. Know your permits and be prepared.
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h. Rolling should be monitored from the time the structure is being installed until it
is removed from the job site, if it is of concern due to changing water levels.
i. Other solutions to 'rolling' are to install a smaller water structure, directly down
stream behind the rolling structure or by increasing the amount of water in the
structure. In standing water, the water that has been
removed from behind the structure could be replaced/returned until a solution
is reached, or water levels drop.
SHORING-UP CROSS SECTION
-NO HEAD
�a..a.aa....
....a..♦..>.i..a..<.a.....a.a..a.. .a..
�F�I�RII� ..a...:.�
..a..a.;air>n�an•
a.... .�.. .as.a..a..a.. .a..a .. 'a.•... . .
•a.•a.•..a..a..a...... . ..•a.a.•a..ae•.....
UP
:.a..�.aa.a.......;:. L
:.......a.......a.a.........a
................. .....:. :'.:
Figure 7. A cross section showing the placement of dirt/rock to shore up a Water
Structure that shows signs of rolling. Other temporary solutions to rolling are
the use available-heavy equipment as barriers or by installing a second
structure behind the moving structure, immediately.
JOINING WATER STRUCTURE SECTIONS:
Certain applications require that two or more water Structure sections be linked or coupled together
to form a longer Water Structure. The following procedure illustrates how this is accomplished, the
procedure assumes Water Structures@ joined in a straight line.
1. Before a second Water Structure@ can be attached to an already installed Water Structure,
the first Water Structure@ must have an accessible coupling collar, see Figure 8a. The coupling collar
should extend 6-10 feet from the end of the installed master tube. The other end of the coupling collar
is already tightly secured around the previously installed master tube, see Figure 8a.
2. Position the assembled new(second)Water Structure@ directly behind and in-line with the
filled section and unroll about six feet of the new section, see Figure 8a.
3. Gather up four or five feet at the end of one 'inner tube, lightly twist it or bunch it up, and
wrap with duct tape, see Figure 8b. Do the same thing to the other'inner tube @ This-will allow the
'inner tubes' to be easily inserted and pulled through the slits on top of the master tube coupling
collar.
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SLIT IN COLLAR AND
MASTER TUBE TWISTED TUBES
NEW FILLEDIN NEW NA
SECTION SECTION
Ir S LLEC} i# INST LLED
SE rOrwl SE ]ON
COUPLING COUPLING
COLLAR COLLAR
OPEN UP PUMP
TWISTED TUBES NEW TUBES JMd HOSES
NEW te SECTION
SECTION ?� INS T LLED
INS T LLED
SE ION SE ;ION
— /
(b )
COUPLING COUPLING
COLLAR ( d ) COU AR
Figure 8 a, b, c, and d. Illustrations showing the different steps taken in the process of joining two
Water Structures—> together. No water has been pumped in to the second(new) structure in any of
these four illustrations.
4. Carefully cut two slits perpendicular to the length of the filled master tube. Each slit should be
large enough to accommodate the wrapped inner tube. The two slits should be positioned midway
between the end of the coupling collar and the filled master tube up on the filled section. Again, be
careful not to cut the filled tubes of the first section, see Figure 8c. The slits should be about four feet
apart on a four-foot structure and six feet apart on a six-foot structure.
5. Insert the wrapped right'inner tube' through the slit on the right side of the coupling collar,
and the wrapped left'inner tube' through the slit on the left side of the coupling collar, see Figure 8c.
This is done by working your way inside the coupling collar, pushing the 'inner tube'toward the slit
and having a second person reach through the slit and grab the tube and pull it through. The 'inner
tube' should be pulled up through the slit, about four feet for a four foot high Water Structure—> and
seven feet on a ten foot high Water Structure. Push and pull the 'outer tube' fabric inside the
coupling collar and around the 'inner tubes' as best possible, especially on the bottom side. The new
section should be totally enclosed by the coupling collar.
The 4'X8'Xl/2" sheet of plywood described in the equipment list is for the pumps should they need to
be placed on an inflated Water Structure—>. When two structures are coupled or attached together,
pumps are generally set on the previously filled structure, about 15-20 feet from where they are now
needed. The plywood should prevent a leak or damage to the structure due to vibrations, heat, sharp
metal edges, screws, or bolts sticking out on pump skids.
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6. Remove the tape from around the twisted 'inner tubes' and insert the discharge hoses deep into the
unfilled 'inner tubes' and secure with duct tape, see Figure 8d. Insert the pump hoses and secure them.
Be sure there is extra master tube material and 'inner tube' material inside the coupling collar to
insure a close fit with the end of the filled structure when filling the new structure begins.
In strong currents it may be necessary to use ropes to restrain the unrolling of the second section in
order to maintain a 6-12 inch head on the inflating structure. If ropes are needed splice them into the
ropes used to install the first section and bring then up and over the second unrolled section. The
ropes may have to be anchored to a piece of heavy equipment parked near the new take-off point, if
the structures are no longer in a straight line or if you suspect the water currents will alter your
direction of placement. The use of heavy equipment in the fluvial portion of a river must be in
compliance with granted permits.
7. At this point the new section is ready to be filled in the same manner as the first section. Follow all
of the applicable instructions previously presented to install the first Water Structure. Figure 9 is a
drawing of two Water Structures, one filled and the other ready to be unrolled and filled.
TWO WATER STRUCTURES SPLICED OR JOINED TOGETHER
INNER TUBES FIRST
4, MASTER
SECOND TUBE �.
MASTER
TUBE
r�
-
a.
'��' :•tee -:.:5•.. ...h..a:• .�4�P!T'4.:" n~��,.:-.�T�'':. �T•rR?_
- �.s�q r �a�„ .0•. — _ �r:.1x _ .::r.ran�i'! —�-+is 1�• �7.
luifi� _
U PLI NG COLLAR
Figure 9. Two Water Structures® are shown joined together by a coupling collar and ready to be
inflated. Note the two 'inner tubes' sticking out and up from the middle portion of the coupling collar.
8. When the second section is filled, the water hoses can be removed from the 'inner tubes. The tubes
are rewrapped with duct tape tightly and in such a manner that the tubes will stand by themselves
upward. If possible, use duct tape to attach the two' upright'inner tubes' together, making them even
more stable and preventing water from leaking out of the 'inner tubes. Remember the 'inner tubes' are
not on top of a berm, above water level, and lying flat on the ground as was the case for the first
section, see Figures 4 and 5. Water could easily leak out of the 'inner tubes', if they were allowed to
lay flat on the surface of the master tube. Keep the inlet tubes standing erect and tape accordingly.
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Page 15 Page 1 of 2
9. Tie off the ends of the Water Structures with rope where the sections are in contact with land.
Check in and around the base of the installed sections for leaks that may be small at that time but can
enlarge enough to under cut and wash the structures away. Fill or barricade the leaks with dirt, rocks'
etc., it may be necessary to use the back hoe to move enough dirt to completely shut off these leaks.
Material on the up stream side of the structure is most effective. Small flows of water are common
near the bank where water currents were last cut off due to under cutting of the river bed during
installation. These leaks should be plugged.
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
Installed Water Structures(V are durable and should last along time providing a regular
maintenance program is implemented. The sections installed should be monitored regularly until
leaks can be located and rolling is not a concern. The first 12 hours is probably the most critical time.
There are three important observations that should be made on a regular basis. 1.) Leaks in the
Water Structures; 2.) Leaks under the Water Structures; 3.) Infill tubes that have fallen over and are
leaking; 4.) Rolling due to change in water levels.
--- J
Most leaks are of such a nature that they are resolved simply by pumping additional water into the
structures on a regular basis. Identify which of the tubes is leaking, untie and unwrap the 'inner tube'
and insert the discharge hose from the water pump and fill it. Sometimes, a leak is large enough to
require a patch. To repair such a leak, first identify and isolate the area of the leak. Then, using a
sharp knife, cut across' through the master tube and pull the material apart to expose the leak. Then,
using tape provided by Water Structures®Unlimited, patch to the 'inner tube. Once the leak is
repaired, cover the 'cross' cut in the master tube with the same repair tape. It should be noted that
repairing leaks with patches is not recommended on Water Structures® greater than four feet in
height, In most cases it is best to just add water on a regular basis.
The woven GEO-TECH fabric that the master tube is made of is particularly resistant to
penetration and can be walked on. The only time you might curtail foot traffic is during cold weather,
when ice occurs within the 'inner tubes' during the long winter nights. The ice may cut the
polyethylene when it cracks or breaks from foot traffic.
REMOVAL
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In most cases, large dimensioned Water
Structures® functioning as dams are used
on a one time basis and are destroyed when
removed. However,there are many
ro< � applications where a Water Structure® can
. � be saved and reused at a later date.
:141 Specifically, if a Water Structure is
installed in standing water or in an area
where the water pressure can be equalized
on both sides of the structure, it can be
disassembled and saved for future use.
Water Structures®placed in a fluvial
Rerolling Water Structure after use. system are difficult to save. Once the
master tube is allowed to deflate the
structure will roll down stream., twisting,
etc. The quickest way to deflate the
structure is to cut both side of the section
with knives, cutting through the master
tube and the 'inner tube I next to the fill
tubes. Let the water drain from the
structure, then pull it on shore.
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Page 16 Page 1 of 1
Heavy equipment such as a back hoe can pull the structure from the stream or river while positioned
at the river bank. The structure may be kinked and twisted beyond a point of saving once brought on
shore. The ecological thing to do would be to save what you can. Damaged 'inner tubes' make good
liners in and around urban landscaping projects to prevent weeds from growing. The tubes are heavy
enough 10 mm to act as tarps over agricultural products or equipment.
The procedure to drain and disassemble a Water Structure®used in standing water for storage is
described as follows:
1. Assuming that the structure is still lying in water, the structure should be first drained
as best possible. Cut or untie the 'inner tubes' at the far end of the structure and allow the
structure to drain by slowly pulling the closed end of the structure upon to the bank.
2. After the Water Structure®has drained, secure the coupling collar by slipping the
collar back over the master tube of the section until the collar is half way over end of the
master tube.
3. Flatten out the 'inner tubes' and the master tube along said flat ground, making sure
that the inner tubes are not kinked or twisted in anyway. If possible, use an air blower to
facilitate the process.
4. Starting at the coupling collar end of the section, rewrap the water structure up around
the core used in the installation process and secure it with rope for storage.
The polyethylene material used to make the 'inner tubes' of a Water Structure® contains a one year
ultraviolet direct light stabilizer. The shelf life of a stored Water Structure is indefinite.
Any questions regarding this Users Guide descriptions or explanations of the use of or the installation
of Water Structures® should be addressed to Water Structures®Unlimited.
SAFETY
Throughout this User's Guide situations that require the installers to be careful or to be aware of a
possible conditions which could result in a safety hazard have been pointed out The following is a list
of field safety hazards that all laborers should be aware of. These are worst case scenarios but should
be discussed regardless of their chances of occurring.
1. The floors of rivers and streams are rough and have holes in them. Laborers used in a
river, lake, or stream should know how to swim. In cold water insulated chest waders are
recommended and are available from Water Structures® Unlimited. Laborers can get
hypothermia in 33-40 degree water or lose mobility especially when they are in cold
water for 4-6 hours at a time.
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Page 17 Page 1 of 1
2. Standing at the end of a 4-10 foot Water Structure®that is being installed or unrolled
is dangerous should the restraining lines give way, or should the laborers in the water
loose their footing due to strong currents around the end of the structure. In cold water
insulated chest waders are a must and knives are essential should the structure roll over
some one.
3. Rolling of the structure during or after installation can be dangerous to anyone
walking on the structure or standing directly down stream. A structure that begins to roll
is extremely unstable and dangerous. Tremendous volumes of water are being held back
by the installed structures. Should one give way or be breached, would release a wall of
water and water currents strong enough to knock down the largest of men and carry
him/her down stream.
The greatest hazard when a structure rolls is the structure wrapping around a laborers
legs, knocking him down, and not being able to get back up. A good reason for all on-
site laborers carrying knives is the ability to free oneself or a fellow laborer from an
uncontrolled structure. If there is a concern for erratic changes in water levels at the
installed structures, a person should be post at the site during working hours till
construction is completed. Men working down stream out of site of the structures should
be aware of any potential hazards should a structure be breached.
4. Fording or crossing a river, stream, or lake in the winter months without proper
clothing, insulated chest waders or a life-vest is risky. One could step into a hole, lose
their footing, become completely soaked with freezing water, and be a victim of
hypothermia.
5. If heavy equipment is being used on the site, normal safety procedures should be
followed regarding their movement and use.
6. Laborers should take caution when jumping from one structure to another, from a
structure to a piece of heavy equipment, or from a piece of heavy equipment to a
structure used. One might slip, lose their footing, or fall into very swift, deep water. Life-
vests are recommended for all personnel working at the job site where water depths are
greater than one foot, before or after installation of the Water Structures.
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Page 18 Page 1 of 1
{
APPENDIX: WATER STRUCTURE SPECIFICATIONS
ORDER OVERALL MATERIAL VOLUME T77
NUMBER DIMENSIONS SPECIFICATIONS GALLONS"
mil, poly*
mil, poly*
mil, poly*
mil, poly*
10 mil. polyethylene
WSUX36-66 36" X 66" Inner tubes, & 20 Mil. 10,000
polyethylene Master tube.
10 Mil. polyethylene
WSU52-120 52" X 120" Inner tubes, & 20 Mil. 18,000
polypro* (GEO-TECH)
Woven Master Tube.
10 Mil. polyethylene
WSU78-186 78" X 186" Inner tubes, & 20 Mil. 42,000
polypro* (GEO-TECH)
Woven Master Tube.
10 Mil. polyethylene
SU120-260 120" X 260" Inner tubes, & 20 Mil. 110,000
polypro* (GEO-TECH)
Woven Master Tube.
Wet Suit eoprem
*Polypro = polypropylene (GEO-TECH) woven fiber.
**Approximate Filled capacities in gallons per 100 foot section.
Water Structures® Unlimited
P.O. Box 206
Carlotta, CA 95528
(707) 768-3439
There shall be no liability on the part of the manufacturer (Water Structures
Unlimited), distributor, or seller for any loss or damage, direct or consequential arising
out of the buyer's use or inability to use these products, or inability to follow the User's
Guide for the use of, or installation of, said products as presented in this User's Guide.
Water Structures® Unlimited warrants only the workmanship of the Water Structures
purchased and will repair any manufacturing defects at no charge. Water Structures
Unlimited does not warrant any structure once it has been used, installed, or placed in
service. -Copyright 1992-
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GeOCHEM
' INCORPORATED
WATER STRUCTURES
USER' S
GeoCHEM, Incorporated GeoCF EM, Incorporated
106 Lake Ave. South 500 W. Potter Dr./Suite 201
Renton, WA 98055 Anchorage, Alaska 99518
Phone 206-227-9312 Phone 907-562-5755
Fax 206-227-8797 Fax 907-562-3032
LOW - Lt�1PACT
ENVIRONMENTAL WATER DITVTRSION
CONT.kLNi EENT AND STORAGE STRUCTURES
1
' TABLE OF CONTENTS
t Page
I. Introduction 1
' H. About the Company- 1
III. Patents 1
' IV. Concept 1
N'. Applications
' VI. Site Selection and Size Criteria 4
A. Water Depth 4
B. Water Velocity 5
C. Installation Site 5
D. Clunate/Spring Rim Off 6
E. Other Site Criteria 6
N'II. Installation 6
' A. Small Water Structures 6
1. Equipment 6
' 2. Manpower 6
B. Large Water Structures 7
1. Equipment List 7
2. Manpower 7
' C. Installation Procedures 8
D. Joining Water Structures 12
' I1. Maintenance Procedures 1.1
Y. Removal 15
XI. Safety 16
ZII. Appendix 18
i
r
INTRODUCTION '
Protection and objective management of water resources within the United States have become
significant public issues during the last two decades. The importance of conservation, water '
pollution, and the utilization of water resources is expected to increase as a result of increased
demand, deteriorating water quality, pollution, protection of endangered species and water
shortages. Past practices by industry, public and private sectors in the utilization of fluvial or wet '
land environments can no longer be tolerated according to various regulatory agencies. The days of
building earthen levees within the ecosystem of a stream,river or lake are no longer acceptable to the
general public.
NVater Structures offers a low-impact environmental alternative to past practices of building earthen ,barriers in fluvial systems by digging or trenching with large pieces of heavy equipment, which
commonly caused long term damage to local streams,rivers, lakes,and wet lands. There is a growing '
realization of the importance of rational water management programs that protect water systems for
future use,but also allow present day industrial operations to continue in an economic manner. The
U.S. Corps of Engineers has and is presently approving the use of Water Structures as a viable, '
environmentalh_ acceptable method of diverting or containing water in our nations water ways and
wet lands. -
The following is an overview of GeoCHEM, Inc., the various applications of Water Structures, site '
and size requirements, equipment and manpower requirements, installation techniques, safety,
maintenance and removal of Water Structures.
ABOUT THE COMP 'ANY
GeoCHEM was Incorporated in 1982 with offices in the State of Alaska and Washington State. '
GeoCHEM, Inc., in conjunction with Water Structures Unlimited, is offering a new concept for
managing water diversions,water and silt containment, emergency flood control management, levee
toppings, and water storage. Over five years of research, development and testing is involved in the
present design of the Water Structures described in this text. Several patents have been issued and '
the development and testing of new designs and more efficient structures continues. GeoCHEM,Inc.
offers installation schooling and on site Technical Representation during installation by
Contractor/Owner, consulting services regarding the design and implementation of your ,
containment, diversion, or storage needs, and the sale of Water Structures for customer installation.
Possibly the most important feature of Water Structures is the ease and speed at which they can be
installed in emergency situations.
PATENTS
Water Structures presently has several U.S. Patents issued on the design and utilization of multiple '
chambered Water structures, which use water as the inflation media, and the technique used in
connecting or joining multiple Water Structure sections together.
Patent No. : U.S.Patent No. 5059065& U.S.Patent No. 5,125,767 '
CONCEPT '
Water Structures function like portable dams or barriers that are positioned wherever needed to
contain or divert the movement of water. Water Structures consist of two basic parts, 1)an "outer or
master tube" made of a high strength polypropylene fabric,2) multiple "inner tubes" composed of 10 i
mil polyethylene. Please note,Water Structures"inner tubes" at 6' high requirements and above are
composed of 16 mil polyethylene with an "outer or master tube" made of a high strength
polypropylene fabric as well. The "outer tube" and "inner tube" combine to form a water structure
4-
' as shown in Figure 1., a cut away section illustrating the relationship between the "inner and outer
tubes" of a typical Water Structure are shown below.
TYPICAL WATER STRUCTURE
Q
A and B are 10 mil polyethylene plastic "inner tubes",which
' are inflated with water.
C is the "outer tube or master rube" made of high strength
polypropylene fabric which tontines the "inner tubes and gives the Water Structure
its strength and durability along with the massive weight of the confined water.
' Figure 1. A cross section of a ical large
�'p a (-!foot-9 foot)Water Structure illustrating the
relationship between the two polyethylene "inner tubes" and gives the Water
Structure its strength and durability along with the massive weight of the confined
water.
Water is pumped into the "inner tubes" during the inflation process. The durable woven "outer
tube" and the counter friction/hydraulic pressure between the "inner tubes" along with their
inherent weight stabilizes the entire `Pater Structure. Counter friction stabilizes the structure and
' keeps it from rolling when lateral water pressure is exerted against it Given the inherent flexibility
of the polyethylene and the weight of the Water Structure,when filled,Water Structures will readily
conform to most sedimentary surfaces, river beds or other fluvial river or creel;or lake terrains.
Water Structures come in a variety of sizes, ranging from one (1) to nine (9) feet in height when
inflated. Water Structures in heights of 10' and 12' are currently being developed. Water
Structures come in standard lengths of 100 feet Customized lengths are available upon request
Two or more water structures can be joined together to form structures of any workable length.
Structures are joined together by a unique coupling collar method (patent exists) which can create
almost any length of Water Structure imaginable. The configuration of Water Structures on the
ground or in a fluvial environment is almost limitless. They can be used in a straight line, curved, or
to encircle a building. Water Structures can also be connected at angles to each other, as may be
required by the task.
Water Structures are commonly assembled at the factor'and shipped, intact, read,' to use at the job '
site. GeoCHEM, Inc. also stocks vnr.ing heights and lengths of Water Structures, in Renton,
Washington and .anchorage, :Alaska. However, it is not unusual to assemble a Water Structure on
site due to changes or specific needs of the job site. A typical Water Structure consists of the "outer
tube or »roster tube" and a least tW0 "inner tubes" %%"rapped around and rolled up on a section of
PVC,2 x 4 or metal pipe(core) as shown in Figure 2 below. The core also plays an important part in
the installation in some circumstances and transportation or larger size Water Structures around the '
work site.
TYPICAL WATER STRUCTURE PRIOR TO INSTALLATION
l'IASTER
OUTER TU
BE
BE
(WOVEN POLYPROPYLENE FABRIC)
/' •',,' L - .wry...`-.`fl j� - 8
TWO POLYETHYLENE
10 OR 16 N I I L I_Y ER
TUBES
CORE FOR INSTALLATION
AND TRANSPORTATION ,
FiL,ure 2. A typical factory assembled Water Structure(page 3)prior to
installation,showing the "inner and outer tubes" roiled up around the core. One
end of the assembled tubes maybe left open for filling purposes; the other end is ,
sealed and/or may contain a coupling collar used in joining a second Water
Structure.
APPLICATIONS ,
Water Structures offers a wide range of applications. Listed below are some of the more beneficial
uses or applications of Water Structures:
-Water diversion during pipeline installation in rivers or standing water
-Water containment during repairs on bridges,sewage and power plants
-Flood control in rural or urban areas,fast effective installation times
-Erosion control through diversion or containment of flowing water
-Temporary reservoirs for water storage in and areas
-Silt containment,sediment collection,or settling ponds
-Water storage of spring run-off water
-Fire protection(water storage)in rural areas
-Levees,levee toppings
-fish habitat restoration(containment) '
-Agricultural uses
-Hazardous waste or oil spills(containment)
-Portable dams
-Temporary storage of hydrocarbons from spills
-Temporary foot bridge through environmentally sensitive areas
-Wet lands management
-3- '
1 When used for flood control and augmenting levees, for example, Water Structures are as effective
as sandbags and sheet piling. They can be installed much quicker and at a fraction of the cost of
these more traditional methods of controlling flood water. Consider also the amount of water that
can be stored in a standard ten foot Water Structure with a width of 22 feet and a length of one
hundred feet filled to its theoretical capacity is more then 100,000 gallons of water. Water Structures
are durable, long lasting, and with proper installation and removal from service can be stored and
used again and again. Should an "inner tube" develop a leak, polyethylene replacement tubes are
' available through and from GeoCHEM, Inc. in Anchorage, Alaska or through and from
GeoCHEM,Inc.in Renton,Washington.
' Water Structures are relatively easy to install, requiring only a couple of portable pumps, an
available water supply and depending on the size of the Water Structure,a few laborers. Manpower
requirements are discussed later under the heading of Installation.
SITE SELECTION AND SIZE CRITERIA
' Site selection criteria determines the size and number of Water Structure to be used. Nine standard
sizes are presently available from GeoCHEM, Inc. Customized Water Structures greater than ten
feet in height are available upon request.
' Water Structure selection is determined by the height of water to be contained and diverted, stream
bed slope, water velocity and maximum projected changes in water levels after inflation. Table 1.
lists the nine basic sizes of Water Structures that are presently available and their recommended
' water depth usage.
STANDARD WATER STRUCTURE SIZES
AND RECOMMENDED USE —_—
STANDARD INFLATED WEIGHT WEIGHT GALLONS WATER
INFLATED WIDTH PER L.F. PER L.F. PER L.F. DEPTH
HEIGHT(ft) (inches) EMPTY(lb) FILLED(lb) (gallons) (inches)
1 ft 24 in 1.0 lb 105 lb 12.5 gals 8 in
1.5 ft 31 in 1.13 lb 315 lb 37.5 gals 12 in
2 ft 46 in 1.5 lb 420 lb 50 gals 18 in
3 ft 68 in 2.6 lb 1,130 lb 135 gals 28 in
' 4 ft 120 in 4.0 lb 2,400 lb 290 gals 36 in
6 ft 186 in 9.0 lb 5,800 lb 700 gals 54 in
8 ft 282 in 17.9 lb 11,000 lb 1,270 gals 72 in
9 ft 228 in 20.1 lb 12,375 lb 1,429 gals 90 in
10 ft 250+in 22.8 lb 13,750 lb 1,588 gals 108 in
Table 1. Standard sizes of Water Structures and recommended water depth usage in non-
flowing water conditions. Lateral pressures from flowing water as in a river may
1 require multiple Water Structures installed parallel with each other. Depending on
the amount of current the above water depths would be lowered proportionately.
Water Depth - The height of water to be contained by the Water Structure is most important in
' selecting the proper Water Structure size. A good rule of thumb for determining the water height
after diversion is as follows: Add 1) the maximum water depth along the installation site, 2) the
average depth of water at the installation site,3)and the difference in elevation (water levels)
between the installation and diverted water sites. These three
will be fou numbers equal the height of eater that '
found at the installation site after the «'titer Structures have been installed and water is nor
ilo«inl throul4h the diversion channels,see Figure 3.
HEIGHT DETERitiIL'�rATIOv ON
INSTALLED WATER STRUCTURES
---- OWL
2�
EWL
T
3' S'
-14- + DIVERSION ,
EXISTING CHANNEL
CHANNEL ,
EWL=EXISTING WATER LEVEL
DWL=DIVERTED WATER LEVEL
5'=TOTAL WATER HEIGHT '
Figure 3 The height of water to be retained by a Water Structure is related to the maximum
depth of water at the installation site,the average depth of water along the
installation site,and the difference in water levels between the installation site and
the diversion point. ,
Figure 3. illustrates the importance of determining the projected height of water after installation
and full inflation of the Water Structures. Estimating the height of water to be retained by a Water
Structure is often underestimated by 2f-f0% resulting in inade uate barriers increased costs and ,
Rotentially unsafe rnn.t r
Water Velocity-When a Water Structure is used to stem a water flow,some consideration must also
be given to the velocity of the water running around the end of the Water Structure during
installation. When the water flow is being pinched off during installation, the water velocity «ill
over, may cause some undercutting around the end of the structure
increase and depending on the firmness of the stream/river bed that the water it is being Installed.structure is beingThis
laid
as a
would result in an Increase in the height of the water to be retained and should be considered in the
above analysis when determining the maximum water height. Current velocity 1-ill also play an
important part in the installation of a Water Structure. For example, during installation a Water
Structure has to be filled to a higher capacity so as to prevent it from rolling down stream.
Installation Site - Water Structures can be installed on top of most types of soils or fluvial bottom
materials,including flat lying bed rod;,mud,sand,gravel,small rocks and vegetation. Select a site
that is smooth,flat and void of wire,re-bar,sharp objects,garbage,Blass or dead vegetation
' containing tree branches, etc... The slope of the river bed should also be relatively flat or inclined in
the direction of the up stream or contained water. Inspect, evaluate and take notes for the entire
area for holes or washed out areas which may cause problems during installation. Suggest whatever
means necessary to positively determine area, i.e. hydrologist or certified Water Structures Field
Representative.
Climate/Sprint Run Off - Spring run-off from winter snow-packs, local wet seasons, and the
thunderstorms effect water levels in rivers, lakes and wet lands and are important in local areas of
the country. Projects that have flexible construction dates should be correlated with favorable
weather conditions and potentially high water levels.
' Other Site Criteria - All of the above factors are important
p rtant considerations once the site has been
selected. Following are additional factors that may influence the site selection:
-Width of the river is important,since a location on a wide,shallow river is easier to
control
then that of a narrow deep river with rapids.
i :fin extremely rugged alpine river bed with large angular boulders,etc...within the stream
bed is a difficult area to install structures,since a good tight seal can only be accomplished
' through the removal of said boulders by hand or heaNy equipment.
-Access to the area by road or trail is helpful in transporting the`eater Structure. However,
Water Structures are extremely portable and can be moved down a river or lake by rowboat
or canoe. Larger rolled-up Water Structures will also float.
INSTALLATION
Installation procedures in this section covers Water Structures installed in either standing or moving
water. Both require the same procedures; however, flowing water does pose problems which
' requires, additional manpower, water pump capacity, possible assistance from heavy equipment if
permitted and experienced personnel (on site Technical Rep). The size of the Water Structures to be
installed and the velocity/volume of flowing water dictates the equipment and manpower needs at the
job site.
SMALL WATER STRUCTURES (12 36 INCM:
Equipment List:
-Two portable gasoline water pumps(100+gpm) or one split outlet gasoline pump
(100+gmp);
-2+inch discharge and suction hoses per pump;
-Two or three wet suits(chest waders);
-One roll of duct tape per each installed Water Structure;
' -Two or three pocket knives or one per laborer on the job and one pair scissors;
- 100 feet of 1/2 inch rope for tie downs per installed structure;
-Two shovels
' 'Manpower:
' -Two or three laborers are required to install the smaller two tube Water Structures. The
number of structures to be installed,time constraints,and access to the installation sites may
dictate the need for additional help.
-6-
LARGE WATER STRUCTURES (52 - 120 INCH)
Equipment List:
-Two to four high capacity gasoline water pumps(150-200+gpm minimum), "pumps of
equal output",a 6-10 foot structure could use 300-400 gpm pumps(4 cylinder) or smaller
pumps;
A 2 inch,minimum diameter,discharge and suction hose per pump;
-Three to six wet suits(chest waders);
Two rolls of duct tape for each installed Water Structure:
-Five to eight pocket knives,one per laborer and one pair scissors;
-250 feet of 1/2 inch rope per line for each 100 foot structure that is installed,i.e... a four '
rope set up on a ten foot structure would require 1,000 feet of rope;
-Four shovels and one or two sheets of 1/2 in plywood 4' x 4';
-Two-four inch O.D. metal posts about 7+feet long depending on anchoring requirements
Manpower:
-Five to eleven laborers are needed to install the larger Water Structures; The exact number
of laborers is related to structure size,number of structures,terrain,water velocity,water
depths and time constraints. Standing water conditions require the fewest number of
laborers(usually 1-5 less laborers). The following chart better describes the manpower
needs during a typical installation of 4 to 10 foot Water Structures in moving water. '
RECOMMENDED MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
DURLNG INSTALLATION IN MOVING WATER
WATER ROPE NUMBER NUMBER N -N13ER
STRUCTURE ASSISTED LABORERS LABORERS LABORERS
SIZE------------ INSTALLATION INWATER ON PUMPS ON ROPES ,
------------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------------
1 to 3 FEET NO 1-3 0- 1 0
4 FEET YES-2 2 -4 1 2
6 FEET YES-3 to 4 3 -5 1 3 to 4
8 FEET YES-4to5 4-6 1 4to5
10 FEET YES-4to5 4-6 1 4to5 '
Table 2. Manpower requirements based on a particular size of Water Structure in moving ,
water. The chart also provides the number of ropes commonly used with a specific
structure size. Note that 4,6 and 10 foot structures are commonly installed with the
aid of ropes. Only in standing water would rope assisted installations not be used ,
on larger size Water Structures. Strong water velocities or currents require more
manpower to insure installation and to secure the safety of those in the water. The
above list does not address personnel that might be operating heaving
equipment at the site. An experienced coordinator of activities or supervisor who '
over sees the installation procedure is recommended and can be provided by
GeoCHEM.Inc..
In most installations,very little site preparation work is required. The area for deployment should ,
be inspected for sharp objects(glass,sharp nails)that might puncture the Water Structure during
installation. Be sure you have the right size and length Water Structure at the correct location. It's
a "terrible" feeling when you unroll a 10 foot Water Structure and find out you are 25 feet short.
Check your measurements and do not forget that portion of the structure that laps upon to the river
bank, shore or berm (about 8-10 feet). Add this requirement to your total length required for any
' structure starting or stopping on a bank,shore or berm.
This Guide assumes that all Federal State County or City permits have been obtained by
appropriate personnel project contractor or the persons in authority at the site and that all
conditions or restrictions have been addressed and discussed with the personnel installing the
structures,field supervisors and prime contractor and company management GeoCUEM,Inc. also
' recommends that the buyer, i.e. Prime Contractor, Company Supervisor, etc..., have an
understanding of the above permits and have authority or knowledge of what can or can not be done
within the river bed(lake,etc...)should the use of heavy equipment be needed.
' INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
' 1. Transport the Structure to the installation point. Be sure not to snag or puncture the
polyethylene as this would result in leaks. If the structure is to be moved by heavv
equipment,use straps secured around the structure then connect the straps to the heavy
' equipment for transportation.
2. Unpack and remove any packaging wrap that may be securing the Water Structures,
carefully so as to insure that no incisions are made into the Water Structure itself.
' 3. Position the assembled Water Structure perpendicular to the path that it is to be unrolled
and at an elevation (berm,river bank,etc...) higher than the highest projected water mark
' on the installed structure. Leave some slack at the bank in the tube(s) for tying off the ends
of the tubes after the structure has been filled. It may be necessary to build a berm at the
starting point by hand or with heavy equipment. Let the rolled up Water Structure roll
down the berm into the water. Larger structures will float but do not let it float away.
' Water Structures four or more feet in height commonly require restraining lines around the
unrolled portion of the structure during filling. Without these lines or ropes the pressure of
the water in the "inner tubes" would cause the Water Structure to unroll before the proper
inside head pressure is achieved. The number of ropes required by a particular sized
structure is discussed in Table 2 and Figure 4.
4. If ropes are to be used in the installation process,they should be cut and placed under the
structure at this time before water is added and secured to the metal posts mentioned in the
list of suggested equipment,see Figure 4. The metal posts should be driven into the ground
' 2 -3 feet(or as required)with either a back hoe or by sledge hammer, etc... . The ropes are
attached to the base of the metal posts, then run under the structure,over the top and back
to the metal posts,where they are tied off in a manner that would allow the rope to be let out
sparingly. The rope should be twice as long as the length of the structure when inflated plus
' an extra 50 feet. One laborer should man each rope and must be properly trained by the
installation supervisor to understand all hand signals that might be used during the
unrolling and inflation sequence. A 2 way radio or communication equipment' may be most desirable.Only one person should be giving signals to the"rope holders",preferably
someone in the water nest to the unrolled portion of the structure or the coordinator on top
of the structure as it is being unrolled and inflated. The coordinator should also watch for
' structure movement or rolling in the unrolled structure due to an inadequate head, as well
as movement in those structures already installed,if any.
-8-
TYPICAL WATER STRUCTURE ,
DURING INSTALLATION
w �
17,
,li'�.�� %"Tj�'2���.^�+Est-1�7,z's2i:..t" '�'y�—�'t"��\�•,..L�,7...
l �gjis .._..�y._.�{ ��% iM!W"'y�`- � ^vy_••_ � mil( 1'��
z��m._• :curt mo-tiv.ar-�. `_�•-"w+ru.rr_•._-
1
WATER
WIPUMPS
PUMPS
1
Figure 4. 11,ater Structure during installation showing the location of the ropes, posts and the
inflating structure. '
=• after the fill hoses have been installed in to the "inner tubes",a 'yard' or dirt dumped on
the master tube between the hvo inner tubes at the very end of the structure on the berm,
will help hold the structure during installation. Should the crew loose control of the '
structure during installation,the 'yard'of dirt may keep it from taking off down stream,
See Figure 5. Leave some slack in the "inner tubes" for tying off the ends after the Water
Structure has been filled. ,
ROPES '-'DIR
'
4-IN
BERM
• INFLATED STRUCTURE
WATER PUMP
HEAD LEVEL '
-RIVER BED- 6" MINIMUM
Figure 5. A cross section of a structure partly installed illustrating the location of the berm, '
pumps,ropes and laborers.
6• Insert the discharge hoses from the water pump 6 -8 feet into the polyethylene "inner
tubes",gather up the loose polyethylene around the hoses and secure with duct tape, if
necessary. Should the end of the hose have sharp points or edges,wrap duct tape around
them,since the end of the hose will have a tendency to flop around when water is flowing
' through the hose. Be sure the intake(suction) hose is in deep water on the up stream side
and not on the side being drained. Make sure the water pumps are full of gasoline and a
spare five gallon gasoline can is stored nearby on land. It is very important that tine "inner
tubes" be filled rapidly and generally at the same pace (simultaneously)• Be sure there are
no kinks in the discharge lines from the pumps, as this will cut the pump capacities by 50 -
75%. The larger the water pump capacity,the faster the job will be completed. A Water
' Structure 4+feet high and 100 feet long should be installed in no more than 1 - 1.5 hours.
7• Once the ropes are manned,the pumps are printed and ready, and the Water Structure is
properly aimed in the right direction,the pumps can be turned on and the inflation
processes begin. Figure 6 shows a picture of restraining ropes used during installation of a
ten foot Water Structure. The unrolled section should be unrolled at about six inches at a
time to maintain a six to twelve inch head. Smaller structures can be unrolled more rapidly
especially if the stream currents (water volumes) are small. Laborers should be aware that
standing at the end of the unrolled section is dangerous should the ropes fail and the
structure unwrapped rapidly forcing a laborer under the structure This is why all laborers
should carry knives to slit the structure open on both sides immediately to relieve water
' pressure on anyone pinned under the structure It is extremely important that the cuts
made are below the water line on the up-side of tine Water Structure.
f
' Figure 6. A ten foot Water Structure being installed on the San .Juan River in northern New
Mexico. Note the use of four restraining lines and four laborers in the water.
8. Water should be entering both "inner tubes" at the same rate and the "master tube" should
' be rising out of the water equally on both sides. In flowing water a head of a least 6- 12
inches should be maintained in the structure at all times above the surrounding water.
Head is described here as: that portion of the Water Structure that rises above the
' surrounding water during inflation. In stronger currents 12 inches of head should be
maintained on the inflating structure,see Figure 5. Flowing water will have a tendency to
-10-
push the structure down stream if the head is not maintained. The 6- 12 inch of head of '
water within the structure is the positive weight that keeps the structure on the river bed
and from taking off down stream. However, the greater the head, the harder it is to restrict
unrolling the structure,so a happy medium must be worked out during the installation ,
process.
9. 'ROLLING' of a structure during installation occurs when there is an insufficient head of
water on the structure during or after installation. Water levels wili rise rapidly during '
installation and should be monitored continuously by the crew in the water and the
supervisor standing on the structure or in the eater. Sometimes rolling is hard to detect but
usually the following are indications of rolling: '
a. Visual lateral movement of the structure is the best indicator.
b. The seams on the structure are straight for some distance but appear bent in the
middle of the installed structure, bowing of the central part of section. ,
C. Water marks or muddy marks can be seen increasingly higher along the sides of the
structure,crescent shaped marks.
d. The structure is no longer pointed in the direction originally taken.
e. Once installed and during the final inflation of the structure,an object can be
placed down stream to see if it is being encroached upon by the structure.
f. Rolling could occur in areas along a structure where,during installation the
structure was turned or twisted. These are generally the weakest points along a I
fully inflated Water Structure.
g. If rolling is beginning to take place or evidence of roiling can be seen along the
structure then steps should be taken to correct it or a 1 -2 inch change in water ,
level could wipe out all of the installed structures. Keep a maximum amount of
water in the "inner tubes" and always fill your structures to their recommended
height with heads of 12 inches or greater above adjoining`pater. ,
Surrounding water heights may be higher than planned once installed. In this case
the structure could be shored-up b} using material from the river bed on the down
stream side or river bank,see Figure 7. Remember that your Government Water
Permit may not allow for any digging in the river. There should be an '
understanding of what can or can not be done to shore-up the structures with 2 - 3
feet of dirt/rock. Know your permits and be prepared.
h. Rolling should be monitored from the time the structure is being installed until it is '
removed from the job site,if it is of concern due to changing water levels.
i. Other solutions to 'rolling' are to install a smaller Water Structure,directly downstream behind the rolling struchare or by increasing the amount of water in the ,
structure. In standing water,the water that has been removed from behind the
structure could be replaced/returned until a solution is reached,or water levels
drop. Water Structure height shall be at least 1' above the expected water level.
SHORING -UP CROSS SECTION
'ROLLING'
rC NO HEAD 1
SHORING
'WATER
LEVEL
UP
-11- '
' Figure 7. A cross section(page- 11 -)showing the placement of dirt/rock to shore up a Water
signs of
Structure that shows rolling. Other temporary solutions to rolling are the
use of available heavy equipment as barriers or by installing a second structure
1 behind the moving structure,immediately.
JOINING WATER STRUCTURE SECTIONS TOGETHER
1 Certain applications require that two or more Water Structure sections be linked or coupled
together to form a longer Water Structure. The following procedure illustrates how this is
accomplished. The procedure assumes Water Structures joined in a straight line.
1 1. Before a second Water Structure can be attached to an already installed Water Structure,
the first Water Structure must have an accessible coupling collar,see Figure 8a. The
1 coupling collar should be extended 6-10 feet from the end of the installed "master tube".
The other end of the coupling collar is already tightly secured around the previously
installed "master tube",see Figure 8a.
' Z. Position the assembled new(second)Water Structure directly behind and in-line with the
filled section and unroll about six feet of the new(second)section,see Figure 8a.
1 3. Gather up four or five feet at the end of one "inner tube",lightly heist it or bunch it up, and
wrap with duct tape,see Figure 8a. Do the same thing to the other "inner tube". This will
allow the"inner tubes"to be easily inserted and pulled through the slits on top of the
1 "master tube" coupling collar.
MASTER TUBE
SLIT IN COLLAR AND
' TWISTED TUBES
NEW FILLED NEW
SECTION
ION V 1NST�A N SECTION
INST LLED
SECTION � SE LION
' COUPLING COUPLING
COLLAR COLLAR
1 OPEN UP PUMP
TWISTED TUBES NEW TUBES N HOSES
NEW SECTION ie SECTION 1_
'
N INST LLED INS T LLED
SE ON _ -- SECTION
COUPLING COUPLING
(b) COLLAR ( d ) COLLAR
1
Figure 8 a.b c and d Illustrations showing the different steps taken in the process of joining two
1 Water Structures together. No water has been pumped in to the new
(second)structure in any of these four illustrations.
1 -12
a. Carefully cut two slits (6 - 8 inches) perpendicular to the length of the filled "master tube".
Each slit should be large enough to accommodate the wrapped "inner tubes". The two slits '
should be positioned midway between the end of the coupling collar and the filled "master
tube" up on the filled section. again be careful not to cut the filled tubes of the first section
of Water Structure. See Figure 8c. The slits should be about four feet apart on a four foot ,
structure and six feet apart on a six foot structure.
;. Insert the wrapped right"inner tube" through the slit on the right side of the coupling collar ,
and the wrapped left"inner tube" though the slit on the left side of the coupling collar,see
Figure 8c. This is done by working your way inside the coupling collar,pushing the "inner
tube" toward the slit and having a second person reach through the slit and grab the tube ,
and pull it through. The "inner tube" should be pulled up through the slit, about four feet
for a four foot high Water Structure and seven feet on a ten foot high Water Structure.
Push and pull the "outer tube or master tube" fabric inside the coupling collar and around '
the "inner tubes" as best possible, especially on the bottom side. The new section should be
totally enclosed by the coupling collar.
The 4' x 4' x 1/2" sheet of plywood described in the equipment list is for the pumps should '
they need to be placed on an inflated Water Structure. When two structures are coupled or
attached together,pumps are generally set on the previously filled structure,about 15-20 ,
feet from where they are now needed. The plywood should prevent damage to the structure
due to vibrations, heat,sharp metal edges,screws,or bolts sticking out on pump skids.
6. Remove the tape from around the twisted "inner tubes" and insert the discharge hoses deep
(5' -T)into the unfilled "inner tubes" and secure i0th duct tape,see Figure 8d. Insert the '
pump hoses and secure them. Be sure there is extra "outer or master tube" material and
"inner tube" material inside the coupling collar to insure a close fit with the end of the filled
structure when filling the new structure begins.
1
In strong currents it may be necessary to use ropes to restrain the unrolling of the second
section in order to maintain a 6-12 inch head on the inflating structure. If ropes are '
needed splice them into ropes used to install the first section and bring them up and over the
second unrolled section. The ropes may have to be anchored to a piece of heavy equipment
parked near the new take-off point,if the structures are no longer in a straight line or if you
suspect the water currents will alter your direction of placement. The use of heavy '
equipment in fluvial portion of a river must be in compliance with granted permits.
7. At this point the new section is ready to be filled in the same manner as the first section. '
Follow all of the applicable instructions previously presented to install the first Water
Structure. Figure 9(next page-14)is a drawing of two Water Structures,one filled and the t
other ready to be unrolled and filled.
-13- '
' TWO WATER STRUCTURES
SPLICED OR JOINTED TOGETHER
' INNER TUBES FIRST
n 1 MASTER
SECOND - h TUBE
' MASTER
TUBE :.:`• ". �" �== '"�' -- —�
V
COUPLING COLLAR
Figure 9. Two Water Structures are shown joined together by a coupling collar and ready to
' be inflated. -Note the two "inner tubes" sticking out and up from the middle portion
of the coupling collar.
' 8. When the second section is filled,the water hoses can be removed from the "inner tubes".
The tubes are re-wrapped with duct tape tightly and in such a manner that the tubes will
stand by themselves upward. If possible,use duct tape to attach the two upright"inner
tubes" together,malting them even more stable and preventing water form draining out of
' the "inner tubes". Remember,the "inner tubes" are not on top of a berm, above water level,
and lying flat on the ground as was the case for the first section,See Figures 4 and 9. Water
could easily leak or drain out of the"inner tubes" if they were allowed to lay flat on the
surface of the "master tube". Beep the inlet tubes standing upright and tape accordingly.
9. Tie off the ends of the Water Structures with rope and anchor where the sections are in
' contact with land. Check in and around the base of the installed sections for any possible
leaks at the base of the Water Structure due to loose or coarse subgrades or surface areas.
Water infiltrating and/or percolating through loose or coarse subgrades that may be small
' at that time could enlarge enough to under cut and wash the structures away. Fill or
barricade the leaks with dirt,rocks,etc...,it may be necessary to use the back hoe to move
enough dirt to completely shut off infiltrating and/or percolating water. Material on the up
stream side of the structure is most effective. Small flows of water are common near the
' bank where water currents were last cut off due to under cutting of the river bed during
installation. These flows of water should be plugged.
' MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
Installed Water Structures are durable and should last a long time providing a regular maintenance
program is implemented. The sections installed should be monitored regularly until leaks can be
' located and rolling is not a concern. The first 12 hours is probably the most critical time.
-14-
There are four important observations that should be made on a regular basis. 1) Leaks in the '
Water Structures;2) Infiltration or percolation under the Water Structures;3)Infill tubes that have
fallen over and are leaking; 4)Rolling due to change in water levels.
Most leak, are of such a nature that they are resolved simply by pumping additional water into the '
structures on a regular basis until the job is completed and repair on the structure can be conducted.
Identify which of the tubes is leaking, untie and unwrap the "inner tube" and insert the discharge ,
hose from the water pump and fill it. Sometimes a leak is large enough to require a patch. To repair
such a leak,first identify and isolate the area of the leak. Then using a sharp knife, cut a "CROSS"
cut in the "master tube" and pull the material apart to expose the leak Then, using repair tape
provided by GeoCHEM, Inc., patch to the "inner tube". Once the leak is repaired, cover the '
"CROSS" cut in the "master tube" with the same repair tape. It should be noted that repairing leaks
with patches is not recommended on Water Structures goreater than four feet in height. In most cases
it is best to just add water on a regular basis until the job is completed and repair on the structure ,
can be conducted more efficiently.
The woven geotextile fabric that the "master tube" is made of is particularly resistant to penetration '
and can be walked on. The only time you might curtail foot traffic is during cold weather, when ice
occurs within the "inner tubes" during the long winter nights. The ice may cut the polyethylene
when it cracks or breaks from foot traffic.
REMOVAL ,
In most cases,large dimensioned Water Structures functioning as dams are used on a one time basis ,
and are destroyed when removed. However,there are many applications where Water Structure can
be saved and re-used at a later date. Specifically, if a Water Structure is installed in standing water
or for flood protection and/or in an area where the water pressure can be equalized on both sides of '
the structure, it can be disassembled and saved for future use.
Water Structures placed in a fluvial system are difficult to save. Once the "master tube" is allowed ,
to deflate the structure will roll down stream, twisting, etc... . The quickest way to deflate the
structure is to cut both sides of the section with knives, cutting through the "master tube" and the
"inner tube" next to the fill tubes. Let the water drain from the structure,then pull it on shore. ,
Heavy equipment such as a back hoe can pull the structure from the stream or river while positioned
at the river bank The structure may be kinked and twisted beyond a point of saving once brought
on shore. The ecological thing to do would be to save what you can. Damage "inner tubes" make ,
good liners in and around urban landscaping project or used as tarps over agricultural products or
equipment. Inner tubes can be replaced if damaged and if the"master tube" is salvageable.
The procedure to drain and disassemble a Water Structure used in standing water or after a flood t
for storage is described as follows:
1. Assuming that the structure is still lying in water,the structure should be first drained as ,
possible. Cut or untie the"inner tubes" at the far end of the structure and allow the
structure to drain by slowly pulling the closed end of the structure up on to the bank You
may also place a garden hose or other hose's into the"inner tubes" and gravity drain the '
water.
2. after the Water Structure has drained,secure the coupling collar by slipping the collar '
back over the "master tube" of the section until the collar is half way over end of the "master
tube".
t
' 3. Flatten out the "inner tubes" and the "master tube" along said flat ground,making sure that
"inner tubes" are not kinked or twisted in any way. If possible, use an air blower to
facilitate the process.
4. Starting at the coupling collar end of the section, re-wrap the water structure up around the
core used in the installation process and secure it with rope for storage.
The shelf life of a stored Water Structure is indefinite.
Any questions regarding this User's Guide descriptions or explanations of the
' use of or the installation of Water Structures should be addressed to:
GeoCHEM, Incorporated GeoCHFNI, Incorporated
106 Lake Ave. South 500 W. Potter Dr./Suite 201
Renton,tiWX 98055-2045 Anchorage,Alaska 99518-1145
' Phone 206-227-9312 Phone 907-562-5755
Fax 206-227-8797 Fax 907-562-3032
' SAFETY
Throughout this User's Guide, situations that require the installers to be careful or to be aware of
' possible conditions which could result in a safety hazard have been pointed out. The following is a
list of field safety hazards that all laborers should be aware of. These are worst case scenarios but
should be discussed regardless of their chances of occurring.
' 1. The floods of rivers and streams are rough and have holes in them. Laborers used in a
river,lake or stream should know how to swim. In cold water insulated chest waders or
' neoprene wet suites are strongly recommended. Laborers can get hypothermia in 33 -40
degree water or lose mobility especially when they are in cold water for 4-6 hours at a time.
' 2. Standing at the end of a 4-9 foot Water Structure that is being installed or unrolled is
dangerous should the restraining ropes give way,or should the laborers in the water lose
their footing due to strong currents around the end of the structure. In cold water insulated
chest waders and/or neoprene suits are a must and knives are essential should the structure
' roll over someone. NEVER be directly in front of an unfolding structure unless properly
trained first.
' 3. Rolling of the structure during or after installation can be dangerous to anyone walking on
the structure or standing directly down stream. A structure that begins to roll is extremely
unstable and dangerous. Tremendous volumes of water are being held back by the installed
structures. Should one give way or be breached,would release a wall of water and water
' current strong enough to knock down the largest of men and carry him/her down stream.
The greatest hazard when and if a structure rolls is the structure wrapping around a
' laborers legs,knocking him/her down and not being able to get back up. A good reason for
all on-site laborers carrying knives is the ability to free one-self or a fellow laborer from an
uncontrolled structure. If there is a concern for erratic changes in water levels at the
' installed structures,a person should be posted at the site during working hours and even
' -16-
maybe after hours until construction is completed. Men working down stream out of site of '
the structures should be aware of any potential hazards should a structure be breached.
4. Fording or crossing a river,stream or lake in the winter months without proper clothing,
insulated chest waders or neoprene suits or a life vest is risky. Once could step into a hole,
lose their footing,become completely soaked with freezing water and be a victim of
hypothermia.
�. If heavy equipment is being used on the site,normal safety procedures should be followed ,
regarding their movement and use.
6. Laborers should take caution and pre-caution when jumping from one structure to another,
from a structure to a piece of heavy equipment or from a piece of heavy equipment to a
structure used. One might slip,lose their footing or fall into very swift,deep water. Life '
vests are recommended for all personnel working at the job site where water depths are
greater than one foot,before or after installation of the Water Structures.
-17- '
APPENDIX: - WATER STRUCTURE SPECIFICATIONS
OVERALL 1-IATERIAL VOLL?lIE
' DLIIENSIONS(H x`V) SPECIFICATIONS GALLONS
------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------
12" x 22" 10 mil poly/geotextile 1,200 gals
18" x 31" 10 mil poly/geotextile 2,500 gals
24" x 44" 10 mil poly/geotextile 5,000 gals
36" x 66" 10 mil poly/geotextile 10,000 gals
48" x 105" 10 mil poly/geotextile 24,000 gals
' 72" x 156" 16 mil poly/
geotextile 50,000 gals
108" x 228" 16 mil poly/geotextile 95,000 gals
' GeoCHEM, Incorporated GeoCHEM, Incorporated
106 Lake Ave. South 500 W. Potter Dr./Suite 201
Renton, NVA 98055-2045 Anchorage,Alaska 99518-1145
' Phone 206-227-9312 Phone 907-562-5755
Fax 206-227-8797 Fax 907-562-3032
' GeoCHEM, Inc. is pleased to offer suggestions on the use of its various products, However
GeoCHEM neither assumes responsibility for any omissions or errors nor assumes liability for anv
damages that result from the use of its products in accordance with information provided by
GeoCHE-M,either verbal or written. GeoCHElt only warrants the parts manufactured as specified
' and free of defects. GEOCHEII 1L�KES NO OTHER WARR.-�_NTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS
OF ANY Ia D WHATSOEVER, EXPRESSED OR B PLIED, EXCEPT THAT OF TITLE, ADD
ALL LIIPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY WARRAiNTY OF MERCH-JUNTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICUL.�LR PURPOSE ARE HEREBY DISC LAENIED. LB11TATION OF
LL-kBILITY: The remedies of purchaser set forth herein are exclusive and the total liability of
GeoCHE`i with respect to this or any order, whether based on contract, warranty, negligence,
indemnification, strict liability or otherwise, shall not exceed the purchase price of the component
upon which liability is based and which is exclusive to material defect only. In no event shall
GeoCHEM be liable for any damages or losses, whether direct, indirect, incidental, special or
consequential. The warranty cannot be transferred or assigned to third parties. it is limited to the
purchaser only.
Inventor A-Ianufacturer, who is supplying materials for use by Buyer in construction of a Water
Structure is subject to various patents held by Inventor/Manufacturer. These materials including
' water enables water to be used as a water structure. The range of possible applications to which
users might put these materials and the range of possible conditions under which these materials
might be used cannot be anticipated by Inventor/-Manufacturer or its Distributors or Sub-dealers.
' Therefore, Inventor A-lanufacturer or its Distributor or Sub-dealer disclaims all express warranties
or expressions of opinion made in writing or orally. This writing represents the entire agreement
and understanding of the parties with respect to the merchantability or fitness of the materials for
' any particular use or application; any oral representation previously made to the contrary is
similarly disclaimed by InventorAlanufacturer or its Distributor or Sub-dealer.
InventorAlIanufacturer or its Distributor or Sub-dealer further states that this or anv sale is made
WTTHOti T :ANY W. RRAINTY BY IN-VF-N-TOR/Il-�.N-L-'ACTURER, DISTRIBUTOR OR SUB-
DEALER THAT THE XIATERL�LS ARE SUITABLE FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
THE WARRANTY OF IIERCHAN'TABILTTY IS EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED FROIi THIS
AGREEXIE.'NT BY THE PARTIES. LNVE.-N'TOR/1L-�,v 7FACTLRER, DISTRIBUTOR OR SUB-
DEALER NLJUaS NO OTHER WARR-STY, EXPRESSED OR VvIPLIED, AS TO THE
1L-kTERLkLS WHEN USED WITH WATER
Copyright 1996
' -18-
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