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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSWP272000(3) (2) W' $ r f `t ae ar Ri* ver T rated ,9 e 5 Pest M Dennis Culp, f�V Administr////��jj//'���t®r C ►mmunit Services y nr- Ny � 1imEl, i 0 , ICS 7111 ,,,,???????????............ ,sa S �r N r • Background (Whywe are here today) Quality R nt n' s Standards for Maintenance e o • Integrated Pest Management Practices today • IPM of the future program Modeled after Portland's nationally approved plan Consultant beinghired to prepare draft .n in ut duringreview process r yfi � ;C:x� F nc�la roval _i � "Y LTA+ S�a f F �• h,�s �'k 1 u3.ry ifi^ ..'' ^m,�MY n } Backgroun' M' il } S h ... .... ... .. rr�" ` • Council has m referrals n h e made twoo t e sub ect of _ J chemical uses along the Cedar River Trail. Several interactive a-mails have been exchanged between City staff and citizens of Renton. ' o The Administration has received one Freedom of Information Act request for data on the uses of i leery ticides s Y hasrecewed one letter on the use of lit e Cedar River Trail. s y iw, Renton ' s Maintenanc- "I"fi + Trimle vel Main tenance 0-11101U11411 " ,x 3 x Level I (highestquality) - High traffic urban areas (CityHall Coulon Beach, Cedar River Trail and others - 1 % weed control limit .WH - Daily ins and litter pickmup - 15 % of acreage in this cate or g g y Selected tier two chemicals used on a g �.crea e V y I 'i ical, cultural and biological � redominatel used .p y .c. a ✓tr. a : eke" dv`z ' r 5 Mmga s n Renton ' s Maintenance StandardY £ , 5 � Tri-level Maintenance Quality Rankin a. Level I — Neighborhood and community parks, — 5 % weed control limit - Every other day inspections Daily litter pick-up - 10 % of acreage in this category ry 4 elected tier two chemicals used on a i, of acreage c n' al, cultural, and a predominately used r Renton' s Maintenanc' : ,-, ta f, p Tri-levelMalr�tenanc ua rRanKin • Level III — Natural Resource Areas : Minimum level of maintenance Weed control by law or a risk management issue Litter control on demand 1 h10 emicals used 1 ` 't 's ark lands in this y p a i Integrated Pest Manageme.. Practices Today • Prevention • Monitoring Tolerance Level for Pests • Treatment Evaluation yg to, )frw a� � hemical Application Criteria o `R k.k xrcr a 3 x f'ROE f ,bra n k Management Practic PIrGevention x £ I F� r= • Plant appropriate ve etation for a sitek g . • Aerate and irrigate ............... • Mulch 1 • Maintain plant health ularly monitor site conditions er sweeptrails and walkways 3' U,,sve,�,i,soif -amendments - compost A� Management Practice, t Monitoring j • Soil sampling and testing • Frequent observation of plant health ir h =j d.: conditions • Identify pest trends • Maintain records to determine 6 effectiveness of control measures U ' w'ze arborists, plant and soil analysis` � it ,b ator�es and extension services., 4 s s rid e ManagementPraktic`( � "s = �o - olerarre r Pesib • Maintain a tolerance level for weeds in turf • Accept a tolerance level for insects • Accept a tolerance level for plant diseases • Maintain alternative methods for pest control .tilize thresholds for action and tolerance 4fo different pests according to the ktnnce standards and Levels) o �r?'";.,, "� �+7;. .a�. ,.,r0" u "^,,,�.a�� � ana ementPractices a3 Fq - Treatment • Physical labor: City staff 20,000 mh/ r Volunteers 1,000 mhY r • Mechanical (edging, pulling and hoeing) Mulching * Burning flame torch)ga a Surd Natural methods (beneficial insects) w� ural methods (aeration, pruning and rin ........... �. r �� • • • -, ds using tier two r $ Is — 1200 mh/ r �r UM Management Practi Ecl v V ffP%Iuath0ftn Field Evaluations cs Soil testingr { M Streamqualitymonitorin g .. City aquifer monitoring (Aquifer ection Ordinance) 4 T.es ernative approaches Rey it ble science" for best available ,s to chemical use _2w T �r r Management Practicesplicati Ap n Criteria for Chemical �o wk r I� *Requirements P � Follow Federal, State & Local Laws r State Licensed Pesticide Applicators ✓Wind Speed and Direction Weather Conditions r: Chemical-free Buffer Zones Presence of People and Animals Y -.tit NG • 1 �[� /}�—�•'�.i �'�n' :Area Sprayed _v zi k " i I III ChemicalsIT 4:0T � - w anagement raetlees �{o k _ .h �. Criteria for ChemicalApplica.,,on : .' M- -ethods Consider other control methods first Use low toxicity products Use with stickin a ents products g g s Use products with short half-lives x � pof spray using nozzles that target jest elimnate s ra drift k oU = f is that do not run-off soil i Y ;� r rv. # w Management Practi - Results we have seen sine 1.���' • Increased park acreage Pesticide products decreased by 60 % No tier one products used since 2002 • Pesticide applications reduced by 60 % CONCLUSION -e on the right course to reducing the use of 'lining best available science while he quality of our parks and trails IPM o the Fut • Modeled after Portland's plan 3 — Sitespecific pest control prescrip"" tiors-,- - Buffer zones , . 4 Spray criteria Endangered Species Act compliant Onsultant being hired with park experience , citizen,input during public hearing review cilApproval � �' � ��``., * k>n"rc TIt A , i Questions and ' @p Q . Considerations for usingherbicides? Vj" A : As per IPM QO* What herbicides are used? A .,P Those that control lowtoxicity,provide while maintaining What p lants are treated with Herbicides? fr it bea rinplants g I Ili I ii 1 I� S I h w often are they used . avel shoulders � � � k ri ° Zvi Questions and A x r Q : What alternatives to Herbicides areused? � � � ri f techniques.A .• Per IPM, we use a va etyo t `,, • finaldecision on herbicides? _ . Who makes Q w=A : Parks Director •. high 5 R use of hazard pesticides? { � n tier II and III levelpesticides to use? ication regulations, ," ' Questions and Answer w 3 , Q: Establish pesticide free areas? A: We have - all of level III and buffer zones Q: _Move to adopt an IPM policy? A We are per roadmap a. r ,, :Create pesticide free zones along waterways? , k fi tiS e have buffer zones of varying width s wX ' w y x p gq Questions and Ans f Q Tier 1 Chemicals should not be used? A: We agree . Q : Chemicals on trails run down slopes? A: No we use a sticking agent ent and spot spray when -wind is less than 5 mph. We select nozzles that tar g et the pest directly. ,3 � pp Ilert ynn_ Updating Your"Actual"Results&Submitting Records!BMPPIan Revisited Page 1 From: "Hamilton, Benjamin"<Benjamin.Hamilton@doh.wa.gov> To: Adam Lim<adam_lim@wsu.edu>,Alan Sugino<alan.k.sugino@boeing.com>, Alexander Hubert<aahubert2000@yahoo.com>,Allen Quynn<aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us>, Bill Blake <bblake@ci.arlington.wa.us>,Bill Leif<b.leif@co.snohomish.wa.us>,Bill Williams<billw@gorge.net>, Bob Bernard<bbernard@uci.net>, Bob Morris<bmords@nwlco.com>,Carl Robert Aron <c.aron@att.net>,Carol Vanderwoude<samzauntie@msn.com>,Christy Strand <cstrand@cityoftacoma.org>,Dan Carnrite<dan@ci.edgewood.wa.us>,Dan Mathias <d math ias@ci.everett.wa.us>,Dan W!Ilott<dan.willott@metrokc.gov>,Dana Pratt <dana@prattpest.com>,Daniel Bretzke<danielb@ci.burien.wa.us>,Dave Zabel[ <Dave.Zabell@ci.bothell.wa.us>, David Tucker<dtucker@co.kitsap.wa.us>, Dean Kaelin/Carol Ernst <carol_ernst@hotmail.com>, Donald Shute<ballou@pocketinet.com>, Douglas George <dgeorge@co.grays-harbor.wa.us>,Eagle Pest Elimantors<eagle_pest@comcast.net>, Eden Advanced Pest Technologies<jackmarlowe@edenpest.com>, Frank Zenk<fzenk@ci.lake-forest-park.wa.us>,Gary Jefferis<g ary_jeffe ris@everett.wed net.ed u>,Gene Patterson<gpatters@wsu.edu>,Henry Finch Gohrman<sonny.gohrman@co.snohomish.wa.us>,Jack Taylor<jackt@co.is[and.wa.us>,Jeff Rudolph <jrudolp@co.pierce.wa.us>,Jennifer Aylor<jennifera@ci.mount-vernon.wa.us>,Jennifer Mullins <rmullins@crcwnet.com>,Jey Manickam<jey@tota I landscape.net>,Jim Thompson<gcmcd@nwi.net>, Jimmi Maulding<jimmi.maulding@ci.mercer-island.wa.us>,John Hinds<john@uvillage.com>,John Wolpers<wolpj@co.kittitas.wa.us>,Jon Stoneman<stoneman@whidbey.net>, Kari Chennault <khennault@ci.marysville.wa.us>, Keith Stefanson<kttefanson@lwsd.wed net.edu>, Kevin Day <kday@co.walla-walla.wa.us>,Lawrence Treleven<larryt@spraguepest.com>, Lee Bagley <Ibagley@ci.lakewood.wa.us>, Lee Phipps<Iphipps@co.whatcom.wa.us>, Les Anderson <les@ci.stanwood.wa.us>,Lou Dooley<Idooley@swwhd.wa.gov>,Lynn Marlowe <bensinger@centurytel.net>,Margaret Fleek<mfleek@ci.burlington.wa.us>, Melanie Vance <mvance@spokanecounty.org>, Michael Wolanek<dochydro@netzero.com>,Mike Conklin <mconklin@intrawest.com>,Mike Shaw<mshaw@ci.mountlake-terrace.wa.us>,Mike Wheeler <mwheeler@ci.covington.wa.us>,Pat McGranahan<carguy1010@hotmail.com>,Patrick Harris <pharris@ci.bellevue.wa.us>,Patrick Svoboda<svobodp@wsdot.wa.gov>,Richard Ellison <rellison@Ikwash.wednet.edu>,Rick Albertson<rick.a[bertson@us.nestle.com>, Rick Dawson <rickd@bfhd.wa.gov>,Spokane ProCare<spoprocare@gntech.net>,Stephen Warneke <swarneke@orkin.com>,Steve Wirth<swirth2@gte.net>,Steven Qsmek<osmek.s@portseattle.org>, Sue Adams<townff@att.net>,Susan Dahl<susan@mkps.net>,Terry Gilmore <tmgilmore@icehouse.net>,Terry Whitworth<wpctwbug@aol.com>,Thomas Hansen <thansen@ci.mukilteo.wa.us>,Timothy Whittaker<tjw88@bigdam.net>,Todd Davis <todd@co.kittitas.wa.us>,Todd Pennington<todd@edenpest2.com>,Tom Haworth <thaworth@cbnn.net>,Tony Barrett<TGBarret@co.lewis.wa.us>,Vicki Stier<vstier@portblakely.com>, Wayne Switzer<waynes@edenpest2.com>,William Peacock<bpeacock@spokanecity.org>,William Scheder<bschede@ci.auburn.wa.us> Date: 9/16/03 9:03AM Subject: Updating Your"Actual"Results&Submitting Records/BMP Plan Revisited Hello to those involved with the NPDES Mosquito Control Permit, I've noticed that some folks are now entering their"Actual"larviciding records onto their online application. This is great! The deadline to get this years actual spray records inputted is February 1,2004. Your online application is your reporting source so,if possible,I would try to make this your one reporting source(rather than entering the same information to another database). The online application in Section IV will create a long table of entries and isn't maneuverable,but you can copy your table of entries to an Excel spreadsheet for greater manipulation(also a way to keep your own electronic version of your records). I hope to take a look at ways of improving Section IV's reporting structure so that those of you who are keeping other electronic records can use the application as your one reporting source. Alleil Mynn Updating Your"Actual" Results &Submitting Records/ BMP Plan Revisited Page Instructions on Updating and Submitting Your"Actual" Records: Get back into your application by going directly to http://apps.ecy.wa.gov/AquaticPestApp/applogin.asp and enter your User Name and Password. Go to Section IV and enter your"Actual" larviciding records. Make sure to fill in each required field. Your"Estimated" entries can be replaced with the"Actuals" or you can keep your"Estimated" entries on your online application if you prefer. Latitude and Longitude is entered in decimal form; if you kept your records in Deg/Min/Sec they can be converted by dividing the Min/Sec by 60 (example: N46 59.614 divided by 60 is 46.99357). Once all of your actual larvicide records have been entered, they need to be printed out and mailed to me with the responsible parties signature. You can simply copy your entered records from your online application and paste them into a document, get the signature, and mail it in (doesn't have to be too pretty,just official). If you don't end up applying any larvicides this year, simply send me a letter notifying me of this to meet your conditions of reporting. The Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Plan will be revisited (meetings start next month) in an effort to create a statewide plan that everyone can work with. You are encouraged to participate. Please see the September 10th issue of the WNV Newsletter, Page 3, for more information at http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo[WNV/Newsletters.html. Let me know if you have any questions. P.S. Since I don't have every Entities email, I'll be sending out letters to all Entities who have coverage reminding them to update and send in their larvicide records...this reminder letter should be arriving in November. Thanks, Ben Hamilton, NPDES Permit Coordinator WA Department of Health PO Box 47825 Olympia, WA 98504 (360) 236-3364 Fax: (360) 236-2261 www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/Permit.html "The Department of Health works to protect and improve the health of people in Washington State" CC: "Emmett, Kathleen" <KEMM461 @ECY.WA.GOV>, "Guichard, Maryanne" <Maryanne.Guichard@DOH.WA.GOV> Mosquito Surveillance Training — April 14, 2003 Egg 7K F�c5i� Larva E9g Raft —� A�ft ` ,: Pupa a i Life cycle of the Mosquito F., IL e E: } Examples of Mosquito Surveillance Kit With Contents Listed: A. Mosquito Surveillance Kit: Larva 8T Adult Collection Contents: Ice Chest (1 large) Pair of Gloves (1) Forceps (I) Rechargeable Batteries (6D) Sorting Tray (1) Breeder (2) Co2 Trap (2) Petra Trays (I package) Battery Charger (l) Pipettes (1 package) Dipper (1) Whirlpaks (l bundle) B. Mobile/Mini Mosquito Surveillance Kit- LARVA COLLECTION Contents: Pipette (1) E� Data Sheet (2) eg9fn —• Water Bottle/Vile (2) Whirlpool (2) f Mosquito Brochures (4) Sharpie Pen (I) life,Cycle of the Mosquito Dipping Career Page 1 of 5 Article reproduced from Wing Beats, the bulletin of the American Mosquito Control Association, produced by the Florida Mosquito Control Association. Please use the following citation when referring to this article: O'Malley, C. 1995. Seven ways to a successful dipping career. Wing Beats, vol. 6(4): 23-24. Seven Ways to a Successful Dipping Career Claudia O'Malley Introduction: As recently as 1922, members of the New Jersey mosquito control community were debating the relative merits of"night collections" as opposed to larval collection and identification. Some of the past practices of mosquito control included treating any standing water encountered, regardless of whether or not mosquito larvae were present. Guidelines for starting a mosquito control program included the advice that directors should not spend an excessive amount of time on surveys. Even now, a few still feel that larval surveys are only necessary in the early part of the breeding season; once it is known what species are present at a site, it can be taken for granted that the species composition at that site will remain the same throughout the rest of the season. Most experts, however, feel that larval surveillance is not only an important aspect of an effective mosquito surveillance and control program, but it is an essential component. Benefits of Larval Surveillance Larval surveys have many important functions. They are used to determine the locations and seasons that mosquitoes use specific aquatic habitats and, when specimens are identified and counted,the information can be used to determine species composition and population densities. The information can be used to determine optimal times for application of larval control measures,including chemicals, biologicals, draining or impounding. It can also be used to help forecast the need for adult mosquito control and to help assess the effectiveness of both chemical and biological control measures. Routine larval surveillance data can be useful in interpreting adult mosquito surveillance data. For example, if larval surveys indicate 95- 1 00% control by larvicides and yet the number of adults does not decline, one can suspect, in the absence of reinfestation, that an important larval concentration was missed. A system for the detection of insecticide resistance is also provided through a larval surveillance program. Sampling Larval Mosquitoes Because mosquito larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats, a number of different sampling techniques to determine their presence and density have been developed. Many, if not all, of the published methods are described in Mike Service's book, Mosquito Ecology Field Sampling Methods (Elsevier Applied Science, 1993).. Some methods are complex mechanical devices, but the most commonly used larval collection method is the "standard dipper," that plastic or metal, white or aluminum, solid or screen-bottomed pint to quart-sized scoop-on-a-handle, that, along with the "sweep net," defines the Ultimate Inspector. Let's take a closer look at dipping. Dipping for mosquito larvae may, at first, seem like a very simple thing to do. After all, who hasn't dipped water from a bucket or stream to quench a thirst or cool the top of one's head? Well, think again. Dipping for mosquito larvae is not dipping to take a drink. The technique starts long before the http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—Insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Dipping Career Page 2 of 5 dipper is put into the water. It begins hours or days before the actual dipping and at least 10 feet away from the water's edge. The species of mosquitoes one is looking for and the type of habitat being sampled will, in part, determine the sampling method used. Thus, it is important that field personnel know the preferred breeding habitats and seasonal occurrence of species known or suspected to be present within an area. When searching for mosquito larvae, proceed slowly and carefully. Approach the area with caution, not to avoid snakes,although that's a good idea too, but to avoid disturbing larvae at the water's surface. Vibrations from heavy footsteps, casting a shadow or moving vegetation that contacts the water may be enough to cause larvae to dive to the bottom. Try to approach the water while facing the sun and with quiet, slow, soft steps, gently move vegetation only as necessary. Mosquito larvae of most genera,particularly the common Culex,Aedes and Anopheles, are usually found at the water's surface and frequently next to vegetation or surface debris. In larger pools and ponds, they are usually near the margins, not in open, deep water. Dipping should be concentrated around floating debris and aquatic and emergent vegetation. If there is a strong wind, dipping should be done on the windward side of the habitat where larvae and pupae will be most heavily concentrated. Look for larvae and pupae before beginning to dip, if possible. If it is raining on the water's surface, get back in the truck, go have a cup of coffee and wait until the rain stops. Each water body may contain a number of different microhabitats which could contain different mosquito species. Microhabitats are such places as under tree roots, within clumps of emergent vegetation,under floating or overhanging vegetation and in open water. Learn to recognize different microhabitats within an area and sample as many as possible in order to obtain an accurate picture of the area's species composition. A Choice Of Seven Now that you've found your way safely to the edge of a marsh,pond, ditch, swamp or woodland pool, what do you do with your dipper. Just plunge it in?That's fine if you need water, but not necessarily if you want to catch mosquitoes. Believe it or not, there are seven basic ways to dip for mosquito larvae. Which one or ones you use depend, as we mentioned earlier, on the genus or genera of mosquitoes you suspect may be present and on the habitat, microhabitat and weather conditions. The first and usually the best method to start with is the SHALLOW SKIM. The shallow skim consists of submerging the leading edge of the dipper,tipped about 45 degrees, about an inch below the surface of the water and quickly, but gently, moving the dipper along a straight line in open water or in water with small floating debris. End the stroke just before the dipper is filled to prevent overflowing. The shallow skim is particularly effective for Anopheles larvae that tend to remain at the surface longer than Aedes and Culex.Anopheles are usually associated with floating vegetation and debris. k: s Fig 1 The second method to try in open water, with or without floating objects, is the COMPLETE http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Dipping Career Page 3 of 5 SUBMERSION. Many mosquito larvae, particularly those of the genera Aedes and Psorophora, are very active and usually dive below the surface quickly if disturbed. In this case, a quick plunge of the dipper below the surface of the water is required, bringing the dipper back up through the diving larvae. Bring the dipper up carefully to avoid losing the larvae in the overflow current. Fig. 2 When you need to sample at the edges of emergent vegetation, try the PARTIAL SUBMERSION technique. To do this,push the dipper, tilted at about 45 degrees, straight down adjacent to the vegetation. This causes the water around the vegetation to.flow into the dipper, carrying the larvae with the flow. There is no need to move the dipper horizontally. Pull the dipper up before it is full. 2 V Y - �y1 Ay. t A Fig. 3 ' In very shallow water, try the FLOW-IN method. Larvae can be collected by pushing the dipper into the substrate of the pool and letting the shallow surface water, debris and larvae flow into the dipper. Do not move the dipper horizontally. Fig. 4 To sample for larvae that may be under floating or emergent vegetation, use the SCRAPING technique. This method is used in habitats that contain clumps of vegetation such as tussocks of sedges, floating mats of cattails or water lettuce or other plants that are too large to get in the dipper, or clumps of submerged vegetation such as hydrilla or bladderwort. Dip from the water in towards the vegetation and end by using the dipper to scrape up against the base or underside of the vegetation to dislodge larvae. This method is usually more effective if the bottom of the dipper is screened and it is often used to sample for Coquillettidia and Mansonia mosquitoes. http://www-rci-rutgers.edu/—Insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Dipping Career Page 4 of 5 x . r - Fig. 5 The SIMPLE SCOOP is the "dipping to get water" method that was discouraged earlier. It consists of simply scooping a dipperful of water. This is probably the most commonly used method,particularly by new inspectors, and it is often the method referred to in much of the literature as "the standard dipping procedure." While it can be successfully used to collect Culex larvae, it is still not the method of choice. Fig. 6 The dipper can also be used as BACKGROUND. This is especially useful in woodland pools and other shallow water or when larvae are disturbed and dive to the bottom. Submerge the dipper completely to the bottom litter and slowly move it around. The darker mosquito larvae and pupae will stand out against the background of a white or aluminum dipper. Once larvae appear in the dipper, just lift it upward. .-F YP^£, Fig. 7 One or more of these methods, properly used, can determine the mosquito species composition of most aquatic habitats, excluding those whose openings are smaller than the,dipper, such as tires,rock pools, treeholes and tree root systems like those found in cedar and red maple swamps. In those cases, a smaller container, such as a vial, measuring spoon or tea strainer can be used in the same seven ways as the dipper described above. Then there is the tubular dipper, the chefs poultry baster, for those really hard to get to places like plant axils, treeholes and tree root holes. Now that we know how to efficiently collect mosquito larvae, what do we do with the specimens and the data. That's the subject of a future article. Until then, happy dipping. http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Spokane County Health District Fact Sheet Putting the Bite on Mosquitoes Mosquitoes are among the most serious and annoying insect pests that have a direct impact on humans. Mosquitoes can carry human disease agents such as malaria, encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue and filariasis.. In the United States, the primary reasons for controlling mosquitoes are the annoyance caused by their bites and the transmission of human and equine viral encephalitis and dog heartworm. In the Spokane area incidence of mosquito-related disease is very rare. Mosquitoes in this area are primarily considered nuisance pests. All mosquitoes develop in water that is still or very slow-moving. Mosquitoes develop through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Mosquito eggs are deposited either in permanent water sources or in the mud at the edges of temporary water sites to hatch when flooding occurs. The egg phase generally lasts two to six days, and it can last as long as five years in some species and is capable of surviving freezing temperatures. The larvae of all mosquitoes live in water. They have adapted to a wide variety of habitats, including permanent ponds, marshes, woodland pools, tree holes, and artificial containers (such as old tires). The larvae take four to ten days to complete their development, depending on the species, water temperature and other factors. They pass through four separate developmental stages, or instars, and after the fourth larval stage, the mosquito pupates. The pupal stage lasts from one to ten days. During this time, the mosquito undergoes metamorphosis eventually emerging or hatching into an adult. The adult at this stage will mate, take a blood meal (female only), lay a batch of eggs, and seek another meal to repeat the cycle. The average life span of an adult mosquito is one to two months; however, some can overwinter and live up to six months_ The adult mosquito generally has a flight range of 1/2 to 2 miles but has been documented to range as far as 5 to 20 miles. The adult mosquitoes are generally attracted to light, body warmth and carbon dioxide (exhaled breath). Due to population growth, an increasing number of housing developments are being built in areas with high mosquito prevalence. Therefore, safe and effective mosquito control strategies require more attention, time and effort, especially where personal health and ecological concerns limit pesticide uses. Good mosquito control requires a combination of several pest control measures including community supported professional control as well as individual effort. "The following facts and control information have been listed to provide solutions to mosquito problems. MOSQUITO FACTS=ANDCONTROLS The following is a list of common mosquito breeding sites around the home: Birdbaths Old tires Boats that have not been drained Ornamental ponds Cans, jars and other containers Overwatered lawns and fields Catch basins at road sides Plastic tarps Clogged roof gutters Rain barrels Debris and garbage piles Standing water in puddles and ruts Drain pans on air conditioners Stumps and tree holes Dripping outdoor faucets Wading pools Flat roofs Wells Flower pots Wheelbarrows Livestock troughs Mosquito Life Cycle Anopheles Aedes Culex Egg 0 Larva Pupa Female Female Female Adult 1i/¢f " Male Male Mal r� Resting Position \ � l MOSQUITO CONTROLS —11 To reduce exposure to mosquitoes, the following categories of control strategy can be applied: Physical Controls Biological Controls Chemical Controls * Repair window and door The following is a list of A wide variety of chemical screens. organisms that kill or feed on controls are available for the mosquitoes: management of mosquitoes. * Screen porches, decks or These controls can be gazebos. Amphipods (fresh water shrimp) separated into the following Ants categories: * Check carefully for standing Backswimmers water in low-lying areas and Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis * Repellents drain or add fill material when israelensis-BTI) feasible. Birds * Surface Films (larvicide) Crabs * Repair leaky outdoor faucets Dragonflies and Larvae * Insect Growth Regulators and sprinklers. Fish (gambusia affinis, goldfish, guppies) * Superabsorbent Polymers * Keep lawn and garden Flatworms irrigation minimal. Frogs * Larvicides (chemical Fungi application to water habitat) * Dispose of trash and discarded Giant Water Bugs containers. Beetles * Ground-Fogging/Aerial Hydra Applications (adultacide) * Keep house rain gutters clean Mites and working properly. Parasitic Nematodes (Romanomermis culcivorax) * Keep your grass cut short and Predacious Mosquito Larvae shrubbery well trimmed. Predacious Snails Y' Rotifers r * Change water in troughs, Spiders fountains, or bird baths twice Viruses �- weekly. Water Scorpions �p Water Striders * Fill tree holes and remove old stumps_ ,x Wear mosquito netting and long sleeve clothing when feasible. Please Note: Application of chemicals and insecticides for mosquito control should be performed by a professional licensed pesticide applicator. Use of over the counter pesticides may present health risks to people, animals and the environment. Please be sure to READ THE LABEL when using pesticides and repellents_ Follow instructions and precautions for specific use only. Do not exceed recommended concentrations or dosage application amounts. The use of concentrations and applications whicl3 are greater than manufacturers' recommendations can present health hazards to people and the envirotunent. A WORD ABOUT REPELLENTS Repellents provide effective personal protection from mosquitoes and reduce the need to spray pesticides over entire ecosystems_ DEET, or diethyltuolomide, is the most widely sold repellent, and is available in concentrations up to 100%. A word of caution:.-Recent research suggests that repeated applications of DEET to the skin may be hazardous, especially to children. To minimize the possibility of adverse reactions to DEET, the following precautions are suggested: * Wear long sleeves and long pants when possible, and apply repellent to clothing to reduce exposure to DEET (DEET can damage some synthetic materials). * Apply repellent sparingly only to exposed skin or clothing. * Avoid applying high-concentration products to the skin. DEET concentrations not exceeding 30% are recommended. * Use repellent sparingly; one application will last 4-8 hours. Saturation does not increase effectiveness. * Avoid applying repellents to portions of children's hands that are likely to have contact with eyes or mouth- * Never use repellents on wounds, irritated skin or sunburn. * Do not inhale or ingest repellents or get them into the eyes. * Wash repellent-treated skin when repellent use is no longer needed. * If a suspected reaction to insect repellents occurs, wash treated skin and call a physician_ Take the repellent to the physician for label information. CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 1 of 6 f Jersey r .a e Proceedings of the Seventy-Sixth Annual Meeting of the New Jersey Mosquito Control Association, Inc. 1989,pp 26-33. (Please use this citation when referring to this work) THE CDC TRAP AS A SPECIAL MONITORING TOOL JAMES R. McNELLY Cape May County Mosquito Extermination Commission, P.O. Box 66,Cape May Court House,NJ 08210 Abstract: With the addition of carbon dioxide as an attractant in the form of dry ice, the CDC trap becomes a powerful surveillance tool. The CO, baited CDC trap samples a wider range of mosquito species and significantly increases the numbers of mosquitoes captured compared to a trap that utilizes light as the sole attractant. Since the specimens are captured alive,virus assays are possible. A discussion of the history, advantages, applications and guidelines for CDC trap usage are the subjects of this paper. Introduction: The New Jersey Light Trap(Mulhern 1942),provided the mosquito control community with a mechanical device capable of sampling host seeking mosquitoes. The trap was designed with the hope of maximizing adult surveillance results and minimizing human labor and bias. At present, this trap remains a useful tool in mosquito surveillance but its design places certain restrictions on its use. Conventional usage requires electric current to power a trap that is expected to remain at a location for long periods of time. As a result, the trap proved to be inefficient as a short- term monitor of mosquito populations,particularly in areas where electric current is inaccessible. - Soon after the creation of the New Jersey Light Trap the search was on for a trap that would more adequately fulfill the needs of those in the mosquito community concerned with arbovirus surveillance. In short, a trap that was portable, capable of the collection of live specimens, and not dependent on electricity as a source of power. Over the years, a variety of trap types concerned with portability and live capture of specimens has been designed (Bellamy and Reeves 1952,Nelson and Chamberlain 1955). In 1962, the CDC miniature light trap (CDC=Centers for Disease Control)was introduced specifically for arbovirus surveillance and other short-term mosquito investigations (Sudia and Chamberlain 1962). The CDC trap mimicked the New Jersey Light Trap in the principle of attracting mosquitoes with white light and capturing them with the down draft produced by a motor and fan. However,the CDC trap utilized lightweight components, a 6-volt battery and a live capture net. Weighing in at under two lbs, the CDC trap was quickly adopted as a standard trap type in the collection of arbovirus samples. Equally important to a discussion of CDC traps is the research that was conducted with carbon dioxide as a mosquito attractant. Rudolfs (1922) first suggested the possibility of carbon dioxide being an attractant; Headlee (1934) was the first to explore its potential in conjunction with a mechanical trap. Enhanced catches with carbon dioxide-baited light traps were subsequently noted (Headlee 1941, Reeves and Hammon 1942,Huffaker and Back 1943) and in 1966 Newhouse et al. created the perfect "marriage", combining carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice with the CDC Trap. http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 2 of 6­ Discussion: The overall design of the CDC trap has remained intact since 1962, with only minor differences in the construction. Changes have been made to the wiring harness in relation to different types of battery utilization. The original traps were powered with 6-volt wet cell lead-acid batteries (Sudia and Chamberlain 1962) and were wired to accommodate a dipole battery hookup. Some agencies prefer the original design and CDC traps can still be purchased that will run off current supplied by a 6-volt battery (1). However, a sealed gel cell battery would appear preferable to the old wet cell type since it would eliminate any hazards associated with battery acid. Traps designed to run off current supplied by a series of disposable or rechargeable D cell batteries are also available (1,2). The size and type of battery that is used may be determined by your agency's existing trap inventory. When new traps are being purchased, consideration should be paid to the anticipated applications of those traps and battery selection should be based on the most practical design for the task they will fulfill (Weber 1988). Other modifications are available to facilitate special needs in surveillance. If live specimens are not a requirement, a kill jar can be substituted for the live collection net. A photoswitch option that automatically turns the trap on and off is also available. An air-actuated gate system should always be used when the trap is operated by a photoswitch. The gate stays open to allow mosquito entrance as long as the trap is running but closes to prevent specimens from escaping when the trap stops running. The gate system is a desirable option whenever a live collection net is used since it offers a measure of safety against any type of trap failure. The air-actuated gate system may be purchased as a separate unit(1) and retrofitted to any of the existing CDC trap models. The full potential of a CDC trap cannot be obtained without the addition of dry ice. The trap was designed to use an extremely small light bulb and the light output is much weaker than the 25 watt bulb in a New Jersey light trap. Mosquitoes can be collected with light as the only attractant but the addition of dry ice greatly enhances the trap's capabilities. Newhouse et al. (1966) reported an increase of 400-500% in overall catch when the trap is supplemented with dry ice. These findings correlate well with those of Headlee (1934), the first to use carbon dioxide in conjunction with a mechanical trap. Dry ice also increases the number of species captured by 20-25% (Morris and DeFoliart 1969, Magnarelli 1975, Slaff et al. 1983) and improves the ratio of blooded and parous individuals for arbovirus surveillance(Morris and DeFoliart 1969, Feldlaufer and Crans 1979). If the CDC trap is used with dry ice, removal of the light bulb will actually improve the collection by eliminating "trash insects", such as beetles and moths that fly readily to light(Carestia and Savage 1967). This eliminates the tedious sorting process that is a prerequisite for identification of most light trap collections. Without the light,the trap is also less noticeable, a consideration in areas where traps may be subject to theft. During the Vietnam War this aspect received especially strong attention for reasons other than theft(Miller et al. 1969, Herbert et al. 1972). The amount of dry ice as well as the type of container used to hold it will effect the amount of carbon dioxide released over time. In most instances, a five lb. block of dry ice is sufficient to cover the normal dusk to dawn trapping period. This delivers between 400-500 ml of carbon dioxide per min., a rate that is comparable to the amount released by a large mammal (Morris and DeFoliart 1969). Insulated containers are available from the manufacturer' but they are easily constructed. A favorite of the author's is a denim drawstring bag that is large enough to hold 5 lbs of dry ice. The bag is sewn with two layers of denim separated by a layer of insulating material taken from a space blanket. A draw string is then sewn into the top of the bag to allow the opening to be cinched. The bag is hung in a position to allow the carbon dioxide to release directly next to and slightly under the aluminum hood of the CDC trap. When host-seeking mosquitoes enter the stream of gas, they are drawn into the trap by the fan. In regions where dry ice is difficult to obtain, there are other options. One would be the purchase of a dry ice maker; another requires construction of a cylinder delivery system similar to that described by Parker et al. 1986. In both cases, the economics should be considered in relation to the projected http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 3 of 6 goals and long-term benefits from the surveillance data. Applications: Personnel involved in the surveillance of adult mosquitoes are normally faced with answering one or more basic questions,typically WHAT SPECIES ARE PRESENT and/or HOW MANY?How best to resolve those questions is dependent on a myriad of variables. These may include the amount of time available to the worker,under what field conditions the surveillance will take place, and what is the information gathered ultimately to be used for?A suitable trap is then selected to do the most efficient job. For the most part,a CDC trap is a surveillance tool that is used in special situations. Unlike the New Jersey light trap that remains stationary in a location for long periods of time,the CDC trap's portable design is intended for short term use in a variety of locations. Circumstances usually have the surveillance specialist attempting to define an unknown mosquito population in terms of species and numbers. Additional information regarding the extent of an infestation, its disease potential and other particulars may also be desired. A common situation is a complaint of mosquito activity called in by a resident. Two or more CDC traps placed on the property would prove or disprove the validity of the complaint. Regardless of the actual catch,the home owner is usually favorably impressed with the attention that's been paid to his or her complaint. One way of heading off potential problem areas is to survey those areas before people move into them. In Essex County,inspectors routinely survey new housing developments with CDC traps while they are still under construction. General population checks may be required in the vicinity of proposed project sites, such as an area that is scheduled for an adulticide treatment or one that will undergo water management to determine the extent of the existing problem. In both instances,properly placed CDC traps will provide the necessary data and help direct control efforts. In the case of adulticiding, the success or failure of the control effort will be determined over a relatively short trapping period. In the latter case, surveillance at periodic intervals over the course of an entire mosquito season would help to develop and document a short term history of adult mosquito activity for the area. The success of the project after management would be determined with post management trapping to document the degree of mosquito reduction after the work was completed. A phone survey of New Jersey's Mosquito Control Agencies and Commissions revealed that CDC traps were especially useful in areas where virus activity is suspected. This normally involves a farm where an equine death due to eastern equine encephalitis is under investigation. Collections are made by the county commission or agency and transferred to the Agricultural Experiment Station for virus assay. Sudia and Chamberlain(1967)provide a review of the proper protocol for handling collections for virus isolation attempts. They also provide a diagram of a site involving a horse death and the recommended method of CDC trap surveillance. The diagram gives a good representation of trap placement that is of value not only in the context given,but also to any situation where an unknown adult population is being surveyed.Traps in the horse scenario are placed in likely areas of mosquito- horse contact,near stables, in pastures, and in"transition" zones along the edge of the dominant vegetation ecosystems.By trapping in the edges of transition zones,the trap is more likely to attract a wider range of species and not exclude mosquitoes that host seek only in one ecosystem. With New Jersey's wide diversity in mosquito fauna,behavioral differences should be considered in any investigation trapping program. The height at which the trap is suspended can influence the species composition of the collection. Normally, traps are hung 5-6 ft off the ground, the height at which the New Jersey light trap operates. This height is satisfactory for the majority of species encountered in routine surveillance i.e. Aedes and Culex sp., but will not adequately sample species like Culiseta melanura,which host seeks in the canopy layer(Main et al. 1966, Crans et al. in prep.). Likewise,mosquitoes that do not host-seek between dusk and dawn will either be missed or underrepresented. A dry ice baited CDC trap would be of limited value for Aedes albopictus surveillance if the trap were operated at night because Ae. albopictus is a daytime feeder(Herbert 1972). Diurnally feeding adults can be trapped by simply adjusting the trap hours of operation to include a representative portion of daylight collection time (Newhouse et al. 1966). http://www-rei.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 4 of 6" The amount of carbon dioxide that is released could affect the collection by excluding species that feed on hosts with lower respiration rates than the 4-5 lbs of dry ice exudes (Morris and DeFoliart 1969). These same authors also report that dry ice attracted several species of males which showed a positive correlation with the overall mosquito density. Huffaker (1943), however, felt that carbon dioxide repulsed male mosquitoes. Guidelines for CDC Trapping: The following guidelines are offered to minimize variability in the use of CDC traps for mosquito surveillance: 1. Whenever possible, use the CDC trap with a dry ice supplement. A 4-5 lb. block in an insulated container will mimic d' large mammal's respiration and last long enough to cover the usual dusk to dawn trapping period. 2. Remove the light source when dry ice is used as an attractant; the absence of light will eliminate other photopositive insects from the collection and increase the efficiency of identification. 3. Hang the dry ice adjacent to, and slightly below,the aluminum lid of the CDC trap to draw mosquitoes as close as possible to the collection fan. 4. Whenever possible, use CDC traps with an air actuated gate system. The gate offers a measure of protection from trap failure, improperly charged batteries, late trap pick up, etc. 5. Trap at least one hour prior to dusk until one hour after dawn to insure that surveillance is conducted during the primary host-seeking periods for most species. 6. Hang the trap 5-6 ft from ground level unless specific information is needed on canopy dwellers. For most nuisance species, this height will provide a reliable indication of activity. 7. Try to set the traps along the edges of habitats to increase trapping efficiency. A trap located strictly in one ecosystem/habitat may exclude certain species; trapping along the edge of a swamp, for example, will provide a picture of those species found not only in the swamp,but also in the nearby upland. 8. Consider two traps as the minimum number in most situations and compare your data to detect differences that may have been due to outside influences. 9. Be aware that differences do exist in the host seeking behavior of some species and that alterations from these general guidelines may be necessary to get complete surveillance data. Strictly daylight feeding species will not be accurately represented in dusk-dawn collections. A species that host seeks in tree canopies will not be accurately sampled by a trap that is suspended 5 ft from the ground. Whenever possible, become familiar with the host seeking habits of the mosquitoes being surveyed. Conclusions: The control of adult mosquitoes begins with proper surveillance. For special surveillance of short duration,the dry ice baited CDC trap is an efficient,reliable surveillance tool for the surveillance specialist. This trap can be used to assess a homeowner's complaint, check the success of an adulticide or gather virus information. The CDC trap's portability,battery power, and efficiency add versatility to the surveillance program. (1)The John W. Hock Co., P.O. Box 12852, Gainesville, FL 32604 (2) Hausherr's Machine Works, Old Freehold Road, Toms River,NJ 08753 Acknowledgments: The author gratefully acknowledges the input and advice that was provided by the members of the surveillance symposium. References Cited: . Bellamy,R. E. and W. C. Reeves. 1952. A portable mosquito bait-trap.News 12(4):256-258. . Carestia, R. R. and L. B. Savage. 1967. Effectiveness of carbon dioxide as a mosquito attractant in the CDC miniature light trap. Mosq. 27(1):90-92. _ http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 '�. CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 5 of 6 1 • Feldlaufer,M. F. and W.J. Crans. 1979.The relative attractiveness of carbon dioxide to parous and nulliparous mosquitoes. J. Med. Ent 15(2):140-142. -- - • Headlee,T.J. 1934. Mosquito work in New Jersey for the year 1933. Proc. Mosq. Exterm. Assoc. 11:8-37. • Headlee,T. J. 1941.New Jersey mosquito problems. Proc.N.J. Mosq. Ex Assoc. 28:7-12. • Herbert,E.W., R. P.Morgan and P.G.Turbes. 1972.A comparison mosquito catches with CDC light traps and CO2-baited traps in the Rep of Vietnam Mosq. News 32(2):212-214. • Huffaker, C. B. and R C.Back. 1943.A study of methods of sampling mosquito populations. J. Econ. Entomol. 36(4):561-569. • Magnarelli,L.A. 1975.Relative abundance and parity of mosquitoes collected in dry-ice baited and unbaited CDC miniature light traps. Mosq. 35(3):350-353. • .Main,A.J.,R.J.Tonn,E.J.Randall and K.S.Anderson. 1966. Mosquito densities at heights of five and twenty-five feet in southeastern Massachusetts.Mosq. News 26(2):243-248. • Miller,T. A.,R. G. Stryker,R.N.Wilkinson and S. Esah. 1969.Notes on the use of CO2 baited CDC miniature light traps for mosquito surveillance in Thailand. Mosq.News 29 (4):688-689. . Morris,C. D. and G. R DeFoliart. 1969.A comparison of mosquito catches with miniature light traps and CO2-baited traps.Mosq.News 29(3):42 • Mulhern,T.D. 1942.New Jersey mechanical trap for mosquito surveys.Agric. Exp. Stn. Circ. 421, 8pp. • Nelson,D. B. and R.W. Chamberlain. 1955'.A light trap and mechanical aspirator operating on dry cell batteries. Mosq.News 15(1):28-32. • Newhouse,V. F.,R.W. Chamberlain,J. G.Johnson and W. D. Sudia. 1966.Use of dry ice to increase mosquito catches of the CDC miniature lighttrap. Mosq.News 26(9):30-35. • Parker,M.,A.L.Anderson and M. Staff. 1986. An automatic carbon dioxide delivery system for mosquito light trap surveys. Mosq.News 2(2):23 • Reeves,W. C. and W.M. Hammon. 1942.Mosquitoes and encephalitis in Yakima Valley, Washington. IV. A trap for collecting live mosquitoes. J. Infect. Dis. 70:275-277. • Rudolfs,W. 1922. Chemotropism of mosquitoes. Bull.N.J. Agric. Ex. Stn. 367 (4), 23pp. • Slaff, M.,W. J. Crans and L. G. McCuiston. 1983. A comparison of three mosquito sampling techniques in northwestern New Jersey. Mosq. (43)(3):287-290. • Sudia,W. D. and R. W. Chamberlain. 1962.Battery operated light trap, an improved model. Mosq. News 22(2):126-129. • Sudia,W. D. and R W. Chamberlain. 1967. Collection and processing of medically important arthropods for arbovirus isolation. Center for D Control, PHS,USDHEW,Atlanta, GA, 29pp. • Weber,R G. 1988. Selecting and maintaining batteries for portable light Proc.N.J. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 75:92-101. DISCUSSION FOLLOWING THE PRESENTATION QUESTION: I would like to make a few remarks in defense of the New Jersey light traps. We used CO, with New Jersey light traps with the bulbs removed and got similar percentage increases. I agree, however,that you cannot operate in some locations because you are limited by electricity. We also were able to use bottled CO2 as an alternate to dry ice and it worked fairly well. McNELLY: I chose to ignore the possibility of converting a New Jersey light trap although there are at least 2 counties in the state that use the New Jersey light trap in much the same fashion as you would a CDC trap. The New Jersey light trap is heavy and it really defeats the purpose of portability. It is much easier to carry several CDC traps around than it is a single,converted New Jersey light trap. It is possible to bait New Jersey light traps with CO, and get essentially the same results as you would with a CDC trap. Compressed gas is an option if you do not have access to dry ice. Marc Slaff has a paper on a gas delivery system that he used in conjunction with a CDC trap. QUESTION: I do not think there is much difference in the cost of compressed gas vs. dry ice but you do have to lug a bottle around. We used the big bottles and they lasted about 4 nights. http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/edctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 6 of 6t McNELLY: There are machines available that you can make your own dry ice with. Essex County uses this type of system in their surveillance program. Again, it's a matter of what the commission can afford and the cost effectiveness of the investment. QUESTION: Do you know of any analysis that will allow you to export data from one trapping device and make it comparable to the other? We have 25 years of data from the New Jersey light trap. CDC information would be more useful if we could make the comparison. McNELLY: I haven't done that and I am not aware of any direct comparison between the New Jersey and the CDC trap. The literature frequently mentions the differences in the drawing powers of the two traps. The New Jersey trap has a much more powerful fan but I do not know how this would translate into comparable collection potential. On to Landing Rates Back to Mosquito Control Ruirgers , i Mosquito Homepage http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdetrap.htm 6/20/01 EVS Carbon Dioxide Trap The control of adult mosquitoes begins with proper surveillance. For special surveillance of short duration,the dry ice baited CDC trap is an efficient,reliable surveillance tool for the surveillance specialist. This trap can be used to assess a homeowner's complaint, check the success of an adulticide or gather virus information. The CDC trap's portability, battery power, and efficiency add versatility to the surveillance program. Guidelines for Trapping: The following guidelines are offered to minimize variability in the use of traps for mosquito surveillance. 1. A quantity of approximately 4 lbs. of dry ice in an insulated container will mimic a large mammal's respiration and last long enough to cover the usual mid-afternoon to dawn trapping period. 2. If the capture of excessive non mosquito insect species is a problem, or vandalism or theft of the trap a concern, remove the light source when dry ice is used as an attractant; the absence of light will eliminate other photopositive insects from the collection, increasing the efficiency of identification. It will also make the trap less visible to vandals and thieves. 3. Trap at least one hour prior to dusk until one hour after dawn to insure that surveillance is conducted during the primary host-seeking periods for most species. 4. Hang the trap so its fan is 5-6 feet from ground level unless specific information is needed on canopy dwellers. For most nuisance species, this height will provide a reliable indication of activity. 5. Try to set the traps along the edges of habitats to increase trapping efficiency. A trap located strictly in one ecosystem habitat may exclude certain species; trapping along the edge of a swamp for example will provide a picture of those species found not only in the swamp but also in the nearby upland. 6. Be aware that differences do exist in the host seeking behavior of some species and that alterations from these general guidelines may be necessary to get complete surveillance data. Strictly daylight feeding species will not be accurately represented in dusk-dawn collections. A species that host seeks in tree canopies will not be accurately sampled by a trap that is suspended 5 ft from the ground. Whenever possible, become familiar with the host seeking habits of the mosquitoes being surveyed. Attachment 3.A Larval Surveillance Procedures (Modified from O'Malley, 1989) Basic tools: Standard,white 400 ml-capacity dipper; a small pipette or eyedropper;turkey baster,tea strainer,modified bilge pump,white enamel pan,bogts,vials, 6 oz.plastic bags or some other form of container for collecting larvae; labels for the collections; and a pencil. A GPS receiver should also be used to obtain data for GIS. Potential Breeding Habitat: Mosquitoes will breed anywhere there is standing water such as tires, bird baths,plant pots, storm drains, and unchlorinated swimming pools. Natural breeding habitats include temporary flooded areas,ditches,tidal or freshwater wetlands, and other areas with standing water. Flowing water or bodies of water subject to wind or wave action are not suitable breeding habitat for mosquitoes. When searching for mosquito larvae, it is necessary to proceed slowly and carefully. Approach the area to be inspected with caution,as heavy footfalls will create vibrations that disturb larvae and cause them to.dive to the bottom.. Likewise, avoid disturbance of the water, as this will have the same result. Approach the area to be sampled with the sun in one's face;this prevents shadows that also disturb larvae and cause them to dive. If wind is of significant magnitude dipping should be done on the windward side of the habitat where larvae and pupae will be most heavily concentrated. Mosquito larvae are usually confined to the margins of a body of water and will not be found in open, deep water. Dipping should be done around floating debris, aquatic and emergent vegetation, logs and tree stumps in the water, and grasses around the margins. Look for the presence of larvae and pupae before beginning to dip. One must also recognize that each area to be checked may contain a number of different microhabitats, and each may contain the larvae of different species. Learn to recognize different microhabitats within an area;each one of these should be sampled in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the area's species composition. Collection Methods: The kind of mosquito one is looking for,as well as the type of habitat one is working in,will determine the dipping technique used. If field personnel are familiar with the general breeding habits of the major species found within their county,they will be able to choose the most appropriate technique to obtain the most reliable results. The following eight techniques for sampling mosquito larvae and pupae with the standard pint dipper are effective: 1. The Shallow Skim-Anopheles larvae are normally found at the surface of the water among aquatic vegetation or floating debris. They can be collected with a shallow, skimming stroke along the surface, with one side of the dipper pressed just below the surface. End the stroke just before the dipper is filled, to prevent overflowing. 2. Partial submersion-Around emergent vegetation, logs and tree stumps, larvae may be drawn into the dipper by submerging one edge so that the water flows rapidly into the dipper. In this method,the dipper is stationary within the water. 3. Complete submersion Certain Culicine larvae(such as species of Aedes and Psorophora)are very active and usually dive below the surface when disturbed. In this case, a quick plunge of the dipper below the surface of the water is required, bringing the dipper back up through the submerged larvae. Bring the dipper back up carefully,to avoid losing the larvae with overflow current. 4. Dipper as a background-This is an especially useful technique in woodland pools, for early season species. Submerge the.dipper completely within the woodland pool, going down into the bottom liter if necessary. Use the white dipper as a background against which larvae and pupae can be spotted. Come up underneath the larvae with the dipper. Once again, bring the dipper up carefully,to avoid losing its contents. S. Flow-in method This method is useful in situations where the water is shallow,with mud, leaf litter,or other debris on the substrate. Specimens can be collected by pushing the dipper down into the material on the bottom and letting the shadow surface water and mosquito larvae flow directly into the'dipper. 6. Scraping-This method is used in permanent or semi-permanent habitats containing clumps of vegetation, such as tussocks. Dip from the water in,towards the tussock, and end by using the dipper to scrape up against the base of the vegetation to dislodge any larvae present. 7. Simple scoop-This is the technique which seems to be most commonly used by field personnel for larval surveillance and is the one referred to in much of the literature as "the standard dipping procedure." The technique involves simply scooping a dipper- full of water out of a habitat. It is useful in a wide va riety of habitats, especially for collecting Culex. _ 8. Salt marsh-As the name indicates,this is a procedure to utilize when conducting salt marsh larval surveillance. In the case of salt marsh potholes, dip in a number of spots around the edge of the pothole,dipping in toward the edge. Sample the middle of the pothole,using either a skimming or scooping stroke. In areas containing numerous potholes,make sure several are sampled,not just one or two. Use the same combination of techniques to sample a salt marsh pan. It is important to recognize that there are different techniques which can be used in different habitat types. Whenever dipping for immature mosquitoes,regardless of the technique used, it is important to look for actual presence of larvae before dipping,and to proceed carefully and pay attention to what you are doing. Several species of mosquito are not routinely collected by dipper. These include: • Ae. albopictus: Tires • Ae. atropalpus:Rock pools,tires • Ae. triseriatus: Treeholes,tires,containers • An. barberi: Treeholes,tires,containers • Cq.perturbans: Permanent water with emergent vegetation • Cs. melanura. Cedar and red maple swamps, occasionally tires • Or. alba: Treeholes;tires, containers - - • Or. signifera: Treeholes,tires, containers • R. r. septentrionalis: Treeholes,tires,containers • Wy. smithii: Pitcher plants The turkey baster is an inexpensive, readily available tool that is very useful for sampling tires, containers and treeholes. The tea strainer.can be used to concentrate and sort samples. Modifying a hand-operated bilge pump by removing the intake valve converts the pump to a syringe capable of drawing up a column of water(Walker and Crans, 1986). The modified bilge pump can also be used to sample treeholes,tires and various other containers. Material collected by bilge pump or baster can be emptied into a white enamel pan, from which the mosquito larvae are then removed. Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form Instructions The reporting form is in two formats 1) printable form and 2) electronic form. From the printable form (file name: mosquito trapping print form.doc or mosquito trapping print form. pdf), a hard copy can be printed for manual data entry. The hard copy can be forward via mail or fax to Jo Marie. The electronic form (file name: mosquito trapping electronic form.doc or mosquito trapping electronic form. pdf) allows for easy electronic data entry and forward via email. 1. Trap Effort Trap Location Location Name Name of the trapping location Physical Address Physical address of the location such as house number, prefix direction, street name, street type, and suffix direction. Address 2 Optional, may include apartment or suite numbers or any other relevant address information. City/State City and the standard two-character abbreviation for the state. Zip Code Either 5 or 9 digit zip code. Nine digit zip codes should be in the format 98584-1234. GPS Coordinate Latitude and longitude in decimal degrees with a minimum of six decimal places (e.g., latitude 47.198065 and longitude -122. 345678). Longitude should be reported as a negative number to indicate west longitude. Used only when GRID is geographic. Location Description Describe the site where the mosquito trap was set. Collection Date Date (MM/DD/YY) mosquitoes were collected from trap. Length of Length of time (hours/minutes) the particular trap was set. Trapping Time Trap Type Check the type of trap used. Number of Traps Indicate the number of traps set at the trapping location. Collecting Agencv Name Name of the collecting agency. Address Mailing address for the collecting agency. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 j Collecting Agency Continue... City/State/Zip City, state and zip code for collecting agency. Contact Person Primary contact regarding mosquito trapping at the collecting agency. Phone Contact's phone number. Fax Contact's fax number. Email Contact's email address. Reporter Name Name Name of field staff reporting this mosquito trapping data. Comments Any comments the field staff or collection agency may have relevant to the mosquito-trapping event. 2. Pool Information Pool ID Unique identification number assigned to the mosquito pool collected. Until a better identification system is established, suggest using Trap ID and Collection Date (YYYY/MM/DD). Example: Pool ID 12A20010627. Identification Type Check whether the specimen identified were adults or larvae. Mosquito Type Check the mosquito type for the pool. If other, indicate the species. Number in Pool Total number of mosquitoes (male and female) in pool. Number of Females Number of female mosquitoes in pool. State ID State ID will be assigned by Washington State Department of Health. Local ID Unique identification number assigned by collecting agency to track the mosquito-trapping events. Other ID Any other unique identifier for particular mosquito-trapping event. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 2 (adud 1) Internal Use State ID Mosquito Trapping Entry Date Submit . Please submit completed form with specimen to: Jo Marie Brauner Washington State Department of Health Office of Environmental Health&Safety PO Box 47825 Olympia,WA 98504-7825 (360)236-3064 fax(360)236-2261 iomarie.brauneradoh.wa.goTrap Effort Trap Location Collecting Agency Location Name Culex residence Name Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department Physical Address 1000 Mosquito Lane Address 3629 South D Street, MS 027 Address 2 City/State/Zip Tacoma,WA 98418-6813 City/State Tacoma,WA Contact Person Nedda Turner County Pierce Phone 253.798.6462 Zip Code 98418 Fax 253.798.7663 GPS Coordinate Email nturner@tpchd.org Latitude(i.e.,47.198062) Reporter Name Longitude(i.e.,-122.386037) Name Nedda Turner (Please report your GPS coordinate in decimal degrees with Comments Used dry ice nuggets. a minimum of six decimal places.) Location Description Samples collected via trap hung on maple Local ID N/A tree near edge of ornamental pond located in backyard, 50 feet north of home. Other ID N/A Collection Date 3/10/03 Length of Trapping Time 16 hours Trap Type ®Carbon Dioxide ❑ Light ❑ Dip ❑Gravid ❑ Oviposit ❑ Other Number of tra s for this tvDe 1 Pool Information -1 Pool ID 10mITP20030310 Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD—Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species, the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ®Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 West Nile Virus Surveillance Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -3 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -4 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -5 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MWDD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3/19/03 West Nile Virus Surveillance Internal Use State ID Coun ty- Mosquito Trapping Entry Date Submit To Please submit completed form with specimen to: Jo Marie Brauner Washington State Department of Health Office of Environmental Health&Safety PO Box 47825 Olympia,WA 98504-7825 (360)236-3064 fax(360)236-2261 iomarie.bran nerCcDdoh.wa.gov Trap Effort Trap Location Collecting Agency Location Name Green's Grocery Store Name Tacoma-Pierce County Health Departmeent Physical Address 8585 Larval Drive Address 3629 South D Street, MS 027 Address 2 City/State/Zip Tacoma,WA 98418-6813 City/State Tacoma,WA Contact Person Nedda Turner County Pierce Phone 253.798.6462 Zip Code 98418 Fax 253.798.7663 GPS Coordinate Email ntumer@tpchd.org Latitude(i.e.,47.198062) Reporter Name Longitude(i.e.,-122.386037) Name Nedda Turner (Please report your GPS coordinate in decimal degrees with Comments, a minimum of six decimal places.) Location Description Dipped in old tires along road, Local ID N/A approximately 30 feet NW of Green Grocery Store. OtherlD N/A Collection Date 3/10/03 Length of Trapping Time 15 min Trap Type ❑Carbon Dioxide ❑ Light ® Dip ❑Gravid ❑ Oviposit ❑ Other Number of traps for this type Pool Information - 1 Pool ID 85idTP20030310 Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool.Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ®Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsa/is ❑ Ochlerotatus aborigines Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 West Nile Virus Surveillance Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected, and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -9 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Cu/ex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other • . . r Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in "Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species, the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 West Nile Virus Surveillance A(I CAch 1�f Cer�- � �X nqPLp, Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY INVOICE VOUCHER (Rev.Rev."1) AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE P.O.OR 5f91 AUTH.NO. 303 GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health &Safety INSTRUCTIONS TO VENDOR OR CLAIMANT: Submit Mis form to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: Jo Marie Brauner claim payment for materials, merchandise or services. Show PO Box 47825 complete detail for each item, Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) Vendor's Certificate. 1 hereby certify under penalty of perjury that the items and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, lqo elc merchandise or services furnished to the State of Washington, and / O ' that all goods fumished and/or services rendered have been provided �j^ /_/' vAthout discrimination because of age,sex,marital status,race,creed, ` zv" �Gf ! S S color, national origin, handicap, religion,or Vietnam era or disabled veterans status BY (SIG IN INIn �� (TITLE) AT Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I.R.S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY USE For Purchase of Dry Ice for use in " " Mosquito.Trapping Surveillance Project INVOICES ATTACHED /�03 Tc-(2 Prepared by Telephone Number Date Agency Approval Date (360) Doe.Date Pmt Due Date Current Doe No. Ref.Doe No. Vendor Number Vendor Message Use UBI Tax Number Work cow" W r7xa Torn T— ° MASTER INDEX Sub Sub c" Prof ooc corn Obj- - Obj Sub IA" Alloc Budget Mos project ..idol.. ptgc Amount Invoice Number spa a ��errs Obj Unft 25308203 EA M Accounting Approval for Payment Date Warrant Total Invoice No Clo�ero Si��e �cce�pks �h �1 �0L. 0\LC- vk- 3/20/2003 Al9 DRY ICE 2003 ) �-�.er+ti 5��M LJC v a c kn r >rr 1L ))- is 9(p r1+ c j je- . '04AA-C A �r--Cc s x a r�)P� Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY A19-1A INVOICE VOUCHER (Rev."I) AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE P.O.OR F AUTH.NO. 303 GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health&Safety INSTRUCT70NS TO VENDOR OR CLAIMANT; Submit this form to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: Jo Marie Brauner claim payment for materials, merchandise or services. Show PO Box 47825 complete detail for each item. Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) Vendor's Certificate. I hereby certify under penalty of perjury that the items and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, merchandise or services furnished to the State of Washington, and that all goods furnished and/or services rendered have been provided without discrimination because of age,sex,marital status,race,creed, color, national origin, handicap, religion, or Vietnam era or disabled veterans status BY (SIGN IN I (TITLE) AT Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I.R.S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY For Purchase of Dry Ice for use in USE Mosquito Trapping Surveillance Project INVOICES ATTACHED Prepared by Telephone Number Date Agency Approval Date (360) Doc.Date Pmt Due Date Current Doe No. Ref.Doc No. Vendor Number TVendor7:n Use UIII Tax Number W" cowdr py! awe rwn T— w MASTER INDEX Sub Sub org vrol oee Code o �x� Obi Sub � Allot Budget MOS project pro] pha Amount Invoice Number o ObjUnit 25308203 EA M E Accounting Approval For Payment Date Warrant Total Invoice No A19 DRY ICE 2003 3/20/2003 A U a C r �'cCC� �Xa-rnPL. Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY A19-1A = INVOICE VOUCHER (Rev."I) AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE P.O.OR AUTH.NO. 303 GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health&Safety INSTRUCTIONS TO VENDOR OR CLAIMANT. Submit this fore to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: Jo Marie Brauner claim Payment for materials, merchandise or services. Show PO Box 47825 complete detail far each item, Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) Vendor's Certificate. I hereby certify under penalty of perjury that the items and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, merchandise or services famished to the State of Washington, and '"f d that all goods furnished and/or services rendered have been provided without discrimination because of age,sex,marital status,race,creed, e S color, national origin, handicap, religion,or Vietnam era or disabled veterans status BY (n) (SIG tN INFQ (TITLE) AT Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I.R.S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY USE For Purchase of Dry Ice for use inRB6 Mosquito Trapping Surveillance Project INVOICES ATTACHED Prepared by Telephone Number Date Agenoy Approval Date (360) Doc.Date Pmt Due Date Current Doe No. Ref.Doe No. Vendor Number Vendor Message Use UBI Tax Number wo,x wary cqa Clans Torn T— "' MASTER INDEX Sub Sub orq see P„1 AW Ph" Amount Invoice Number oeC coaa u Obi Sub kw x Moc Budget Mos Project sd u �., Ob• unit 1 25308203 EA 9900 Accounting Approval for Payment Date Warrant Total Invoice No SA�Q �CC21 �s uh4\t o� 0\LC_(u.SL A19 DRY ICE 2003 �0 p 3/20/2003 v a LA-cN\zr � r -�L)6}41E 9 rR A+ c j c1.Q . Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY A19-1A INVOICE VOUCHER (Rev.5f91) `�.� AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE P.O.OR AUTH.NO. 3W GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health&Safety INSTRUCTIONS TO VENDOR OR CLAIMANT: Submit this form to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: Jo Marie Brauner claim payment for materials, merchandise or services, show PO Box 47825 complete detail for each item, Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) Vendor's Certificate. 1 hereby certify under penalty of perjury that the items and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, merchandise or services furnished to the State of Washington,and that all goats furnished and/or services rendered have been provided vrithout discrimination because of age,sex,marital status,race,creed, color, national origin,handicap,religion,or Vietnam era or disabled veterans status BY rT (SIGN (TITLE) AT Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I.R.S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY USE For Purchase of Dry Ice for use in Mos uito Trapping Surveillance Project INVOICES ATTACHED Prepared by Telpephone Nnmber Date (J V O) Agenoy approval Date Doe.Data Prat Due Date Current Doe No. ReL Doe No. Vendor Nmmber Vendor Meeuage Use UBI Tax Number ww, cwa,rr W+ "' ° MASTER INDEX sub sub D- `°°° U .,C;.," jlnl�x, .. Obj Sub ewx Allor 9edyel Mos ".a n as a � � Obj Unit ^7 rex Amount Invoice Number 25308203 EA 9900 Accounting Approval for Payment Date Warrant Total Invoice No A19 DRY ICE 2003 3/20/2003 Mosquito Surveillance Training — April 14, 2003 99 Larva Egg Raft ��• �� • •`• .ter _ • •- _ _ wT Adult Pupa Life Cycle of the Mosquito Examples of Mosquito Surveillance Kit With Contents Listed: A. Mosquito Surveillance Kit: Larva U Adult Collection Contents: Ice Chest (1 large) Pair of Gloves (1) Forceps (1) Rechargeable Batteries (6D) Sorting Tray (1) Breeder (2) Cot Trap (2) Petra Trays (l package) Battery Charger (1) Pipettes (1 package) Dipper (1) Whirlpaks (1 bundle) B. Mobile/Mini Mosquito Surveillance Kit- LARVA COLLECTION Contents: Pipette (1) E99 Data Sheet (2) Efl9 Raft —• Water Bottle/Vile (2) Whirlpool (2) _ •, Mosquito Brochures (4) Sharpie Pen (1) Ad." p� Life-Cycle of the Mosquito r" Dipping Career Page 1 of 5 Article reproduced from Wing Beats, the bulletin of the American Mosquito Control Association, produced by the Florida Mosquito Control Association. Please use the following citation when referring to this article: O'Malley, C. 1995. Seven ways to a successful dipping career. Wing Beats, vol. 6(4): 23-24. Seven Ways to a Successful Dipping Career Claudia O'Malley Introduction: As recently as 1922, members of the New Jersey mosquito control community were debating the relative merits of"night collections" as opposed to larval collection and identification. Some of the past practices of mosquito control included treating any standing water encountered, regardless of whether or not mosquito larvae were present. Guidelines for starting a mosquito control program included the advice that directors should not spend an excessive amount of time on surveys. Even now, a few still feel that larval surveys are only necessary in the early part of the breeding season; once it is known what species are present at a site, it can be taken for granted that the species composition at that site will remain the same throughout the rest of the season. Most experts, however, feel that larval surveillance is not only an important aspect of an effective mosquito surveillance and control program, but it is an essential component. Benefits of Larval Surveillance Larval surveys have many important functions. They are used to determine the locations and seasons that mosquitoes use specific aquatic habitats and, when specimens are identified and counted,the information can be used to determine species composition and population densities. The information can be used to determine optimal times for application of larval control measures,including chemicals, biologicals, draining or impounding. It can also be used to help forecast the need for adult mosquito control and to help assess the effectiveness of both chemical and biological control measures. Routine larval surveillance data can be useful in interpreting adult mosquito surveillance data. For example, if larval surveys indicate 95- 1 00%control by larvicides and yet the number of adults does not decline, one can suspect, in the absence of reinfestation, that an important larval concentration was missed. A system for the detection of insecticide resistance is also provided through a larval surveillance program. Sampling Larval Mosquitoes Because mosquito larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats, a number of different sampling techniques to determine their presence and density have been developed. Many, if not all, of the published methods are described in Mike Service's book, Mosquito Ecology Field Sampling Methods (Elsevier Applied Science, 1993).. Some methods are complex mechanical devices, but the most commonly used larval collection method is the "standard dipper," that plastic or metal, white or aluminum, solid or screen-bottomed pint to quart-sized scoop-on-a-handle, that, along with the "sweep net," defines the Ultimate Inspector. Let's take a closer look at dipping. Dipping for mosquito larvae may, at first, seem like a very simple thing to do. After all, who hasn't dipped water from a bucket or stream to quench a thirst or cool the top of one's head? Well, think again. Dipping for mosquito larvae is not dipping to take a drink. The technique starts long before the http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Dipping Career Page 2 of 5 v dipper is put into the water. It begins hours or days before the actual dipping and at least 10 feet away from the water's edge. The species of mosquitoes one is looking for and the type of habitat being sampled will, in part, determine the sampling method used. Thus, it is important that field personnel know the preferred breeding habitats and seasonal occurrence of species known or suspected to be present within an area. When searching for mosquito larvae, proceed slowly and carefully. Approach the area with caution, not to avoid snakes, although that's a good idea too,but to avoid disturbing larvae at the water's surface. Vibrations from heavy footsteps, casting a shadow or moving vegetation that contacts the water may be enough to cause larvae to dive to the bottom. Try to approach the water while facing the sun and with quiet, slow, soft steps, gently move vegetation only as necessary. Mosquito larvae of most genera,particularly the common Culex,Aedes and Anopheles, are usually found at the water's surface and frequently next to vegetation or surface debris. In larger pools and ponds, they are usually near the margins, not in open, deep water. Dipping should be concentrated around floating debris and aquatic and emergent vegetation. If there is a strong wind,dipping should be done on the windward side of the habitat where larvae and pupae will be most heavily concentrated. Look for larvae and pupae before beginning to dip, if possible. If it is raining on the water's surface, get back in the truck, go have a cup of coffee and wait until the rain stops. Each water body may contain a number of different microhabitats which could contain different mosquito species. Microhabitats are such places as under tree roots,within clumps of emergent vegetation, under floating or overhanging vegetation and in open water. Learn to recognize different microhabitats within an area and sample as many as possible in order to obtain an accurate picture of the area's species composition. A Choice Of Seven Now that you've found your way safely to the edge of a marsh,pond, ditch, swamp or woodland pool, what do you do with your dipper. Just plunge it in?That's fine if you need water, but not necessarily if you want to catch mosquitoes. Believe it or not, there are seven basic ways to dip for mosquito larvae. Which one or ones you use depend, as we mentioned earlier,on the genus or genera of mosquitoes you suspect may be present and on the habitat, microhabitat and weather conditions. The first and usually the best method to start with is the SHALLOW SKIM. The shallow skim consists of submerging the leading edge of the dipper,tipped about 45 degrees, about an inch below the surface of the water and quickly, but gently, moving the dipper along a straight line in open water or in water with small floating debris. End the stroke just before the dipper is filled to prevent overflowing. The shallow skim is particularly effective for Anopheles larvae that tend to remain at the surface longer than Aedes and Culex.Anopheles are usually associated with floating vegetation and debris. s:� e �s Fig 1 The second method to try in open water, with or without floating objects, is the COMPLETE http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—Insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Dipping Career Page 3 of 5 SUBMERSION. Many mosquito larvae,particularly those of the genera Aedes and Psorophora, are very active and usually dive below the surface quickly if disturbed. In this case, a quick plunge of the dipper below the surface of the water is required, bringing the dipper back up through the diving larvae. Bring the dipper up carefully to avoid losing the larvae in the overflow current. 4 � ,�rtti P Y r Fig. 2 When you need to sample at the edges of emergent vegetation, try the PARTIAL SUBMERSION technique. To do this,push the dipper, tilted at about 45 degrees, straight down adjacent to the vegetation. This causes the water around the vegetation to.flow into the dipper, carrying the larvae with the flow. There is no need to move the dipper horizontally. Pull the dipper up before it is full. Fig. 3 In very shallow water, try the FLOW-IN method. Larvae can be collected by pushing the dipper into the substrate of the pool and letting the shallow surface water, debris and larvae flow into the dipper. Do not move the dipper horizontally. Fig. 4 To sample for larvae that may be under floating or emergent vegetation, use the SCRAPING technique.This method is used in habitats that contain clumps of vegetation such as tussocks of sedges, floating mats of cattails or water lettuce or other plants that are too large to get in the dipper, or clumps of submerged vegetation such as hydrilla or bladderwort. Dip from the water in towards the vegetation and end by using the dipper to scrape up against the base or underside of the vegetation to dislodge larvae. This method is usually more effective if the bottom of the dipper is screened and it is often used to sample for Coquillettidia and Mansonia mosquitoes. http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Dipping Career Page 4 of 5 1, 4e* Y 3t t1 l Fig. S The SIMPLE SCOOP is the "dipping to get water" method that was discouraged earlier. It consists of simply scooping a dipperful of water. This is probably the most commonly used method,particularly by new inspectors, and it is often the method referred to in much of the literature as "the standard dipping procedure." While it can be successfully used to collect Culex larvae, it is still not the method of choice. Fig. 6 The dipper can also be used as BACKGROUND. This is especially useful in woodland pools and other shallow water or when larvae are disturbed and dive to the bottom. Submerge the dipper completely to the bottom litter and slowly move it around. The darker mosquito larvae and pupae will stand out against the background of a white or aluminum dipper. Once larvae appear in the dipper, just lift it upward. Im r � < 'jp y 4Sm Y - 3 Fig. 7 One or more of these methods, properly used, can determine the mosquito species composition of most aquatic habitats, excluding those whose openings are smaller than the.dipper, such as tires, rock pools, treeholes and tree root systems like those found in cedar and red maple swamps. In those cases, a smaller container, such as a vial, measuring spoon or tea strainer can be used in the same seven ways as the dipper described above. Then there is the tubular dipper, the chef s poultry baster, for those really hard to get to places like plant axils, treeholes and tree root holes. Now that we know how to efficiently collect mosquito larvae, what do we do with the specimens and the data. That's the subject of a future article. Until then, happy dipping. http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/dipping.htm 6/28/01 Spokane County Health District Fact Sheet Putting the Bite on Mosquitoes Mosquitoes are among the most serious and annoying insect pests that have a direct impact on humans. Mosquitoes can carry human disease agents such as malaria, encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue and filariasis.. In the United States, the primary reasons for controlling mosquitoes are the annoyance caused by their bites and the transmission of human and equine viral encephalitis and dog heartworm. In the Spokane area incidence of mosquito-related disease is very rare. Mosquitoes in this area are primarily considered nuisance pests. All mosquitoes develop in water that is still or very slow-moving. Mosquitoes develop through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Mosquito eggs are deposited either in permanent water sources or in the mud at the edges of temporary water sites to hatch when flooding occurs. The egg phase generally lasts two to six days, and it can Iast as long as five years in some species and is capable of surviving freezing temperatures. The larvae of all mosquitoes live in water. They have adapted to a wide variety of habitats, including permanent ponds, marshes, woodland pools, tree holes, and artificial containers (such as old tires). The larvae take four to ten days to complete their development, depending on the species, water temperature and other factors. They pass through four separate developmental stages, or instars, and after the fourth larval stage, the mosquito pupates. The pupal stage lasts from one to ten days. During this time, the mosquito undergoes metamorphosis eventually emerging or hatching into an adult. The adult at this stage will mate, take a blood meal (female only), lay a batch of eggs, and seek another meal to repeat the cycle. The average life span of an adult mosquito is one to two months; however, some can overwinter and live up to six months. The adult mosquito generally has a flight range of 1/2 to 2 miles but has been documented to range as far as 5 to 20 miles. The adult mosquitoes are generally attracted to light, body warmth and carbon dioxide (exhaled breath). Due to population growth, an increasing number of housing developments are being built in areas with high mosquito prevalence. Therefore, safe and effective mosquito control strategies require more attention, time and effort, especially where personal health and ecological concerns limit pesticide uses. Good mosquito control requires a combination of several pest control measures including community supported professional control as well as individual effort. The following facts and control information have been listed to provide solutions to mosquito problems. MOSQUITO �FA �SAND �COTROLS The following is a list of common mosquito breeding sites around the home: Birdbaths Old tires Boats that have not been drained Ornamental ponds Cans, jars and other containers Overwatered lawns and fields Catch basins at road sides Plastic tarps Clogged roof gutters Rain barrels Debris and garbage piles Standing water in puddles and ruts Drain pans on air conditioners Stumps and tree holes Dripping outdoor faucets Wading pools Flat roofs Wells Flower pots Wheelbarrows Livestock troughs Mosquito Life Cycle Anopheles Aedes Culex Egg Larva Pupa r; Female Female Female Adult = g � p Male Male Mal r� Resting _ Positioll 1 MOSQUITO CONTROLS To reduce exposure to mosquitoes, the following categories of control strategy can be applied: Physical Controls Biological Controls Chemical Controls * Repair window and door The following is a list of A wide variety of chemical screens. organisms that kill or feed on controls are available for the mosquitoes: management of mosquitoes. * Screen porches, decks or These controls can be gazebos. Amphipods (fresh water shrimp) separated into the following Ants categories: * Check carefully for standing Backswimmers water in low-lying areas and Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis * Repellents drain or add fill material when israelensis-BTI) feasible. Birds * Surface Films (larvicide) Crabs * Repair leaky outdoor faucets Dragonflies and Larvae * Insect Growth Regulators and sprinklers. Fish (gambusia affinis, goldfish, guppies) * Superabsorbent Polymers * Keep lawn and garden Flatworms irrigation minimal. Frogs * Larvicides (chemical Fungi application to water habitat) * Dispose of trash and discarded Giant Water Bugs containers. Beetles * Ground-Fogging/Aerial Hydra Applications (adultacide) * Keep house rain gutters clean Mites and working properly. Parasitic Nematodes (Romanomermis culcivdrax) * Keep your grass cut short and Predacious Mosquito Larvae shrubbery well trimmed. Predacious Snails y' Rotifers * Change water in troughs, Spiders fountains, or bird baths twice Viruses weekly. Water Scorpions Water Striders * Fill tree holes and remove old stumps_ Wear mosquito netting and long sleeve clothing when feasible. Please Note: Application of chemicals and insecticides for mosquito control should be performed by a professional licensed pesticide applicator. Use of over the counter pesticides may present health risks to people, animals and the environment. Please be sure to READ THE LABEL when using pesticides and repellents_ Follow instructions and precautions for specific use only. Do not exceed recommended concentrations or dosage application amounts. The use of concentrations and applications which are greater than manufacturers' recommendations can present health hazards to people and the environment. A WORD ABOUT REPELLENTS Repellents provide effective personal protection from mosquitoes and reduce the need to spray pesticides over entire ecosystems_ DEET, or diethyltuolomide, is the most widely sold repellent, and is available in concentrations up to 100%. A word of caution:rRecent research suggests that repeated applications of DEET to the skin may be hazardous, especially to children. To minimize the possibility of adverse reactions to DEFT, the following precautions are suggested: * Wear long sleeves and long pants when possible, and apply repellent to clothing to reduce exposure to DEET (DEET can damage some synthetic materials). * Apply repellent sparingly only to exposed skin or clothing. * Avoid applying high-concentration products to the skin. DEET concentrations not exceeding 30% are recommended. * Use repellent sparingly; one application will last 4-8 hours. Saturation does not increase effectiveness. * Avoid applying repellents to portions of children's hands that are likely to have contact with eyes or mouth. * Never use repellents on wounds, irritated skin or sunburn. * Do not inhale or ingest repellents or get them into the eyes. * Wash repellent-treated skin when repellent use is no longer needed. * If a suspected reaction to insect repellents occurs, wash treated skin and call a physician. Take the repellent to the physician for label information_ CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 1 of 6 JerseyNew l Proceedings of the Seventy-Sixth Annual Meeting of the New Jersey Mosquito Control Association, Inc. 1989,pp 26-33. (Please use this citation when referring to this work) THE CDC TRAP AS A SPECIAL MONITORING TOOL JAMES R. McNELLY Cape May County Mosquito Extermination Commission,P.O. Box 66,Cape May Court House,NJ 08210 Abstract: With the addition of carbon dioxide as an attractant in the form of dry ice,the CDC trap becomes a powerful surveillance tool. The CO,baited CDC trap samples a wider range of mosquito species and significantly increases the numbers of mosquitoes captured compared to a trap that utilizes light as the sole attractant. Since the specimens are captured alive,virus assays are possible. A discussion of the history, advantages, applications and guidelines for CDC trap usage are the subjects of this paper. Introduction: The New Jersey Light Trap(Mulhern 1942),provided the mosquito control community with a mechanical device capable of sampling host seeking mosquitoes. The trap was designed with the hope of maximizing adult surveillance results and minimizing human labor and bias. At present, this trap remains a useful tool in mosquito surveillance but its design places certain restrictions on its use. Conventional usage requires electric current to power a trap that is expected to remain at a location for long periods of time. As a result,the trap proved to be inefficient as a short- term monitor of mosquito populations,particularly in areas where electric current is inaccessible. - Soon after the creation of the New Jersey Light Trap the search was on for a trap that would more adequately fulfill the needs of those in the mosquito community concerned with arbovirus . surveillance. In short, a trap that was portable,capable of the collection of live specimens,and not dependent on electricity as a source of power. Over the years, a variety of trap types concerned with portability and live capture of specimens has been designed(Bellamy and Reeves 1952,Nelson and Chamberlain 1955). In 1962,the CDC miniature light trap(CDC=Centers for Disease Control)was introduced specifically for arbovirus surveillance and other short-term mosquito investigations (Sudia and Chamberlain 1962). The CDC trap mimicked the New Jersey Light Trap in the principle of attracting mosquitoes with white light and capturing them with the down draft produced by a motor and fan. However,the CDC trap utilized lightweight components, a 6-volt battery and a live capture net. Weighing in at under two lbs, the CDC trap was quickly adopted as a standard trap type in the collection of arbovirus samples. Equally important to a discussion of CDC traps is the research that was conducted with carbon dioxide as a mosquito attractant. Rudolfs (1922) first suggested the possibility of carbon dioxide being an attractant; Headlee(1934)was the first to explore its potential in conjunction with a mechanical trap. Enhanced catches with carbon dioxide-baited light traps were subsequently noted (Headlee 1941, Reeves and Hammon 1942,Huffaker and Back 1943)and in 1966 Newhouse et al. created the perfect"marriage", combining carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice with the CDC Trap. http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 2 of 6— Discussion: The overall design of the CDC trap has remained intact since 1962,with only minor differences in the construction. Changes have been made to the wiring harness in relation to different types of battery utilization. The original traps were powered with 6-volt wet cell lead-acid batteries (Sudia and Chamberlain 1962) and were wired to accommodate a dipole battery hookup. Some agencies prefer the original design and CDC traps can still be purchased that will run off current supplied by a 6-volt battery (1). However, a sealed gel cell battery would appear preferable to the old wet cell type since it would eliminate any hazards associated with battery acid. Traps designed to run off current supplied by a series of disposable or rechargeable D cell batteries are also available (1,2). The size and type of battery that is used may be determined by your agency's existing trap inventory. When new traps are being purchased,consideration should be paid to the anticipated applications of those traps and battery selection should be based on the most practical design for the task they will fulfill (Weber 1988). Other modifications are available to facilitate special needs in surveillance. If live specimens are not a requirement, a kill jar can be substituted for the live collection net. A photoswitch option that automatically turns the trap on and off is also available.An air-actuated gate system should always be used when the trap is operated by a photoswitch. The gate stays open to allow mosquito entrance as long as the trap is running but closes to prevent specimens from escaping when the trap stops running. The gate system is a desirable option whenever a live collection net is used since it offers a measure of safety against any type of trap failure. The air-actuated gate system may be purchased as a separate unit(1) and retrofitted to any of the existing CDC trap models. The full potential of a CDC trap cannot be obtained without the addition of dry ice. The trap was designed to use an extremely small light bulb and the light output is much weaker than the 25 watt bulb in a New Jersey light trap. Mosquitoes can be collected with light as the only attractant but the addition of dry ice greatly enhances the trap's capabilities. Newhouse et al. (1966) reported an increase of 400-500% in overall catch when the trap is supplemented with dry ice. These findings correlate well with those of Headlee (1934),the first to use carbon dioxide in conjunction with a mechanical trap. Dry ice also increases the number of species captured by 20-25% (Morris and DeFoliart 1969, Magnarelli 1975, Slaff et al. 1983) and improves the ratio of blooded and parous individuals for arbovirus surveillance(Morris and DeFoliart 1969, Feldlaufer and Crans 1979). If the CDC trap is used with dry ice, removal of the light bulb will actually improve the collection by eliminating "trash insects", such as beetles and moths that fly readily to light(Carestia and Savage 1967). This eliminates the tedious sorting process that is a prerequisite for identification of most light trap collections. Without the light,the trap is also less noticeable, a consideration in areas where traps may be subject to theft. During the Vietnam War this aspect received especially strong attention for reasons other than theft(Miller et al. 1969, Herbert et al. 1972). The amount of dry ice as well as the type of container used to hold it will effect the amount of carbon dioxide released over time. In most instances, a five lb. block of dry ice is sufficient to cover the normal dusk to dawn trapping period. This delivers between 400-500 ml of carbon dioxide per min., a rate that is comparable to the amount released by a large mammal (Morris and DeFoliart 1969). Insulated containers are available from the manufacturer' but they are easily constructed. A favorite of the author's is a denim drawstring bag that is large enough to hold 5 lbs of dry ice. The bag is sewn with two layers of denim separated by a layer of insulating material taken from a space blanket.A draw string is then sewn into the top of the bag to allow the opening to be cinched. The bag is hung in a position to allow the carbon dioxide to release directly next to and slightly under the aluminum hood of the CDC trap. When host-seeking mosquitoes enter the stream of gas, they are drawn into the trap by the fan. In regions where dry ice is difficult to obtain, there are other options. One would be the purchase of a dry ice maker; another requires construction of a cylinder delivery system similar to that described by Parker et al. 1986. In both cases,the economics should be considered in relation to the projected http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 3 of 6 5, goals and long-term benefits from the surveillance data. Applications: Personnel involved in the surveillance of adult mosquitoes are normally faced with answering one or more basic questions,typically WHAT SPECIES ARE PRESENT and/or HOW MANY? How best to resolve those questions is dependent on a myriad of variables. These may include the amount of time available to the worker,under what field conditions the surveillance will take place, and what is the information gathered ultimately to be used for?A suitable trap is then selected to do the most efficient job. For the most part, a CDC trap is a surveillance tool that is used in special situations. Unlike the New Jersey light trap that remains stationary in a location for long periods of time,the CDC trap's portable design is intended for short term use in a variety of locations. Circumstances usually have the surveillance specialist attempting to define an unknown mosquito population in terms of species and numbers. Additional information regarding the extent of an infestation, its disease potential and other particulars may also be desired. A common situation is a complaint of mosquito activity called in by a resident. Two or more CDC traps placed on the property would prove or disprove the validity of the complaint. Regardless of the actual catch,the home owner is usually favorably impressed with the attention that's been paid to his or her complaint. One way of heading off potential problem areas is to survey those areas before people move into them. In Essex County,inspectors routinely survey new housing developments with CDC traps while they are still under construction. General population checks may be required in the vicinity of proposed project sites, such as an area that is scheduled for an adulticide treatment or one that will undergo water management to determine the extent of the existing problem. In both instances,properly placed CDC traps will provide the necessary data and help direct control efforts. In the case of adulticiding, the success or failure of the control effort will be determined over a relatively short trapping period. In the latter case, surveillance at periodic intervals over the course of an entire mosquito season would help to develop and document a short term history of adult mosquito activity for the area. The success of the project after management would be determined with post management trapping to document the degree of mosquito reduction after the work was completed. A phone survey of New Jersey's Mosquito Control Agencies and Commissions revealed that CDC traps were especially useful in areas where virus activity is suspected. This normally involves a farm where an equine death due to eastern equine encephalitis is under investigation. Collections are made by the county commission or agency and transferred to the Agricultural Experiment Station for virus assay. Sudia and Chamberlain(1967)provide a review of the proper protocol for handling collections for virus isolation attempts. They also provide a diagram of a site involving a horse death and the recommended method of CDC trap surveillance. The diagram gives a good representation of trap placement that is of value not only in the context given,but also to any situation where an unknown adult population is being surveyed. Traps in the horse scenario are placed in likely areas of mosquito- horse contact,near stables, in pastures, and in "transition" zones along the edge of the dominant vegetation ecosystems. By trapping in the edges of transition zones,the trap is more likely to attract a wider range of species and not exclude mosquitoes that host seek only in one ecosystem. With New Jersey's wide diversity in mosquito fauna, behavioral differences should be considered in any investigation trapping program. The height at which the trap is suspended can influence the species composition of the collection. Normally,traps are hung 5-6 ft off the ground,the height at which the New Jersey light trap operates. This height is satisfactory for the majority of species encountered in routine surveillance i.e. Aedes and Culex sp., but will not adequately sample species like Culiseta melanura,which host seeks in the canopy layer (Main et al. 1966, Crans et al. in prep.). Likewise,mosquitoes that do not host-seek between dusk and dawn will either be missed or underrepresented. A dry ice baited CDC trap would be of limited value for Aedes albopictus surveillance if the trap were operated at night because Ae. albopictus is a daytime feeder(Herbert 1972). Diurnally feeding adults can be trapped by simply adjusting the trap hours of operation to include a representative portion of daylight collection time (Newhouse et al. 1966). _ http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 4 of 6 The amount of carbon dioxide that is released could affect the collection by excluding species that feed on hosts with lower respiration rates than the 4-5 lbs of dry ice exudes (Morris and DeFoliart 1969). These same authors also report that dry ice attracted several species of males which showed a positive correlation with the overall mosquito density. Huffaker(1943), however, felt that carbon dioxide repulsed male mosquitoes. Guidelines for CDC Trapping: The following guidelines are offered to minimize variability in the use of CDC traps for mosquito surveillance: 1. Whenever possible, use the CDC trap with a dry ice supplement. A 4-5 lb. block in an insulated container will mimic d' large mammal's respiration and last long enough to cover the usual dusk to dawn trapping period. 2. Remove the light source when dry ice is used as an attractant; the absence of light will eliminate other photopositive insects from the collection and increase the efficiency of identification. 3. Hang the dry ice adjacent to, and slightly below,the aluminum lid of the CDC trap to draw mosquitoes as close as possible to the collection fan. 4. Whenever possible, use CDC traps with an air actuated gate system. The gate offers a measure of protection from trap failure, improperly charged batteries, late trap pick up, etc. 5. Trap at least one hour prior to dusk until one hour after dawn to insure that surveillance is conducted during the primary host-seeking periods for most species. 6. Hang the trap 5-6 ft from ground level unless specific information is needed on canopy dwellers. For most nuisance species, this height will provide a reliable indication of activity. 7. Try to set the traps along the edges of habitats to increase trapping efficiency. A trap located strictly in one ecosystem/habitat may exclude certain species; trapping along the edge of a swamp, for example, will provide a picture of those species found not only in the swamp,but also in the nearby upland. 8. Consider two traps as the minimum number in most situations and compare your data to detect differences that may have been due to outside influences. 9. Be aware that differences do exist in the host seeking behavior of some species and that alterations from these general guidelines may be necessary to get complete surveillance data. Strictly daylight feeding species will not be accurately represented in dusk-dawn collections. A species that host seeks in tree canopies will not be accurately sampled by a trap that is suspended 5 ft from the ground. Whenever possible, become familiar with the host seeking habits of the mosquitoes being surveyed. Conclusions: The control of adult mosquitoes begins with proper surveillance. For special surveillance of short duration,the dry ice baited CDC trap is an efficient,reliable surveillance tool for the surveillance specialist. This trap can be used to assess a homeowner's complaint, check the success of an adulticide or gather virus information. The CDC trap's portability,battery power,and efficiency add versatility to the surveillance program. (1)The John W. Hock Co., P.O. Box 12852, Gainesville, FL 32604 (2)Hausherr's Machine Works, Old Freehold Road, Toms River,NJ 08753 Acknowledgments: The author gratefully acknowledges the input and advice that was provided by the members of the surveillance symposium. References Cited: . Bellamy, R. E. and W. C. Reeves. 1952. A portable mosquito bait-trap. News 12(4):256-258. . Carestia,R. R. and L. B. Savage. 1967. Effectiveness of carbon dioxide as a mosquito attractant in the CDC miniature light trap. Mosq. 27(1):90-92. _ http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 y. CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 5 of 6 A • Feldlaufer,M.F. and W.J. Crans. 1979. The relative attractiveness of carbon dioxide to parous and nulliparous mosquitoes. J. Med. Ent 15(2):140-142. -- • Headlee,T.J. 1934. Mosquito work in New Jersey for the year 1933. Proc. Mosq. Exterm. Assoc. 11:8-37. • Headlee,T. J. 1941.New Jersey mosquito problems. Proc. N.J. Mosq. Ex Assoc. 28:7-12. • Herbert, E.W.,IL P. Morgan and P.G.Turbes. 1972.A comparison mosquito catches with CDC light traps and CO2-baited traps in the Rep of Vietnam Mosq. News 32(2):212-214. • Huffaker, C. B. and R. C.Back. 1943.A study of methods of sampling mosquito populations. J. Econ. Entomol. 36(4):561-569. • Magnarelli,L.A. 1975.Relative abundance and parity of mosquitoes collected in dry-ice baited and.unbaited CDC miniature light traps. Mosq. 35(3):350-353. • Main,A.J.,R.J.Tonn,E.J.Randall and K.S.Anderson. 1966. Mosquito densities at heights of five and twenty-five feet in southeastern Massachusetts. Mosq.News 26(2):243-248. • Miller,T. A.,R. G. Stryker,R.N.Wilkinson and S. Esah. 1969.Notes on the use of CO2 baited CDC miniature light traps for mosquito surveillance in Thailand. Mosq.News 29 (4):688-689. • Morris, C. D. and G.R DeFoliart. 1969.A comparison of mosquito catches with miniature light traps and CO2-baited traps.Mosq.News 29(3):42 • Mulhern,T.D. 1942.New Jersey mechanical trap for mosquito surveys. Agric. Exp. Stn. Circ. 421, 8pp. • Nelson,D. B. and R W. Chamberlain. 1955'.A light trap and mechanical aspirator operating on dry cell batteries. Mosq.News 15(1):28-32. • Newhouse,V. F.,R.W. Chamberlain,J. G.Johnson and W. D. Sudia. 1966.Use of dry ice to increase mosquito catches of the CDC miniature lighttrap. Mosq.News 26(9):30-35. • Parker,M.,A.L.Anderson and M. Slaff. 1986. An automatic carbon dioxide delivery system for mosquito light trap surveys. Mosq.News 2(2):23 • Reeves,W. C. and W.M. Hammon. 1942.Mosquitoes and encephalitis in Yakima Valley, Washington. IV. A trap for collecting live mosquitoes. J. Infect. Dis. 70:275-277. • Rudolfs, W. 1922. Chemotropism of mosquitoes. Bull.N.J. Agric. Ex. Stn. 367 (4),23pp. • Slaff, M.,W. J. Crans and L. G. McCuiston. 1983.A comparison of three mosquito sampling techniques in northwestern New Jersey. Mosq. (43)(3):287-290. • Sudia,W. D. and R. W. Chamberlain. 1962.Battery operated light trap, an improved model. Mosq. News 22(2):126-129. • Sudia,W. D. and R W. Chamberlain. 1967. Collection and processing of medically important arthropods for arbovirus isolation. Center for D Control,PHS, USDHEW,Atlanta, GA, 29pp. • Weber,R. G. 1988. Selecting and maintaining batteries for portable light Proc.N.J. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 75:92-101. DISCUSSION FOLLOWING THE PRESENTATION QUESTION: I would like to make a few remarks in defense of the New Jersey light traps. We used CO, with New Jersey light traps with the bulbs removed and got similar percentage increases. I agree, however,that you cannot operate in some locations because you are limited by electricity. We also were able to use bottled CO2 as an alternate to dry ice and it worked fairly well. McNELLY: I chose to ignore the possibility of converting a New Jersey light trap although there are at least 2 counties in the state that use the New Jersey light trap in much the same fashion as you would a CDC trap. The New Jersey light trap is heavy and it really defeats the purpose of portability. It is much easier to carry several CDC traps around than it is a single, converted New Jersey light trap. It is possible to bait New Jersey light traps with CO, and get essentially the same results as you would with a CDC trap. Compressed gas is an option if you do not have access to dry ice. Marc Slaff has a paper on a gas delivery system that he used in conjunction with a CDC trap. QUESTION: I do not think there is much difference in the cost of compressed gas vs. dry ice but you do have to lug a bottle around. We used the big bottles and they lasted about 4 nights. http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdctrap.htm 6/20/01 CDC Trap as Monitoring Tool Page 6 of 6-, McNELLY: There are machines available that you can make your own dry ice with. Essex County uses this type of system in their surveillance program. Again, it's a matter of what the commission can afford and the cost effectiveness of the investment. QUESTION: Do you know of any analysis that will allow you to export data from one trapping device and make it comparable to the other? We have 25 years of data from the New Jersey light trap. CDC information would be more useful if we could make the comparison. McNELLY: I haven't done that and I am not aware of any direct comparison between the New Jersey and the CDC trap. The literature frequently mentions the differences in the drawing powers of the two traps. The New Jersey trap has a much more powerful fan but I do not know how this would translate into comparable collection potential. On to Landing Rates Back to Mosquito Control http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/—insects/cdetrap.htm 6/20/01 EVS Carbon Dioxide Trap The control of adult mosquitoes begins with proper surveillance. For special surveillance of short duration,the dry ice baited CDC trap is an efficient,reliable surveillance tool for the surveillance specialist. This trap can be used to assess a homeowner's complaint,check the success of an adulticide or gather virus information. The CDC trap's portability, battery power, and efficiency add versatility to the surveillance program. Guidelines for Trapping: The following guidelines are offered to minimize variability in the use of traps for mosquito surveillance. 1. A quantity of approximately 4 lbs. of dry ice in an insulated container will mimic a large mammal's respiration and last long enough to cover the usual mid-afternoon to dawn trapping period. 2. If the capture of excessive non mosquito insect species is a problem,or vandalism or theft of the trap a concern,remove the light source when dry ice is used as an attractant; the absence of light will eliminate other photopositive insects from the collection, increasing the efficiency of identification. It will also make the trap less visible to vandals and thieves. 3. Trap at least one hour prior to dusk until one hour after dawn to insure that surveillance is conducted during the primary host-seeking periods for most species. 4. Hang the trap so its fan is 5-6 feet from ground level unless specific information is needed on canopy dwellers. For most nuisance species,this height will provide a reliable indication of activity. 5. Try to set the traps along the edges of habitats to,increase trapping efficiency. A trap located strictly in one ecosystem habitat may exclude certain species;trapping along the edge of a swamp for example will provide a picture of those species found not only in the swamp but also in the nearby upland. 6. Be aware that differences do exist in the host seeking behavior of some species and that alterations from these general guidelines may be necessary to get complete surveillance data. Strictly daylight feeding species will not be accurately represented in dusk-dawn collections. A species that host seeks in tree canopies will not be accurately sampled by a trap that is suspended 5 ft from the ground. Whenever possible,become familiar with the host seeking habits of the mosquitoes being surveyed. Attachment 3.A Larval Surveillance Procedures t (Modified from O'Malley, 1989) Basic tools: Standard,white 400 ml-capacity dipper; a small pipette or eyedropper;turkey baster,tea strainer,modified bilge pump,white enamel pan,boots,vials, 6 oz.plastic bags or some other form of container for collecting larvae; labels for the collections; and a pencil. A GPS receiver should also be used to obtain data for GIS. Potential Breeding Habitat: Mosquitoes will breed anywhere there is standing water such as tires, bird baths,plant pots, storm drains, and unchlorinated swimming pools. Natural breeding habitats include temporary flooded areas,ditches,tidal or freshwater wetlands,and other areas with standing water. Flowing water or bodies of water subject to wind or wave action are not suitable breeding habitat for mosquitoes. When searching for mosquito larvae, it is necessary to proceed slowly and carefully. Approach the area to be inspected with caution,as heavy footfalls will create vibrations that disturb larvae and cause them to.dive to the bottom.. Likewise,avoid disturbance of the water, as this will have the same result. Approach the area to be sampled with the sun in one's face; this prevents shadows that also disturb larvae and cause them to dive. If wind is of significant magnitude dipping should be done on the windward side of the habitat where larvae and pupae will be most heavily concentrated. Mosquito larvae are usually confined to the margins of a body of water and will not be found in open, deep water. Dipping should be done around floating debris, aquatic and emergent vegetation, logs and tree stumps in the water, and grasses around the margins. Look for the presence of larvae and pupae before beginning to dip. One must also recognize that each area to be checked may contain a number of different microhabitats, and each may contain the larvae of different species. Learn to recognize different microhabitats within an area;each one of these should be sampled in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the area's species composition. Collection Methods: The kind of mosquito one is looking for,as well as the type of habitat one is working in,will determine the dipping technique used. If field personnel are familiar with the general breeding habits of the major species found within their county,they will be able to choose the most appropriate technique to obtain the most reliable results. The following eight techniques for sampling mosquito larvae and pupae with the standard pint dipper are effective: 1. The Shallow Skim-Anopheles larvae are normally found at the surface of the water among aquatic vegetation or floating debris. They can be collected with a shallow, skimming stroke along the surface,with one side of the dipper pressed just below the surface. End the stroke just before the dipper is filled, to prevent overflowing. 2. Partial submersion-Around emergent vegetation, logs and tree stumps, larvae may be drawn into thdipper by submerging one edge so that the water flows rapidly into the dipper. In this method, the dipper is stationary within the water. 3. _Complete submersion- Certain Culicine larvae(such as species of Aedes and Psorophora)are very active and usually dive below the surface when disturbed. In this case, a quick plunge of the dipper below the surface of the water is required, bringing the dipper back up through the submerged larvae. Bring the dipper back up carefully, to avoid losing the larvae with overflow current. 4. Dipper as a background-This is an especially useful technique in woodland pools, for early season species. Submerge the.dipper completely within the woodland pool, going down into the bottom litter if necessary. Use the white dipper as a background against which larvae and pupae can be spotted. Come up underneath the larvae with the dipper. Once again, bring the dipper up carefully,to avoid losing its contents. 5. Flow-in method-This method is useful in situations where the water is shallow,with mud,leaf litter,or other debris on the substrate. Specimens can be collected by pushing the dipper down into the material on the bottom and letting the shadow surface water and mosquito larvae flow directly into the'dipper. 6. Scraping-This method is used in permanent or semi-permanent habitats containing clumps of vegetation, such as tussocks. Dip from the water in,towards the tussock, and end by using the dipper to scrape up against the base of the vegetation to dislodge any larvae present. 7. Simple scoop-This is the technique which seems to be most commonly used by field personnel for larval surveillance and is the one referred to in much of the literature as "the standard dipping procedure." The technique involves simply scooping a dipper, full of water out of a habitat. It is useful in a wide variety of habitats,especially for collecting Culex. _ 8. Salt marsh-As the name indicates,this is a procedure to utilize when conducting salt marsh larval surveillance. In the case of salt marsh potholes, dip in a number of spots around the edge of the pothole, dipping in toward the edge. Sample the middle of the pothole,using either a skimming or scooping stroke.In areas containing numerous potholes,make sure several are sampled,not just one or two. Use the same combination of techniques to sample a salt marsh pan. It is important to recognize that there are different techniques which can be used in different habitat types. Whenever dipping for immature mosquitoes,regardless of the technique used, it is important to look for actual presence of larvae before dipping,and to proceed carefully and pay attention to what you are doing. Several species of mosquito are not routinely collected by dipper. These include: • Ae. albopictus: Tires • Ae. atropalpus:Rock pools,tires • Ae. triseriatus: Treeholes,tires,containers • An. barberi: Treeholes,tires,containers • Cq.perturbans:Permanent water with emergent vegetation • Cs. melanura: Cedar and red maple swamps, occasionally tires • Or. alba: Treeholes;tires, containers - • Or. signifera: Treeholes,tires, containers • R. r. septentrionalis: Treeholes,tires,containers • Wy. smithii: Pitcher plants The turkey baster is an inexpensive, readily available tool that is very useful for sampling tires, containers and treeholes. The tea strainer,can be used to concentrate and sort samples. Modifying a hand-operated bilge pump by removing the intake valve converts the pump to a syringe capable of drawing up a column of water(Walker and Crans, 1986). The modified bilge PUMP can also be used to sample treeholes,tires and various other containers. Material collected by bilge pump or baster can be emptied into a white enamel pan, from which the mosquito larvae are then removed. Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form Instructions The reporting form is in two formats 1) printable form and 2) electronic form. From the printable form (file name: mosquito trapping print form.doc or mosquito trapping print form. pdf), a hard copy can be printed for manual data entry. The hard copy can be forward via mail or fax to Jo Marie. The electronic form (file name: mosquito trapping electronic form.doc or mosquito trapping electronic form. pdf) allows for easy electronic data entry and forward via email. 1. Trap Effort Trap Location Location Name Name of the trapping location Physical Address Physical address of the location such as house number, prefix direction, street name, street type, and suffix direction. Address 2 Optional, may include apartment or suite numbers or any other relevant address information. City/State City and the standard two-character abbreviation for the state. Zip Code Either 5 or 9 digit zip code. Nine digit zip codes should be in the format 98584-1234. GPS Coordinate Latitude and longitude in decimal degrees with a minimum of six decimal places (e.g., latitude 47.198065 and longitude -122. 345678). Longitude should be reported as a negative number to indicate west longitude. Used only when GRID is geographic. Location Description Describe the site where the mosquito trap was set. Collection Date Date(MM/DD/YY) mosquitoes were collected from trap. Length of Length of time (hours/minutes) the particular trap was set. Trapping Time Trap Type Check the type of trap used. Number of Traps Indicate the number of traps set at the trapping location. Collecting Agency Name Name of the collecting agency. Address Mailing address for the collecting agency. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 j v Collecting Agency Continue... City/State/Zip City, state and zip code for collecting agency. Contact Person Primary contact regarding mosquito trapping at the collecting agency. Phone Contact's phone number. Fax Contact's fax number. Email Contact's email address. Reporter Name Name Name of field staff reporting this mosquito trapping data. Eomments Any comments the field staff or collection agency may have relevant to the mosquito-trapping event. 2. Pool Information Pool ID Unique identification number assigned to the mosquito pool collected. Until a better identification system is established, suggest using Trap ID and Collection Date (YYYY/MM/DD). Example: Pool ID 12A20010627. Identification Type Check whether the specimen identified were adults or larvae. Mosquito Type Check the mosquito type for the pool. If other, indicate the species. Number,in Pool Total number of mosquitoes (male and female) in pool. Number of Females Number of female mosquitoes in pool. State ID State ID will be assigned by Washington State Department of Health. Local ID Unique identification number assigned by collecting agency to track the mosquito-trapping events. Other ID Any other unique identifier for particular mosquito-trapping event. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 2 Internal Use State ID ty Mosquito Trapping Entry Date Submit . Please submit completed form with specimen to: Jo Marie Brauner Washington State Department of Health Office of Environmental Health&Safety PO Box 47825 Olympia,WA 98504-7825 (360)236-3064 fax(360)236-2261 iomarie.brauner(a)doh.wa.gov Trap Effort Trap Location Collecting Agency Location Name Culex residence Name Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department Physical Address 1000 Mosquito Lane Address 3629 South D Street, MS 027 Address 2 City/State/Zip Tacoma,WA 98418-6813 City/State Tacoma,WA Contact Person Nedda Turner County Pierce Phone 253.798.6462 Zip Code 98418 Fax 253.798.7663 GPS Coordinate Email nturner@tpchd.org Latitude(i.e.,47.198062) Reporter Name Longitude(i.e.,-122.386037) Name Nedda Turner (Please report your GPS coordinate in decimal degrees with Comments Used dry ice nuggets. a minimum of six decimal places.) Location Description Samples collected via trap hung on maple Local ID N/A tree near edge of ornamental pond located in backyard, 50 feet north of home. OtherlD N/A Collection Date 3/10/03 Length of Trapping Time 16 hours Trap Type ®Carbon Dioxide ❑ Light ❑ Dip ❑Gravid ❑ Oviposit ❑ Other Number of tra s for this tvDe 1 Pool Information Pool ID 10mITP20030310 Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MWDD—Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species, the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ®Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 West Nile Virus Surveillance Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aborigines Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -2 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected, and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aborigines Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -3 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool information -4 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -5 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -6 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MWDD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected, and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3/19/03 West Nile Virus Surveillance r Internal Use State ID County- Mosquito Trapping Entry Date Submit To Please submit completed form with specimen to: Jo Marie Brauner Washington State Department of Health Office of Environmental Health&Safety PO Box 47825 Olympia,WA 98504-7825 (360)236-3064 fax(360)236-2261 jomarie.brauner(c�doh.wa.gov Trap Effort Trap Location Collecting Agency Location Name Green's Grocery Store Name Tacoma-Pierce County Health Departmeent Physical Address 8585 Larval Drive Address 3629 South D Street, MS 027 Address 2 City/State/Zip Tacoma,WA 98418-6813 City/State Tacoma,WA Contact Person Nedda Turner County Pierce Phone 253.798.6462 Zip Code 98418 Fax 253.798.7663 GPS Coordinate Email ntumer@tpchd.org Latitude(i.e.,47.198062) Reporter Name Longitude(i.e.,-122.386037) Name Nedda Turner (Please report your GPS coordinate in decimal degrees with Comments, a minimum of six decimal places.) Location Description Dipped in old tires along road, Local ID N/A approximately 30 feet NW of Green Grocery Store. OtherlD NIA Collection Date 3/10/03 Length of Trapping Time 15 min Trap Type ❑Carbon Dioxide ❑ Light ® Dip ❑ Gravid ❑ Oviposit ❑ Other Number of traps for this type Pool Information - I Pool ID 851dTP2a030310 Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool.Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ®Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsa/is ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 West Nile Virus Surveillance Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aborigines Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected, and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inorriata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -9 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochler-otatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information -10 Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in "Other"if not represented in the list below. Mosquito Type ❑ Culex tarsalis ❑ Ochlerotatus aboriginis Number in Pool ❑Aedes vexans ❑ Culiseta incidens ❑ Ochlerotatus dorsalis ❑Anopheles freebomi ❑ Culiseta inomata ❑ Ochlerotatus increpitus Number of Females ❑Anopheles punctipennis ❑ Culiseta morsitans ❑ Ochlerotatus fitchii ❑ Culex pipiens ❑ Coquillettidia perturbans Other Pool Information Pool ID Each species identified during this trapping event represents a (Trap ID/Collection Date YYYY/MM/DD-Pool Number) pool. Please indicate the species,the total number collected,and the number of females collected for each pool.Write species name Identification Type ❑Adult ❑ Larval in"Other"if not represented in the list below. Washington State Department of Health Mosquito Trapping Reporting Form 3119103 West Nile Virus Surveillance AgGCh //ftCC � GX a-r-q PLC Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY A19-1A INVOICE VOUCHER(Rev.5/91) AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE P.O.OR AUTH.NO. 303 GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health&Safety INSTRUCTIONS To VENDOR OR CLAIMANT: submit this form to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: Jo Marie Brauner claim payment for materials, merchandise or services. show PO Box 47825 complete detail for each item, Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) Vendor's Certificate. I hereby certify under penalty of perjury that the items and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, ,C� merchandise or services furnished to the State of Washington,and A/�O I O //�`� that all goods furnished and/or services rendered have been provided �j /6 without discrimination because of age,sett'marital status,race,creed, W Q �S S color, national origin, handicap, religion,or Vietnam era or disabled veterans status BY (SIG IN INIO - (TITLE) AT Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I.R.S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY USE For Purchase of Dry Ice for use in Mosquito.Trapping Surveillance Project INVOICES ATTACHED /�03 f cQ_ Prepared by Telephone Number Date Agency Approval Date (360) Doe.Date Pmt Due Date Current Doc No. Ref.Doc No. Vendor Number Vendor Message Use UBI Tax Number worts coaMr ow o— Twit 1d T— y MASTER INDEX Sub Sub ON s� vq oos G . o i,�. k Obj Sub Agoc Budget MOS Project r,q piss Amount Invoice Number aut u ,;, pbj Unit 25M8"3 EA WN Accounting Approval for Payment Date Warrant Total Invoice No 110 o Sa�� �tce ;��s �h��� 11�0H.. �LL�v� A19 DRY ICE 2003 �� �� S} tom O� 3/20/2003 �- s��MLk vaL--c�\ir �er 1�o}ElE 9rRn� cj c`e- . Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY Rev.Ml INVOICE VOUCHER (Rev.5/91) ' AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE P.O.OR AUTH.NO. 303 GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health&Safety INSTRUC17 NJS TO VENDOR OR CLAIMANT: Submit this form to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: Jo Marie Brauner claim payment for materials, merchandise or services. Show PO Box 47825 complete detail for each item. Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) Vendor's Certificate. I hereby cer"under penalty of perjury that the items and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, merchandise or services furnished to the State of Washington,and that nil goods furnished and/or services rendered have been provided without discrimination because of age,sir,marital status,race,creed, color,national origin,handicap,religion,or Vietnam era or disabled veterans status BY tr (SIG51NI 6,q (TITLE) SAT Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I.R.S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY USE For Purchase of Dry Ice for use in ^.Naas Mosquito Trapping Surveillance Project 7 INVOICES ATTACHED Prepared by Telephone Number Date Agenoy Approval bate (360) Doe.Date Port Due Date Current Doe No. Ref.Doe No. Vendor Number Vendor Message Use UBI Tax Number Wok co-Ay fy Gm T— M AAASIERINDEX sub sub ar 8� ra D. coax o :-- ,gr �; Obi Sub W. Asoc aueset MOS Raid piaj nm Amount Invoice Number 25308203 EA 9900 Aocaunt3ng Approval for Payment Date Warm.tTotal Invoice No A19 DRY ICE 2003 3/20/2003 -C AgCAch �'tcer fs ,�/� �Xctn-,PlQ Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY A19-1A INVOICE VOUCHER AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE (Rev.SMI) P.O.P.O. R AP.O. 303 GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health&Safety INSTRUCTIONS TO VENDOR OR CLAIMANT; Submit this form to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: JD Marie Brauner claim payment for materials, merchandise or services. Show PO Box 47825 complete detail tar each item. Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) Vendor's Certificate. 1 hereby certify under penalty of perjury that the Harris and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, ,l/0ele C4 /��� merchandise oi services furnished to the State of Washington,and /%r ,n that all goods furnished and/or services rendered have been provided without discrimination because of age,sex,marital status,race,creed, f"e color, national origin,handicap,religion,or Vietnam era or disabled y veterans ssttaalus,, BY (SIG IN INK} In AT Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I.R_S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY USE For Purchase of Dry Ice for use in ^ � Mos uito Trapping Surveillance Project INVOICES ATTACHED r� /�03 � 7 �✓ sG'� ' z%� Prepared by Telephone Number Data Agenoy Approval Date (360) Doc.Date Pmt Due Date Current Doc No. Ref Doc No. Vendor Number Vendor Meenage 'Pax Nuu�Use Nu ber W« C.-ty car am T— ffSTERINDEX Sub Sub ore sb Obj Sub W. ,.Alms Budget Am Projeal r,y. Pl- Amount Invoice Number P Obi Urd 25308203 EA M Accounting Approval f-Payment Date Warrant'rotal Invoice No A19 DRY ICE 2003 1� "O Sp�e �LC2ipksv,otn., 0\LC- u� `�2As� ajrc�,OD ) -+�eM Sul�tM1L� 3/20/2003 vDtk.Gr \ R-r 1�0}Et� O,CA�T C� CJp- . AAACA s �X C� rv,PI - Form State of Washington AGENCY USE ONLY A19-1A INVOICE VOUCHER (Rev.mil) AGENCY NO. LOCATION CODE P.O.OR AUTH.NO. 303 GW4 AGENCY NAME DOH Office of Environmental Health&Safety INSTRUCTIONS To VENDOR OR CLAIMANT: Submit this form to West Nile Virus Project ATTN: Jo Marie Brauner claim payment for materials, merchandise or services. Show PO Box 47825 complete detail for each item, Olympia WA 98504-7825 VENDOR OR CLAIMANT (Warrant is to be payable to) vendor's Certificate. I hereby certify under penalty of perjury that the items and totals listed herein are proper charges for materials, merchandise or services furnished to the State of Washington, and that all goods furnished and/or services rendered have been provided without discrimination because of age,sex,marital status,race,creed, color, national origin, handicap, religion,or Vietnam era or disabled veterans status BY CC (SIG1IN149t S�y � (TITLE) (DATE) Social Security No. (For Reporting Personal Services Contract Payments to I-R.S.) Received By Date Received DATE DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT UNIT AMOUNT FOR PRICE AGENCY USE For Purchase of Dry Ice for use in Mosquito Trapping Surveillance Project INVOICES ATTACHED Prepared by Telephone Number Date Agency Approval Date (360) Doc.Date Prot Due Date Current Doc No. Ref.Doc No. Vendor Number Vendor Message Use UBI Tax Number woes county cap "r T— N MASTER INDEX Sub Sub ae �' rows P„l D" caae D Obj Sub kwa AIIoc Budget Mos Project ho) Phu Amount Invoice Number Obj Unit 25M8203 EA NW _ ,-_ x ' Accounting Approval for Payment Date Warrant TotaI Invoice No A19 DRY ICE 2003 3/20/2003 Larvae Don't Wye Mosquitoes A chancel Mosquitoes need water to breed and grow. It doesn't take much water and it doesn't take much time. So,almost anything that will hold water for one week or more can produce these pests. Many places around your home may be causing mosquito problems. Get rid of places where water collects and mosquitoes won't have a chance! Recycle old 0 bottles, buckets and cans. • oFix leaky faucets and sprinklers. -Allsol Get rid of used tires { properly. Empty water from flower Washington State pot dishes. Department of Health DOH Pub 333-048 4/01 4 L Mosquito Abatement and MS4 Stormwater BMP Requirements in Colorado 12/02 Recently, some concerns have been raised about disease vectors associated with structural stormwater BMPs. Specifically of interest is the mosquito,which is known to be a potential carrier of the West Nile Virus. Although this is a concern, federal and state water quality regulations still apply and are not anticipated to change. Specifically, MS4 permittees will still be required to develop and implement strategies, which include a combination of structural and nonstructural BMPs, to address stormwater runoff from new development and redevelopment, as per the Phase I and Phase II stormwater regulation's post-construction requirements. Also, entities are still required to obtain the appropriate federal and/or state permit coverage before altering wetlands or other Waters of the US. Various studies have found, as would be expected, that some structural water quality BMPs can support mosquito production. However, the significance of these BMPs as a risk of West Nile Virus is debatable, and many municipalities may make the determination that further action is not required. However, if a municipality determines that further efforts to control mosquito production in structural BMPs are needed, certain measures can be taken while still maintaining compliance with the requirements of the State stormwater regulations. In order for mosquitoes to breed, specific conditions must be present. A mosquito's life cycle consist of four stages(egg, larvae,pupa, and adult). Mosquitoes must lay their eggs in stagnant water, or on damp soil that will soon be flooded with water. It will take 24-48 hours for the eggs to `hatch' into larvae. The larvae and pupa must have standing water in order to survive, and this stage will typically take 5 to 18 days before the production of an adult mosquito (Floore,2002). To prevent production of mosquitoes,most sources indicate that water should not be allowed to remain stagnant for over 48 hours. This appears to be a conservative estimate. Therefore, there are several steps that a municipal permittee may take to reduce the risk of mosquito production in structural BMPs,with the primary focus being on preventing standing water for prolonged periods. Proper design and maintenance of structural BMPs is key to meeting this goal. When a new stormwater BMP is being installed, ,a design that does not rely on extended retention of stormwater without flushing(exceeding 48 hours) should be considered. The UDFCD Urban Drainage Criteria Manual Vol 3,and other similar manuals for designing stormwater BMPs, contain many options for structural BMPs that meet these criteria. Examples include,but are not limited to, grass swales,porous pavement, landscape detention,extended detention basins, sand filters,and reducing directly connected impervious areas. Proper design and maintenance are important to ensure the ponds continue to operate as intended to prevent stagnant water being available for mosquito production. Designing BMPs with the proper slope,using easily accessed forebays to allow for removal of accumulated materials, and adequately inspecting and maintaining basins are some key practices that should be considered. For existing basins that include retention of stormwater sufficient to promote mosquito production, it may be possible to retrofit these designs to allow for complete drainage in a shorter period. However, it should first be determined if the BMP in its current state is actually allowing for mosquito production. For wet detention basins or wetlands where retrofitting is not an option, stocking these BMPs with a population of minnows is recommended. A healthy population of minnows will feed on the mosquito larvae and prevent them from reaching the hatching stage. However, only a species of minnow native to the area should be used. Contact the appropriate Division of Wildlife biologist in the area for stocking and species information. For the east slope, contact Steve Puttmann, Senior Biologist—(970) 472-4321. For the west slope, contact Sherman Hebein, Senior Biologist—(970)252-6022. 1 Floore, T. 2002.Mosquito Information. The American Mosquito Control Association, Eatontown,NJ. http://www.mosquito.org/mosquito.html. See the following resources for further information: • The Dark Side of Stormwater Runoff Management: Disease Vectors Associated with Structural BMPS. Stormwater 3(2). o http://www.forester.net/sw_0203_dark.htrnl. o Good article covering what the issues are and some recommended solutions and referencing a study in California. • Stormwater BMPS and Vectors. Stormwater 3(2) o http://www.forester.net/sw_0203_stormwater.html o Another article about solutions to mosquito problems with structural BMPS. • West Nile Virus: the Clean Water Act and Mosquito Control - hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives. o www.mosquito.org/TACongress02.html o Testimony on behalf of the American Mosquito Control Association before congress. • Urban Drainage and Flood Control District(UDFCD)Drainage Criteria Manual (Vol. 3) o UDFCD manual for stormwater management. Updated Sept. 1, 1999. This is a stormwater BMP manual developed for the Denver metro area. Includes regional, residential, industrial, commercial, and construction BMPS. o Available from: Urban Drainage and Flood Control District 2480 W. 26th Ave., Ste. 156-B Denver, CO 80211 Phone: (303)455-6277 http://www.udfcd.org/usdcm_orders.htm If you have any questions,please contact Matt Czahor of the Water Quality Control Division, Stormwater Program,at(303) 692-3575. Allen Quynn -Treatment Costs Page 1 From: "Willott, Dan" <Dan.Willott@METROKC.GOV> To: "Alan Quynn (E-mail)" <aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us> Date: 4/1/03 5:47PM A Subject: Treatment Costs' Alan, � �a gt' I am in training Tuesday and Wednesday. I will try to call between meetings on Thursday. /3r_ 1.6" _ In the mean time, I will try to answer a couple of your questions. 7 Poly) We are hoping to use in-house staff for our treatment if we do it. My estimate is one hour per stormwater pond. That includes travel time. Other factors in the time are: quick check of the facility to see if it qualifies for removal from the treatment list or alternative treatment(natural predators, maintenance, etc.), surveillance (checking for presence of ( ti mosquito larva and counting them), application, putting up signs if needed, 1 —36u— 36 - 3oc1-/ and documenting treatment. Other costs would be for larvicide (I used $1.00 per dunk, 5 per pond as an average. I think that is loose enough to allow for some Bti pellets at the inlet and outlet structures if necessary). For the CB's, our Roads staff will pretty much deal with those. I can talk to you about that when I get back, and/or you can contact Linda Dougherty at (206) 296-6590 to discuss their ideas on treatment. When I am back in I can fill you in on what I understand other agencies across the country have done. Dan Q�wf'• . Cz e Jj(A K vies vo% � C CPS Pyz C. ; 4(- v aE Lvi l COY. ckC-0 G C � Allen Quynn-Treatment Costs Page 1 From: "Willott, Dan"<Dan.Willott@METROKC.GOV> To: "Alan Quynn(E-mail)"<aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us> Date: 4/1/03 5:47PM Subject: Treatment Costs Alan, I am in training Tuesday and Wednesday. I will try to call between meetings on Thursday. In the mean time, I will try to answer a couple of your questions. We are hoping to use in-house staff for our treatment if we do it. My estimate is one hour per stormwater pond. That includes travel time. Other S�I� 'A an) factors in the time are: quick check of the facility to see if it qualifies y for removal from the treatment list or alternative treatment(natural +* fru 1>w /wro k predators, maintenance,etc.),surveillance(checking for presence of mosquito larva and counting them),application, putting up signs if needed, and documenting treatment. Other costs would be for larvicide(I used$1.00 per dunk,5 per pond as an average. I think that is loose enough to allow for some Bti pellets at the inlet and outlet structures if necessary). For the CB's,our Roads staff will pretty much deal with those. I can talk to you about that when I get back,and/or you can contact Linda Dougherty at (206)296-6590 to discuss their ideas on treatment. When I am back in I can fill you in on what I understand other agencies across the country have done. Dan 1 f ' k GREG GILBERT / THE SEATTLE TIMES Carpenter Clint Drake tightens a bolt on a new roller coaster being built at Wild Waves and Enchanted Village in Federal Way.The TimberHawk,the first wooden roller coaster to be built in the state in 68 years,will be 75 feet high,with 20 crossovers, 12 curves, 12 drops, six reversals and a 50 mph, 60-degree banked turn.It is expected to open in June. ed Health officials target mosquitoes They hope to prevent West Nile virus' spread in percent fatality rate with the tors, such fish, also could be infection,can be vaccinated. used,Nicholas s said. 'r No human infections have been Nicholas said special attention by targeting breeding areas, educating public reported in Washington state,but will be paid to storm-water drains West Nile was detected last year and holding ponds. BY WARREN KING city is applying today for a permit in two horses,a raven and a crow. "Department personnel al- f AND CHRISTOPHER SCHWARZEN under the federal Clean Water Act The virus has spread steadily ready are out there looking at Seattle Times staff reporters to use the larvicide, if necessary. westward since it was first detect- their facilities and looking for op- Area officials already are gear- Approval takes 60 days,he said. ed in the eastern United States in portunities to eliminate breeding ing up to combat the spread of In Snohomish County, mem- 1999. More than 4,000 cases, in- areas,"he said. mosquito-borne West Nile virus, bers of the County Council may cluding 272 fatalities, have been and a mild winter may bring on begin reviewing a mosquito-con- reported nationwide. Informing the public about the use of mosquito repellent and pro- the season earlier than usual,they trol plan as early as next week. Nicholas and Hilary Karasz- e- said. The plan there would focus first Dominguez, spokeswoman for tective clothing also will be em- Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels on reducing mosquito habitat on Public Health — Seattle & King phaandS1King and id Snohomishcials in Scoun- n- and officials of Public Health — county property, most likely County, said larvicide would be through larvicides, said Philip applied as a last resort,and target- re- ties. Y. Seattle & King County said yes- g p pp terday they will focus on mosqui- Morley, the county's executive ed only at larvae. One under con- to-breeding areas, killing the in- management analyst. sideration is BTI —bacillus thu- Warren King.206-464-2247 or sects in the larval stage and The city of Everett was the ringiensis — a bacterium that caking@seattletimes.com,Christopher b• educating the public on protection first to announce mosquito-con- destroys the larva's intestinal lin- Schwarzen:425-745-7811 or against bites. trol plans in Snohomish County. ing when ingested.Natural preda- cschwarzen@seattletimes.com ,n The city is applying for permits 'L "We'll pay a lot of attention to to use larvicides in public ponds where there is standing water and waterways. City officials ,s and take action to remove want the permits to cover pri- A 9-Da Treasures of China Sale d these breeding areas," said Steve vate-property owners as well. jam,.,,, Nicholas, director of the Seattle Most people infected with Office for Sustainability and Envi- West Nile virus have no symp- r ronment. toms or only a flulike illness. b' Nicholas said limited applica- Rarely,it causes fatal inflamma- tion of an insecticide to kill mos- tion of the brain. No vaccine is - quito larvae could be used. The available. Horses, which have a 3 tted in area lives. He is described as white, ` 6 feet tall, between 180 and 200 pounds, with gray hair and eye- � asses.He was last seen carrying erif e Sept.24. al maroon uffel bag and wearing a h.11 ry �ition that jeans jacket and a brown sweater. March 1st 9t am-4pm nd Police said he is prone to violence. 29001st Ave.S.,Seattle Anyone with information about 1 5 S S it Lander across from Se reabouts is asked to Call t s exit 163B;1-5 N exit 1st Ave,turn ri edmond Police Tip living too -2581. antiqu of Or a� „,,oO`legendary Wooay ."uy a wife Eileen;brothers, .h'flW'r' a ioin the Marine Corps.Finishing his and Richard Joslin; sisters, Arlene vuo e, uur of duty, he became a top salesman of Caroline and Maryann Joslin Charlene v home furnishings for The Drexel HeritageCor- Quartz, and Jeanne Woolley; and sister-in- in 1939. eedico ten Magma,. poraTion and,later,a manufacturer's repre- law,Nancy Leptich.Also survived by numer- in thing the roved her home in Mag,b k- u senTaTive in the Minneapolis and Seattle are- ous nieces,nephews and Their families. watching the ships pass by her window,bak- as.In the1980's,he founded B.W.Industries,a Viewing Saturday,March lst,from 9:00 a.m. inn cookies and pies for her loved ones and distributor of commercial matting products. to 1:00 p.m.at tending to her garden. She shared her fra- J the third Never content To be idle,he worked into the Haffner Fisher&Harvey Chapel grant roses with the neighbors,and prepared I weeks of his life. 508 North 36th St.Seattle,WA world famous raspberry tam from her own that the conV1C- Royce married the Ioveof his life,Anna Marie Memorial Service will be Saturday, March berry patch. Fern was laving and warm to Woodruff,on December 18,1951.They raised 8th,at 10 a.m.at the Mill Creek Foursquare every person she touched.She was an ine who ..ian on Washington's three daughters-Michelle Ann,who precedes Church,1415 164th St.S.W.,Lynnwood.A re- knew her.She will be gl and reatlytmi s to led.She was row was overturned. him in death, Dawn Lynn,of Easthampton, ception will follow at the American Legion proceeded in death by her parents, her MA and Tara Kaye,of Encinitas,CA. Hall,22909 56th Ave.W.,Mountlake Terrace. brothers, Doug and Lynn, sister, Muriel u Royce,a gifted artist and wit,was a lover of Remembrances may be made to Swedish Onsrud,and husband,Ellsworth Ness.She is The state s case rests on one sports and history.He remained a loyal Ohio Tumor Institute,747 Broadway,Seattle,WA. ” " State"Buckeye"and Seattle"Seahawk"foot- 98122. survived by sister Star Oogate daughter day, Ilia said. They will tell you Meredith Gustafson, surrogate daughter ball fan throughout his life.For many years, Marlene McKay, grandchildren Debra that on that day, between these he raised funds for The Santa's Kids program Milligan, David (Margot) Milligan, Tina particular moments the crime at Ryther Child Center, to whom remem- (Marty) Puiolar, and six great-grandchil- 2i brances and donations may be made.Ryther Edith Elizabeth LAMB dren,three nieces and one nephewand special g, happened. But you will hear from Child Center,2400 NE 95th Street,Seattle,WA, 87,recently of Grants Pass,Oregon died Mon- friends, Larry Gustafson and Bill Stiffler. L, 98115. day, February 17,2003.She was a Ions time We'd like to extend our gratitude to her loving sc three people, three individuals Royce is survived by his wife,two sisters,two resident of Seattle and Issaquah,Washington. and tender caregivers especially Debbie, do daughters,and seven grandchildren.We will A Memorial Service will be held at 2 p.m., Chava and Aklile.Thanks also to the Hospice (C who knew her and did not know miss him. Saturday, March 1, 2003 at Grace Church, staff of Group Health. A Memorial Service (J Brian Keith Lord,who will tell 011 A Memorial gathering will be held this Fri- 10323 28Th SW,Seattle. will be held at 11 a.m.on Saturday,March 8 at ch y day,February 27,2:00-4:00 PM,at The Kenne- Contributions in her memory may be made to Seattle Prep School, 2400 llth Avenue E. N(r they saw her the next day and bec Clubhouse, 17000 W. Lake Sammamish the Gospel Rescue Mission, PO Box 190, Donations can be made To the American Br Parkway,Redmond, W. 98052.A memorial Grants Pass,OR.97528. Stroke Foundation,1-800-562-6718. were sure it was her." will appear soon at www.mem.com. Bo Ar Lord's lawyers at the first trial Margaret Ellen Sexton Richard"Dick"Charles OLSON Fu did not call the witnesses because, LeCLERCQ Born May 16, 1941 in Seattle, Washington. Fe they said, their investigators 6 Aug.1913-22 Feb.2003 Passed Away Feb 25, 2003 at the age of 61. Fors Richard L."Chip"CUDDY Margaret,our mother,our grandmother,the Richard was a hard working teacher,loving at( deemed the boys'testimony unre- Born August 27,1941 at home on Cedar Ridge beloved center of our large loving family,has husband,father,friend,and did whatever he yea liable. near Kendrick, Idaho To Jim and Nellie(Is- gone home now to be reunited with her Lord, could to help out anyone when needed.He was his rael) Cuddy. Chip passed away quietly on her husband Frank Sr., and her daughter preceded in death by his father Durward Ol- Mt. Prosecutors and Parker's familyFebruary 24,2003 following a stroke. Mary Lu. A deep commitment to selflessly son and his sister Virginia Utley. He is sur- Jas ng severe serving others and comforting them was the vived by his wife Doris,sons Steven and Dar- Bra have said the boys who admitted He attended schools in Woodland,WA,Philo- hallmark of her life and how we will always ren,and his mother Margaret Olson.Richard Aug math, OR and graduated from Kendrick in remember her. She was a testament to how began pursuing his Teaching degree first at mar 1959.In the fall of 1959 Chip enlisted in The Air they were intoxicated and skipping Force,stationed at Lackland,TX and Thule in much strength unwavering faith can provide. the University of Washington, then Central ed f school that day and the day before' Greenland before being honorably discharged Her dedication to helping her community and Washington University,and finally obtained in tl after 4 years of service.Following the service caring for loved ones and strangers around his masters degree at Western Washington the either saw Parker's sister or saw he established himself in The Seattle area her were characterized by her 60 years of un- University. He ended up Teaching his entire year working in various aspects of The construction broken service and involvement in every as- career in the Kent School District:first at Me- Fori Parker herself but on the previous field until the Time of his illness.Chip made Pect of St.Catherine's.Her muffins and cook- ridian Junior High,and then at Meeker Junior liver friends easily and leaves behind many. Sur- ies and homemade quilts warmed The lives of High,where he taught woodshop for 30 years For day. countless people who never knew her,just as until his retirement in 1998.He also taught at Elk vived by his daughter Shannon Lynes a Bend, her memory will always warm those who had various times in his career at Green River ma Deputy Prosecutor Tim D OR,sonRickCuddyofL.A., fRbrothersJim rrrrll�l p y Drury of Kendrick, I D and Willy of Rathdrum, I D, the good fortune to feel her love directly. Community College.After retirement,he also Me said the DNA evidence is only a sister Jackie Eborall of Coeur d'Alene, I D, Margaret was proud of her 47 years of faithful worked at Alaska Airlines,performing vari- Ma grandchildren Jason and Alexandra of Bend, dedication to her marriage and also of her 14 ous tasks for the administrative staff at the in, part of the overall evidence in a OR. Preceded in death by both parents and years as a lab technician at the University of company. Richard was an avid fisherman To maternal and paternal grandparents.Private Washington. who loved To go with son Darren and his teach- ser case that is compelling and strong. Born in West Seattle,she was married 8 Sept. ing buddies up to Lake Sheridan in British Co- 140T li g g Please sigurnmentn at Wasline Cemetery, Seattle. 1933 to Frank LeClercq (1911-1980).She was lumbia every summer and enjoy the simple con Prosecutors intend to introduce Please sign The online guest book ® www. preceded in death by her daughter Mary Lu pleasures of fishing, friendship, and food. Th evergreen-washelli.com Egan, her husband Frank, and her brother Richard also had a love for antiques and espe- So c their own DNA evidence,also new Charles Sexton. She is survived by her two cially older cars.His parking lot often resem- since the last trial,that they say in- children,Frank Jr.,and Bob,and nine grand- bled a used car lot in fixing older vehicles children,Jim,Jerry, Eileen,Suzette, Lenci, while maintaining and improving others.Ser- A criminates Lord. In Lords 1987 Burt, Tom,Michelle,and Parke,as well as vices will be held Saturday March 1st,2003 at (60 trial, a blood expert testified that her six great grandchildren, Caleb, Sidney, 3:00 P.M.at BONNEY-WATSON Washington She Benjamin Bradely DIMEO Leah,Aaron,Travis,and Rob. Memorial Park in SeaToc,Washington.The ett. blood splatters found in Lord's Ben came into this world on January 10,1985, Celebration Services will be held on Saturday, funeral home is located at 16445 Pacific Hwy. all. and left it February 21,2003.Spending most March 1 at St.Catherine's Church,8500 Ave. S.A reception will be held following The ser- visi brother's garage were the same N.E.,at 12 noon.Memorials may be made to vices at the family home.Donations suggest- Add g g of his life in Kent,Washington,Ben was a sen- Foss Home and Village,or any charitable con- ed to be made To the American Cancer Socie- Cali! type as Parker's. Now, DNA test- for at Kentwood High School and played varsi- tribution of your choice. ty,728134Th St.S.W.#101,Everett,WA.98204. ett h ty basketball there.He also worked part-time The ing has Shown that blood came in- at I KEA in Renton,Washington.He was look- The ing forward to college next year but was taken wore disputably from Parker,he said. befoi from us in a car accident early Friday morn- Theodore"Ted"J.LIGHTLEY Prec ing.Ben loved playing basketball and was ex- In addition D Said rose- Our sweetond loving father joined his beloved and P cited about playing of humor this Yeaand uncannys State ability wife Donna,brother Jim and parents Albert Irene Kathleen Curran pare tutors will dispute the integrity Of to dig His sense of humor and uncanny ability P �Y and Edith LighTley in heaven on January 24, She i to disarm even the most sophisticated will be PROVINE(Herself) the defense's DNA evidence. sorely missed.He is survived by his son,Troy 2003 in Sun City,Az. Joar Chalcraft, his parents,Michael and Julie,a Ted was a very loving and caring father To his and According to Illa, DNA testing brother,Matthew,a sister,Mia,and grand- daughters Cathy Burger and Kelly Matthews Ex-R and his son, Ted, Jr. He was also a loving gon Parents, Darrell and Mary Carr f Topeka, 1 of a semen sample obtained from grandfather to five grandchildren and five to a p Kansas,and Jean and Jack Dimeo from West Parker after her death positively Chester, Pennsylvania. He also leaves here great-grandchildren. Sist P y He will be greatly missed and be in our hearts Hor several aunts,uncles,cousins,and wonderful and memories forever. Rest in peace with Our excludes Lord as a match, but friends.A Rosary Service will be held at St. mom,we love you. la prosecutors said their experts will Matthew's Roman Catholic Church in Topeka, Kansas,at 5 p.m.,with funeral services at the testify that the sample was too de- church on Thursday,February 27,at 10:30 TivS a.m.These services are being coordinated by Arthur R."Bud"LOOMIS,Jr.Penwell Gable Highland Chapel in Topeka.A graded to prove much of anything. wi Memorial Service will be held at 7 p.m. on Age 71,passed away peacefully Friday,Feb. Parker,a tall,athletic and friend- March 6,2003,at The First Evangelical Pres- 21,2003 at Virginia Mason Hospital,Seattle, T byterian Church,19800 108th Ave.S.E.,(The with family at his side. Born Aug. 18, 1931,ly North Kitsap High School Stu- Benson Highway)Renton,WA.98055.A fund Seattle,WA to Arthur R.Loomis and Ann No- B has been established for his son's future edu- Ian. Bud attended St. Anne's Grade School tt dent who had won numerous blue cation.Donations To this fund can be made at and Queen Anne High School. He proudly 5Dakota Richard E and Win ternie Church 1 Pierre South o .30ih. 1909 in Fort P Born Nov ier any Washington Mutual branch under The served in the U.S. Marine Corps during the ribbons in 4-H horse-drawn-cart name of Troy B.Chalcraft. Korean War,at which time he was decorated Curran;she was a ery proud descendant f competitions, disappeared Sept. with the Purple Heart.Following his military of John PhilpoT Currvan;the lawyer of Rob- service,Bud worked for Farwest Acme Print- ert Emmet the Irish patriot. 16, 1986, after she had been at a ing and was instrumental in organizing the lo- Irene had a life long love of Ireland,its hi cal lithographers union.For 20 years,until his Tory and its literature.She was passi friends house exercising a horse. retirement in 1992, Bud worked as a King in her love of literature and had os County Animal Control Officer.In addition to give library.She was often invite an A week after her disappearance, Josephine Reed DODDS being an avid skier,scuba diver,and camper, talks on literature,music,hinvit 11/23//09-2/6/03-Survived by daughter Jorell Bud loved his hunting trips to Okanogan with She herself had a number of r" stor her jacket, sweat shirt, blood- Anderson,grandson and great grandson. his sons. Shelish h. stained eons and underclothes Bud spent many years coaching boys andnirIs For many Years she n athletic teams,working very hard To get soc- era,a ballet,a pia Cer,in particular,recognized as a major sport were found in a pile alongside a in Seattle schools and recreation centers. Her sense of color love of enio While coaching at St. Margaret's Grade ue road three miles from the ranch School,he won numerous CYO League cham- rugs was enio where she had lived with W.Dean EDMUNDSON Pionships in softball,basketball,and volley- her home.,-*" leek later,her bodyresident Horizon House in Seattle died ball.He was also a successful pee-weefootball Shea Fe � February 20. He was a longtime educator/ coach.Bud had a particular passion for doss, administrator and active in church life,most horses and wolves. recently at First Baptist Church in Seattle.As His parents and sister,Patricia HarTfor had a resident of Horizon House he served on the ceded Bud in death.He is surviv Board of Directors and the resident council. friend and love of his life f He is survived by his beloved wife, Louise, Evelyn Tapsak;sons,Br' daughter, Ann, :;on David (Julie), grand- Army Major Brick Loo daughter Darcy (Jose), and great grand- U.S. Army (Ret.) C -ahter,Olivia.,Memorial Services will be Evelyn'sdaughter any March 9 at Horizon House at 2:30 Army Sgt. G cvr be made To the Northwest Belgium, eiation Horizon House Austin Falco rep (M' Nickels reveals strategy to reduce West Nile Virus infections http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/news/detail.asp?ID=3266&Dept=40 Rome Living; Business Visiting hews i gents Director I About Contact Us ow rYk*$ '.. / .rYEijvlf � Ht" = MN­ City of Seattle Gregory J. Nickels, Mayor NEWS ADVISORY SUBJECT: Nickels reveals strategy to reduce West Nile Virus infections FOR IMMEDIATE FOR MORE INFORMATION RELEASE: CONTACT: 2/26/2003 2:20:00 PM Marianne Bichsel (206) 684-8878 Nickels reveals strategy to reduce West Nile Virus infections Seattle one of the first to apply for potential pesticide use Seattle - Mayor Greg Nickels announced today the City's plan for reducing the potential risks of West Nile Virus for residents and City employees, including education, prevention, and-- if necessary -- limited application of insecticides on City property to reduce mosquito proliferation. "Mosquito season is rapidly approaching," Mayor Nickels said. "While we are hoping for the best-- no West Nile Virus cases in our city and region--we need to be prepared." "We are working closely with King County and other partners on an integrated approach," Mayor Nickels added. "This is a complex, regional challenge that will require a well-coordinated regional response." He said he expects Public Health Seattle & King County, the county-wide public health agency, to announce its comprehensive,regional West Nile Virus response strategy within the next few weeks. The City's mosquito control plan features a prudent, environmentally responsible approach called "integrated pest management." Key components of the strategy include: educating both City employees and residents about the potential risks of West Nile Virus and how to prevent or reduce those risks by reducing mosquito breeding, wearing protective clothing, and using insect repellent; identifying potential mosquito breeding areas on City property, and taking quick, cost-effective measures to reduce those areas; and exploring the use of natural mosquito predators where appropriate. "The city of Seattle should be applauded for crafting a plan that clearly emphasizes prevention, public education, monitoring, and reduction of potential mosquito breeding sites," said Angela Storey, Pesticides Organizer for the Washington Toxics Coalition. "It is important to have such a strong model here in the state." In addition, Mayor Nickels announced that the City will submit to the Department of Ecology by the end of this week an application for a Clean 1 of 2 02/28/2003 1:42 PM Nickels reveals strategy to reduce West Nile Virus infections http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/news/detail.asp?ID=3266&Dept=40 Water Act permit that would allow the limited use of insecticides,if necessary,to reduce the potential for mosquito proliferation on City property and facilities such as storm water detention ponds and catch basins. "Our strong preference is to avoid using insecticides,if at all possible," Mayor Nickels said. "But we need to preserve this option in case it becomes necessary to protect residents and City employees." Seattle will be one of the first cities in the state to submit an application for possible insecticide application;other jurisdictions are expected to submit applications in the coming weeks. -30- Mayor's Office Back to News Release Home Page and News Release Search Home Search Living Business Visiting Ma or CO �kCti .Efewena iff c IG We er' irec � 0 2 of 2 02/28/2003 1:42 PM kL fOl '� D,�,� �.J-�--r� l�l � �1 r7�✓5 �� l Imo'r, ' u; ruo DC J 'AjRa'W A/-4 14�'�kA 61-sfr4j 4 �4� II&XI"e-IIIIII-Aa 4ill F-WI- l"y-a4�u , lla� _ il WL xM- ---___ l — - ---- -- --- — ,� a �a�- w t�A 74uta- ti/ tot) [�)k tu" lbd� w, , 5i�A ,A, t mob" /yam;4d6dw r�tiv� WbV U✓6 C"t) ------ - --- - c 3c 000 n?Vm IVA V19"�v �'���C�rrh✓vll rvra� oyyy�o - — - -- - - - /q,,r— 1�Jy,� T�ep ti'�'°�y�) 'u'fr'.�.»�1 �✓�'V_ �✓�'"17 — °jv `P° .�`�` n.}- Mlrmn. -,t,tr °(""'iq IS Alvm 4�4�,,�`�� Z mtirman �j — CA �. e A eras�W�U� i �tA4+-e4*fL JAVAA- 1n,k as su sc :bk - - — - - --_ -_ ._.- `9vv I/`C. 'Q��/�/�//��t.�n/• � U(�' '',n/� ��14���i1 v�L �Z������ r7�i^V" / I_ I _ lb/vt p4favk,6L fa4 Pa4zo.- Hilo (�i- t wiCP_deo_ W _ _ _-- - - - law 1�cn� � � Qe�. t��, �z L.cIn-d;,�� 188°C STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OE ECOLOGY F.O. Box 47600 • Olympia, Washington 98504-7600 (360) 407-6000 r- TDD Only (Hearing Impaired) (360) 407-6006 Draft BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL Draft Public Review Comments Due by January 22, 2003 Send comments to: Kathleen Emmett Water Quality Program PO Box 47600 Olympia,WA 98504-7600 Telephone 360-407-6478 Fax 360-407-6426 kemm4610ecy.wa.gov 1 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................... ...... Page 3 Mosquito Management Entities..................................................................... Page 3 Mosquito Life Cycle and Biology............................................................... Page 4 IPM-Based Best Management Practices......................................................... Page 5 Goals, Logistics and Action Threshold Determinations .............................. .......... Page 5 BMPs for Mosquito Control......................................................................... Page 6 Minimization of Mosquito Breeding Sites and Biting Opportunities......... Page 6 Monitoring for Mosquito Populations and Disease.............................. Page 9 Establishing the Targeted Density of Mosquito Populations........................ Page 15 Mosquito Treatments..................................................................... Page 16 What Constitutes an Emergency................................................................ Page 20 References Cited.................................................................................... Page 22 Tables Table 1: Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated with Drainage Control Facilities Page 11 Table 2: Disease Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State Page 13 Table 3: Permitted Insecticides for Mosquito Control Page 18 Table 4: Adulticides that May be Used in Washington State Page 22 2 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control INRODUCTION On April 10, 2002,The Washington State Department of Ecology(Ecology) issued a general permit (NPDES Permit No.WAG-992000)covering all mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly into surface waters of the state.Under the permit,the use of insecticides for mosquito control in water is allowed when the effects are temporary and confined to a specific location, though locations where insecticides are used may be widespread throughout the State. Applications of insecticides are subject to compliance with Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) labels, monitoring requirements and reporting. Permittees must meet a compliance schedule for the preparation and implementation of best management practices(BMPs)that include a hierarchy of preferred integrated pest management options. Since the issuance of the permit, the focus of mosquito abatement has grown from being primarily a nuisance control issue to a widespread human health concern. The West Nile virus, a mosquito-borne disease that has been steadily spreading westward across the United States since 1999, reached Washington State in the fall of 2002. A raven from Pend Oreille County and a crow from Snohomish County collected as part of a statewide dead bird surveillance effort tested positive for the virus. A horse in Island County and a horse in Whatcom County also tested positive. These are the first detections of West Nile virus in our state. Transmitted by mosquito bites to humans,the virus has proven itself a low risk public health threat. As of November 26, 2002,nearly 4000 human cases of the illness have been reported nationwide to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, including 214 fatalities. In looking at the progress of the virus as it has spread across the United States, it appears that mosquito control efforts have no effect halting the continued spread of this virus. They can, however, reduce the risk of exposure in some cases. Due to the human health threat posed by mosquitoes, many local governments and others are now preparing to conduct mosquito control activities, focusing primarily on education and surveillance. Many are also gearing up to respond to disease outbreaks by larviciding and are pursuing permit coverage to perform these activities in surface waters. Since these activities are projected to be wide-spread and often conducted by entities with limited budgets, Ecology has taken the lead on preparing the best management practices (BMPs) required by permit condition S4. These BMPs will be available to any entity that chooses to adopt them. The following BMPs are the result of a collaborative effort among the Departments of Health, Agriculture, Fish and Wildlife and Ecology, King County, Washington State University and several Washington-based mosquito control districts. MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT ENTITIES When individual protective efforts are not sufficient,public agencies that are either components of local health departments or are independent districts organized specifically for mosquito control can provide an effective way to manage mosquito infestations on an area-wide basis. In some cases, individuals, communities and other organizations may want to hire private mosquito control applicators for targeted treatments. However, if long-term mosquito management is desirable, establishing a mosquito control district may be the best and most cost-effective alternative. In Washington, local mosquito control districts are organized under RCW 17.28. Unless a district is formed under RCW 17.28 or a public health emergency is declared, it is unlawful to treat the property of individuals without their permission. This regulation gives districts authority to spray those areas where excessive infestations are occurring, even if property owners do not want their property sprayed. The ability to enter onto private lands for mosquito control requires that a resolution be adopted by a mosquito district. There may be valid safety reasons why a landowner does not allow access to a piece of property. As an alternative, the regulation states that the local mosquito control board may require the landowner to control mosquitoes. 3 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control The formation of mosquito control districts can provide a self-taxing, long-term method of mosquito control, but it may take up to two years to form a district. In the short-term, local public health entities may need to take effective abatement measures. Abatement programs can be organized, and abatement treatments performed, on cooperating property owner sites. Effective abatement programs start with a preliminary assessment and the development of an implementation strategy, including public education and outreach, and progressively lead up to organizing treatment responses. MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE AND BIOLOGY There are several species of mosquito that readily attack people, and some species are capable of transmitting microbial organisms that cause human diseases such as malaria and encephalitis. The mosquitoes of major concern in Washington belong to the genera Culex, Culiseta,Aedes, Ochlerotatus and Anopheles. Mosquitoes are classified as Insects of the Diptera order. They undergo a complete metamorphosis, which involves four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The first three stages occur in water, but the adults are active flying insects. The female feeds upon the blood of humans and animals before laying eggs directly on water or on moist substrates likely to become flooded with water. Eggs later hatch into larvae, the stage they are most vulnerable to control efforts. During the larval stage,they continue to feed and grow in size. Larvae go through four growth stages called instars. Once larvae have developed to the fourth instar, they stop feeding and transform into pupae where internal changes occur and adult mosquitoes take form. This is a resting period. At this point, bacterial larvicides no longer work as a control measure because they require ingestion by the organisms; however, monomolecular surface films and petroleum distillates are effective on pupae_. Draining or emptying the water at this point will also kill the pupae, as they are unable to live out of water. After a few hours to a few days in the pupal stage,the adult mosquito emerges from the water surface and seeks shelter in shady, moist areas. Adult mosquitoes must find shelter during the heat to avoid dehydration and are most active from dawn to dusk. After a brief period of rest, the adult female goes in search of a blood meal and the cycle continues. The time frame for this is highly variable, anywhere from one to three weeks, depending on the temperature of the water. The warmer the water, the quicker the development will be. A small amount of water in a container in the sun will produce a batch of adult mosquitoes very quickly. Mosquito biology can follow two general scenarios. The first involves those species that lay their eggs in masses or rafts on the water's surface.These species, found throughout the U.S., often lay their eggs in natural pools,puddles or man-made water-holding containers. In summer.the entire life cycle, from egg to adult,may be completed in a week or less. The second scenario involves Aedes mosquitoes that lay their eggs on moist soil or other substrates periodically flooded with water. After about two days in water, these eggs are ready to hatch,but if not flooded, can withstand drying for months and longer. In inland areas of the U.S. where these mosquitoes breed, heavy rains and flooding can produce millions of mosquitoes in a short time. Similar situations occur along coastal areas with mosquitoes adapted to salt marsh habitats. Some salt marsh mosquitoes are strong fliers that can travel up to 50 miles from the breeding site. The main concern with the use of authorized insecticides is the long-term adverse impact from efforts to eradicate mosquitoes, especially impacts to non-target organisms. Other species which may be inadvertently killed by a mosquito pesticide (non-target species) include other insects, daphnids (water fleas), flies, copepods, mysid shrimp, and many others. Agents that kill mosquito larvae may also kill these related beneficial species. Many animals such as fish and birds depend on these species for food. Plants depend on 4 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control mosquitoes and many of these other species for pollination. Effects other than death may also occur in nontarget species from compounds such as methoprene, which is an endocrine disruptor(disrupts glandular secretions of hormones.) Nontarget species that live in water include some of the most important food items for small fish and the young of larger fish such as salmon. Daphnids and the larvae of insects are particularly important fish foods. This is the reason the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) included daphnids in their manuals for aquatic toxicity testing and insect larvae for sediment toxicity testing. If the populations of these important organisms are reduced in a water body due to mosquito control agents,then small fish there may starve. These small fish would also eat mosquito larvae. Other predators of mosquitoes such as dragonflies and copepods could also be reduced. If there are fewer predators of mosquitoes, the need for pesticides to control them can become greater. It becomes a vicious cycle. IPM - BASED BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Current interest in the environmental impacts of mosquito control measures, and increasing problems that have resulted from insecticide resistance, emphasize the need for"integrated" control programs. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecologically-based strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that are compatible with or disrupt these factors as little as possible. IPM includes the use of pesticides, but only after systematic monitoring of mosquito populations indicates a need. Ideally,an IPM program considers all available control actions, including no action, and evaluates the interaction among various control practices, cultural practices, weather, and habitat structure. This approach thus uses a combination of resource management techniques to control mosquito populations with decisions based on surveillance. Fish and game specialists and natural resources biologists should be involved in planning control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be harmed by mosquito control practices. An integrated pest management program for mosquitoes should include all the features of IPM as defined in Washington State law (RCW 17.15.010)and adapted to mosquito management: 1) Minimization of mosquito breeding sites, 2) Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease, 3) Establishing the targeted density of the population based on health, public safety, economic and aesthetic thresholds, 4) Treating mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that may include biological, cultural,mechanical, and chemical control methods and that must consider human health, ecological impact, feasibility, and cost effectiveness, and 5) Evaluating the effects and efficacy of pest treatments. GOALS, LOGISTICS AND ACTION THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS The goal of BMP-based mosquito control efforts is to achieve a level of control sufficient to maintaining an acceptable level of risk(exposure to vector and/or nuisance adult mosquitoes)with the least possible adverse impact to the environment. Success at meeting that goal will depend on several factors. First, securing long-term funding will be necessary, by forming a self-taxing mosquito control district or creating a funded program housed in a government agency. In addition, applications of insecticides to water must be made by individuals licensed by the Washington State Department of Agriculture and permitted by the Department of Ecology's Water Quality Program. Individuals and organizations conducting mosquito control activities must be licensed and 5 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control permitted before insecticide activities can commence, a process that takes at least 38 days. Information on WSDA license requirements is online at littp://pep.wsu.edu or call WSDA toll-free at(877)301-4555. Permitting information is available from Ecology's website at w,Nvtii-.ecv.NNa.goviprograms/ q/pesticides/index.htmI or call(800) 917-0043. Appropriate mosquito management strategies vary depending on action threshold determinations(see below), the size and type of area to be treated, the species of mosquito, and the stage of the mosquito life cycle being targeted. Mosquito control programs include source reduction, surveillance,the use of a variety of mosquito control strategies and ongoing evaluation. While education provides individuals the most personal protection, the underlying philosophy of mosquito population control is that the greatest control will occur when the mosquitoes are concentrated, immobile and accessible. This emphasis focuses on habitat management and controlling the immature stages before the mosquitoes emerge as adults. Under these conditions, insecticides are dispersed only where mosquito larvae are present and not indiscriminately, which is why larviciding is much sounder than adulticiding_ Mosquito control agents and/or the sponsors who hire them must set action level thresholds to determine when appropriate area-wide efforts should be triggered. The action level thresholds proposed in this model BMP plan for mosquito control may be adopted, or modified as needed and then adopted, by all mosquito control entities covered under Ecology's permit: Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Waste Discharge General Permit No. WAG—992000 (Permit). Entities wanting to set action level thresholds other than those proposed here or those who wish to develop their own BMP/IPMplan must have their individual plans approved by Ecology before they can apply pesticides to surface waters in Washington State. BMPS FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL 1. Minimization of mosquito breeding sites and biting opportunities Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote Action threshold: The presence of mosquitoes (any species)or any suspected presence of mosquitoes in the area of control may trigger minimization efforts in the early spring and summer. The mean development time from egg hatch to pupation takes 5 to 10 days at temperatures near 25'C (77'F)(Pratt and Moore, 1993). However, certain species of eggs can hatch in water as cold as 45'F (Lilja, 2002,p. 24). Minimization actions, therefore, are most effective when taken in the early spring and continued through fall on an as- needed basis. Rationale: Because mosquito-borne diseases have been positively identified in Washington State, measures to educate people about minimizing mosquito breeding sites and biting opportunities around homes and offices should be adopted. Minimizing breeding sites in the targeted area of control,and personal protection, especially for those with compromised immune systems, are the best defenses against exposure, giving the best protection for the least cost. DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency responses. Initiate community outreach and public education programs. Conduct entomologic surveys (inventory and map mosquito populations) and monitor avian mortality, human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine outbreaks (Lilja 2002,p. 16). Minimum BMP Response: Conduct a set level of minimal education and outreach in the area of control, enlisting assistance from local government (i.e. the local environmental health department), if possible. Track reports in the local area for avian mortality, human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine surveillance. 6 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control A. Minimization techniques for mosquitoes control around private homes or offices primarily involve educating those in the area of control about eliminating mosquito breeding sites,using repellents and protecting domestic animals. The following is a general list of actions that can be taken around private homes and offices. Additional information is available from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at http://www.cdc.gov/neidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm. • Empty or turn over anything that holds standing water—old tires, buckets, wheelbarrows,plastic covers, and toys. • Change water in birdbaths, fountains, wading pools and animal troughs weekly. • Remove all human-made potential sources of stagnant water where mosquitoes might breed. • Drill holes in the bottoms of containers that are left outdoors. • Clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not in use and be aware that mosquitoes can breed in the water that collects on swimming pool covers. • Aerate ornamental pools and use landscaping to eliminate standing water that collects on your residence;mosquitoes can potentially breed in any stagnant puddle that lasts more than 4 days. • Recycle unused containers—bottles, cans, and buckets that may collect water. • Make sure roof gutters drain properly, and clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall. • Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. • Keep all ornamental shrubs and bushes trimmed and pruned to open them up to light and air flow. This will not only give mosquitoes fewer places to hide,but will promote growth and vigor in the plants. • Stock water gardens with mosquito-eating fish recommended by the State Department of Fish and Wildlife(i.e.,mud minnow, stickleback, and perch). Tadpoles, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. For more information, contact WDFW's Aquaculture Coordinator, Andy Appleby at(360) 902-2663 or e-mail him at appleaea(a�dfw.wa.gov. • Make sure window and door screens are "bug tight." Repair or replace if needed. • Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most active. • Wear a long sleeve shirt, long pants, and a hat when going into mosquito-infested areas, such as wetlands or woods. • Use mosquito repellant when necessary, and carefully follow directions on the label. • To protect your horses and other equines talk to your veterinarian about the West Nile virus vaccine. The vaccine requires two doses three to six weeks apart, and immunity may not be achieved until up to six weeks after the second dose. An annual booster should be given a few weeks to a month prior to the start of the mosquito season in your area. • Veterinarians should be consulted if you have concerns about your household pets or other animals. Repellents may be used in some instances. • Thoroughly clean livestock watering troughs weekly. • Do NOT drain or fill wetlands (see next section). Consult with your local health dept. or mosquito control district about managing mosquitoes in wetlands, swamps and low-lying areas. 7 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control B. Mosquito control in wide areas involves educating those in the area of control about reducing mosquito breeding sites,using personal protection and protection techniques for domestic animals. Education may need to be targeted to specific areas such as new construction, drainage and water treatment facilities, residential and light commercial occupants,farms and irrigation districts. • Education/information on breeding site minimization and personal protection must be provided to people residing in the area of control (see list above). A significant management strategy for controlling mosquitoes is to enlist residents and businesses in the control of larvae around their homes and offices. Many people unknowingly contribute to mosquito problems by not taking steps to minimize breeding sites and biting opportunities. Federal, state and local health departments often have publications and other materials that explain how people can protect themselves and minimize breeding. • Education/information must be provided about risks to domestic animals, vaccinations and repellents available as well as minimization techniques specific to the area where domestic animals may reside. Direct people to their veterinarian for more information. • As new facilities are being designed,consideration should be given to reducing mosquito habitat as much as possible. • When considering a drainage or water treatment facility for mosquito control, the first consideration should be whether the problem could be reduced by physical modification without compromising the facility's function. Physical modifications must be designed or reviewed by an engineer to insure they meet applicable design requirements. Possible design modifications may include changes to the flow rate, scarifying the pond bottom where it is no longer infiltrating as originally designed or enhancing drainage by some other method. Eliminating low spots that collect small amounts of standing water and altering vegetation may also be options. • Repairs to drainage facilities may include reshaping pond slopes to eliminate isolated pools of water and cleaning the pond to remove vegetation. • Ponds may be stocked with mosquito-eating fish, copepods or other predators recommended by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife(i.e., mud minnow, stickleback, and perch). Tadpoles, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. For more information, contact WDFW's Aquaculture Coordinator, Andy Appleby at (360) 902-2663 or e-mail him at appleaea@dfw.wa_gov. • Over-watering and poor irrigation practices are common producers of mosquitoes around the home, in parks, in irrigated fields and on golf courses. Report standing water to appropriate maintenance personnel. • Irrigated lands are among the highest producers of mosquito breeding sites in Washington State. High numbers of mosquitoes can develop in standing water as a result of flood irrigation.The actions below can help eliminate mosquito breeding sites by using physical controls (Colorado, 2002; Pratt and Moore 1993). 1) Minimize standing water in fields so that it does not lie fallow for more than four days by improving drainage channels and grading. 2) Tail waters should not be allowed to accumulate for more than four days at the end of the field. 3) Keep ditches clean of heavy vegetation to promote more rapid drainage. 8 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control 4) Have ditches repaired to reduce seepage to the extent practicable (elevated water tables can produce unintended standing water in fields). 5) Minimize flood and rill irrigation practices to the extent practicable. 6) Avoid over-watering. Note: Wetlands and greenbelts should not be drained or removed. Healthy wetlands provide minimal habitat for mosquitoes because water conditions, water quality, and natural predators deter mosquito use and minimize larval success if egg laying occurs. Predators,including other aquatic insects, amphibians, bats and birds, feed heavily on any mosquitoes present. Wetlands are a critical element in a healthy ecosystem that benefits people, water quality and wildlife. Wetlands cleanse and slowly release rainwater and provide flood protection and wildlife habitat. Many wetlands recharge groundwater critical for local drinking water supplies and prevent streams from drying up during the summer. We will not eliminate mosquitoes by draining wetlands and removing greenbelts. In fact, we could actually increase the mosquito population if their natural predators are destroyed because many mosquito species need only a small puddle or depression to breed. 2. Monitoring for mosquito populations and disease Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low Action threshold: The presence of vector or nuisance mosquitoes suspected or confirmed in the area. Rationale: Base-line data on mosquito populations from a variety of habitats will help target educational efforts and are essential to control efforts, should they become necessary. DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response. Increase larval control and source reduction and public education emphasizing personal protection measures, particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic activity, such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance indicates high potential for human risk to increase. Minimum BMP Response: Conduct outreach and education; monitor and track avian mortality, human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic surveys (inventory habitats and map mosquito populations). A. Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease around private homes or offices: • Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes, by species if possible. These would be those sites for mosquito rearing that cannot be eliminated by following preventative measures such as container emptying,proper pond maintenance, and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the habitat(species) encountered. The following Northwest mosquito habitats and control issues have been identified in the Mosquito-borne Response Plan developed by the Department of Health(Lilja, 2002): Floodwater Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus,which develop in large numbers along the borders of the Columbia and other rivers, create one of the most important mosquito problems in this region. The larvae hatch in the spring or early summer when the streams overflow areas such as willow and cottonwood swales where the eggs have been laid. The eggs of these species are dormant when temperatures remain below 45- 50°F. Partial dormancy of the eggs may continue until sometime in June so that only some of the eggs are hatched by floods occurring in April or May. In some seasons, the larger rivers may rise, recede, and rise again to cover the same egg beds and produce an additional hatch. In other seasons, two or three successive rises may occur, each of which is higher than the last. Females that emerge in the first hatch may lay eggs that 9 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control will hatch in the second or third rises of the river.Most of the eggs are laid between the 10 and 20 foot levels, and some of the eggs that are not flooded during a series of low flood crest years remain viable for as long as four years. Large Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus breeding areas have been managed efficiently in the past by controlling water levels above Bonneville Dam. Dikes have prevented flooding in other areas. Clearing of brush has been of value in some locations.However, control of the major section of these types of breeding areas must often be accomplished with insecticide applications. Irrigation Water Breeding places for several mosquito species are provided by irrigation water.Aedes dorsalis, A. vexans, Ochlerotatu melanimon, and Ochlerotatus nigromaculis are among the most important species that may develop when water is applied and stands for a week or 10 days. Other species such as Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, and Anopheles freeborni may be produced if water remains for longer periods. Tremendous numbers of mosquitoes breed in many areas where uncontrolled irrigation is practiced. Applications of insecticides are effective but are not substitutes for proper grading. Elimination of standing water is effective in preventing development of mosquitoes. Application of insecticides may be necessary for breeding places that cannot be drained. Tidal Waters Aedes dorsalis is the only species that can breed in large numbers in both fresh and salt water in the Northwest. The larvae develop in some coastal areas where potholes are filled by the higher tides or where water levels fluctuate in permanent or semi-permanent pools. Leveling, drainage, or similar practices are effective in preventing breeding, but such areas must be properly maintained. Insecticide control may be necessary where these methods are inadequate or ineffective. Ochlerotatus togoi has also been found in coastal areas including San Juan, Island, Skagit, Kitsap, and Mason counties. Larvae of this species have been found in pools of pure seawater along rocky shorelines. Snow Water In many high mountain meadows and also at lower levels mosquitoes breed in pools caused by snow melt. Development may require several weeks at higher elevations.Aedes communis, A. cinereus, Ochlerotatus hexodontus, O.fitchii, and O. increpitus are the most common species found in these locations. Usually there is only one generation per year, but the large numbers that may be produced are a severe annoyance to those who are working or seeking recreation in these areas. Elimination of breeding areas by drainage or maintenance of constant water levels is practical in some situations. Insecticide applications might have to be made by hand or by plane because of inaccessibility to heavy ground equipment. Permanent Waters,Ponds and Artificial Containers The mosquitoes that lay their eggs on the water are usually found where water is present continuously during the season or at least for several days. Such locations include natural permanent ponds, including still waters along the borders of lakes and rivers sheltered from wave action and currents with some degree of vegetation, log ponds,tree holes, semi- permanent ponds and wetlands of various types, and artificial containers. Culex tarsalis, C.pipiens, C.peus, Anopheles freeborni, A.punctipennis, Culiseta incidens, and C. inornata are commonly found in such places. C. tarsalis and C.pipiens develop in large numbers in log ponds. C.pipiens also develops in large numbers in sewer drains, catch basins, and water left in artificial containers. Coquillettidia perturbans are found in permanent water in wetlands, swamps and marshes that have emergent or floating vegetation. Insecticides are often used effectively to control most of these species, except those breeding in artificial containers that can be emptied. Larvae of C.perturbans are difficult to control because they are attached to the roots of plants. Insecticide granules are sometimes applied,but eliminating host plants may be the most useful procedure to control this species. 10 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control Stormwater In response to the anticipated arrival of West Nile virus in King County,King County Water and Land Resources developed recommendations for dealing with the mosquito control at County drainage facilities.The study(Whitworth, 2002) identified the four basic habitats preferred by mosquitoes,the types of mosquitoes associated with the habitat type, and the WNV vector mosquito species that prefers each habitat type. Table 1 summarizes this information. Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control Facilities Habitat Type Facility type Vector Species Permanent Water Year round wet ponds Anopheles punctipennis Larger Regional Ponds Wet Bioswales Marshes&Wetlands Wet Bioswales Aedes cinereus Some Regional Facilities Coquilletidia preturbans Temporary or Flood Water Temporary Wet Ponds Aedes vexans Dry Bioswales Culiseta inomata Retention/Detention Ponds Open Ditches Artificial Containers/Tree Holes Catch Basins Ochlerotatus japonicas Underground TanksNaults Culex pipiens Discarded containers&Tires Culex tarsalis Culiseta inomata • Once the mosquito habitats have been mapped, confirm mosquito species associated with habitats, if possible. Resources: Techniques and equipment for adult mosquito surveys can be found at: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guidelines for Arbovirus Surveillance in the United States, 1993, Appendix I151-54. These guidelines are also copied in Appendix B of the Department of Health's Mosquito-Borne Disease Response Plan, November 2002 Edition, available online at:. littp:H,A'vvw.doh.wa. ,ov/elip/ts/Z,00/WNV/WAArboN,iralRespPIan.pdf. Conduct larval surveys in the area of control by dipping. The following guidance on dipping is based on an article entitled"Seven ways to a successful dipping career,"published in Wing Beats, vol. 6(4): 23-24 by O'Malley, 1995 and reprinted in Appendix B of the Department of Health's Mosquito-Borne Disease Response Plan, November 2002 Edition, available online at:. http://www.doli.w a.gov/elip/ts/Zoo/WNV/WAArboN,iralRespPlaii.pdf. Benefits of Larval Surveillance Larval surveys are used to determine the locations and seasons that mosquitoes use specific aquatic habitats and, when specimens are identified and counted, the information can be used to determine species composition and population densities. The information can be used to determine optimal times for application of larval control measures, including chemicals,biological controls, draining or impounding. It can also be used to help assess the effectiveness of both chemical and biological control measures. Routine larval surveillance data can be useful in interpreting adult mosquito surveillance data. For example, if larval surveys indicate 95- 11 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control 100 percent control by larvicides and yet the number of adults does not decline, one can suspect, in the absence of reinfestation, that an important larval concentration was missed. A system for the detection of insecticide resistance is also provided through a larval surveillance program. Sampling Larvae Because mosquito larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats,a number of different sampling techniques to determine their presence and density have been developed. Many, if not all, of the published methods are described in Mike Service's book,Mosquito Ecology Field Sampling Methods (Elsevier Applied Science, 1993). Some methods are complex mechanical devices, but the most commonly used larval collection method is the"standard dipper,"a plastic or metal, white or aluminum, solid or screen-bottomed pint-to-quart-sized scoop-on-a-handle, that, along with the"sweep net,"defines the Ultimate Inspector. Dipping for mosquito larvae begins after your area has been mapped for targeted habitats with proximities that pose risk to population areas of concern. Dipping locations in control areas with altiple mosquito habitats may need to be prioritized. The species of mosquitoes one is looking for, and the type of habitat being sampled, will, in part, determine the sampling method used. Thus, it is important that field personnel know the preferred breeding habitats and seasonal occurrence of species known or suspected to be present within an area. Eggs are white when first deposited,becoming dark within an hour or two (Pratt, 1993,p. 13). Eggs can be laid singly on the surface of the water, in clusters called rafts that float on the surface of the water,under the water attached to roots and stems of aquatic vegetation and singly on damp soil. When searching for mosquito larvae,proceed slowly and carefully. Approach the area with caution to avoid disturbing larvae at the water's surface. Vibrations from heavy footsteps, casting a shadow or moving vegetation that contacts the water may be enough to cause larvae to dive to the bottom. Try to approach the water while facing the sun and with quiet, slow, soft steps. Gently move vegetation only as necessary. Mosquito larvae of most genera,particularly the common Culex, Aedes,and Anopheles, are usually found at the water's surface and frequently next to vegetation or surface debris. In larger pools and ponds, they are usually near the margins, not in open, deep water. Dipping should be concentrated around floating debris and aquatic and emergent vegetation. If there is a strong wind, dipping should be done on the windward side of the habitat where larvae and pupae will be most heavily concentrated. Look for larvae and pupae before beginning to dip, if possible. If it is raining on the water's surface, wait until the rain stops. Each water body may contain a number of different microhabitats which could contain different mosquito species. Microhabitats are places where a single species may congregate, as under tree roots, within clumps of emergent vegetation,under floating or overhanging vegetation and in open water. Learn to recognize different microhabitats within an area and sample as many as possible in order to obtain an accurate picture of the area's species composition. Seven Ways to Dip There are seven basic ways to dip for mosquito larvae. Which one or ones you use depends on the genus or genera of mosquitoes you suspect may be present, and on the habitat, microhabitat and weather conditions. The following table lists vector mosquitoes in Washington State,their habitats, ranges and breeding sites. This table is meant to assist field identification efforts and dipping strategies. The seven dipping methods are described below the table. 12 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control Table 2. Disease carrying mosquitoes in Washington State Day or Mosquito Night Generations Species Biter Range per Year Preferred Habitat Breeding Comments Aggress Does not One-eggs A woodland species: semi- Hatches in the early ive travel far hatch at permanent bogs & swamps, spring. Larvae found Aedes during from different wetlands,wet bioswales& among dense aquatic cinereus day I habitat times floodwaters vegitation. Any temporary water body like ditches, puddles, Eggs may lie domant 3+ Day& containers, pools & yrs, hatches in ditches, Aedes vexans Night 20+ miles Many floodwater. still water. Prefers algae-laden, cool Springs and creeks pools on edges of slow connected to stormwater flowing rivers and Anopheles Stays near ponds, bioswales and streams. Has entirely uncti ennis Night habitat. One wetlands. dark palpi. One, but Strong hatchlings do Needs thick growth of fliers, not complete aquatic vegetation. Night- enters development Permanent marshes, Remains below the water often homes until the wetlands, temporary wet surface attached to roots Coquilletidia comes and lit following ponds, dry bioswales & and stems. Hatchlings preturbans to lights areas. spring. open ditches. emerge in spring. Found around water with high organic content, as in Proliferate in in artificial Usually catch basins & sewer containers. Lays eggs in migrates effuent ponds, tree holes, clusters of 50 to 400. only short artificial containers & Larval and pupal stages Culex pipiens Night distances. Many manholes. take 8 -10 days. Larvae develop from spring to fall in waters w/ Enters Any fresh water, artificial high organic material. buildings containers, &agricultural Eggs laid in rafts of 100 - Culex tarsalis Night after dark. Many and irrigated areas 150 & hatch w/in 48 hrs. Breeds throughout spring and summer in cold Cold water-associated with water, females may glacial runoff and sunlit appear during warm waters, does not like hot winter breaks. Usually Culiseta Dawn & Stays near weather. Found at all feeds on livestock, not inornata Dusk habitat. Many elevations. people. Artificial containers, catch Ochlerotatus Day & basins, undergound tanks Larvae are found in iaponicus Night Not known Many and vaults &tree holes artifical containers. The first and usually the best method to start with is the SHALLOW SKIM. The shallow skim consists of submerging the leading edge of the dipper, tipped about 45 degrees, about an inch below the surface of the water and quickly, but gently, moving the dipper along a straight line in open water 13 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control or in water with small floating debris. End the stroke just before the dipper is filled to prevent overflowing. The shallow skim is particularly effective for Anopheles larvae that tend to remain at the surface longer than Aedes and Culex.Anopheles are usually associated with floating vegetation and debris. The second method to try in open water, with or without floating objects, is the COMPLETE SUBMERSION. Many mosquito larvae,particularly those of the genera Aedes and Psorophora,are very active and usually dive below the surface quickly if disturbed. In this case, a quick plunge of the dipper below the surface of the water is required, bringing the dipper back up through the diving larvae. Bring the dipper up carefully to avoid losing the larvae in the overflow current. When you need to sample at the edges of emergent vegetation, try the PARTIAL SUBMERSION technique. To do this,push the dipper, tilted at about 45 degrees, straight down adjacent to the vegetation. This causes the water around the vegetation to flow into the dipper, carrying the larvae with the flow. There is no need to move the dipper horizontally. Pull the dipper up before it is full. In very shallow water,try the FLOW-IN method. Larvae can be collected by pushing the dipper into the substrate of the pool and letting the shallow surface water, debris and larvae flow into the dipper. Do not move the dipper horizontally. To sample for larvae that may be under floating or emergent vegetation,use the SCRAPING technique. This method is used in habitats that contain clumps of vegetation such as tussocks of sedges, floating mats of cattails, water lettuce, or other plants that are too large to get in the dipper, or clumps of submerged vegetation such as hydrilla or bladderwort. Dip from the water in towards the vegetation and end by using the dipper to scrape up against the base or underside of the vegetation to dislodge larvae. This method is usually more effective if the bottom of the dipper is screened and it is often used to sample for Coquillettidia and Mansonia mosquitoes. The SIMPLE SCOOP is the"dipping to get water"method that was discouraged earlier.It consists of simply scooping a dipperful of water. This is probably the most commonly used method,particularly by new inspectors,and it is often the method referred to in much of the literature as "the standard dipping procedure."While it can be successfully used to collect Culex larvae, it is still not the method of choice. The dipper can also be used as BACKGROUND. This is especially useful in woodland pools and other shallow water or when larvae are disturbed and dive to the bottom. Submerge the dipper completely to the bottom litter and slowly move it around.The darker mosquito larvae and pupae will stand out against the background of a white or aluminum dipper. Once larvae appear in the dipper, just lift it upward. One or more of these methods,properly used, can determine the mosquito species composition of most aquatic habitats, excluding those whose openings are smaller than the dipper, such as tires,rock pools,tree holes and tree root systems like those found in cedar and red maple swamps. In those cases, a smaller container, such as a vial,measuring spoon or tea strainer can be used in the same seven ways as the dipper described above. Then there is the tubular dipper, or chef s poultry baster, for those really hard to get to places such as plant axils, tree holes and tree root holes. Note: Locations and times of dips, and well as larvae counts,need to be recorded. 14 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control B. Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease in wide areas includes the mapping and surveying strategies used for homes and offices described above,plus: • Conduct ongoing surveillance, including studying habitats by air, aerial photographs and topographic maps, and evaluating larval populations. • Monitor and track data from mosquito traps,biting counts,complaints, and reports from the public. • Keep seasonal records in concurrence with weather data to predict mosquito larval occurrence and adult flights. • Consider conducting surveillance for diseases carried by mosquitoes and harbored by birds, including crows and sentinel chicken flocks. • Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes. These would be those sites that cannot be eliminated by preventative measures such as emptying containers,proper pond maintenance, and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. These habitats can be identified by aerial photo assessments,topographic maps, and satellite imagery where available. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the particular species that live in specific habitats. • Agricultural site maps should include the following: Hay,pasture, circle irrigation, orchards, and rill irrigated field crops. An important land use that has caused problems to mosquito control districts in the past is flood irrigated pastures where the water stays on more than five to seven days. These areas should be mapped so that appropriate management responses may be taken. • Demarcate on maps no-spray zones. This may include areas such as schools, hospitals, fish farms, and the homes of individuals who are on chemically sensitive registers and crops grown under a certified organic program. Other crop sites that do not have a tolerance for the mosquito control products used should also be listed. If the control entity is not a mosquito control district organized under RCW 17.28,then individual residences, where the occupants do not want to be treated, should be.identified as no-spray zones. Note: Detailed information on mosquito surveillance is available in Washington State Department of Health's publication Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan, November 2002 ed., available online at http://www.doli.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WAArbovira]RespPlaii.pdf. Training on surveillance, trapping techniques, sampling, and vector identification techniques has been offered by Major William Sames, Chief Entomological Science Division of the U.S. Army, CHPPM-West,Fort Lewis WA. His e-mail address is william.sames@nw.amedd.army.mil and his telephone number is (253) 966-0008. 3. Establishing the targeted density of mosquito populations Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low Action threshold: The presence(positive identification) of any vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger activities to reduce their presence. Since people with compromised immune systems are likely to be the most vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases, areas of their exposure should be a priority. General Permit Condition S4.2.0 infers that the targeted density of larvae is < 1. The permit states: Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip, and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations. Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area, control treatments are warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive, every effort should be made to educate those at risk of exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures. DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response. Increase larval control and source reduction, and public education emphasizing personal protection measures, particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic 15 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control activity, such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance indicates likely potential for human risk to increase. Minimum BMP Response: Conduct outreach and education; monitor and track avian mortality, human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic survey (inventory habitats and map mosquito populations). Using surveillance information and input from the people in the control area, establish the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health, public safety and funding. A. Establishing the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health, public safety, economic and aesthetic thresholds around private homes or offices: • Individual homeowners and businesses must determine the targeted density of mosquito populations in their area, absent the existence of a mosquito control district. This determination should be based on factors of risk and cost. • Once the targeted density has been established, continue larvae surveys to find density response to habitat minimization efforts and need for larvicide treatments. B. Establishing the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health,public safety, economic and aesthetic thresholds for wide areas: • Mosquito control agents must consult with their sponsors to determine targeted mosquito densities. This determination should be based on factors of risk and cost. • Once the targeted density has been established, continue larvae surveys to find density response to habitat minimization efforts and to assess the need for larvicide treatments. 4. Mosquito treatment Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Low to moderate Action threshold: The positive identification of any vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger activities to reduce their presence. Once minimization strategies have been taken, larvae surveys(i.e. dipping) can indicate the effectiveness of those efforts and the need for further action. General Permit Condition S4.2.0 infers that the targeted density of larvae is<1 to commence larviciding. The permit states: "Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations."This level is a minimum; mosquito control agents may want to set the targeted density at a higher level due to cost and risk factors. Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area, control treatments are warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive, every effort should be made to educate those at risk of exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures. DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response. Increase larval control and source reduction, and educate the public about personal protection measures, particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic activity, such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance indicates likely potential for human risk to increase. Minimum BMP Response: Treat mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that may include biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods and that must consider human health, ecological impact, feasibility, and cost effectiveness. 16 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control Conduct outreach and education; monitor and track avian mortality, human encephalitis/meningitis,and equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic survey(inventory habitats and map mosquito populations). Using surveillance information and input from the people and/or sponsors of control in the control area, establish the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health, public safety and funding. If the targeted density level for larvae is measured after all habitat minimization efforts have been taken, prepare for targeted larvicide treatments. Prepare for an emergency response if warranted by human health impacts. A. Use an IPM approach around private homes or offices and in wide areas of control: • Select treatments using the most effective control method or combination of methods for the particular species of mosquitoes and the breeding area found by larvae surveys. • After attempts to minimize breeding sites have been exhausted and personal protection information has been dispersed, use biological measures whenever feasible and efficient. • Biological methods may include stocking species such as the Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosterous aculeatus) in ponds or impoundments. The Three-Spined Stickleback is native to Washington State and known to be an effective predator of mosquitoes. Mud minnow,perch tadpoles, dragonfly larvae,diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. Guppies, goldfish and other fish commonly sold in pet stores are exempt from permitting by Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW) and may be suitable for smaller ponds, horse troughs and ornamental pools. However,before planting any of these exempt fish,please consult with WDFW. Some of these fish, such as goldfish may have severe ecological impacts on ponds and lakes. The Mosquito Fish(Gambusia affinis)has been used for mosquito control in virtually every state because of the adult's ability to consume large amounts of mosquito larvae. These warmwater fish rarely exceed 2.5 inches and prefer shallow water. They tend to flourish in almost any environment, including well discharges, cisterns, water tanks,potholes, rain barrels and open septic tanks. Gambusia have been known to dramatically reduce and even eliminate mosquito larvae. WDFW suggests that the use of Gambusia be integrated into an overall mosquito control plan rather than used as an exclusive solution to mosquito abatement. Permits must be obtained from WDFW for use of this non-native species as a mosquito control measure. WDFW has several concerns with stocking biological mosquito predators in Washington waters. Along with the introduction of non-native fish,the transfer of fish diseases from one location to another, even among native populations, can cause disease outbreaks. That is why all movement and stocking of fish requires a permit from WDFW,whether the fish are native or not. Due to the inability to test live fish without killing them, the transportation of fish from one watershed to another requires disease testing(usually on the adults at spawning, or by sacrificing a number of young fish), and verification that the remaining fish are reared on disease-free water. In addition, any non-native fish stocking currently needs to go through SEPA review prior to approval. The laws in Washington State are designed specifically to prevent this type of"Johnny Apple-seeding"from occurring. For more information,please contact WDFW's Aquaculture Coordinator, Andy Appleby at(360) 902-2663 or e-mail appleaeat&)dfw.wa.gov. 17 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control TABLE 3. PERMITTED INSECTICIDES USED FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL Typical Products Active Label use Application method(s) Human Environmental Target ingredient rate and persistence and comments Health Impacts Pests on 2002 cost Impacts label Aquabac, (Bti)Bacillus 0.25 to 2 Hand sprayer,ground Not for Non-toxic to most Mosquito Bactimos, thuringiensis pints/acre or sprayer or sprinkler cans. potable non-target species, larvae Vectobac and israelensis up to 10 water. moderately toxic to Effective 1 -30 days 2 Teknar lbs/acre depending on formulation. Minimal Daphnia Granules non-dietary $1.45/lbs Broad spectrum,except and dermal Coquilletidia risk to infants and children.' VectoLexWDG Bacillus 0.5 to 1.5 Granules are mixed with Not for No risks to Larvae sphaericus(H- Ibs/acre water and sprayed. Effective potable wildlife,nontarget control in 5a5b) for 1-4 weeks,depending on water. species or the water $4.65/lb the species of mosquito Essentially environment 3 with high larvae,weather,water nontoxic to organic quality and exact form of humans content. the granules.Effective on Culex spp.,. Less effective against other species. Altosid liquid Methoprene: 2 to 20 Use hand and ground Not for Moderately toxic to Horn fly, lbs/acre sprayers. potable warm-water, mosquito Active $236/gal Effective for a few days water. Does freshwater fish, larvae, ingredient is a unless specially formulated not pose slightly toxic to cigarette growth for slow release. unreasonable cold-water, beetle, hormone that risks to freshwater fish. tobacco does not allow It is not persistent because it human moth, the mosquito degrades rapidly in water. health3 Highly acutely sciarid larvae to toxic to most invertebrates.4 fly,flea mature. larvae, Effective in The briquettes are used in m mealy areas needed for longer ter controlling residual control such as bug and most mosquito spider species in WA ponded areas of standing mite. water,areas where flood Altosid pellets Methoprene 2.5-10 waters may make it lbs/acre impossible to use Bti. $28.75/lb Altosid XR Methoprene I briquette Rates increase with deeper 100-200 sq Water. ft.$2.80 @ Altosid briquette Methoprene 1 briquette/ Altosid XR-G is a sand 100 sq ft. formulation,good for pastures or marshes with $.93 @ thick vegetation. Altosid XR-G Methoprene 8-10 lbs/ac $8.43/lb 18 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control Typical Products Active Label use Application method(s) Human Environmental Target ingredient rate and persistence and comments Health Impacts Pests on 2002 cost Impacts label Monomolecul 0.2 to 0.5 Sprayed by hand or ground Okay for Less environmental Larvae, equipment.Film remains Ani ue MMF ar surface film gal/acre potable impact than oil- pupae g q active for 10-14 days on Poly(oxy-1,2- water, kills pupa stage. and @$200/gal. floodwaters,brackish waters ethanediyl)Alp livestock, midge and ponds.It is susceptible Films pose minimal ha- backyard control. to wind breaking the surface risks to the hydadecyl- tension and could be Ponds,pool environment3 roxy covers. Adult hydro rendered ineffective at Arthropods may be females. winds above 10 mph and in No risk to harmed very choppy water. human Adult females are killed by health entrapping and drowning when they contact the surface to lay their eggs. Golden Bear Oil Petroleum 3 to 5 Liquid formulations are No risk to Misapplied oils Larvae Bonide Oil distillate oils gal/acre sprayed by hand or ground human may be toxic to fish and the larvae from $11/gal equipment.Persists for 12— health.3 and other aquatic pupae 15 hours,then evaporates. organisms. Label control obtaining precautions reduce oxygen Less expense--kills pupae 3 stagessuch risks. through the surface film Abate Emergency Temephos 0.5 to 1.5 Sprayed liquid. Breaks Not for Poses severe risk to Mosquito use only! oz/acre down within a few days in potable nontarget aquatic larvae, $2.00/oz standing water,shallow water. Poses species and the midge, ponds,swamps,marshes, low risk to aquatic ecosystem. punkie and intertidal zones. human gnat,and Very highly toxic Temephos is applied most health. High to some aquatic sandfly commonly by helicopter but dosages,like invertebrates. larvae in can be applied by backpack other OPs*, non- sprayers,fixed-wing can over- Moderately toxic to potable stimulate the very highly toxic to water. aircraft,and right-of--way nervous trout. 6 sprayers in either liquid or system, granular form. causing Product of last resort. nausea, dizziness, and confusion. *OPs are organophophates 1. http://Nvw�v.epa.gov/oppbppol%bioT)esticides/facisheets/:fs006476t.htmp.3 2. httli://3-vww.epa.eov/oppbL)pdUbiopesticides factsbeetslifs006476t,htm p.5 3. http://www.el)a.eov%pesticides/citizens/larvicides4mosguitos.htm#microbial 4. http:ii\v\vw.epa.eov/cepL)srrdl/RLI)s/factsheets;0030fact.pdf pp.4-5 5. http: /vvww.cpa.gov/pesticides/citizens,hnilatliion4mosquit0s.iitni p.2 6. http://Naw%v.epa.eov/oppsi-dl/RF.Ds/t'actsbeets/temepho,factsheet.pdf pp.22-23 7. http://www.epa.eov/oppsrrdl'opimalathion%summvv.htm Acquire Appropriate Management Assets 19 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control e • Select appropriate mosquito management personnel: if personnel are hired directly by the public mosquito control entity, the following experiences shared by mosquito control districts should be considered: • Turnover can be high due to temporary nature of job, and frequent re-licensing may be needed. (All mosquito treatment personnel are required to pass the public health control exam.) • Some pay a fairly high salary to acquire mature workers who return every year. • Where a lower salary is paid, incentive programs for second year returnees (mostly college students and teachers) have been successful in getting employees to return. Select Application Equipment.Appropriate for site size, habitats treated, and budget constraints: • Small Size Sites-Puddle size to 10 acres: Primarily the hand method(Cyclone Spreader) application technique. Costs can vary but one eastern Washington district is able to cover 51 sites in a 23 mile stream flood plain for a total cost of$8000 per year. • Moderate Size Sites -10 square feet to 250 acres: Primarily Truck Based Application Technique: Costs can vary from about$13 per acre and up. Some districts have variable rate tax structures such as 10 cents/$1000 valuation for sagebrush areas, 20 cents/ $1000 valuation for wetland areas, and 30 cents/ $1000 valuation for residential areas. The total annual budget for some of the larger operations could be a million dollars or more. •Large Size Sites-10 square feet to 250 acres: 2,500 to 10,000 acres-Primarily Aerial based Application Technique: Costs can vary from about $0.32 per acre and higher. While this is the most cost effective way to treat large acreages,the initial outlay requires an aircraft equipped for spray application. The total annual budget for a large scale operation could be a million dollars or more. Contracted Personnel and Equipment(Commercial applicators): Contracted personnel can be used for all sizes of sites. However commercial applicators have been hired mostly for large site aerial applications. Costs can vary from one applicator to another and particularly with time of year and even time of day. Most commercial applicators have not had much experience in mosquito IPM management techniques. While they may be competent in applying a product at a particular rate, they do not always understand the behavior patterns and life cycles of the different species of mosquitoes. This ignorance can greatly degrade the effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore, the public health entity should verify that the applicators they hire have appropriate IPM training and experience in mosquito management, an appropriate public health category on their license, a positive attitude towards following the hiring entity's IPM program, and an awareness of the environmental issues surrounding mosquito abatement and their need to follow FIFRA labels and NPDES permit regulations. The hiring entity should also be aware that if their contractor violates Federal regulations, such as CWA, or ESA, the hiring entity may also be found liable under a third party lawsuit(as was the case in recent court case in New York over a contracted mosquito abatement program organized to combat the West Nile Virus). B. What constitutes an emergency: when to consider adulticides and how adulticides fit into an IPM plan An emergency may arise when communities have not prepared for mosquito control and an outbreak occurs. In such cases,the responsible officials should immediately initiate an education and outreach program that emphasizes habitat minimization and personal protection, begin conducting larvae surveys, and secure the funding, permits and licenses needed for applying insecticides. Since insecticides can be aerially applied, the use of fogging equipment would only be needed in extremely rare cases where access is limited. 20 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control The use of any pesticide in water needs to be permitted under the Clean Water Act to protect the applicator from enforcement liability. In the case of an emergency, the use of temephos may be authorized. Temephos is an organophosphate that is conditionally allowed for mosquito control in surface waters of the state only when one of the following two conditions is met: • As a result of consultation between the departments of Health and Ecology, in response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. • As a result of consultation between the departments of Agriculture and Ecology, and then only in response to the development of pesticide resistance within a population of mosquitoes. Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals shall be a condition of such approval. Select triggers for the use of adulticide products: Adulticiding of residential areas and upland areas where mosquitoes are migrating should be considered only when there is evidence of mosquito-borne epizootic activity at a level suggesting high risk of human infection. The following are examples of this type of evidence: high dead bird densities,high mosquito infection rates, multiple positive mosquito species including bridge vectors, horse or mammal cases indicating escalating epizootic transmission, including bridge vectors,horse or mammal cases, or a human case with evidence of epizootic activity. Follow legal restrictions on the use of adulticide products(based on FIFRA and ESA regulations): Even when the above evidence is present, direct application to streams is prohibited by all adulticide labels (FIFRA) due to harm these products can do to aquatic species. Special care needs to be taken near ESA listed streams which could result in"harm"or"take"violations being assessed against the public entity if the product is sprayed into the water. The Department of Ecology, under Clean Water Act authority, prohibits the use of adulticide products on such habitats. It also prohibits such products from being directly applied to storm drains. BMPs for adulticides: 1) Meteorological conditions: • Check wind speed and direction before spraying and be observant of all changes in direction and speed during the application.Use appropriate wind indicators. Gauges are highly recommended for ground applications, and smoke for aerial applications. • Check temperature at different elevations to decide if there is an inversion. • Spray only when wind is away from sensitive sites. • Dusk is the recommended time to spray when mosquitoes are out. 2) Minimum wind conditions and temperature inversions: • Air inversions can go from 50 to 600'. • Inversions can be used to force the droplets down. • Spray under the inversion and only when conditions will not allow the cloud to drift into the stream. 3) Maximum Wind: Do not spray in winds over 10 mph. 4) Fish-bearing stream spray buffers: Establish buffers that are outside the maximum equipment spray swath with a minimum distance of 50-150' (depending on the skill of the operator)or follow label buffer if it is greater. 5) The following is a table that outlines the mosquito adulticides that may be used in terrestrial applications in Washington State. 21 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control Table 4. Adulticides which may be used in Washington. Typical cove a e se Residual Products Ingredient Rate Use Cost Life Comments Biomist & ULV 4 Effective, can't use Kontrol Permethrin oz/acre Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours close to water. ULV 1-4 Natural pyrerthrin- MGK 5% Pyrethrin oz/acre Adult Control $1.20/oz 1 hour expensive. ULV 4 Has not performed Scourge SBP1382 oz/acre Adult Control $.58/oz 1-4 hours well in this area. Cythion ULV rates ULV Malathion vary Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours Product of last resort. Not tested in this area. No water Anvil Sumithrin Adult Control $.40/oz 1-4 hours precautions. Note: Organophosphate ULV Products such as Fyfanon Ulv-(Al: malathion) are formulated for ultra low volume applications that are highly susceptible to drift due to extremely small particle sizes. References Cited Colorado Mosquito Control, Inc. Online at: http://ww-w.crniiosquitocontrol.com/flood iiTigation & mosquitoes.litm. Lilja,Jack. 2002. Mosquito-Borne Disease Response Plan, November 2002 Edition. Washington State Department of Health. Online at: x,,tiNw.doh.wa.gov/elip/ts/zoo/,%vnv/wnv.html. O'Malley, Claudia C. 1995. Seven ways to a successful dipping career. Wing Beats, vol. 6(4): 23-24. American Mosquito Control Association, http://wNvw.mosqui to.or17 pub]ications.htm1. Pratt, Harry D. and Moore, Chester G. 1993. Mosquitoes of Public Health Importance and Their Control. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Self-study Course 3013-G: Vector-Borne Disease Control. Von Grey, Ed. 2002. Draft Appropriate Mosquito Management Strategies as a Response to West Nile Virus. Washington State Department of Agriculture. Whitworth,Terry. 2002. Mosquito Management Policy for Residential Stormwater Ponds in King County, Washington. King County Department of Natural Recourses and Parks, Water and Land Recourses Division. 22 1/6/03 Draft BMPs for Mosquito Control i .r Focus Sheet 0 1 P A R T M E O F Guidance for Ecology's Aquatic Mosquito OEPAHTNfNT OF E c 0 L 0 G Y Control NPDES General Permit Who must obtain coverage The Department of Ecology's Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)general permit covers mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly into surface waters of the state of Washington. All who conduct mosquito control activities for communities,districts and private landowners are required to obtain coverage. Permit coverage is available for even the smallest applications and provides protection from third party lawsuits filed under the Clean Water Act as long as the permit conditions are met. How coverage is obtained Coverage under the general permit may be obtained by taking the following steps: Step 1. Visit Ecology's website and fill out an application at: www.ecy.wa.pov/prozrams/wg/pesticides/index.htmi. Step 2. Begin first public notice(see step 4 for what to include and sample notice). The notice must state that an application for coverage has been made pursuant to Section 173-226-130(5) WAC. Publish the notice in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area of the proposed application. Notify Ecology by submission of a completed application form at least 38 days prior to the planned activity that will result in discharge to waters of the state. The application must contain a copy of the public notice and the expected date of the second publication. . Step 3. Publish a second public notice at least one week after the first notice, in a local newspaper of general circulation. The date of second publication constitutes completion of public notice. The 30-day comment period starts on the date of second publication. Step 4. The public notice of permit coverage must include: a. Name(s)of the applicant(s); b.Waterbody name, size, and location; c. Approximate date(s)of treatment; d. Chemicals to be used and the approximate acreage to be treated; and e. Statement that any water use restrictions or precautions will be posted near the treatment area. Ecology will attempt to notify applicants by mail of their status concerning coverage under the permit. If the applicant does not receive notification of the coverage decision from Ecology, coverage under this permit will commence auLon�licallyon the 3Rth ay-foll�:i„g Fnn gy's acceptance of an application form or publication of whichever occurs later. December Ecology is an equal opportunity agency. Publication Number 02-10-062 Os 2002 i4f Printed on Recycled Paper Sample Newspaper Notice (Public Notice or Legal Section) ABC Mosquito District, 555 Sixth Ave NE, (name of town), WA 98000 is seeking coverage under the Washington Department of Ecology's Aquatic Mosquito Control NPDES General Permit for applications of insecticides into surface waters of the state. The Kerry Mosquito District(or area of application) is located in(name of county)and(description of area such as miles,near or in city, who the system serves, etc). The chemicals proposed for use are (insert product and active ingredient)to control mosquito larvae during the month(s)of(enter specific month(s)). The receiving water(s)will be(enter receiving water). Any person wishing to present their views concerning this application may notify Ecology in writing within 30 days of the last date of publication of this notice. Comments may be submitted to: Dept. of Ecology, Aquatic Pesticides Unit,P.O.Box 47600, Olympia WA 98504-7600. (Dates of publication in the newspaper, including name of paper),July 11 — 15,200X.) Permit conditions and what permittees must do to comply 1. Monitoring and Reporting The permit requires permittees to develop a monitoring plan for the pesticides they intend to use as authorized by Condition S1. The objective of the monitoring plan is to determine pesticide persistence and non-target impacts in a variety of application sites and conditions. The permit specifically states that data from EPA-approved persistence studies may be included in the monitoring report but must be identified in the monitoring plan. However, EPA-approved literature on persistence has been located and is being reviewed by Ecology, so this information may no longer be required. However,reporting of what is being used will be a critical first step to determining if further monitoring will be needed. Ecology's primary concern with the use of authorized insecticides is the potential for long-term adverse impacts to nontarget organisms. Mosquitoes have relatives which may respond to toxicity the same way they do. These relatives include other insects, daphnids (water fleas), copepods, mysid shrimp, and many others. Agents that kill mosquito larvae may also kill these related beneficial species. Many animals such as fish and birds depend on these species for food. Plants depend on many of them for pollination. Those other species that would be inadvertently killed or injured by a mosquito pesticide are known as nontarget species. Effects other than death can also occur in nontarget species from compounds such as methoprene, an endocrine disruptor. Those nontarget species that live in water include some of the most important food items for small fish or for the young of larger fish such as salmon. Daphnids and the larvae of insects are particularly important fish foods. This is why EPA included daphnids in its manuals for aquatic toxicity testing and insect larvae for sediment toxicity testing. If the populations of these important organisms are greatly reduced in a waterbody due to mosquito control agents, small fish may starve. These small fish would also eat mosquito larvae. Other predators of mosquitoes Ecology is an equal opportunity agency. December Publication Number 02-10-062 2002 Z4P Printed on Recycled Paper � S such as dragonflies and copepods could also be reduced. If there are fewer predators of mosquitoes,the need for pesticides to control them would become greater. It can become a vicious cycle. Given the above, permittees must report annually what pesticides they are using(as authorized by the permit), where they are applied, and the quantities applied. Washington Sate Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Application Record(Version 3) is recommended for use in reporting. Ecology will review the data to determine if further monitoring is warranted. 2. Best Management Practices and an Integrated Pest Management Plan. The permit requires that an Integrated Pest Management Plan(IPMP)be prepared and implemented by the permittee. The IPMP includes a decision tree outlining control options based on site and infestation conditions. A hierarchy of preferred controls must be developed to assure that the pesticides used are effective in controlling the mosquito population and are the least toxic to nontarget species. Due to the advent of the West Nile Virus and the need to make the permit available quickly for entities not familiar with mosquito control,Ecology is taking the lead on the development of a �rYyQ 5 statewide model IPM policy for mosquito control. Ecology will engage in a public process that will satisfy the requirements of the permit and include review from the state departments of Health,Agriculture,Fish and Wildlife, and Washington State University as well as long-standing mosquito control districts. Permittees will be required to adopt this statewide policy or submit their own for approval before pesticide applications commence. The cost of permit coverage Aquatic pest control permits fees are$300 for fiscal year 2003 (July 1,2002 to June 30,2003) and$310 for fiscal year 2004(July 1, 2003 to June 30,2004). For updated information see: www.ecy.wa.p,ov/programs/wq/permits/permit fees/index.htm Note: Permittees who received coverage under the mosquito permit in a treatment season who opt not to perform any treatment for mosquito larvae in next treatment season will be billed for the next season unless they terminate their coverage with a Notice of Termination form before June 30. Those who terminate coverage before June 30 will not be billed. This form is available from regional offices(see contact information below) and on Ecology's website at www.ecy.wa.p,ov/programs/wq/pesticides/index.btml. December Ecology is an equal opportunity agency. 2002 Publication Number 02-10-062 ILO*Printed on Recycled Paper c Listed below are Ecology's pen-nit managers for mosquito control. For more information, please contact your nearest regional office: Ray Latham Nancy Weller Washington State Department of Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology Central Regional Office Eastern Regional Office 15 West Yakima Avenue, Suite 200 North 4601 Monroe, Suite 202 Yakima,WA 98902 Spokane,WA 99205 Telephone: (509) 575-2807 Telephone: (509) 625-5194 TDD (509)454-7673 TDD(509)458-2055 E-mail: rlat461 ,ecy.wa.gov E-mail: nwelgecy.wa.gov FAX (509)575-2809 FAX(509)456-6175 Tricia Shoblom Janet Boyd Washington State Department of Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology Northwest Regional Office Southwest Regional Office 3190-160th Ave. S.E. PO Box 47775 Bellevue, WA 98008-5452 Olympia,WA 98504-7775 Telephone: 425-649-7288 Telephone; (360)407-0245 TDD (206) 649-4259 TDD (360)407-6306 E-mail: tsho461@ecy.wa.gov E-mail: iboy461@ecy.wa.gov ecy.wa.gov FAX (206) 649-7098 FAX(360)407-6305 Ecology Website for aquatic pesticide permits information: www.ecy.wa.jzov/projzrams/wg/t)esticides/index.htmi. Ecology is an equal opportunity agency. Ifyou have special accommodation needs,please call Felecia Phillips-Curtis, EEO Manager, (360) 407-6199. The TTY number is 711 or 1-800-833- 6388. E-mail maybe sent to fcur461 ,e .wa.gov Ecology is an equal opportunity agency. December Publication Number 02-10-062 ow 2002 ZJ Printed on Recycled Paper 12/30/02 DRAFT Discharge Monitoring Report for Aquatic Pesticide Applications NOTE:This form must be completed and sent to the appropriate Ecology Regional Office by February 1 of the year following the reporting period. Copies must be retained for 3 years(WAG-992000,Condition S3). 1. Date of Application-Year:.............Month:................ Day(s):.............................................................................................. 2. Name of Person for whom the pesticide was applied: ............................................................................................................ FirmName(if applicable):............................................................................................................................... StreetAddress: ..........................................................................City: ........................................State: ...........Zip: ................... 3. Licensed Applicator's Name(if different from#2 above): ......................................................License No. ................................ FirmName(if applicable):............................................................................................Tel.No.................................................... StreetAddress: .........................................................................City:........................................... State: ...........Zip:.................. 4. ❑ Air ❑Ground 5.Application Site(s):.................................................................................................................................. 6.Total Area Treated(acre,sq.ft.,etc.):............................................................................................................. 7.Pesticide Information(please list all information for each pesticide in the tank mix): d)Pesticide c)Total Amount of Applied/Acre e)Concentration a Product Name in Area Treated b EPA Reg.No. Pesticide Applied or other measure Applied 8.Address or exact location of application.NOTE: if the application is made to one acre or more of agricultural land,the field location must be shown on the map on page two of this form. 10. Date 11. Name of person(s) 12.License 13.Apparatus 14. Time 15.Acres 16. Wind 17.Temp making the application No. Lic.Plate No. Start Stop completed Dir. Vel. 12/30/02 DRAFT 10. Date 11. Name of person(s) 12.License 13.Apparatus 14. Time 15.Acres 16. Wind 17.Temp making the application No. Lic.Plate No. Start Stop completed Dir. Vel. Location of Application(If the application covers more than one township or range, Please indicate the township&range for the top left section of the map only. Township:.................................... Range:E or W(please indicate).......... N Section(s).................................... County........................................ Section............................ Section.......................... Section............................ Section.......................... Please note: The map is divided into 4 square mile sections with each section divided into quarter-quarter sections. Please complete it by marking the appropriate section numbers(s)on the map and indicate as accurately as possible the location of the area treated. Miscellaneous information: I certify that I have personally examined and am familiar with the information herein. I believe that the information is true,accurate and complete. 1 am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting false information,including the possibility of fine and imprisonment. Sponsor Signature Affiliation Date Applicator Signature Date Pesticide Licensing for Professional Mosquito Control Prepared December 2002 by Carol Ramsay, Washington State University and Margaret Tucker, Washington State Department of Agriculture Terms and Definitions • Restricted Use Pesticide - any pesticide that is classified as restricted use by the Environmental Protection Agency or the Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) at the time of registration. All pesticides applied to water are designated as state restricted use by WSDA. • Private Applicator— person who applies or supervises the use of a restricted use pesticide to their own or their employer's agricultural land (farms, ranches, greenhouses, nurseries, forests, etc.). • Private Commercial Applicator— person who applies or supervises the use of a restricted use pesticide to their own or their employer's non-agricultural land (apartment complexes, private golf courses, private institutions, apple warehouses, grain storage facilities, etc.). • Commercial Applicator- head of a commercial business that applies pesticides to the land/property of others. • Commercial Operator—employee of a commercial applicator who applies or supervises the use of any pesticide as part of the business. May also consult on the use of pesticides. • Public Operator— public employee who, as part of their public agency job, applies or supervises the use of any pesticide through power equipment or any restricted use pesticide. May also consult on the use of pesticides. (Public: city, county, state, federal, public utility, etc.) • Public or Commercial Consultant— person who makes recommendations or gives advice to the user of any non-home and garden pesticide. Consultants are not licensed to apply pesticides. • Dealer Manager— person who sells non-home and garden pesticides from a Pesticide Dealer outlet. Dealer Manager's can give advice from within the outlet but cannot apply pesticides or consult "in the field." Who is required to have a WSDA pesticide license? • Any person applying a restricted use pesticide, • Any person who is in the business of applying pesticides, • Any public employee who applies a restricted use pesticides or a general use pesticide through powered equipment, or • Individuals who consult or sell non-home and garden pesticides. What license categories (endorsements) are required for mosquito control? • Public Health Pest Control allows for both larvicide and adulticide applications, • Aquatic Pest Control allows for both larvicide and adulticide applications. Note: the Aquatic Irrigation category does not allow for larvicide applications. • Agricultural or Turf& Ornamental Insect and Disease control allows for adulticide applications only. • Private Applicators must hold the Aquatic Pest Control endorsement if they make larvicide applications to water that moves off their agricultural property. The Private Applicator license alone is sufficient for applications to standing water that does not flow off the agricultural property. What exams must I pass to be certified for mosquito control? • Individuals who meet the definition of a Private Applicator take that exam. All other new pesticide applicators must pass the Laws and Safety exam, plus the Public Health Pest Control Exam or Aquatic Pest Control Exam if they will be applying adulticides and larvacides. (Agricultural or Turf& Ornamental Insect and Disease Control exams allow for adulticide applications only.) Where can I get training materials and training courses to prepare for the exams? • Washington State University Pesticide Education Program offers study manuals for all pesticide license categories related to mosquito control. Training courses will be offered in the winter, summer and fall. (Go to http://pep.wsu.edu for further information.) • Mosquito control districts and associations will also be offering training. Where can I take the pesticide exams? • WSDA offers testing every Tuesday in their Yakima and Olympia offices. Other WSDA offices provide exams monthly (Wenatchee, Spokane and Mt. Vernon) or bimonthly (Moses Lake). Reservations are required and can be made by calling WSDA toll-free at (877) 301-4555. What are the annual pesticide license fees? • $25 for Private Applicators, Public Operators`, Private Commercial Applicators • $50 for Commercial Operators • $170 for Commercial Applicators plus $20 for each piece of power equipment after the first one * Public operators licensed only in the Public Health category are exempt from the fee. What are the continuing education (recertification) requirements necessary to maintain a pesticide license? Option 1: • Public Operators, Commercial Applicators, Commercial Operators, Private- Commercial Applicators—40 credits every 5 years, with no more than 15/year. • Private Applicators —20 credits every 5 years, with no more than 8/year. Option 2: • Retest every five years. WSDA State Veterinarian Contacts ❖ Dr. Kathy Connell Assistant State Veterinarian (360) 902-1835; kconnell@agr.wa.gov ❖ Dr. Robert W. Mead State Veterinarian (360) 902-1881; rmead@agr.wa.gov WSDA Pesticide Management Division Contacts ❖ Margaret Tucker, Branch Manager Certification & Training (360) 902.2015/mtucker@agr.wa.gov Pesticide Licensing (877) 301-4555 ❖ Wendy Sue Wheeler Aquatic Pesticide Specialist (360) 902.1972/wswheeler@agr.wa.gov i WSU Pesticide Study Material Order Form C0886 Select the appropriate study material you wish to purchase by comparing the Washington State Dept. of Agriculture Exam Title with its corresponding WSU Study Material Title. Copy Publication Number, Study Material Title, and Price onto reverse side to order. Wash. State Dept. of Agriculture Washington State University(WSU) Public. Price Exam Title Study Material Title No. each Private Applicator Private Applicator Pesticide Education Manual MISC 0126 $9.00 Aplicadores Privados Manual para Aplicadores Privados de Pesticidas MISCO126S $9.00 Laws and Safety Washington Pesticide Laws and Safety MISC 0056 $8.00 Dealer Manager Washington Pesticide Laws and Safety MISC 0056 $8.00 Agricultural Weed Control Agricultural Weed Management Principles MISC 0167 $5.50 Ornamental Weed Control Turf&Ornamental Weed Management Princ. MISC 0170 $6.00 Rights of Way Vegetation Control Rights-of-Way Vegetation Management MISC 0185 $5.50 Agricultural Insect & Disease Control Introduction to Insect and Disease Mgmt. MISC 0175 $5.50 Ornamental Insect& Disease Control Introduction to Insect and Disease Mgmt. MISC 0175 $5.50 Aquatic Pest Control Aquatic Pest Control MISC 0134 $6.50 Aquatic Pest Control by Irrigation Districts Aquatic Pest Control MISC 0134 $6.50 Interior Plantscaping Interior Plantscape Pest Control MISC 0176 $6.00 Livestock Pest Control Livestock Pests: Study Guide MISC 0052 $3.00 PCO—General Pest Management Study Manual for Pest Control Operators MISC 0096 $14.00 PCO—Structural Wood Destroying Organism Key EB 1814 $ 4.00 Pest Management Study Manual for PCO's MISC 0096 $14.00 Public Health Pest Control Public Health Pest Control MISC 0151 $6.00 Seed Treatment Seed Treatment MISC 0199 $4.50 Soil Fumigation Soil Fumigation MISC 0163 $4.00 Stored Grain Pest Control Stored Grain Pest Control MISC 0157 $3.50 Structural and Turf Demossing Structural and Turf Demossing Study Manual EM 4749 $1.00 Structural Pest Control Inspector Wood Destroying Organism Key EB 1814 $ 4.00 Pest Management Study Manual for PCO's MISC 0096 $14.00 Stump Treatment Turf&Ornamental Weed Management Princ. MISC 0170 $6.00 Wood Treatment Wood Preservation MISC 0105 $2.00 Sewer Root Control and Aquatic Antifouling: manuals obtained though WA Dept. of Agricuture (1-877-301-4555) toll free Cooperating agencies: Washington State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture,and Washington Counties.Cooperative Extension programs and employment are available to all without discrimination. Revised August 2002. PesticideWSU • Material OrderForm Bulletin Office - Washington State University Cooper Publications Building - P.O. Box 645912 - Pullman - WA - 99164-5912 Telephone:(509) 335-2857 or (800) 723-1763 - Fax (509) 335-3006 http://pubs.wsu.edu Catalog Agriculture 4 Pesticide Training Order must be accompanied by check,credit card Prices are subject to change without notice. information, money order, or purchase order. Purchase orders accepted on amounts of$10 or more.VISA and Discounts of 15%are given on orders of 100-249 copies MasterCard orders accepted on orders of$5 or more. of a single title or 25%on orders of 250+of a single title. Material cannot be returned unless an error is made in Make check payable to filling the order. Cooperative Extension Publications SEND INVOICE TO: SHIP TO: Organization Name Attn: Organization Address Street Address City,State,Zip City,State,Zip Phone No. Signature Name and title of person placing order Check ❑ My purchase order# ❑ VISA/MasterCard# One ❑ My check is for$ Exp. Date Name Address Signature Instructions: List the study materials that you want to order along with the appropriate price and quantity. A description of each manual and its price is located on our web site catalog http://pubs.wsu.edu under Agriculture: Pesticide Training. Be sure to add shipping and tax to your payment. Mail or fax order and payment to WSU Bulletin Office(address above). Publication No. WSU Study Material Title Price ea. Quantity Total SHIPPING&HANDLING CHARGE Publication Total Add: Publication Total $ $0.00- 3.00.......................$1.00 COOPERATIVE EXTENSION 3.01- 5.00.........................2.00 Shipping & Handling (see chart at left) $ WASHINGTON STATE 5.01- 10.00......................... .00 io.o1- 25.00.........................6.00 Publication, Ship & Handle Subtotal $ UNIVERSITY25.01- 40.00.........................7.00 u 40.01- 75.00.........................e.00 WA residents add 7.6% sales tax on Subtotal $ 75.01-100.00.........................9.00 TOTAL$ If more than$100,call 1-600-723-1763. Perspectives Pesticides and Public Health: Integrated Methods of Mosquito Management Robert I. Rose U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Washington, DC,USA Pesticides have a role in public health as part of sustainable integrated mosquito management. Other components of such management include surveillance, source reduction or prevention,biological control, repellents,traps, and pesticide-resistance management.We assess the future use of mosquito control pesticides in view of niche markets, incentives for new product development, Environmental Protection Agency registration,the Food Quality Protection Act,and improved pest management strategies for mosquito control. Vector-borne diseases (including a number epidemics, have a role in public health as part of that are mosquito-borne) are a major public sustainable integrated mosquito management health problem internationally. In the United for the prevention of vector-borne diseases. We States, dengue and malaria are frequently assess the future use of pesticides in view of brought back from tropical and subtropical existing niche markets, incentives for new countries by travelers or migrant laborers, and product development, Environment Protection autochthonous transmission of malaria and Agency (EPA) registration, the Food Quality dengue occasionally occurs. In 1998, 90 con- Protection Act (FQPA), and improved pest firmed cases of dengue and 1,611 cases of malaria management strategies for mosquito control. were reported in the USA (1) and dengue transmission has occurred in Texas (2). Other Sustainable Integrated Mosquito vector-borne diseases continue to pose a public Management and Public Health health threat. Even though the reported Mosquito control in the United States has incidence of most of these diseases is low(in 1997, evolved from reliance on insecticide application 10 cases of eastern equine encephalitis, 115 of for control of adult mosquitoes (adulticide) to LaCrosse,and 14 of St.Louis encephalitis[SLE]), integrated pest management programs that occasional epidemics, e.g., of SLE(1,967 cases in include surveillance, source reduction,larvicide, 1975 and 247 cases in 1990,mostly in Florida 131) and biological control, as well as public relations have resulted in aerial applications of insecti- and education.The major principles of integrated cides, primarily malathion. In addition, new mosquito management are available at a new vector-borne threats continue to emerge.In 1999, Public Health Pest Control Manual internet West Nile virus, an Old World flavivirus related website(5).Adulticides still play a vital role when to Saint Louis encephalitis virus, was first flooding causes extreme numbers of nuisance recorded in New York (4). The virus, which is mosquitoes or when outbreaks of diseases such transmitted by anthropophilic mosquitoes,caused as SLE occur. a serious outbreak (62 cases, 7 deaths) and Surveillance programs track diseases har- signaled the potential for similar outbreaks in bored by wild birds and sentinel chicken flocks; the Western Hemisphere. Pesticides, which vector-borne pathogens in mosquitoes; adult and traditionally have been used in response to larval mosquitoes and larval habitats (by aerial photographs,topographic maps);mosquito traps; Address for correspondence:Robert I. Rose, USDA,APHIS, biting counts; and follow-up on complaints and PPQ,Unit 147,4700 River Road,Riverdale,MD 20737,USA; reports by the public.When established mosquito fax:301-734-8669;e-mail:Bob.I.Rose@usda.gov. larval and adult threshold populations are Vol.7,No.1,January—February 2001 17 Emerging Infectious Diseases r Perspectives f exceeded, control activities are initiated. Sea- designs)have been used for monitoring mosquito sonal records are kept in concurrence with populations for years. New designs using weather data to predict seasonal mosquito larval mechanical control to capture adult mosquitoes occurrence and adult flights. have now become available. These designs use Source reduction consists of elimination of compressed carbon dioxide, burning propane, larval habitats or rendering of such habitats and octenol to attract mosquitoes and fans to unsuitable for larval development. Public control air flow.The new technology is expensive: education is an important component of source these traps may cost well over $1,000 each. reduction. Many county or state mosquito control Electric high-voltage insect traps("bug zappers") agencies have public school education programs with "black" or ultraviolet light sources do not that teach children what they and their families provide satisfactory adult mosquito control and can do to prevent mosquito proliferation. Other kill insects indiscriminately. forms of source reduction include open marsh water management, in which mosquito-produc- Pesticides ing areas on the marsh are connected by shallow Pesticides used by state or local agencies to ditches to deep water habitats to allow drainage control nuisance or public health pests have or fish access; and rotational impoundment warning labels and directions to minimize risks management, in which the marsh is minimally to human health and the environment_ These flooded during summer but is flap-gated to pesticides are applied by public health employees reintegrate impoundments to the estuary for the who are specifically trained to follow proper rest of the year. safety precautions and directions for use.State or Biological control includes use of many local mosquito control programs are funded by predators (dragonfly nymphs and other indige- taxes and subject to public scrutiny. The nous aquatic invertebrate predators such as environmental hazards precautionary state- Toxorhynchites spp,predacious mosquitoes) that ments on many mosquito insecticide labels state eat larvae and pupae;however,the most commonly that insecticides are toxic to birds, fish, wildlife, used biological control adjuncts are mosquitofish, aquatic invertebrates, and honeybees.Because of Gambusia af)`inis and G. holbrooki. Naturally the low rates of application used to control occurring Fundulus spp.and possiblyRivulus spp., mosquitoes and the special public health pest killifish,also play an important role in mosquito control training of most applicators, hazard to control in open marsh water management and nontargeted organisms is limited. However, rotational impoundment management. Like honeybees may be killed if exposed when many fish, mosquito fish are indiscriminate foraging, so proper precautions are warranted. feeders that may eat tadpoles, zooplankton, Human exposure in residential areas is also aquatic insects, and other fish eggs and fry (6). uncommon because of the very low application However, since they are easily reared,they have rates, ultra low-volume methods (ULV), treat- become the most common supplemental biologi- ment at night when people are indoors,pesticide cal control agent used in mosquito control. The applicator training, and public prenotification entomopathogenic fungus, Laginidium gigan- before application. Pesticide applicators who teum,has been registered for mosquito control by mix, load, and apply the concentrated insecti- EPA under the trade name Liginex,but products cides use personal protective equipment to avoid have not become readily available. The pathogen- exposure and closed systems to pump insecti- ic protozoon, Nosema algerae, has also not cides from storage to spray equipment. become available for technical reasons. Ento- The Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act moparasitic nematodes such as Romanomermis (FFDCA) 21 USC 9§406 is the regulation that culicivorax and R. iyengari are effective and do limits the quantity of any poisonous or not require EPA registration but are not easily deleterious substance added to food. A pesticide produced and have storage viability limitations.A residue is the pesticide or its metabolites in or on predacious copepod,Mesocyclopslongisetus,preys raw agricultural commodities or processed food on mosquito larvae and is a candidate for local and feed. A tolerance is the maximum limit of a rearing with Paramecium spp. for food. pesticide residue considered safe.Tolerances are Mosquito traps (such as the New Jersey and relevant to adult mosquito control because wind the Centers for Disease Control.and Prevention drift may carry the pesticide over agricultural Emerging Infectious Diseases 18 Vol.7,No.1,January—February 2001 Perspectives crops where residues subject to legal tolerance adult mosquitoes. Use of larvicides is less requirements may occur. Crop tolerances are controversial than use of adulticides, although listed in the Code of Federal Regulations (7). use of larvicides may lead to public concern about their effects on untargeted beneficial aquatic Larvicides arthropods and vertebrates (Table). Detection of large numbers of immature mosquitoes in areas where source reduction or Adulticides biological control is not feasible may require Effective sustainable integrated mosquito larvicide treatment to prevent the emergence of management programs strive to prevent large Table. Pesticides used for mosquito control in the United States Name Trade name Formulation Application Advantage Limitation Temephos Abate G,EC Larvae Usually lowest Nontarget cost effects,some resistance Methoprene Altosid G, B,P,LC Larvae Residual Cannot be briquets, non- certain of per- target safety formance until too late to retreat Oils BVA, Oil Larvae, pupae Acts on pupae Oil film, subsur- Golden Bear face Iarvae Monomolecular film Agnique Liquid Larvae, pupae Acts on pupae Subsurface larvae Bacillus thuringiensis Aquabac, WDG,AS, Larvae Nontarget Short window of israelensis(Bti) Bactimos, P,G,B safety, treatment LarvX, Briquets con- opportunity. Teknar, trol 30+days pupae Dunks Bacillus sphaericus VectoLex G,WDG Larvae Nontarget Pupae, only (Bs) safety works in fresh water Malathion Fyfanon, ULV, Adults Tolerances OP, some Atrapa, thermal fog resistance Prentox Naled Dibrom, ULV, EC, Adults Tolerances OP, corrosive Trumpet thermal fog Fenthion Batex ULV Adults None specified OP, Florida only,RUP, tolerances Permethrin Permanone, ULV, Adults, Low vertebrate None specified AquaR.esilin, thermal fog, clothing treat- toxicity Biomist, clothing ment for ticks Mosquito- treatment and mosquitoes Beater Resmethrin Scourge ULV, Adults Low vertebrate RUP,no thermal fog toxicity tolerance for residue on crops Sumithrin Anvil ULV, Adults Low vertebrate No tolerance thermal fog toxicity Pyrethrins Pyrenone, ULV, EC Adults,larvae Natural May be costly Pyronyl pyrethrum, tolerances AS=Aqueous Suspension;B=Briquets;EC=Emulsifiable Concentrate;G=Granules;LC=Liquid Concentrate;P=Pellets; ULV=Ultra Low Volume; WDG = Water-Dispersible Granule; OP= Organophospate insecticide; RUP= Restricted Use Product Vol.7,Na 1,January-February 2001 19 Emerging Infectious Diseases Perspectives i flights or swarms of mosquitoes through all the conditions with different mosquito species before measures described above, but heavy precipita- it can be universally- used. Thermal fogging, tion, flooding, high tides, environmental con- which was commonly used before ULV applica- straints, inaccessible larval habitats, missed tions became prevalent, continues to be used in a breeding sites,human disease outbreaks, as well few areas in the United States and is still widely as budget shortfalls, absent employees, or used in other countries. The insecticide is diluted equipment failures, may necessitate use of with petroleum oil and vaporized with heat into a adulticides (Table). Some local mosquito control dense, highly visible fog of very small uniform programs would use an integrated program if droplets, which allows tracking the plume they had adequate resources, but may be so downwind to target areas. Although this fog limited in funding and personnel that adulticiding reduces visibility, it may also penetrate trucks are the only means of mosquito vegetation better than a ULV application. Small intervention. electric or propane thermal foggers are available Effective adult mosquito control with insecti- for consumer use in retail stores at a cost of cides requires small droplets that drift through approximately $60.00. areas where mosquitoes are flying. The droplets Adult mosquitoes are easily controlled with that impinge on mosquitoes provide the contact insecticides applied at extremely low rates. For activity necessary to kill them. Large droplets example, malathion is applied at 3 fl oz per acre that settle on the ground or vegetation without (219.8 mlJha) for mosquitoes, while the rate for contacting mosquitoes waste material and may agriculture is as much as 16 fl oz per acre(1,172 cause undesirable effects on nontargeted organ- mL/ha). isms. To achieve small droplets, special aerial and ground application ULV equipment is used. Insecticide Resistance Insecticides are applied in a concentrated form or Vector resistance to certain larvicides and technical grade and at very low volumes such as 1 adulticides has occurred periodically. Failure of oz (29.6 mL) per acre. Typically, aerial mosquito control indicating resistance must be applications produce spray droplets of 30 to verified by laboratory analysis or use of test kits 50 microns measured as mass median diameter, because other factors (improper equipment with <2.5% of the droplets exceeding 100 calibration, dilution, timing and other applica- microns. Ground ULV applicators produce tion errors, off-specification products, climatic droplets of 8 to 30 microns, with none >50 factors) can prevent insecticides from providing microns mass median diameter. Large droplets satisfactory control in the field. Resistance may of malathion, naled, and fenthion in excess of 50 occur between insecticides within a class or could to 100 microns can damage automotive or similar be passed from immature to adult stages subject paint finishes. to the same insecticidal mode of action. Adulticide applications, particularly aerial Additionally, different species of mosquitoes may applications and thermal fogging, are quite inherently vary in susceptibility to different visible and contribute to public apprehension. Iarvicides and adulticides. Insecticides with Ground ULV application may be less alarming different modes of action can be alternated to than aerial application but is not effective over prevent resistance. Even though source reduc- large or inaccessible areas. Preferable air tion and use of predators such as larvivorous fish currents for ground applications are 3.2 kph to are also used for sustainable integrated mosquito 12.9 kph and not in excess of 16.1 kph.Excessive management, only two chemical classes of wind and updrafts reduce control,but light wind adulticides (organophosphates and pyrethroids) is necessary for drifting spray droplets. With with different modes of action are available. insecticide application by air using high-pressure Biological controls(including birds and bats)may pumps of 2,500 Ibs psi, special nozzles, proper be present,but often not in sufficient numbers to aerial application altitude and wind drift, provide satisfactory alternative control, particu- mosquito control is achievable for several miles larly in coastal areas where salt-marsh mosqui- downwind with minimal spray deposit below the toes are abundant or when human disease aircraft, as a result of improved atomization of outbreaks occur.Therefore,sustained integrated the insecticide. This technology is being mosquito management requires alternative use developed and needs validation under different of different classes of insecticides, in conjunction Emerging Infectious Diseases 20 Vol.7,No.1,January—February 2001 Perspectives with resistance monitoring, source reduction, Vector control uses of existing pesticides, biological control, and public education. particularly adulticides, often follow agricultural registration and commercialization as a means of Repellents expanding sales into new markets. Performance Insect repellents, primarily N,N-diethyl- data are not usually required for registration of metatoluamide (DEET), are used to prevent agricultural pesticides, but these data are nuisance bites from mosquitoes (as well as ticks, required for registration of public health biting flies, and mites) and may aid in lowering pesticides. For mosquito control, these data are disease transmission from these pests. However, often obtained under an experimental use they should not be relied upon to prevent disease permit, which requires application to EPA, transmission, particularly where Lyme disease submission or reference to a portion of the or encephalitis are endemic or malaria, yellow pesticide registration requirements according to fever, or other vector-borne diseases are CFR 40 § 158 Data Requirements for Registra- prevalent. Repellents, mosquito coils, and tion and Reporting (7,8). Testing for mosquito permethrin clothing treatment products are adulticides or larvicides is typically done by subject to EPA pesticide registration perfor- universities and mosquito control or abatement mance requirements (8). Information on safe use districts, although it may be done by companies of repellents is located at the EPA Office of or state or federal research organizations,such as Pesticide Programs website(9).Citronella and its the Department of Defense or the U.S. oil for mosquitoes and 30 other active ingredients Department of Agriculture. In addition to are exempted from EPA pesticide registration defining dose rates,formulations, environmental (10).However,some of these products may not be variables, and effects that must be accommo- efficacious. dated,testing under an experimental use permit provides a means of market introduction through Future of Public Health Pesticides user and customer experience, presentations at The past decade has seen a sharp rise in professional society meetings, and journal public apprehension concerning the use of publications. pesticides, although state and federal regula- Pesticide marketing often involves distribu- tions are well established for the assessment and tors or dealers who specialize in the market if the mitigation of their human and environmental manufacturers do not deal directly. Profit risks. Response to public concern over safety of margins that add to price are required by pesticides prompted the FQPA, which includes distribution chains. Public agencies solicit provisions to protect availability of public health competitive bids for pesticides, which squeeze pesticides. However,public health pesticides are margins further, thus affecting marketing in jeopardy for the following reasons: In the incentives. Mosquito adulticides are used at very United States, mosquito control programs are low rates of active ingredient per acre, which often for nuisance rather than disease vector limits sales volumes and margins. Some seasons control and not many insecticides are registered have few mosquitoes, so sales are low. Product for this use. None of the mosquito adulticides liability also plays an important role in reducing commonly used were developed recently; their incentives because of possible personal and class- registrations are up to 44 years old. Mosquito action lawsuits or court injunctions against control is only a niche market compared with pesticides applied over populated areas. agricultural pest control, which includes pesti- cides for use on corn, soybeans, and cotton, as The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, well as the high-profit home, garden, and and Rodenticide Act and FQPA structural pest control markets. As pesticide The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and companies have merged to form multinational Rodenticide Act 7 USC 136 and FFDCA were conglomerates, the most profitable markets are amended by the FQPA of 1996. Amendments those that drive corporate decisions.At present, pertinent to mosquito nuisance and vector it may require$50 million or more to develop and control include the following: review of a register a new pesticide with EPA. Furthermore, pesticide's registration every 15 years; expedit- several years of the patent life elapse before costs ing minor use registrations;special provisions for are recouped and profits accrue. public health pesticides; aggregate (all modes of Vol.7,No.1,January—February 2001 21 Emerging Infectious Diseases Perspectives exposure from a single pesticide) and cumulative appropriated funding in FQPA. Data to support (all pesticides with the same mode of action)risk reregistration done at public expense are not assessments; an additional safety factor of up to proprietary. Registrants need proprietary data to 10 X for children; collection of pesticide use protect their market shares from generic information; and integrated pest management. pesticide competition from overseas manufactur- Special provisions for public health pesticides ers that can use public data to support their own include the following: risks and benefits registrations; therefore, they may not consider considered separately from those of other requesting public funds to pay for new data to pesticides; exemption from fees under certain support existing registrations. However, if circumstances;. development and implementa- generic safety studies applicable to several public tion of programs to control public health pests; health pesticides are required by EPA for all Department of Health and Human Services reregistrations, the data could be generated by a (DHHS)-supported studies required for task force of registrants and county, state, and reregistration when needed; and appropriations Federal public health agencies,which would then of$12 million for the first year after enactment request public funding under the provisions of and similar funding as needed in succeeding the Act. years to carry out public health pesticide Although the development of new mosquito provisions of the Act. The Act describes a insecticides, particularly adulticides, is not consultation process between EPA and DHHS expected to accelerate in the near future, before any public health pesticide registration is integrated pest management tools and tech- suspended or canceled and allows additional time niques should improve as a result of FQPA for submission of data. The first group of funding and the need to control continued vector- pesticides under review are the organophosphate borne disease outbreaks. Integrated pest man- cholinesterase inhibitors, including temephos, agement tools have strengths and weaknesses, fenthion, naled, chlorpyrifos, and malathion. and continued availability of adulticides is Should risk assessments result in detection of critical. Therefore, implementation of the public risk of concern to the Agency, cancellation or health pesticide provisions of FQPA must include mitigations of use may follow, as exemplified by substantial comparative risk-benefit analyses of recent chlorpyrifos and diazinon use cancella- the significance of vector-borne disease impacts tions. Risk assessments may be based on data versus potential human and environmental toxic from acute and chronic toxicology and exposure effects of pesticides used to control public health studies, models that simulate exposure sce- pests, both in the USA and other countries narios, reports of adverse incidents to humans affected by EPA pesticide regulatory decisions. and wildlife, extrapolation, maximum label use Public information and legislative campaigns rate assumption, and worst-case exposure have also become necessary to preserve the scenarios. availability and use of pesticides for disease Even though the FQPA provisions were vector control as FQPA has been implemented intended by Congress to ensure that existing and with the concurrent spread of West Nile public health pesticide uses are not lost without virus. economically effective alternatives, the provi- sions may not be adequate. If FQPA results in Dr. Rose is an arthropod biotechnologistwlth the m cancellation of major agricultural uses of a Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. pesticide that is also used in public health,it may become no longer profitable for the manufacturer to produce small quantities for mosquito control, References thus ending production of the pesticide. Since 1. Centers for Disease Controland Prevention.Summary adulticides used for mosquito control were of notifiable diseases, United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999:47:1-93.Available from: registered decades ago,the data supporting their URL: http.edc.gov/mmwr//preview/mmwrhtml/ registrations may be insufficient to meet current mm4753alhtrn requirements. The substantial cost involved in 2. Rawlings JA,Hendricks KA,Burgess CR,Campman updating the data required for reregistration will RM, Clark GG, Tabony LJ, Patterson MA. Dengue have to be paid by pesticide registrants or the surveillance in Texas, 1995. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;59:95-9. Federal government though the authorized and Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 Vol.7,No.1,January—February 2001 Perspectives 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Confirmed 8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Product arboviral encephalitis cases reported to CDC by state PerformanceTest Guidelines,OPPTS 810.3700,Insect health departments,by type and state,United States Repellents for Human Skin and Outdoor Premises. 1964-1997.Available from:URL:http://www.cdc.gov/ Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999. ncidod/dvbid/arbor/arbocase.htm Available from: URL: http://www.epa.gov/ 4. Rappole JH, Derrickson SR, Hubalek Z_ Migratory OPPTS_Harmonized birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western 9. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Using insect Hemisphere.Emerg Infect Dis 2000;6:319-28. repellents safely. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. 5. University of Florida Entomology and Nematology Available from: URL: httpJ/www.epa.gov/pesticides/ Department.Public health pest control manual, the citizens/insectrp.htm national USA manual and related information. 10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Notice to Available from: URL: httpJ/www.ifas.ufl.edu/-pest/ Manufacturers, Formulators, Producers and Regis- vector trants of Pesticide Products on Minimum Risk 6. Courtenay WR, Meffe, GK. Small fishes in strange Pesticides Exempted under FIFRA Section 25(b) places;a review of introduced poeciliids.In:Meffe GK, Pesticide Registration (PR). Notice 2000-6, 2000. Snelson EF, editors. Ecology and evolution of live- Labeling Unit,Registration Division(7505C).Wash- bearingfishes(Poeciliidae).New Jersey:Prentice Hall; ington: Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA; 2000. 1989.p.319-31. Available from: URL: httpY/www.epa.gov/opppmsdl/ 7. Protection of the Environment,40 C.F.R.Parts 150 to PR_Notices/#2000 180,July 2000 revision.Available from: URL:httpl/ www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/efr-table-searcILbtm] Vol.7,No_1,January-February 2001 23 Emerging Infectious Diseases Potential West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors in Washington The following mosquitoes, present in Washington, are species from which West Nile virus has been isolated and/or West Nile viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) detected in parts of the country where West Nile virus is present. Isolation of West Nile virus or detection of West Nile viral RNA in a mosquito species does not necessarily incriminate that species as a competent vector of the disease. It is only an indication that the species has come into contact with the West Nile transmission cycle. Vector species in Washington will only be determined after the virus is present in the state. Culex pipiens: Commonly called the northern house mosquito,this species is widespread in Washington and readily enters homes. Although they occur in rural environments, they reach their greatest numbers in urban and suburban areas. They breed in catch basins stormwater ponds,clean and polluted ground pools, ditches, animal waste lagoons, log ponds and other waters rich in organic matter. This species also deposits eggs in artificial containers such as tin cans,tires, birdbaths, etc. Larvae may be present from spring through fall. Culex pipiens readily utilizes birds as bloodmeal hosts and will feed on mammals, including humans and dogs. The wide distribution of this species, especially in highly populated areas, makes it a species of concern for West Nile virus. 'i�- (.pu iS t1A 6 epkov.'},'> Culex tarsalis: Probably the most widespread species in Washington, found in nearly all counties. The larvae develop in many types of permanent and semi-permanent waters such as log ponds, stormwater ponds, ditches and marshes in either clean or polluted water. Larvae may also be found in artificial containers such as tires, tin cans and ornamental ponds. This species prefers to feed on domestic and wild birds but will bite man, livestock and other animals. It has a flight range of several miles. Primarily an evening_.biier,this species is the most important vector of western equine encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis. Aedes vexans: One of the most common floodwater mosquitoes, this species is found in large numbers in irrigated and floodwater areas. Eggs are laid in mud and hatch when flooded in the spring or early summer. Several hatches may occur each season if water levels recede and rise, however, the eggs will remain viable for several years if flooding does not occur. This species may be present in large numbers along the Columbia and other rivers and has a flight range over 20 miles. They are vicious biters and will feed during the day but more commonly bite at dusk. Aedes cinereus: This mosquito can be found in a wide range of larval habitats but is most frequently found in woodland and open meadow pools and cattail swamps. In some mountain areas it is the predominant species. It does not travel far from its larval habitat. This species will bite any time during the day, and is known as an ankle biter because it focuses on the lower extremities. Anopheles punctipennis: The larvae of this species are usually found in pools of fresh water containing vegetation that are around for several weeks such as natural ponds or log ponds. They may also be found in grassy pools along creeks and rivers and in artificial containers and other environments associated with Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens. They are aggressive day and /� ( dusk biters and feed on large mammals, including cows and horses, as well as humans. They do not fly far from their breeding sites. Coquillettidia perturbans: This species breeds in marshes, ponds and lakes that have a thick growth of aquatic vegetation. Larvae attach to the stalks of vegetation and do not need to rise to the surface to breathe, making control difficult. They have been found in stormwater on nds containing cattails or other aquatic vegetation. They are fierc iters, active primarily in the evening, but will bite during the day. Ochlerotatus japonicus: A recently discovered species only documented to be in King County. by-1 Larvae are found primarily in artificial containers, depressions filled with water, tires,birdbaths, etc. This species is a daytime biter making avoidance difficult. The distribution of this species will be better understood as more surveillance is undertaken. Habitat reduction by eliminating standing water and water in containers_is important in controlling the population of this species. Ochlerotatus canadensis: Found in woodland pools filled by melting snow or rain, this species is one of the first to emerge in spring. It can be a serious pest in shaded areas near its breeding site and the adults live for several months. It feeds on a broad range of animals including large and small mammals,birds and reptiles. Culiseta inornata: This species breeds in woodland pools primarily but can also be found in any stagnant water including artificial containers. It can be found at elevations up to 6000 feet in very cold water. It is a serious pest of livestock due to its long breeding season and wide distribution in irrigated areas. Often found associated with Anopheles freeborni and Culex tarsalis. s An Initial Assessment of Vector Production in Structural Best Management Practices in Southern California CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE SECTION Gray Davis Governor State of California June 2001 OF 'yF\ 9U ga. �_-�•`" DEPARTMENT � OF CAL FC RN.��� HEALTH SERVICES Grantland Johnson, Secretary Diana M. Bonta, R.N., Dr.P.H., Director California Health and Human Services Agency Department of Health Services Table of Contents Summary......................................................................................................2 Introduction....................................................................................................4 Purpose and Objectives...................................................................................6 Overview of Vector Issues................................................................................................9 Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains (MCTT)........................................................14 Continuous Deflective Separators (CDS)............................................................16 WetBasin.............................................................................................................18 Extended Detention Basins (EDB).......................................................................21 MediaFilters........................................................................................................24 Drain Inlet Inserts (DII).........................................................................................30 Oil/Water Separator.............................................................................................31 Infiltration Basins and Trenches...........................................................................33 Biofiltration Swales and Strips.............................................................................36 Conclusion......................................................................................................................39 1 1 Summary In 1998, the California Department of Health Services, Vector-Borne Disease Section (VBDS) entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) to provide technical expertise regarding vector production and vector-borne diseases related to its stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP) Retrofit Pilot Study. The purpose of the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study was to evaluate the water quality benefits and cost effectiveness of various structural designs retrofitted into existing locations including freeways, interchanges, park and rides, and maintenance stations. A negative consequence of these efforts might include impacts on the operations of vector control agencies and potentially affect public health by increasing habitat availability for aquatic stages of disease vectors, and by creating harborage, food, and moisture for reservoir and nuisance species. It was the intent of the Caltrans /VBDS MOU to protect public health by documenting and, where possible, mitigating vector production and harborage at the BMP study sites. The agreement required VBDS to establish a comprehensive vector surveillance and monitoring study, develop vector abatement protocols, and recommend appropriate engineering modifications to Caltrans BMPs that would reduce the potential of these structures to produce or harbor vectors. In addition to reviewing BMP designs and monitoring operations and maintenance efforts, the role of VBDS was to conduct focused studies to identify which designs were least conducive to vector production. In collaboration with four local mosquito and vector control agencies, VBDS monitored 37 structural BMPs at 31 sites in San Diego and Los Angeles Counties for mosquito abundance, vegetative cover, aquatic predators, physical and chemical properties of water, and evidence of rodent and other vector populations. This information was used to determine which factors within BMPs are most conducive to vector production and which species utilize these structures. Since mosquitoes are the most abundant and versatile vectors associated with aquatic habitats, this study emphasized mosquito production within BMP structures. 2 Eight mosquito species were collected from Caltrans BMP structures during this two-year study, four of which are known vectors of human disease. Of the nine different BMP technologies implemented by Caltrans, those that maintained permanent sources of standing water (i.e. Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains (MCTT), Continuous Deflective Separators (CDS), and the wet basin) provided excellent habitat for immature mosquitoes, and frequently supported large populations relative to other structural designs. In contrast, BMPs designed to drain rapidly (i.e. biofiltration swales and strips, sand media filters, infiltration basins and trenches, drain inlet inserts, extended detention basins and the oil/water separator) provided less suitable habitats for vectors. This report provides an initial assessment of the potential public health risks involved with the construction of structures such as the Caltrans BMPs and addresses some problems that encourage vector production within these structures from data collected between early May 1999 and the end of April 2001. 3 Introduction The importance of managing stormwater runoff is well known among transportation and stormwater management agencies and municipalities across the country. Federal and state laws regulating stormwater runoff have several purposes such as flood control, erosion control, improvement of water quality, and re-charge of underground aquifers. In recent years, stormwater management strategies have fallen under increasingly stringent regulations requiring the implementation of what have been termed Best Management Practices (BMPs). Best Management Practices for stormwater management may include modifying activity schedules, prohibitions or modifications of practices, maintenance procedures, etc. Best Management Practices may also involve the use of structures such as retention and detention ponds, swales, ditches, channels, vaults, infiltration basins, filtration systems and others. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is the agency responsible for managing California's state highway system. Its Storm Water Program has two primary goals: to comply with requirements of the federal Clean Water Act and resulting National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and other state requirements, and to provide the most cost-effective solutions for mitigating the harmful effects of stormwater runoff. In 1997, Caltrans began an extensive program plan to retrofit 33 selected facilities with 39 structural BMPs for water quality in Los Angeles County (Caltrans District 7) and San Diego County (Caltrans District 11). These BMPs include biofiltration strips and swales, various filtration technologies, extended detention basins, infiltration basins and trenches, continuous deflective separators, an oil/water separator, drain inlet inserts and a wet basin. Construction began in September 1998 and was almost entirely completed during the following six months. There are currently 37 operational BMPs (2 remain to be constructed in Caltrans District 7) that are being monitored (Table 1). These include 24 in Caltrans District 7 at 19 sites (Table 2), and 13 in Caltrans District 11 at 12 sites (Table 3). In 1998, the California Department of Health Services, Vector-Borne Disease Section (VBDS) entered into a Memorandum of 4 Understanding (MOU) with Caltrans to provide technical expertise regarding vector' production and the potential of vector-borne diseases within its stormwater BMP Retrofit Pilot Study. The purpose of the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study was to evaluate the water quality benefits and cost effectiveness of various structural designs retrofitted into existing locations including freeways, interchanges, park and ride facilities, and maintenance stations. Potential negative consequences of this effort may include direct impacts on the operations of vector control agencies and public health by increasing habitat availability for aquatic stages of disease vectors, and by creating harborage, food, and moisture for reservoir and nuisance species. It was the intent of the Caltrans /VBDS MOU to protect public health by documenting and, where possible, mitigating vector production and harborage at the BMP study sites. The agreement required VBDS to establish a comprehensive vector surveillance and monitoring study, develop vector abatement protocols, and recommend appropriate engineering modifications to Caltrans BMPs that would reduce the potential of these structures to produce or harbor vectors. In addition to reviewing BMP design criteria and monitoring maintenance and operations, the role of VBDS was to conduct studies to identify which of these designs are least conducive to vector production. In accordance with the MOU, VBDS staff established comprehensive vector surveillance and monitoring plans for the 37 operational BMP devices. The plans outlined various activities to be conducted in collaboration with Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District (GLACVCD), San Gabriel Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District (SGVMVCD), Los Angeles County West Vector Control District (LACWVCD), and San Diego County Vector Surveillance and Control (SDCVSC) in their respective jurisdictions. The primary tasks of the local vector control agencies were weekly monitoring of all BMP Pilot Project study sites for immature stages of mosquitoes, midges, and sand flies in their area. At the same time, VBDS staff maintained an overall independent surveillance schedule to monitor vegetative cover, ' California Health & Safety Code, Section 2200. "Vector" means any animal capable of transmitting the causative agent of human disease or capable of producing human discomfort or injury, including, but not limited to, mosquitoes, flies, other insects, ticks, mites, and rodents. 5 predators of mosquito immatures, certain physical and chemical properties of water, and evidence of rodent and other vector populations. In addition, a single vector abatement regimen was prepared by VBDS and implemented by the collaborating vector control agencies. After evaluation of various mosquito larvicides, a liquid formulation of the Insect Growth Regulator methoprene (Altosid EC": a juvenile hormone mimic that inhibits successful emergence of adult mosquitoes and a variety of midges) was recommended because of its short residual activity, extremely low environmental toxicity, and negligible effects on larval population dynamics. The local vector control agencies implemented this mosquito abatement procedure as needed. Purpose and Objectives The primary purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of vectors associated with different structural BMPs implemented by Caltrans as part of their BMP Retrofit Pilot Study. Two years of larval mosquito data obtained through weekly monitoring beginning in early May 1999 and running through April 2001 are summarized. The data were used to identify vector sources within BMP types or within individual designs and were used to evaluate the success of efforts to mitigate these problem areas. This study provides an initial assessment of the potential public health risks involved with the construction of structures such as the Caltrans BMPs and addresses several factors that encouraged vector production within these structures. 6 Table 1. Structural Best Management Practice (BMP)technologies used in the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study designed for treating non-point source pollution in stormwater runoff. Water Quality BMP Technology-Type Site Name Site Number Wet Basin 1-5/La Costa Ave.(east) 111104 Extended Detention Basins(EDB) 1-5/1-605 74101 1-605/SR 91 interchange 74102 1-5/SR 56 111101 1-1 5/SR 78 111102 1-5/Manchester Ave.(east) 111105 Drain Inlet Inserts(DII)-(Two per site) Foothill Maintenance Station 73216 Rosemead Maintenance Station 73218 Las Flores Maintenance Station 73217 Infiltration Basins and Trenches Altadena Maintenance Station' 73211a,b Carlsbad Maintenance Station(east)' 112207a,b 1-605/SR 91' 73101 1-5/La Costa Ave.(west)b 111103 OilfWater Separators Alameda Maintenance Station 74201 Media Filters Eastern Regional Maintenance Station` 74202 Foothill Maintenance Station' 74203 Termination Park and Ride` 74204 SR 78/1-5 Park and Ride` 112204 La Costa Park and Ride` 112203 Escondido Maintenance Station' 112202 Kearny Mesa Maintenance Station' 112201 Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains(MCTT) Via Verde Park and Ride 74206 Lakewood Park and Ride 74208 Continuous Deflective Separators(CDS) 1-210 east of Orcas Ave. 73102 1-210 east of Filmore Ave. 73103 Biofiltration Swales and Strips 1-5/Palomar Airport Rd.' 112206 SR 78/Melrose Dr.' 112205 1-605 Del Arno Ave.' 73225 1-5/1-605' 73224 Cerritos Maintenance Station' 73223 1-605/SR 91' 73222a,b 1-605/SR 91' 73222a,b Altadena Maintenance Station' 73211a,b Carlsbad Maintenance Station(west)' 112207a,b Infiltration Trench; Infiltration Basin; Austin-Type Media Filter; Delaware-Type Media Filter; Canister-Type Media Filter; Biofiltration Swales; 'Biofiltration Strips 7 Table 2. BMP structures constructed in Los Angeles County, Caltrans District 7, for the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study. Water Quality BMP Technology-Type Site Name Site Number Extended Detention Basins(EDB) 1-5/1-605 74101 1-605/SR 91 interchange 74102 Drain Inlet Inserts(DII) Foothill Maintenance Station 73216 Rosemead Maintenance Station 73218 Las Flores Maintenance Station 73217 Infiltration Basins and Trenches Altadena Maintenance Station 73211 a,b 1-605/SR 91b 73101 OillWater Separators Alameda Maintenance Station 74201 Media Filters Eastern Regional Maintenance Station` 74202 Foothill Maintenance Station` 74203 Termination Park and Ride` 74204 Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains(MCTT) Via Verde Park and Ride 74206 Lakewood Park and Ride 74208 Continuous Deflective Separators(CDs) 1-210 east of Orcas Ave. 73102 1-210 east of Filmore Ave. 73103 Biofiltration Swales and Strips 1-605 Del Arno Ave.' 73225 1-5/1-605° 73224 Cerritos Maintenance Station 73223 1-605/SR 91° 73222a,b 1-605/SR 91' 73222a,b Altadena Maintenance Station' 73211a,b Infiltration Trench; Dinfiltration Basin; Austin-Type Media Filter; Biofiltration Swales; Biofiltration Strips Table 3. BMP structures constructed in San Diego County, Caltrans District 11, for the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study. Water Quality BMP Technology-Type Site Name Site Number Wet Basin I-5/La Costa Ave.(east) 111104 Extended Detention Basins(EDB) 1-5/SR 56 111101 1-1 5/SR 78 111102 1-5 Manchester Ave.(east) 111105 Infiltration Basins and Trenches Carlsbad Maintenance Station(east)a 112207a,b 1-5/La Costa Ave.(west)' 111103 Media Filters SR 78/1-5 Park and Ride` 112204 La Costa Park and Ride` 112203 Escondido Maintenance Station' 112202 Kearny Mesa Maintenance Station 112201 Biofiltration Swales and Strips 1-5/Palomar Airport Rd.f 112206 SR 78/Melrose Dr.' 112205 Carlsbad Maintenance Station(west)9 112207a,b Infiltration Trench; Infiltration Basin; Austin-Type Media Filter; Delaware-Type Media Filter; Canister-Type Media Filter; Biofiltration Swales; "Biofiltration Strips Overview of Vector Issues Structural BMP technologies used in the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study can be divided into 9 categories based on their intended operation (Table 1). Each category provided unique challenges in preventing vector production. Structures such as the Caltrans BMPs have the potential to create suitable habitat for a variety of organisms including those classified as vectors. Mosquitoes in particular are highly opportunistic insect vectors that will colonize any source of standing water provided that there is some organic content from which larvae can derive sustenance. This is supported by the fact that all nine BMP categories were found to harbor mosquito larvae at some point during the two-year study. Of the nine different BMP technologies implemented by Caltrans, those that maintained permanent sources of standing water (i.e. Multi-Chambered Treatment 9 Trains (MCTT), Continuous Deflective Separators (CDS), and the wet basin) provided excellent habitat for immature mosquitoes, and frequently supported large populations relative to other structural designs. In contrast, BMPs designed to drain rapidly (i.e. biofiltration swales and strips, sand media filters, infiltration basins and trenches, drain inlet inserts, extended detention basins and the oil/water separator) provided less suitable habitats for vectors. Eight different species of larval mosquitoes, in four different genera, were collected during the course of this study and identified by VBDS and the four collaborating vector control districts (Table 4). The genus Culex was represented by three species (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis, and Cx. stigmatosoma), the genus Culiseta by two species (Cs. incidens and Cs. inomata), the genus Anopheles by two species (An. hermsi and An. franciscanus), and the genus Ochlerotatus (formerly Aedes) by a single species (Oc. squamiger). Four of these mosquito species are involved with disease cycles that can be transmitted to humans. Culex mosquitoes are commonly vectors of viruses. For example, Cx. pipiens, a very close relative of Cx. quinquefasciatus, is considered to be the primary vector of West Nile Virus in the eastern United States. In California, Cx. tarsalis is the primary vector of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus plays a secondary role in the transmission of SLE, particularly in urban areas. Cx. stigmatosoma is a competent vector of both SLE and WEE to wild animals, thus maintaining the disease in nature through the enzootic cycle. In contrast, Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vectors of malaria parasites throughout the world. An. hermsi has been associated with sporadic outbreaks of malaria in southern California and was responsible for an outbreak in San Diego in the mid 1980's. 10 Table 4. Species of mosquito larvae collected and identified from BMP structures used in the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study. Genus species Culex (pipiens) quinquefasciatusa tarsaliSa stigmatosomaa Culiseta incidens inornata° Anopheles hermsi b,c franciscanus c Ochlerotatus squamiger' ector of encephalitis viruses including St. Louis encephalitis(SLE)and western equine encephalomyelitis(WEE). °Vector of human malaria parasites. °Only collected in San Diego County,Caltrans District 11. Sites were monitored for immature mosquitoes on a weekly basis by local vector control agencies, and weekly or bi-weekly (depending on season) by VBDS. The larval mosquito collection data presented in this study as "immature mosquitoes per dip" is in reference to the standardized collection technique, which can be used as an indicator of habitat suitability and larval density. To obtain a dip sample, a one-pint cup attached to a long stick is used to collect a standard volume of source water that may or may not contain immature mosquitoes. If immature mosquitoes are discovered in the sample, they can be 1) identified to species, 2) examined for developmental stages, and 3) counted. Depending on the habitat or mosquito species present, alternative and more specialized means of collecting mosquitoes may be more appropriate. Data shown in bar graphs is presented in two ways: 1) percent of the total number of weekly visits positive for immature mosquitoes versus BMP type or individual structure and 2) the mean monthly number of larval mosquitoes collected per dip from individual sites. The percent of weekly site visits positive for mosquito larvae compared to the total number of visits indicated the frequency of mosquito breeding in particular sites and/or BMP types, and often reflected how often standing water was present in these structures. For example, MCTT settling basins held permanent pools of water and not surprisingly contained larval mosquitoes most often. The mean monthly 11 number of larval mosquitoes collected per dip from individual sites was a useful indicator of larval mosquito density, seasonal use, and the success of "vector proofing" attempts on habitat availability / suitability. An overall summary of immature mosquitoes detected from different BMP technology types is presented in Figure 1 and site-specific information is provided in Table 5. Figure 1. Weekly sector monitoring of BMP technology types in Caltrans District 7 and 11 through April 2001. 100 y 90 80 N E 70 ry 00 60lbo A a CT 50 e� 4030 o c 20 a Rt u 10 .. MCTT CDS WB 1 EDB OWS MF ff/IB BS DII 12 Table 5.Weekly monitoring of structural BMPs used in the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study for immature mosquitoes. Monitoring Weekly Mosquito Monitoring BMP Type Site Name WQ Site# Period Total Visits +Visits % Pos. Wet Basin I-5/La Costa Ave. 111104 6/15/99-4/30/01 100 29 29.0% Extended Detention 1-5/1-605 74101 6/2/99-4/24/01 103 21 20.4% Basins(EDB) 1-605/SR 91 74102 6/2/99-4/24/01 103 0 0.0% 1-5/SR 56 111101 5/5/99-4/30/01 103 50 48.5% 1-1 5/SR 78 111102 5/5/99-4/30/01 93 0 0.0% 1-5/Manchester Ave. 111105 5/5/99-4/30/01 99 0 0.0% Drain Inlet Inserts(DII) Foothill MS 73216 5/7/99-4/26/01 184 0 0.0% (Two per site) Rosemead MS 73218 5/7/99-4/26/01 198 8 4.0% Las Flores MS 73217 12/8/99-4/24/01 142 0 0.0% Infiltration Basins and Altadena MS' 73211 a,b 6/1/99-4/24101 103 0 0.0% Trenches Carlsbad MS' 112207a,b 5/5/99-4/30/01 98 0 0.0% 1-605/SR 91' 73101 6/2/99-4/24/01 101 0 0.0% I-5/La Costa Ave.' 111103 5/5/99-4/30/01 101 28 27.7% Oil/Water Separators Alameda MS 74201 6/1/99-4/24/01 101 5 5.0% Media Filters Eastern Regional MS` 74202 6/1/99-4/24/01 103 7 6.8% Foothill MS` 74203 5/7/99-4/26/01 92 3 3.3% Termination P&R` 74204 5/20/99-4/24/01 106 14 13.2% SR 78/1-5 P&R` 112204 5/5/99-4/30/01 103 24 23.3% La Costa P&R` 112203 5/5/99-4/30/01 103 29 28.2% Escondido MS° 112202 5/5/99-4/30/01 102 6 5.9% Kearny Mesa MS' 112201 5/5/99-4/30/01 104 18 17.3% Multi-Chambered Via Verde P&R 74206 517/99-4/26/01 98 28 28.6% Treatment Trains(MCTT) Lakewood P&R 74208 5/20199-4124/01 102 64 62.7% Continuous Deflective 1-210(Orcas Ave.) 73102 3/16/00-4/24/01 59 22 37.3 Separators(CDs) 1-210(Filmore Ave) 73103 3/16/00-4/24/01 57 7 12.3% Biofiltration Swales and 1-5/Palomar Airport 112206 5/5/99-4/30/01 97 0 0.0% Strips SR 78/Melrose Dr.r 112205 5/5/99-4/30/01 96 0 0.0% 1-605/Del Amo Ave! 73225 6/2/99-4/24/01 101 4 4.0% 1-5/1-605f 73224 6/2/99-4/24/01 102 15 14.7% Cerritos MSf 73223 6/2/99-4/24/01 102 3 2.9% 1-605/SR 91r 73222a,b 6/2/99-4/24/01 102 4 3.9% 1-605/SR 919 73222a,b 6/2/99-4/24/01 102 0 0.0% Altadena MS9 73211a,b 6/1/99-4/24/01 103 10 9.7% Carlsbad MS9 112207a,b 5/5/99-4/30/01 98 0 0.0% Infiltration Trench; DInfiltration Basin; Austin-Type Media Filter; Delaware-Type Media Filter; Canister-Type Media Filter; Biofiltration Swales; 9Biofiltration Strips 13 Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains (MCTT) The Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains (MCTT), more than any other BMP design in the Caltrans BMP Retrofit Pilot Study, supported the greatest number of mosquitoes over the longest period of time. The data presented in Figure 2 demonstrates that the current MCTT design and operation supports dense populations of mosquitoes year-round in the southern California climate. These complex BMPs have several components that created optimal habitats for mosquito larvae. The primary factor was the standing water that remained within the settling basin and the settling basin pump-sump. The water in the settling basin was necessary for the unit to function properly during a storm event. However, during dry periods, this water, rich in organic debris, stagnated and became very attractive to egg laying mosquitoes. In addition, the plastic settling tubes that covered the bottom of the settling chamber created hundreds of sheltered microhabitats that increased the suitability of this environment to the larval mosquitoes. During much of 1999, water remained below the top of the settling tubes creating difficulty in obtaining representative vector samples. A request was made to maintain water in these units at a level several inches above the settling tubes in order for vector control personnel to accurately monitor the water for vectors and abate them when necessary. In early 2000, this was agreed upon. However, an unidentified leak in the settling basin at the Via Verde Park and Ride site frequently caused the water level to drop below the settling tubes. As a result, many samples from this site were taken from the settling basin pump sump only. Repairs to the settling basin were done in early 2001. The MCTT structures had two additional sources of permanent standing water, one in the catch basin that fed incoming stormwater into the settling basin and the other in the pump sump of the sand media chamber. The catch basin was suspected of being a suitable habitat for mosquitoes. This water was located in a deep concrete vault, below a fiberglass grate that was covered by large bags of plastic aeration balls. The water was impossible to access for sampling during the first year and a half of operation by vector control personnel. In October 2000, the aeration bags were removed from the catch basin and hinges were added to the grate to allow for weekly vector monitoring. 14 No mosquito larvae were detected in the catch basins following the modification (It remains to be seen if vectors will utilize this source of water during the upcoming warm months of summer and fall). The sand media chamber pump sumps were covered with a fine-mesh mosquito net in September 1999 shortly after mosquito larvae were detected at the Lakewood Park and Ride site. These screens were found to be torn on several occasions and were replaced. Species of mosquito detected from MCTTs included Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. stigmatosoma, Cx. tarsalis, and Cs. incidens. Of 98 visits by SGVMVCD to the Via Verde Park and Ride site between May 7, 1999 and April 26, 2001, larvae were detected on 28 (29%) occasions and of 102 visits by GLACVCD to the Lakewood Park and Ride site between May 20, 1999 and April 24, 2001 , larvae were detected on 64 (63%) occasions (Figures 2 and 5). Together, these two sites were positive for mosquito larvae on 46% of the visits by vector control personnel (Figure 1). Because of the frequency and density of mosquito breeding in the MCTT settling basins, VBDS and GLACVCD recommended that Caltrans cover and seal the basins. After some background research, positive-seal aluminum covers commonly used in wastewater treatment facilities were recommended in an attempt to prevent vector production. In late February 2001, MCTT settling basins were drained and covered (It remains to be seen whether the covers effectively exclude vectors when water is again present in the settling basin, especially during the upcoming warm months of summer and fall). 15 Figure 2. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains (MCTT) in Caltrans District 7. so fl Lake1 ,Yt (fRleitl8 F&R E 11g$ 1154MIA V y y \ a 40 La IN 23 d 30 s4_ z, R Z o a 20ON '101 E .. � rs tnstallet! � . I'll,i5l 0 ' ,r v, f,,, V"J'a y m a�i � o a) m @ n m a�i �' o (1) Q c� Z 0 LL Q Q O Z o U_ Q 1999* 2000 2001 *The water level in the settling basins was frequently below the top of the settling tubes during much of 1999, making vector monitoring difficult. **Settling basins pumped dry in August 2000. Continuous Deflective Separators (CDS) The CDS units were installed in March 2000. They rapidly established themselves as excellent breeding sources for mosquitoes since standing water was retained in the cylindrical vortex sump. These units, like the MCTT units discussed previously, required standing water in the sump in order to function properly during a storm event. The result of this was a source of water rich in organic debris and excellent for the development of mosquito larvae. In addition, the influent / effluent weir box contained a depression several centimeters deep that provided additional usable habitat for vectors. Although the CDS sumps and weir boxes were covered, there were numerous means by which egg-laying female mosquitoes could access the sump 16 including gaps between the lid and the sump, holes in the side of the sump (— 3/4 inch diameter, used to support hoist-chain for the debris net bag), and the main influent and effluent pipes leading into and out of the CDS sump. The East of Orcas Ave. CDS site produced the highest number of larvae in a dip sample of all the BMPs in the study. The average number of larvae per dip in June 2000 was 224 (Figure 3), but 1,680 larvae were collected from 4 dips (420 larvae per dip) during one weekly visit in the same month. Species of mosquito detected from CDS structures were almost exclusively Cx. quinquefasciatus, with a few Cx. tarsalis collected from the East of Orcas Ave. site in May 2000. Of 59 visits by GLACVCD to the East of Orcas Ave. site between March 16, 2000 and April 24, 2001, larvae were detected on 22 (37%) occasions and of 57 visits to the East of Filmore St. site between March 16, 2000 and April 24, 2001, larvae were detected on 7 (12%) occasions (Figures 3 and 5). Together, these two sites were positive for mosquito larvae on 25% of the visits by vector control personnel (Figure 1). In response to the intense mosquito breeding at the CDS sites, Caltrans grouted the weir box depressions in early August 2000. Since then, only small puddles of standing water were occasionally detected on the floor of the weir box, and no mosquitoes were detected utilizing this source. In November 2000, foam was added to the sump and weir box covers, the holes in the side of the sump were caulked, and a "mosquito proof' bag was placed around the CDS effluent pipe. The number of mosquito larvae decreased over the remaining weeks in November and into December. No larvae were detected in the CDS sump after December 20, 2000. In February and March, 2001, Caltrans experimented with different designs of the effluent pipe mosquito-proof bag. The influent pipe leading into the CDS unit remained unchanged and left a potential access point to vectors. It remains to be seen if the modifications effectively exclude vectors from the sump water, especially during the upcoming warm months of summer and fall. 17 Figure 3. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from individual Continuous Deflective Separators in Caltrans District 7. goo 224 ` `213 sf C7 1NCStt ?31t1 ast of i=tlmore d ° 80 k.. N O 3 E a 60 E ° Sumpsf m Pumped camps R; EF "Mosquito Proof' Full Ftrsats 20 i:. Pry . w -1 , n u Q Q (n O Z 0 Q 2000 2001 Wet Basin Wet basins are designed to treat incoming runoff water by acting as a biological filter and sedimentation basin. However, permanent pools of water quickly become very complex biological systems of plants and animals, which in turn create mosquito habitats that may become severe under certain conditions. The best conditions for mosquito survival and development in southern California's permanent pools occur when annual aquatic plants (e.g. cattails) perish, fall, and clog shoreline habitats. Mosquito larval predators such as the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, become excluded by dense vegetation in these habitats. In addition, the decaying vegetation creates a rich organic media perfect for the nutrition of mosquito larvae. Similarly, suitable habitats for mosquito larvae are created when live plants become dense and create pockets of water that are inaccessible to predators. 18 During its first year of operation, the wet basin experienced dramatic changes typical of permanent pools of water in southern California. Mosquitofish were introduced into the pond soon after it was completed (June 17 and 18, 1999) by SDCVSC in an attempt to control immature mosquitoes that were already present only a few weeks after its completion. Invasive cattail plants grew rapidly and covered over 50% of the original surface area of the pool within approximately 6 months, and effectively out-competed all other emergent vegetation by spring of 2000. By May 2000, the cattail plants averaged over 2 meters in height and extended 2 meters or more in width from the shoreline. In June 2000, cattails were beginning to fall and formed a dense thatch on the water surface. Cattails were mechanically removed by maintenance crews in August 2000 to allow for continued vector monitoring and to prevent the entire pond from becoming clogged with vegetation. Within 3 months, the cattails re-colonized most of the original area. A vegetation management schedule for this site has yet to be established. Four species of mosquito were collected from this site. Three of these, Cx. tarsalis, An. hermsi, and An. franciscanus, are typical species associated with permanent ponds. A fourth species, Cs. incidens, was found on only one occasion. Despite the presence of large numbers of mosquitofish in the pond, mosquito larvae were found in small, isolated shoreline pockets of water among fallen cattails, accumulations of vegetation and plant debris, and/or algal mats. Out of 100 site visits by SDCVSC between June 15, 1999 and April 30, 2001, mosquito larvae were detected on 29 (29%) occasions (Figure 5). In general, the number of larvae collected per dip was small compared to other Caltrans BMPs included in this study (Figure 4), but these findings were significant given the large surface area of the BMP (approx. 1,371 m2) and the difficulty in obtaining dip samples among the dense shoreline vegetation. 19 Figure 4. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from La Costa Ave. (east) Wet Basin in Caltrans District 11 (WQ Site No. 111104). z 16 , o i s � E m 127*1 _. E E 0 m 0.8 Pond Mechanical Perimeter E stocked with Perimeterdon removal vegetation vegetatio mosquitofish very den of perimeter very dense d „ vegetation E 0.4 ,•,� L 0 W41 iq ° Z ii Q Q U) ° Z o ri Q 1999 2000 2001 Figure 5. Weekly vector monitoring of individual Multi-Chambered Treatment Trains, Continuous Deflector separators, and the Wet Basin through April 2001. 100 90f' iu 80 Lakewood P&t2 E xWQ Site#74208 y 70 ,"102 o u) 60 ;iist 6f Ckcas Ave o 50 Via Verde P&R 1T�(3 Site 731 1 t a Costa Ave ° Stte#742t16 � �{ ; WQ Site#111104 � ' 40 29/100 T East of Filmore � VV ite#73103 W i a) 20 7Ib7 OR 10 - Al 0 s MCTT MCTT CDS CDS WB 20 Extended Detention Basins (EDB) The five EDBs are all unique in size, shape, and overall design, thus rendering different habitats potentially suitable for immature mosquitoes. In general, EDBs drained at prescribed rates; therefore, pools of standing water did not remain for more than a few days. The two EDB sites in Caltrans District 11 (1-15 & SR 78 interchange and I-5 & Manchester Ave.) retained only minor amounts of shallow standing water following storm events, generally on and around the influent and effluent concrete pads. However, VBDS noted potential areas for standing water: 1) in the large rock "rip rap" depressions on either side of the influent pipe at the 1-15 & SR 78 site, and 2) on the influent concrete pad of the 1-5 & Manchester Ave. site where a debris and vegetation barrier was beginning to form in 2001. Of 192 total visits to both sites by SDCVSC between May 5, 1999 and April 30, 2001 , no vectors were detected (Figure 8). The 1-605 & SR 91 EDB site in Caltrans District 7 retained a significant amount of standing water among the large rock rip rap placed at the mouth of the influent pipe. Water up to approximately 20 cm deep remained in this area for several days following storm events before infiltrating and/or evaporating. As a result, grasses and other vegetation became dense in this area, providing a potentially attractive habitat for larval mosquitoes. Of 103 site visits by GLACVCD between June 2, 1999 and April 24, 2001, no vectors were detected (Figure 8). The 1-5 & SR 56 interchange EDB site in Caltrans District 11 had an unintended physical feature that was very attractive to mosquitoes. Two areas of large rock rip rap within the EDB created depressions in the basin floor. Following each storm event, water (up to 30 cm deep) remained trapped in these depressions for weeks (with little to no infiltration), creating protected microhabitats for mosquitoes among the rocks. This habitat not only protected larvae from potential predators and sunlight, but also effectively hid them from vector control inspectors and made effective abatement difficult or impossible. In addition, VBDS noted that irrigation water runoff from a nearby hillside contributed to the water source present in the rip rap depression closest to the mouth of the influent pipe. 21 The 1-5 & SR 56 interchange EDB site harbored immature mosquitoes more often than the other four EDBs and was also one of three BMP structures in this study (the others were the 1-5 & SR 78 P&R Austin-type sand media filter and the La Costa Ave. infiltration basin) from which the most mosquito species were identified. Possibly due to its location adjacent to a wetland mitigation site, six of the eight mosquito species identified during this study (Table 4) were collected from standing water at this site. Only Oc. squamiger and An. franciscanus remained undetected at this site. Of 103 visits by SDCVSC between May 5, 1999 and April 30, 2001, larvae were detected on 50 (49%) occasions (Figure 8). The number of larvae collected per dip sample was relatively small compared to other BMPs in this study (Figure 6); however, these findings were significant given the large surface area of the rip rap depressions at this site (approx. 160 m2) and the difficulty in accessing water between the rocks for sampling. The EDB at the 1-5 and 1-605 interchange in Caltrans District 7 was built with a concrete-lined bottom that helped water to drain-down rapidly following a storm event. However, the design of the effluent area required that the stormwater exit the EDB through a flow-restriction pipe approximately 56 cm below the level of the effluent pipe. The two were connected via the use of a small sump, approximately 1 m2 and 56 cm deep. As a result, this sump retained water for weeks or months following a storm event, providing a sheltered habitat for mosquito larvae. Larval mosquitoes identified from this location were primarily Cx. quinquefasciatus, but Cx. tarsalis and Cs. incidens were also identified on a few occasions. Of 103 visits by GLACVCD between June 2, 1999 and April 24, 2001, mosquito larvae were detected on 21 (20%) occasions (Figures 7 and 8). Because of the frequency and density of mosquito breeding in the effluent sump, VBDS and GLACVCD recommended that it be modified to prevent accumulation of standing water. In February, 2001, the sump was filled and modified to function without retaining water. No significant sources of standing water or mosquito larvae were detected at this site following the modification. 22 Figure 6. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from the Extended Detention Basin at the 1-5&SR-56 interchange(Sorrento Valley)ijn Caltrans District 11 (WQ Site No. 111101). 10 FIX A VT 4,14 IX $' $s / Y( S ppm Xo OF T 3WI z t\ y ' / E r £ / V. d \ i a`r E °' a to ve �c C y C / `G \. \ y 0 / c6 7 ' 7 N U o N N N @ �- N �' N U o aa)i ccaa N c6 0. Q co O z o u- Q Q v> O 2 Q Z o 1999 2000 2001 Figure 7. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from the concrete-lined Extended Detention Basin at the 1-5&1-605 interchange in Caltrans District 7(WQ Site No. 74101). 25 NO 7777 a � � 20 15 N \. l £ a, 10 0WIOutlet a Catch Basin 5 5` route . o f 15&16TY 05 \... oi ca D ' D N U o N N N N . N j ,� m a) U o N c0 d � Q W z o � Q g -� ¢ u) O z 0 Q 1999 2000 2001 23 Figure 8. Weekly monitoring of individual Extended Detention Basins through April 2001. 100 90 80 E 70 � 1�5&SR 56 Y E y ° wQ Site#111101 a� ai 6 501103 o 50 0 , , a- VI 40 �. 30 !, wQ sit #74101 20 SR 91 1-15&SR 78 1-5& .,Ave 10 wQ Site#74102 _wQ Site"#111102 01103 93. Extended Detention Basins Media Filters Caltrans implemented three types of media filters for this study; Austin, Delaware, and canister. Each type benefits water quality by filtering water runoff through a substrate; however, differences in design and construction required that each be evaluated separately with regards to vector production. Austin-Type. In general, the Austin-type sand media filters drained at prescribed rates when functioning properly (i.e. no clogging and functional effluent pumps). However, mosquitoes utilized features within individual structures that held standing water for relatively long periods of time. Initially, mosquitoes were detected by GLACVCD in the effluent pump sumps at Eastern Regional MS and Termination P&R sites. The pump sumps at all three Caltrans District 7 sites were covered with mosquito screen shortly thereafter. The spreader troughs located on the sand-media side of all five structures had a tendency to hold standing water and occasionally harbored immature mosquitoes. The 24 two units in Caltrans District 11 were modified shortly after construction to include three depressions in the spreader troughs that allowed effluent pipes to flow unobstructed from the settling basin. These depressions, although only about 100 cm2 and up to about 10 cm deep, retained water for weeks to months following storm events and were consistent sources of mosquito larvae. In addition to the spreader troughs, VBDS, GLACVCD, and SDCVSC noted situations conducive to mosquito production within settling basins during the study. The pipe transporting effluent from the settling basin to the sand media was provisioned with discharge orifices that were often prone to clogging due to their small diameter. The settling basin effluent pipes at La Costa Ave. P&R site in Caltrans District 11 and the Eastern Regional MS site in Caltrans District 7 both clogged at least once, creating significant vector habitats. Eastern Regional MS in particular retained water in the settling basin between late September and early November 2000, resulting in very dense populations of mosquito immatures. Other situations were noted in settling basins. In the settling basin at the Termination Park and Ride site in Caltrans District 7, a faulty grade resulted in a large pool of standing water following every storm event. The standing water was approximately 30 m2 and several cm deep and provided a large habitat for mosquito larvae within the unit. At the 1-5 & SR 78 P&R site in Caltrans District 11, VBDS discovered a hidden irrigation break that had been maintaining small pools of standing water in the settling basin for months. Because of these sources of standing water, mosquitoes were detected at all of the Austin-type units. The majority of larval mosquitoes identified from structures in Caltrans District 7 were Cx. quinquefasciatus, but significant numbers of Cx. tarsalis, Cx. stigmatosoma, and Cs. incidens were also identified. In Caltrans District 11, six of the eight mosquito species identified during this study (Table 4) were collected from standing water at the 1-5 & SR 78 P&R site. Only Cs. incidens and An. franciscanus remained undetected at this site. Five species, Cx. tarsalis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. stigmatosoma, Cs. inornata, and An. hermsi were collected from standing water at the La. Costa Ave. P&R site. The presence of Oc. squamiger(normally a tidal saltmash species) and An. hermsi(a species that prefers vegetated ponds) in these two Austin- 25 type sand media filters beginning in December 2000, may indicate that biological changes within structures (site maturation) occur over time, creating favorable conditions for previously excluded vector species. Of 507 visits (92 at Foothill MS by SGVMVCD; 209 at Eastern Regional MS and Termination P&R by GLACVCD; 206 at La Costa Ave. P&R and 1-5/SR 78 P&R by SDCVSC) to the five sites between May 5, 1999 and April 30, 2001, mosquitoes were detected on 77 (15%) occasions. Visits to individual sites are summarized in Figure 14. The number of larvae per dip sample collected during visits by vector control personnel are summarized cumulatively for all five structures in Figure 9, and individually in Figures 10 and 11. Delaware-Type. The Delaware-type sand media filter was located underground, covered by heavy steel doors. The unit was designed with two chambers, a settling chamber and a sand media filter chamber, similar to the Austin-type media filters; however, the settling chamber was approximately 36 cm deeper than the sand media chamber, resulting in a large body of standing water following storm events. Small gaps between the individual door covers allowed adult mosquitoes to enter and utilize the water in the settling chamber. A slow leak past the settling chamber clean-out valve drained water in the settling chamber over the course of several weeks, until only shallow (2-4 cm deep), stagnant water remained. Mosquito larvae were detected in the settling basin water on several occasions, despite its relatively cryptic location below ground (Figure 12). Of 102 visits by SDCVSC between May 5, 1999 and April 30, 2001, larvae were detected on six (6%) occasions (Figure 14). Canister-Type. The canister-type media filter is located below ground similar to the Delaware-type unit. This structure was covered by spring-loaded aluminum doors, which did not create perfect seals. Small holes and gaps around the covers allowed adult mosquitoes to access the sources of water found below. The canister-type unit had unique features not found in other media filter designs; these included an initial catch basin vault chamber that led to 3 separate filter chambers designed to fill sequentially, depending on the amount of water produced by a storm event. Each of the three filter chambers was equipped with a spreader trough and energy dissipater serving to slow the incoming water flow at the mouth of the influent pipe. The catch basin and the spreader trough of the first filter chamber held water permanently during 26 the two-year study and were the primary sources of mosquitoes. The smaller spreader troughs located in the second and third filter chambers held only a few centimeters of water until it evaporated weeks or months later. Mosquito larvae were only found in the two shallow spreader troughs on a few occasions. Of 104 visits by SDCVSC between May 5, 1999 and April 30, 2001, mosquito larvae were detected on 18 (17%) occasions (Figures 13 and 14). VBDS noted dense populations of copepods in the permanent water at this site during certain times of the year, which may have limited the number of mosquito larvae found at this site. Figure 9. Cummulative monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from five Austin- Type Sand Media Filters in Caltrans District 7 and 11. 10 WE a a t AR x� IF E 5 -/ AA 21 C 9 a r 3 / G _ F , a s ; r a r / Q l0 Z O i Co i (n O Z 0 � U Q 1999 2000 2001 27 Figure 10. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from individual Austin-Type Sand Media Filters in Caltrans District 7. 10 - ----- a ;. E.Regional MSS w1 S�t722 ` r s y. � ` aF00thitl MS : WQ Site 74203 1$B f a � ,. f 0 n o sTerminaWn P&R •WQ Site VO4 ' Q o � E `- a c m m in r c 0 N 7 ' 7 a) U O N N a) �- N ' �' N " O aa)i N a) R O_ Q U) Z 0 LL W O Z 0 Q 1999 2000 2001 Note: Eastern Regional MS. Mosquito larvae were detected in effluent pump sump in early June 1999 prior to it being covered with mosquito screen. The effluent pipe from the settling basin to the sand media basin was clogged between late September and early November 2000. Figure 11. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from individual Austin-Type Sand Media Filters in Caltrans District 11. 10 r C / M a wQ$1t8112203 IN x OAl I5&SR 78 P& wf t Sifg C 1204 � r l E � 5 o r / I'Mr � � r E e 4r r c ` I N sall E :E r Y ` in a�i o a�i m a�i o n ani o aa) m (L) m n 1999 2000 2001 28 Figure 12. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from Escondido Maintenance Station Delaware-Type Sand Media Filter in Caltrans District 11 (WQ Site No. 112202). CL AR IyOWN ` 1 :yam r i dA 1 4 / / �l t _ SEA 2 3 � i� On �` rr.: 'may `x` ,�F✓J' �� �` anm E Jd PAPOOF / "• ��, e 0 e' 'o 4) m m a m as o (� ccm `m a Q U) O Z U_ Q Q In Z 0 - LL Q 1999 2000 2001 Figure 13. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from Kearny Mesa Maintenance Station Canister-Type Media Filter(pearl ite/zeolite) in Caltrans District 11 (WQ Site No. 112201). 5 i a v / g V rr H c m d 3 r / w 2 long 01,AN WON % a• ° 0 i' m > > O as t o 4) m 4) a ca > > > aa) '0 4) cc � `m a Q U) Z 0 LL Q N 0 Z U_ Q 1999 2000 2001 29 Figure 14. Weekly vector monitoring of individual Media Filters, including Austin-Type, Delaware-Type, and Canister-Type, through April 2001. 100 Rod o \� 90 W � � v�A (6 80 7 0 o a sue/, v o 50 11 3 _ y +N' cn Na 40 / /r , 1aCraPFd2/ 30, £astcm R M S d� 77 20 10 j d 0 .. y Austin Austin Austin Austin Austin Delaware Canister Drain Inlet Inserts (DII) Stormwater that passes through DII units flows directly into the storm drain system. Although storm drains can and do produce mosquito larvae in pools of underground standing water, the DII units in this study did not appear to create habitat suitable for mosquito larvae. The only mosquito habitat noted was in the plastic flumes used to house the effluent measuring devices. These effluent flumes retained about 0.25 m2 of standing water, approximately up to 6 cm deep until it evaporated weeks or months following a storm event. Cx. tarsalis, Cx. stigmatosoma, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected from the effluent flume of the Fossil Filter® DII at the Rosemead Maintenance Station in Caltrans District 7. Of 99 visits by SGVMVCD to this site between May 7, 1999 and April 26, 2001, mosquito larvae were detected on eight (8%) occasions (Figures 15 and 17). Even though the underground effluent flumes would not be incorporated into future DII units, these data demonstrate the persistence and ability of mosquitoes to utilize even the most remote sources of water. Vectors 30 were not been detected by LACWVCD in association with Dlls installed at the Las Flores Maintenance Station or by SGVMVCD at the Foothill Maintenance Station sites in Caltrans District 7 (Figure 17). Figure 15. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from Rosemead Maintenance Station Drain Inlet Insert(Fossil Filter) in Caltrans District 7 (WQ Site No. 73218)'. 60 CL 'v 70 Enlq Ef ' y y y NMI N CL aNi k ` air _�3 ,R� ,�' J� a� �•sTM f; �� �r �'t r v � ' � ��, � �` '�' ` a � � � �'� a✓ � ,' Sri ��y` � 60 ,Ow E 40 5 ... .. a . 10 a a 30 . E a.= f � 20 WOOL E WON!"", c 10I Am n 0 N j ' 0' N U O N N N @ O. N ' 7 N U O N N N @ n Q Coz � Q Q U O z LL Q 1999 2000 2001 'Immature mosquitoes at this site were only collected from water standing in the plastic effluent flume of the Fossil Filter° DII. Immature mosquitoes were not detected in association with the Stream Guard® DII at this site. Oil/ Water Separator The oil/water separator in Caltrans District 7 may not provide suitable habitat for mosquito larvae. The sealed construction and the oils that the unit was designed to trap should preclude mosquitoes. However, the channel leading into and out of the unit could provide habitat for mosquito larvae if standing water were to accumulate. The only mosquito habitat detected by VBDS and GLACVCD at this site was created by the 31 plastic flume used to house the effluent measuring devices (similar to the DII units discussed previously), located below a wooden cover. Both Cx. tarsalis and Cx quinquefasciatus were collected from standing water in this plastic flume. Of 101 visits by GLACVCD to this site between June 1, 1999 and April 24, 2001, mosquito larvae were detected on five (5%) occasions during August and September of 1999 (Figures 16-17). As mentioned for the DII units, plastic effluent flumes would not be incorporated into future oil/water separator installations, but these data again demonstrate the persistence of mosquitoes. Figure 16. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from Alameda Maintenance Station Oil-Water Separator in Caltrans District 7 (WQ Site No. 74201)1 . CL a i i / _1� K •g 5 p i c c E u O3 d j/ R E x RIFF xi c 44, r< c 5 rn a t5 > o c ,n n T c CZa > o c a <n Z o ii ¢ ¢ U) z o - U_ 2 Q 1999 2000 2001 'Immature mosquitoes at this site were only collected from water standing in the plastic effluent flume used to take water samples. 32 Figure 17. Weekly vector monitoring of individual Drain Inlet Inserts and the Oil/Water Separator through April 2001. 100 - Al 90 01 'I AM IRrr ) � (6 80 �' to ram^ rY' yc r z ar C 3 lot C ", 70 MIKE," OF Kill OPT 051 IN Cr 40 ' �" �_ •� c a r _ W - � as*c�� `^ C , 1 a / c u� G 30 w r N 9 20 10 0 1,A., DII DII DII DII DII DII OWS Infiltration Basins and Trenches Infiltration basins and trenches were designed to allow water to percolate back into the soil. Both infiltration trench pilots in this study were covered by a thick layer of gravel or aggregate matrix. Due to the depth of this matrix layer in combination with rapid percolation rates, standing water was rarely noted above ground. At the Altadena Maintenance Station in Caltrans District 7, GLACVCD placed adult mosquito emergence traps randomly above the aggregate matrix to determine if vectors were able to move down between the rocks and reproduce in pockets of standing water that might be hidden from view. No vectors were detected at either site (98 visits to Carlsbad MS by SDCVSC between May 5, 1999 and April 30, 2001; 103 visits to Altadena MS by GLACVCD between June 1, 1999 and April 24, 2001; Figure 19). Infiltration basins have the potential to create mosquito habitat if water entering these structures remains above ground before it percolates into the soil. Water that 33 entered the infiltration basin located at the 1-605 and SR 91 interchange in Caltrans District 7 percolated rapidly during this study. Of 101 site visits by GLACVCD between June 2, 1999 and April 24, 2001, vectors were not detected in the infiltration basin; however, Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were detected in a nearby influent pipe catch basin that held standing water between June 29th and August 24th, 1999. This catch basin was subsequently filled in with concrete on September 29, 1999 and no mosquito larvae were detected in or around this infiltration basin site since (Figure 19). The infiltration basin located at La Costa Avenue in Caltrans District 11 was built close to a brackish water lagoon near the coast. The water table at this site fluctuated, but generally remained very high. Because of this, percolation rates were extremely slow, resulting in a semi-permanent pool of water. Mosquitofish were stocked into this pool of water by SDCVSC on May 19, 1999 to control mosquito larvae; however the fish perished when the pool dried out in mid-August, 1999. For the purpose of this study, Caltrans decided against re-stocking this pool with mosquitofish in the future. In the absence of mosquitofish, other predators such as dragonfly larvae, water beetles, and backswimmers flourished at this site when water was present, and may have preyed on some mosquito larvae; however, mosquito larvae were detected at this site on a regular basis when water was present (Figures 18 and 19). Six of the eight mosquito species identified during this study (Table 4) were collected from the pool of water at this site. Only Oc. squamiger and Cs. incidens remained undetected at this site. Of 101 visits by SDCVSC between May 5, 1999 and April 30, 2001 , larvae were detected on 28 (28%) occasions (Figure 19). The number of larvae collected per dip sample was relatively small compared to other BMPs in this study (Figure 18); however, these findings were significant given the large surface area of the pond (approx. 316 m2). 34 Figure 18. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from 1-5& La Costa Ave. (west) Infiltration Basin in Caltrans District 11 (WQ Site number 111103). 14 a o s ., � 12 00 .. =v 141 1 \: ix 3 E / / r 0 0.8 �_ —E Qo is INr: a ff: ry E U y 0 F c 04 d E L 0.2 / C V / /� 0 /> m 3 d 0 0 (D m a) `m a m D a) 0 o a) (am a) ` a 2 Q CO � z 0 - U_ � Q 2 � Q U) z 0 - LL 2 Q 1999 2000 2001 Figure 19. Weekly vector monitoring of individual Infiltration Basins and Trenches through April 2001 100 9 \ m 80 /s E 70 y O f o 50 - o La Costa Avo w est) 4 g 40 WQ Site#'111103 30 286101 .'. Y k \ aoi 20 151 1-5&SR 91 Altadena MS Carlsbad MS 10 53 10 WQ Site#73101 WQ Site#73211 a,b WQ Site#112207a,b f)t101 03 O/98 °�.. ad 0 �_. — -- Basin Basin Trench Trench 35 Biofiltration Swales and Strips Caltrans implemented 6 biofiltration swales and 3 biofiltration strips into their BMP Retrofit Pilot Study. These units functioned by filtering incoming water through dense vegetation (i.e.saltgrass). Biofiltration strips at the Altadena and Carlsbad Maintenance Stations served as "pre-filters" to infiltration trenches. The remaining 7 swales and strips were designed to work alone. During the first few months of operation, the four biofiltration swales in Caltrans District 7 incorporated energy dissipaters containing small rock rip rap. Concrete depressions built to contain the rip rap retained water following storm events (or from irrigation) and became sources of mosquito larvae. In late September and early October of 1999, these energy dissipaters were modified by removing the rip rap, filling the depressions with concrete, and imbedding rocks into it. This allowed them to continue their intended function, but prevented the accumulation of standing water. Prior to October 1999, GLACVCD regularly detected mosquitoes associated with rip rap depressions at the four Caltrans District 7 sites (1-605 / SR 91 interchange, Cerritos Maintenance Station, 1-5 / 1-605 interchange, and 1-605 Del Arno Ave.) (Figures 20, 21 and 23). Species identified from these sites included Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis, Cx. stigmatosoma, and Cs. incidens. No mosquito larvae were detected at these sites after October 1999. In Caltrans District 11 , SDCVSC did not detect any vectors associated with the two biofiltration swales (Figure 23). The biofiltration strips were not directly associated with vector production during this study; however, the spreader trough that fed the biofiltration strip at the Altadena Maintenance Station retained approximately 15 cm deep water along its entire length following a storm event. This water could be drained from the spreader trough manually by unscrewing an end-cap. Several species of mosquito larvae were detected in the spreader trough including Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis, and Cx. stigmatosoma. Of 103 visits by GLACVCD between June 1, 1999 and April 24, 2001, larvae were detected on 10 (9.7%) occasions (Figure 23). Because vectors were utilizing this source of water for breeding, Caltrans began draining the spreader trough shortly after every storm event, beginning in January 2000. Larvae were detected only once following this change in maintenance procedure when the water remained stagnant for several days. 36 Figure 20. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from Biofiltration Swales in Caltrans District 7. zo o x y i gaIn ,. 15 F / \ Cr \ Y�� E f ` CKI � r E tp a E c Loose-rock energy 5 issipaters grouted >, L p ., c rn n > c a >. c rn n > u c 101999 z 2 a U) gZ00� 2001 Figure 21. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from individual Biofiltration Swales in Caltrans District 7'. 50 a &SR91 WQ Site 73222a b a 1 w40 rnt(t tUtS WQ Site 73223 m s i ❑1-5&1-605 WQ Site 732,14 x ' E Q 1-5&Del Amo Ave. WQ Site � 30 f £ \ \' `m 20 pose-rock energy ssipaters grouted N c E Q to Z 0 L� Q Q U) Z 0 Li Q 1999 2000 2001 ;Immature mosquitoes were not detected in Biofiltration Swales constructed at 1-5 & Palomar Airport Rd. (WQ Site No. 112206) or SR 78 and Melrose Ave. (WQ Site No. 112205) in Caltrans District 11. 37 Figure 22. Monthly collection of immature mosquitoes from Altadena Maintenance Station Biofiltration Strip in Caltrans District 7 (WQ Site No. 73211 a,b). 12 \ d 10 d .. l.z- m. aME H Q ., e E Spreader trough ,2 c drained following every g wr a ccstorm event2-1 d y 4- 4 T ', z y C = Ol 0. V > U C >. C 0I d > U C d Q U) Z 0 lL Q ' Q � 0 Z 11 Q 1999 2000 2001 Note: Immature mosquitoes were not detected in association with Biofiltration Strips constructed at Carlsbad MS or at the 1-605/SR91 interchange in Caltrans Districts 11 and 7, respectively. Figure 23. Weekly vector monitoring of individual Biological Filtration Swales and Strips through April 2001. 100 c ; 8 y 90 0 80 €& " E T kI 70 r C) 0 =� m , o 60 oCA xi 14 ,m ° 40 M1 LY > `' 65 30 E a >, CY d u CA as d r k� C;� 10 0 —� Swales I Strips 38 Conclusions Vector production at the Caltrans BMP structures was influenced not only by design, but also by factors such as location, immediate and large-scale surroundings, non-stormwater discharges (e.g. irrigation), site maintenance, and various other unexpected events. Because of this, direct comparisons among structures of similar design were difficult, if not impossible. BMP design features identified during this study that contributed to vector production should be avoided in future construction plans. Some examples include the use of any sump, catch basin, or spreader trough that does not drain down completely, loose rip rap, pumps or motors that "automatically" drain water, and effluent pipes with small diameter discharge orifices that may be prone to clogging. If absolutely necessary, sumps should be covered by a suitable mosquito- tight cover that is inspected and maintained or replaced on a regular basis. Permanent ponds will often be a source of some vectors regardless of design. To minimize vector production, ponds should be stocked with mosquitofish and constructed with steep banks to reduce potential breeding habitats. Although shallow pond grades and emergent vegetation increase water quality benefits, steep banks would reduce potential vector sources and vegetation density, benefiting long-term water quality and vector control. In general, a 72 hour draw-down period of structural BMPs has become the "unofficial" accepted standard used by many agencies nationwide to reduce or prevent vector production. Adequate safe vehicular access should be provided to all structural BMPs to facilitate routine vector monitoring and abatement when necessary. This report provides an initial assessment of the potential public health risks involved with the construction of some structural BMPs in southern California, thanks to the collaborative effort between Caltrans, VBDS, GLACVCD, SGVMVCD, LACWVCD, and SDCVSC. Few studies have addressed vector issues in artificial habitats created by structural BMPs built specifically for reducing non-point source pollution in stormwater runoff. Results from this two-year study indicate that much research remains to be conducted in order to better satisfy water quality and volume reduction goals while preventing vector production. The fact that two previously undetected species of mosquito were found in structures in Caltrans District 11 in 2001 suggests 39 that structures may support species not detected during this study as they age and "mature". It is critical that the public health impact of BMP design and construction be considered. There is a pressing need for collaboration between stormwater engineers and vector control personnel. 40 x , w �4 MN rY $ �h�. s q; MW # � f y �e F In ,w WNV Background • First isolated from in the West Nile District of Uganda, 1937 • Recognized as a cause of inflammation of the spinal cord and brain with outbreak in elderly patients, Israel, 1957 • Equine disease noted in Egypt and France in the early 1960s • 1999 "Old World" virus arrives in the "New World" West Nile Outbreaks Israel — 1951-1954, 1957, 2000-2002 France — 1962, 2000 South Africa — 1974 Romania — 1996-1997 Italy — 1997 The Czech Republic — 1998 Republic of the Congo — 1998 Russia — 1999 United States —1999-2002 Outbreak Timeline Encephalitis Equine Disease Condition Iden\tified Identified y ', r f/rh Uganda Israel Israel France South Africa Romania 1996 1937 1951-54 1957 1962 1974 Italy 1997 Czech Rep. 1998 Congo 1998 Russia 1999 US 1999-2002 Israel 2000-2002 France 2000 West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle Sq�tft vector e Geographic Distribution ot the Japanese Encephalitis Serocomplex of the Family Flaviridae, 2000_ St. Louis encephalitis Rocio and St. Louis (Brazil) West Nile virus Japanese encephalitis 40 West Mile and Japanese encephalitis GO Japanese and Murray Valley encephalitis MurrayValley and Kuniin WNV in the US Some Speculated Pathways of Introduction • Human-transported bird • Legal • Illegal • Human-transported mosquitoes • Storm-transported bird • Intentional introduction (terrorist event)- not likely • Infected human traveler-not likely WNV Symptoms • High Fever • Headache and body aches • Skin rash • Swollen lymph glands • Neck stiffness • Disorientation • Convulsions The incubation period for West Nile Virus is generally 3-14 days following a bite from an infected mosquito. Distribution of WNV Before 1999 States with WNV (0) Distribution of WNV as of November 1999 States with WNV (4) Distribution of WNV as of November 2000 States with WNV (12 + DC) Distribution of WNV as of November 2001 ® States with WNV(27 + DC) Distribution of WNV as of October 2002 States with WNV(43 + DC) Distribution by County October 7, 2002 4-tI Y: ' O - :y - Case Summary 1999-2002 Humans Horses Year (deaths) (deaths) 2002* 3,439 (198) 11 ,957 2001 66 (9) 733 (156/470) 2000 21 (2) 60 (23) 1999 62 (7) 25 (8) "As of October 31,2002 WNV Case-Patient Demographics & Mortality United States, 1999-2002* 1999-2000 2001 2002* Cases 83 66 2,661 Age Median 65 68 56 Age Range 5-90 yr 19-90 yr 1 mn-99 yr Males 54% 65% 54% Fatality Rate 11% 14% 6% Fatality Age 79 (27-99) *As of Oct 16 Date of Symptom Onset, West Nile Virus United States, 1999-2001 30 2001 25 02000 M 20 1999 O 15 L Q E10 Z 5 0 Week ending Protecting Public Health • Surveillance • Personal Protection and Education • Mosquito Control WNV Surveillance • Dead birds (especially crows, jays, magpies) • Mosquitoes • Captive sentinels (e.g. chickens) • Veterinary surveillance • Human surveillance WNV Mosquitoes in Washington Mosquito Counties (39) Aedes cinereus 22 Aedes vexans 27 Culex pipiens 28 Culex restuans 1 Culex tarsalis 35 Anopheles punctipennis 26 Coquilletidia perturbans 10 Ochlerotatus canadensis 5 Ochlerotatus japonicus 1 Estimated Sensitivity of WNV Surveillance Methods Human cases Veterinary cases Mosquitoes Q _ y —&e—nfineT osts N m y 0 Dead birds Time Personal Protection • Wear long sleeves & pants in mosquito- infested areas • Use repellant containing DEET (N,N- diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) and follow directions carefully • Limit outdoor activities at dawn and early evening • Repair holes in door & window screens Habitat Reduction • Eliminate standing water (flower pots; tires, wheelbarrows; wading pools) • Change the water in birdbaths at least weekly • Aerate and chlorinate swimming pools and hot tubs; cover if possible • Consider mosquito-eating fish for your pond • Keep gutters clean to prevent standing water • Spread the word: educate your friends and neighbors Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan Washington State Washington State Department of Health response to threats ofarbovirev,such as West Nile vents transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. September 2002 Want More? . Your local health department . www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNVIWNV.htmi . www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm . www.cfe.cornell.edu/erap/WNV/ Cleaner Water vs.West Nile Risk(washingtonpost.com) wysiwyg:H25/http://www.washington...dyn/articles/A24141-2002Aug I 5.html woshingtonpost myWashingtonpost R 1' 'Segircff- SETTERS I ARCHIVE SEARCH: A"' Cleaner Water vs. West Nile Risk gages H '1�1 6 e ft Nation ti, t Retention Ponds Filter Toxins, Harbor Mosquitoes Near Homes World By David Cho advertisement Metro Washington Post Staff Writer Business ,WW Friday,August 16,2002;Page BO I Dsmal'OVERAG!, 'Technology' jm l Public officials across the country are sty Sports'..", .A inadvertently creating vast breeding grounds riff""" 9 for mos Education J quitoes -- including those that carry About West Nile Travel &i,A the West Nile virus --by installing Virus stormwater retention ponds near businesses and homes in an effort to reduce the Q. How do people get West contaminants that collect in water. Nile virus? A. From the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become As concern over the mosquito-borne virus infected when they feed on ��, heightens,the effort to create new ponds and infected birds. to clean up old ones has pit two Q. Can you get West Nile environmental causes against each other. virus from another person? �, The ponds help keep pollutants out of A. No. West Nile virus is NOT transmitted from streams,bays and drinking water reservoirs person-to-person.advocates say, while meeting federal and local water quality standards. But the Q. Can you get West Nile stormwater basins, which drain over days, virus directly from birds? create an ideal habitat for mosquitoes, A.There is no evidence that a person can get the virus from encouraging the spread of diseases such as handling infected birds. West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis. However, avoid bare-handed contact when handling any dead animals. There are thousands of the basins in the Ills Washington area, with more being created Q. Besides mosquitoes,can every year. Their purpose is to collect you get West Nile virus rainfall, urban runoff and chemicals from directly from other insects or ticks? farms and lawns, and help control flooding. A. Infected mosquitoes are the primary source for West Real Estate I "It drives us crazy," said Cyrus Lesser, chief Nile virus. Ticks infected with Home& of the mosquito control section of the West Nile virus have been Garden Maryland Department of Agriculture. The found in Asia and Africa Food although their role in ponds "are everywhere, and they give us fits. transmitting the virus is Opinion The worst part is that they are being installed uncertain. Weather adjacent to business and residential areas, Q. What are the symptoms Weekly right next to where people live." of West Nile virus? Sections A. Symptoms include fever, News Digest The basins some as large as lakes, others headache, and body aches, Classifieds often with skin rash and just ditches -- are a long-accepted swollen lymph glands. More Print Edition environmental practice, designed when "West severe infection may be Archives Nile wasn't even a blip on the radar screen marked by headache, high Site Index fever, neck stiffness, stupor, said Thomas Grizzard,head of the Occoquan disorientation, coma,tremors, 1 'J Monitoring Laboratory at Virginia Tech. But convulsions, muscle weakness, I now that it is --the virus has been detected in paralysis and, rarely,death. 35 states and the District this year, with at least seven deaths reported -- some state and Q. Is a woman pregnancy at risk if she gets West Nile local health officials want the stormwater virus? 1 of 08/29/2002 2:42 PM Cleaner Water vs.West Nile Risk(washingtonpost.com) wysiwyg://25/http://www.washington...dyn/articles/A24141-2002AugI5.html 1 local health officials want the stormwater virus? basins redesigned. A.There is no documented evidence that a pregnancy is However,Normand Goulet, senior at risk due to West Nile virus. environmental engineer for the Northern Q. How is West Nile virus I Virginia Regional Commission, which treated? studies regional issues, cautions against a A.There is no specific knee-jerk response, saying, "Without these treatment. In more severe cases, hospitalization is stormwater management facilities, our required. environment would be in significantly worse shape." Q.in the disease seasonal occurrence? A. In the temperate zone of As officials begin to huddle over the issue, the world (i.e., between some mosquito-control advocates say they latitudes 23.50and 66.50 cannot get their water quality control north and south. e.c.'s National Airport is about 38.80 colleagues to heed their concerns. north), West Nile virus cases occur primarily in the late I "There are people who have been begging the summer or early fall. In milder state to not put the ponds in, or to use designs climates, West Nile virus can that are less mosquito-friendly,but we've be transmitted year round. gotten nowhere with them," said a senior Q.What can I do to reduce official who oversees West Nile virus issues my risk of becoming in a suburban Maryland county and who infected with west Nile virus? spoke on condition of anonymity. "They A. Stay indoors at dawn, dusk totally care about water quality; West Nile is and in the early evening. Wear barely being considered at all." long-sleeved Shirts and long pants whenever you are outdoors. Apply insect In Northern Virginia,the virus is so recent-- repellent containing 35 the first disease-carrying mosquitoes were percent DEFT sparingly to found last month--that stormwater exposed skin. Note: vitamin s management officials have not had much and "ultrasonic" devices are mana g NOT effective in preventing time to react. mosquito bites. Meanwhile, more ponds are being built. source: Centers for Disease Fairfax County has about 500, with 50 more Control and Prevention ....... ............ __._...............__...._.._..__._._ coming this year, said Scott St.Clair, director of maintenance and stormwater management. - --- -- - ---- - The county also has 1,200 older stormwater West Nile ponds,which drain in hours but do not filter v;rus-_ pollutants. •Two More Die From West Nile Virus (Associated Press, Centreville resident Susan Erskine,who Aug 17, 2002) watched warily this week as construction •West Nile Virus Reaches Colorado(Associated Press, crews created a standing-water pond next to Aug 16, zooz) her home,wishes the county would hold off •West Nile Confirmed In until other options are studied. The basin Fauauier(The Washington borders about 10 houses, many of them Post,Aug 11, zooz) occupied by children and adults over 50,two ' D.C. Expands Effort To Warn of West Nile(The groups considered at risk from West Nile. Washington Post,Aug 10, 2002) Erskine, a 56-year-old retired teacher,has •Spreading Word on been careful not to let standing water Dancers of W. Nile (The Washington Post,Aug 9, accumulate in her yard. But she said those 2002 efforts now seem futile considering that, after • Full Archive and the next major rain, hundreds of gallons of Resources € water will sit just beyond her property. -- .. .... E-Mail This Article , Printer-Friendl "The county keeps telling us, don't keep still s.. , version water lying around, tip over birdbaths," she Subscribe to The Post 2 of 4 08/29/2002 2:42 PM Cleaner Water vs.West Nile Risk(washingtonpost.com) wysiwyg://25/http://Www.washington...dyn/articles/A24141-2002Aug15.html water lying around, tip over birdbaths," she Subscribe to The Post said. "But they are the ones putting gallons ..... ......... ......................... I and gallons of still water right next to us. Excuse me,but something's wrong with the message." The ponds work by collecting stormwater and allowing pollutants to settle at the bottom, while the cleaner water drains into streams and larger bodies of water such as the Occoquan Reservoir and Chesapeake Bay. St.Clair said many of the ponds are designed to drain and dry within 48 hours, faster than mosquito larvae can develop. But a three-year national study by California researchers found that even the best designed basins harbored mosquitoes,mainly because their drains eventually clogged and crews were unable to keep up their maintenance, said Vicki Kramer, a senior official with the state's Department of Health Services who oversaw the project. The report, which surveyed 28 states and was published this spring in Stormwater magazine, found that 86 percent of stormwater basins that were checked had mosquitoes breeding. Retention ponds are "probably being constructed at rates exceeding our understanding of the long-term implications," the study concluded. Stormwater management officials counter that concerns over West Nile virus are overblown. "I think it is alarmist," said Ellen Scavia, chief of environmental policy and compliance in Montgomery County, which has about 800 retention ponds, including 200 of the newer type. "People need to realize how vital these [ponds] are." West Nile, first detected in this country in 1999 in New York City, remains relatively rare. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, fewer than 1 percent of mosquitoes carry the virus, and fewer than 1 percent of people bitten by an infected mosquito become seriously ill. Most suffer mild, flu-like symptoms. West Nile cannot be spread by human contact. Even so, fear of the disease has spread almost as quickly as the virus. Since mid-June,more than 100 people have been diagnosed nationwide, most of them in Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. The outbreak in the South is the most serious since West Nile killed seven people and hospitalized 55 others in the New York area three years ago. Maryland and the District each have reported one human infection this year. Noting West Nile's newness here, Goulet, of the Northern Virginia Regional Commission, said: "It's something stormwater managers are aware of. But we are still so early in the ballgame,there are really no answers at this point." ©2002 The Washington Post Company Related Links District News In D.C.. Voters Seek Middle Ground (The Washington Post,8/19/02) A Family's Pain (The Washington Post,8/19/02) 3 of 4 08/29/2002 2:42 PM rq SAFER-HEALTHIER.PEOPLE' West Nile Virus • 'West Nile virus Home i _ _j West Nile Virus Contents ►Background Background ►Questions and Answers ►Entomology(Insects) Introduction: West Nile (WN)virus has emerged in recent years in ►Vertebrate Ecology temperate regions of Europe and North America, presenting a threat to (Birds and Mammals) public, equine, and animal health. The most serious manifestation of WN ►(Viol virus infection is fatal encephalitis Inflammation of the brain in humans and Virus Studies P, ( ) ►Surveillance and Control horses, as well as mortality In certain domestic and wild birds. ►Publications ►NEW History: West Nile virus was first isolated from a febrile adult woman in the Guidelines for West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. The ecology was characterized in Surveillance,Prevention, Egypt in the 1950s. The virus became recognized and Control 9YP as a cause of severe A, (286 KB,111 pages) human meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain) in ► NEW! elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. Equine disease was Slide Presentations first noted in Egypt and France in the early 1960s. The appearance of WN virus in North America in 1999, with encephalitis reported in humans and ►Press Releases, horses, may be an important milestone in the evolving history of this virus. CDC Media Relations ►Links to State and Local Government Sites Geographic Distribution: West Nile The Geo,;7 vrDiirrt%tcnof1hej4pa"Exe `isI ►I&ER virus has been described in Africa, Pesticides and Mosquito Europe, the Middle East, west and Control central Asia, Oceania (subtype ►NEW! Kunjin), and most recently, North Other Related Sites America. Recent outbreaks of WN virus encephalitis in humans have occurred in Algeria in 1994, Romania `` in 1996-1997, the Czech Republic in 1997, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998, Russia in 1999, the " United States in 1999-2001, and Israel in 2000. Epizootics of disease in . horses occurred in Morocco in 1996, Italy in 1998, the United States in •ruasaa � 1999-2001, and France in 2000. In the «.�� # CDC U.S. through July 2001, WN virus has been documented in Connecticut, View enlarged image. Maryland, Massachusetts, New �. Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, Ohio, and the District of Columbia. Classification: Z) • Family: Flaviviridae • Genus: Flavivirus Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex . Complex includes: Alfuy, Cacipacore, Japanese encephalitis, Koutango, Kunjin, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Rocio, Stratford, Usutu, West Nile, and Yaounde viruses. • Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and �J appearance in the electron microscope. 0- c- �►,sf D SAFER*HEALTHIER FEOPLIE' West Nile Virus i f West Nile Virus Contents Background Questions and Answers Questions and Answers Entomology_(insects) Please use the menu below to jump to a topic or scroll down to read the vertebrate Ecology Birds and Mammals) entire Questions and Answers" page. w virology Topics on this page: ; (Virus Studies --- - --------- ` Surveillance and Control Publications NEW! Guidelines for Overview of West Nile Virus Surveillance__Prevention, and Control A. (286 KB, 111 pages) Q.What is West Nile encephalitis? NEW! A. "Encephalitis" means an inflammation of the brain and can be caused by Slide Presentations viruses and bacteria, including viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. West Press Releases, Nile encephalitis is an infection of the brain caused by West Nile virus, a CDC Media Relations flavivirus commonly found in Africa, West Asia, and the Middle East. It is Links to State and Local closely related to St. Louis encephalitis virus found in the United States. Government Sites 1 EPA Q.Where did West Nile virus come from? Control and Mosquito l A.West Nile virus has been commonly found in humans and birds and NEW! other vertebrates in Africa, Eastern Europe, West Asia, and the Middle Other Related Sites East, but until 1999 had not previously been documented in the Western Hemisphere. It is not known from where the U.S. virus originated, but it is most closely related genetically to strains found in the Middle East. Q. Historically,where has West Nile T GeQqghr Dvr onoN E is encephalitis occurred worldwide? serocomcWx4toFar4fIWvr4m,zcv A. See the map describing distribution of flaviviruses, including West Nile virus: Q. How long has West Nile virus been in the U.S.? A. It is not known how long it has been in the U.S., but CDC scientists believe the virus has probably been in the eastern U.S. since the early summer of 1999, possibly longer. Q. How many cases of West Nile U^ "�,� ., , CD encephalitis in humans have *4**-4,, '=' occurred in the U.S.? View enlaced image. A. In 1999, 62 cases of severe — disease, including 7 deaths, occurred in the New York area. In 2000, 21 cases were reported, including 2 deaths in the New York City area. No reliable estimates are available for the number of cases of West Nile encephalitis that occur worldwide. Q. I understand West Nile virus was found in "overwintering" mosquitoes in the New York City area in early 2000.What does this mean? A. One of the species of mosquitos found to carry West Nile virus is the Culex species which survive through the winter, or"overwinter," in the adult stage. That the virus survived along with the mosquitoes was documented by the widespread transmission the summer of 2000. Q. Do the findings indicate that West Nile virus is established in the Western Hemisphere? A. The continued expansion of West Nile virus in the United States indicates that it is permanently established in the Western Hemisphere. Q. Is the disease seasonal in its occurrence? A. In the temperate zone of the world (i.e., between latitudes 23.5' and control. RR_e_turn to top of page Symptoms of West Nile Virus Q.Who is at risk for getting West Nile encephalitis? A.All residents of areas where virus activity has been identified are at risk of getting West Nile encephalitis; persons older than 50 years have the highest risk of severe disease. Q.What are the symptoms of West Nile encephalitis? A. Most infections are mild, and symptoms include fever, headache, and body aches, occasionally with skin rash and swollen lymph glands. More severe infection may be marked by headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, paralysis, and, rarely, death. Q.What is the incubation period in humans (i.e., time from infection to onset of disease symptoms)for West Nile encephalitis? A. Usually 3 to 15 days. y, Return to to of pa9e Testing and Treating West Nile Encephalitis in Humans Q. I think I have symptoms of West Nile virus.What should I do? A. Contact your health care provider if you have concerns about your health. If you or your family members develop symptoms such as high fever, confusion, muscle weakness, and severe headaches, you should see your doctor immediately. Q. How do health care providers test for West Nile virus? A.Your physician will first take a medical history to assess your risk for West Nile virus. People who live in or traveled to areas where West Nile virus activity has been identified are at risk of getting West Nile encephalitis; persons older than 50 years of age have the highest risk of severe disease. If you are determined to be at high risk and have symptoms of West Nile encephalitis, your provider will draw a blood sample and send it to a commercial or public health laboratory for confirmation. Q. How is West Nile encephalitis treated? A. There is no specific therapy. In more severe cases, intensive supportive therapy is indicated, often involving hospitalization, intravenous fluids, airway management, respiratory support(ventilator), prevention of secondary infections (pneumonia, urinary tract, etc.), and good nursing care. Return-to top-of page West Nile Virus and Birds Q. Do birds infected with West Nile virus die or become ill? A. In the 1999 New York area epidemic, there was a large die-off of American crows. West Nile virus has been identified in more than 70 species of birds found dead in the United States. Most of these birds were identified through reporting of dead birds by the public. Q. How can I report a sighting of dead bird(s) in my area? A. Please contact your state or local health department. Return to top of page Q. Can West Nile virus cause illness in dogs or cats? A.There is a published report of West Nile virus isolated from a dog in southern Africa (Botswana) in 1982. West Nile virus has been isolated from several dead cats in 1999 and 2000. A serosurvey of dogs and cats in the epidemic area showed a low infection rate. Q. Can infected dogs or cats be carriers (i.e., reservoirs)for West Nile virus and transmit the virus to humans? A.West Nile virus is transmitted by infectious mosquitoes. There is no documented evidence of person-to-person, animal-to-animal, or animal-to- person transmission of West Nile virus. Veterinarians should take normal infection control precautions when caring for an animal suspected to have this or any viral infection. Q. How do dogs or cats become infected with West Nile virus? A. The same way humans become infected—by the bite of infectious mosquitoes. The virus is located in the mosquito's salivary glands. During blood feeding, the virus is injected into the animal. The virus then multiplies and may cause illness. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds, which may circulate the virus in their blood for a few days. It is possible that dogs and cats could become infected by eating dead infected animals such as birds, but this is unproven. Q. Can a dog or cat infected with West Nile virus infect other dogs or cats? A. No. There is no documented evidence that West Nile virus is transmitted from animal to animal. Q. How long can a dog or cat be infected with West Nile virus? A.The answer is not known at this time. Q. Should a dog or cat infected with West Nile virus be destroyed? What is the treatment for an animal infected with West Nile virus? A. No. There is no reason to destroy an animal just because it has been infected with West Nile virus. Full recovery from the infection is likely. Treatment would be supportive and consistent with standard veterinary practices for animals infected with a viral agent. Return to top o_f page West Nile Virus and Horses Q. Has West Nile virus caused severe illness or death in horses? A.Yes, while data suggest that most horses infected with West Nile virus recover, results of investigations indicate that West Nile virus has caused deaths in horses in the United States. Q. How do the horses become infected with West Nile virus? A.The same way humans become infected—by the bite of infectious mosquitoes. The virus is located in the mosquito's salivary glands. When mosquitoes bite or"feed"on the horse, the virus is injected into its blood system. The virus then multiplies and may cause illness. The mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds or other animals. Q. How does the virus cause severe illness or death in horses? A. Following transmission by an infected mosquito, West Nile virus multiplies in the horse's blood system, crosses the blood brain barrier, and infects the brain. The virus interferes with normal central nervous system functioning and causes inflammation of the brain. Q. Can I get infected with West Nile virus by caring for an infected horse? A.West Nile virus is transmitted by infectious mosquitoes. There is no documented evidence of person-to-person or animal-to-person transmission of West Nile virus. Normal veterinary infection control precautions should be followed when caring for a horse suspected to have this or any viral infection. %A. van a nWIZPV InlWtitVU VVItI1 •IFGOt IVIIG VIIMI IIIIVi L IIVIOri17 III neighboring stalls? A. No. There is no documented evidence that West Nile virus is transmitted between horses. However, horses with suspected West Nile virus should be isolated from mosquito bites, if at all possible. Q. My horse is vaccinated against eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE). Will these vaccines protect my horse against West Nile virus infection? A. No. EEE, WEE, and VEE belong to another family of viruses for which there is no cross-protection. Q. Can I vaccinate my horse against West Nile virus infection? A.A West Nile virus vaccine for horses was recently approved, but its effectiveness is unknown. Q. How long will a horse infected with West Nile virus be infectious? A.We do not know if an infected horse can be infectious (i.e., cause mosquitoes feeding on it to become infected). However, previously published data suggest that the virus is detectable in the blood for only a few days. Q. What is the treatment for a horse infected with West Nile virus? Should it be destroyed? A. There is no reason to destroy a horse just because it has been infected with West Nile virus. Data suggest that most horses recover from the infection. Treatment would be supportive and consistent with standard veterinary practices for animals infected with a viral agent. Q.Where can I get more information on horses and West Nile virus? A.Visit the USDA website Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).* - - - - Return to top of page West Nile Virus and Wild Game Hunters Q.Are duck and other wild game hunters at risk for West Nile virus infection? A. Because of their outdoor exposure, game hunters may be at risk if they become bitten by mosquitoes in areas with West Nile virus activity. The extent to which West Nile virus may be present in wild game is unknown. Surveillance studies are currently underway in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Wildlife Health Center(in Madison, Wisconsin) and with state and local wildlife biologists and naturalists to answer this question. Q.What should wild game hunters do to protect against West Nile virus infection? A. Hunters should follow the usual precautions when handling wild animals. If they anticipate being exposed to mosquitoes, they should apply insect repellents to clothing and skin, according to label instructions, to prevent mosquito bites. Hunters should wear gloves when handling and cleaning animals to prevent blood exposure to bare hands and meat should be cooked thoroughly. Q.Who should wild game hunters contact for information about the risk for West Nile virus infection in specific geographic areas? A. Hunters should check with their local area department of wildlife and naturalist resources, state epidemiologist at the state health department, or the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, 608-270-2400 for information on local area risk. 01 Return to top of pale Additional Information About West Nile Virus Return-to top of page Some documents are available here in Adobe Acrobat Reader format (PDF). To view or print them, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader (version 3.0 or higher) installed on your computer. If you do not have the reader, you can obtain it free from Adobe Corporation. Click on the icon below to download the program from their Web site. f,kj`Get Acrobat Hobe! Ra4er *Note: These sites are not CDC sites and will be opened in a new browser window. CDC is not responsible for the content of Web pages found at these links. Links to nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not indicate an endorsement of these organizations by CDC or the federal government. I CDC Home I Search I Health Topics A-Z I This page last reviewed September 5,2001 1 Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases 1 I National Center for Infectious Diseases I Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 1 P.O Box 2087 Fort Collins,Colorado 80522 1 CDC Privacy Policy I Accessibility 1 bb.b- norm ana soutn), vvest Me encepnaiitis cases occur primamy in the late summer or early fall. In the southern climates where temperatures are milder, West Nile virus can be transmitted year round. Return to top ofpage Transmission of West Nile Virus Q. How do people get West Nile encephalitis? A. By the bite of mosquitoes infected with West Nile virus. Q.What is the basic transmission cycle? A. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds, which may circulate the virus in their blood for a few days. Infected mosquitoes can then transmit West Nile virus to humans and animals while biting to take blood. The virus is located in the mosquito's salivary glands. During blood feeding, the virus may be injected into the animal or human, where it may multiply, possibly causing illness. Q. If I live in an area where birds or mosquitoes with West Nile virus have been reported and a mosquito bites me, am I likely to get sick? A. No. Even in areas where mosquitoes do carry the virus, very few mosquitoes—much less than 1%—are infected. If the mosquito is infected, less than 1% of people who get bitten and become infected will get severely ill. The chances you will become severely ill from any one mosquito bite are extremely small. Q. Can you get West Nile encephalitis from another person? Wtm'Site ti'Tr%k4T v,*ankalau,Cvde A. No. West Nile encephalitis is NOT transmitted from person-to-person. For example, you cannot get West gip, Nile virus from touching or kissing a person who has the disease, or from a health care worker who has treated ,. someone with the disease. Q. Is a woman's pregnancy at risk if CK she gets West Nile encephalitis? View enlarged image. A.There is no documented evidence that a pregnancy is at risk due to infection with West Nile virus. Q. Besides mosquitoes, can you get West Nile virus directly from other insects or ticks? A. Infected mosquitoes are the primary source for West Nile virus. Although ticks infected with West Nile virus have been found in Asia and Africa, their role in the transmission and maintenance of the virus is uncertain. However, there is no information to suggest that ticks played any role in the cases identified in the United States. Q. How many types of animals have been found to be infected with West Nile virus? A. Although the vast majority of infections have been identified in birds, WN virus has been shown to infect horses, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels, and domestic rabbits. Q. Can you get West Nile virus directly from birds? A. There is no evidence that a person can get the virus from handling live or dead infected birds. However, persons should avoid bare-handed contact when handling any dead animals and use gloves or double plastic bags to place the carcass in a garbage can. Q. Can I get infected with West Nile virus by caring for an infected horse? A.West Nile virus is transmitted by infectious mosquitoes. There is no documented evidence of person-to-person or animal-to-person transmission of West Nile virus. Normal veterinary infection control precautions should be followed when caring for a horse suspected to have this or any viral infection. W. f7VVV UVGJ VVWAL IYIIG VIIUA 09.1,UOIly tC1UJG:JCVVIC IIIIItMP* CIIIU UC4111 III humans? A. Following transmission by an infected mosquito, West Nile virus multiplies in the person's blood system and crosses the blood-brain barrier to reach the brain. The virus interferes with normal central nervous system functioning and causes inflammation of brain tissue. Q.What proportion of people with severe illness due to West Nile virus die? A.Among those with severe illness due to West Nile virus, case-fatality rates range from 3% to 15% and are highest among the elderly. Less than 1% of those infected with West Nile virus will develop severe illness. Q. If a person contracts West Nile virus, does that person develop a natural immunity to future infection by the virus? A. It is assumed that immunity will be lifelong; however, it may wane in later years. Return to top of page Prevention of West Nile Virus Q.What can be done to prevent outbreaks of West Nile virus? A. Prevention and control of West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases is most effectively accomplished through integrated vector management programs. These programs should include surveillance for West Nile virus activity in mosquito vectors, birds, horses, other animals, and humans, and implementation of appropriate mosquito control measures to reduce mosquito populations when necessary. Additionally, when virus activity is detected in an area, residents should be alerted and advised to increase measures to reduce contact with mosquitoes. Details about effective prevention and control of West Nile virus can be found in C_ DC's Guidelines for Surveillance Prevention, and Control(286 KB, 111 pages). Q. Is there a vaccine against West Nile encephalitis? A. No, but several companies are working towards developing a vaccine. Q.What can I do to reduce my risk of becoming infected with West Nile virus? A. . Stay indoors at dawn, dusk, and in the early evening. • Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants whenever you are outdoors. • Spray clothing with repellents containing permethrin or DEET since mosquitoes may bite through thin clothing. • Apply insect repellent sparingly to exposed skin. An effective repellent will contain 35% DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). DEET in high concentrations (greater than 35%) provides no additional protection. • Repellents may irritate the eyes and mouth, so avoid applying repellent to the hands of children. • Whenever you use an insecticide or insect repellent, be sure to read and follow the manufacturer's DIRECTIONS FOR USE, as printed on the product. • Note: Vitamin B and "ultrasonic" devices are NOT effective in preventing mosquito bites. Q.Where can I get more information on mosquito repellents? A.Visit the American College of Physicians website: "Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: A clinician's_uide" Mark S. Fradin,-MD. Annals of Internal Medicine. June 1, 1998;128:931-940)-. You can also find information on insect repellents containing BEET*at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website. Q. Where can I get information about the use of pesticide sprays that are being used for mosquito control? A. The federal agency responsible for pesticide evaluation is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). See the EPA websiter, for Focus on Mosquitoes W A S H I N 6 T 0 N STATE 0 E P A fl T N E N T 0 E General Permit for Insecticides Advocates Larvae ECOLOGY Control to Halt Spread of West Nile Virus Issue The West Nile virus, one of many mosquito-borne diseases, was first found in the northeastern United States in 1999. The virus can cause encephalitis in humans and some animals. Cases of encephalitis range from mild to very severe illnesses that, in a few cases, can be fatal. West Nile virus is most commonly spread by the bite of an infected mosquito and can infect many types of birds as well as horses and people. The virus is not believed to be spread from person to person or from animal to person. Mosquitoes pick up the virus by feeding on an infected bird. This fall, a dead raven tested positive for West Nile virus in the Newport area,just north of Spokane near the Idaho border. Homeowners, local government officials, and other members of the public are wondering what is being done to halt the spread of the virus and what, if anything, they can do. The state departments of Ecology, Health, Agriculture, Fish&Wildlife and Natural Resources have been working together to provide a coordinated response. The Department of Health(DOH)has taken the lead to develop an emergency response plan and is coordinating surveillance activities designed to detect the West Nile virus. Washington's surveillance is part of a nationwide effort spearheaded by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track the spread of West Nile virus. Steps that homeowners can take and other links can be found on the DOH website; their website address is provided below. The application of insecticides is regulated by the Washington State Departments of Ecology(Ecology) and Agriculture(WSDA). WSDA oversees label compliance and issues professional licenses to those who apply pesticides, while Ecology issues permits for uses of aquatic pesticides to assure water quality is protected. Note: Ecology's permit provides that a state or local health officer, in agreement with Ecology, may order temporary suspension of permit conditions to protect public health in the event of a mosquito-borne disease outbreak. Under most controlled circumstances, emergency provisions will not be necessary. This Focus sheet clarifies Ecology's role in permitting the use of insecticides as Washington attempts to control and minimize the effects of the West Nile virus. Mosquito Control Management Mosquitoes are best managed on an area-wide basis by public agencies that are either components of local health departments or are independent districts organized specifically for controlling mosquitoes. In Washington, there are approximately 15 mosquito-and vector-control districts (a vector is an organism that carves pathogens from one host to another), mostly in eastern Washington. Some districts are small and have responsibility for mosquito abatement in an area covering several square miles, while the activities of others may encompass an entire county or more. Under Ecology's general permit, using insecticides to control mosquitoes in surface waters of the state of Washington is subject to the provisions of integrated pest management plans(IPMs), and Ecology works with mosquito districts to develop these plans. Management efforts aim to control,not eradicate, mosquitoes. October Ecology is an equal opportunity agency. 2002 Publication Number 02-10-057 ow i printed on Recycled Paper A good integrated pest-management(IPM)program can control mosquitoes effectively and reduce pesticide exposure to humans and the environment. Under an IPM, insecticides are dispersed only where mosquito larvae are present and not indiscriminately, providing good source control and minimal exposure to non- target species, which is why larvaciding is better than adulticiding (killing adult mosquitoes). Under Ecology's general permit, using insecticides to control mosquitoes in surface waters of the state of Washington is subject to the provisions of integrated pest management plans(IPMs). Ecology works with mosquito districts to develop these plans and advocates its IPM mosquito control policy as a model. The underlying philosophy is managing the mosquito habitat and controlling the immature stages before the mosquitoes emerge as adults. This policy reduces the need for widespread pesticide application in urban areas. The model IPM includes the use of pesticides,but only after systematic monitoring of mosquito populations indicates a need. The policy begins with identifying and controlling common rearing sites(tires, puddles at construction sites, flower pots, bird baths, livestock waters, etc). After that,biological controls, then bacterial controls, then growth interrupters, then surface film oils and finally, in health emergencies, organophosphates (malathion and temephos) are considered. Ideally, an IPM program considers all available control actions, including no action, and evaluates the interaction among various control practices, cultural practices, weather, and habitat structure. Thus, this approach uses a combination of resource management techniques to control mosquito populations with decisions based on surveillance and impacts to the environment. Fish-and-game specialists and natural-resource biologists should be involved in planning control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be affected by mosquito control practices. Because of the coordinated efforts and technical expertise needed to effectively maintain surveillance and control over mosquitoes,Ecology recommends that communities actively support the formation of mosquito control districts. For more information about establishing a district in your area,please contact your local health department or district. For More Information To learn more about Ecology's mosquito-control general permit,please visit our website at http://www.ecy.wa.aov/prol4rams/wq/pesticides/index.html or contact Kathleen Emmett by telephone at 360-407-7478, fax 360-407-6426, e-mail kemm461(&ecy.wa.cov or regular mail at PO Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504-7600. To learn more about the West Nile virus and Washington's concerted response efforts,visit Department of Health's website at http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/'AINIV/R'NV.html or contact the Office of Environmental Health and Safety, PO Box 47825, 7171 Cleanwater Lane, Olympia, WA 98504-7825, telephone 360-236-3380 or 888-586-9427. Ecology is an equal opportunity agency. If you have special accommodation needs,please call Donna Lynch at(360) 407-7529. The TTYnumber is 7-1-1 or 1-800-833-6388. Email may be sent to dlyn4616c)ecy.tiva.gov. Page 2 l � Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L.Plough, Ph.D., MPH,Director and Health Officer October, 2002 West Nile virus Common questions and answers What is west Nile virus? West Nile virus causes West Nile fever, encephalitis and meningitis. West Nile fever is typically a mild illness that occurs in about one of five persons who are infected by the virus. West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis are more serious illnesses that occur in less than 1 percent of persons infected by the virus. Encephalitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the brain, and meningitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the tissues surrounding the spinal cord and brain. West Nile virus was previously found in Africa, West Asia and the Middle East. It was discovered in the United States in 1999. West Nile virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and other animals. Birds become infected with West Nile virus and carry the virus in nature. Mosquitoes become infected after feeding on infected birds. At present, West Nile Virus has not been detected in King County, but it has been detected in Washington State. What are the human health effects of west Nile virus infection? Most people infected with West Nile virus have no symptoms or a mild illness with fever, muscle aches, fatigue, headache and joint pain (West Nile fever). These persons recover fully and do not require hospital care. A smaller number of infected persons develop encephalitis or meningitis with symptoms of high fever, neck stiffness, confusion, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis. Persons who survive West Nile encephalitis may have long-term symptoms, but recovery from the milder forms of infection is complete. It is assumed that once someone has had an infection caused by West Nile virus they develop long-term protection against being infected again. Are there persons who are at greater risk of developing more severe illness? Yes. Persons who are older than 50 years, particularly those who are greater than 70 years of age, are more likely to develop the serious forms of West Nile virus infection. Pregnancy is not known to increase the risk of developing the severe forms of West Nile virus infection. Office of the Director 999 Third Avenue,Suite 1200• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle . King County T(206)296-4600 F(206)296-0166• www.metrokc.gov/health Ma A for.`F n.rzecumr P How is West Nile Virus transmitted? West Nile virus is not transmitted directly from person-to-person or from animal-to- person. There is no evidence that persons can become infected from eating infected animals. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. The virus becomes located in the salivary gland of the mosquito. When the mosquito bites a human or animal, the mosquito injects the virus into its victim. Persons who become ill develop symptoms 3 to 14 days after being infected with West Nile virus. The West Nile virus remains in infected individuals for a relatively short time and does not cause chronic infections. Can I get a West Nile virus infection from a blood or organ donation`.' Organ transplant recipients can become infected if the donor had a West Nile virus infection at the time of organ donation. Recently, there have been some instances where West Nile virus has been reportedly transmitted through blood product transfusions. Blood banks are taking preventative measures to screen out blood donors who may have been infected with West Nile virus. How much of a problem will West Nile virus become'? Even if West Nile virus becomes established in local birds and mosquitoes, human illness is not expected to be frequent; relatively few mosquitoes are likely to become infected with the virus and most people who do become infected have either no symptoms or mild illness. However, ongoing monitoring for the presence of West Nile virus in birds, horses and humans will remain necessary to track the extent of the problem, prevent serious infections, and determine the best strategies to combat the virus. In King County, what is Public Health doing about West Nile virus? Public Health surveillance activities are underway to monitor for the appearance of West Nile virus in birds, animals and humans. West Nile virus is usually detected in birds or horses before cases occur in humans. In addition, Public Health provides information on personal protective measures and environmental measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Health care providers and hospitals are required by law to report to Public Health suspected cases of viral encephalitis including cases suspected to be caused by West Nile virus. For more information, consult the May 2002 issue of the communicable disease newsletter, the Epi-Log: http://www.metrokc.(,,,ov/health/phnr/prot re&'epiloe/vol4205.htm What is Public Health's dead crow program? Crows are particularly susceptible to West Nile virus, and often sicken and die from it. Therefore, in partnership with the Washington State Department of Health, Public Health is testing dead crows to see if they have died from West Nile virus. When Public Health finds a dead crow with West Nile virus, King County will know that the virus has arrived. n How can I get involved with the dead crow program and report a dead bird? You can get involved by calling Public Health at 206-205-4394 if you find a dead crow in King County. The crow you find may be appropriate for testing for West Nile virus. When you call, you will be asked a few questions. First, is the bird freshly dead (dead less than 48 hours)? Second, where and when did you find the dead bird? Third, is the bird damaged? Undamaged birds are best. In order to test the crow you find, you must freeze the crow in your freezer. Once crows start to decay, they cannot be tested. Therefore, please place the double-bagged crow in your freezer for pick-up, where appropriate. Not all crows are appropriate for testing, though Public Health does want you to report any dead crow sightings. If the bird you find is not appropriate for testing, or if you find a dead bird that is not a crow, you may dispose of it in your garbage can. Using gloves or a shovel, double bag the bird in plastic bags and dispose of it in your garbage. Though dead birds will not transmit West Nile virus, you should not pick up a dead animal with your bare hands. What can l do to reduce the number of mosquitoes? Removing sources of standing water on your property and around your home reduces mosquito breeding habitat. Examples of things you can do include: • Tip out barrels and buckets • Tip out containers such as toys, cans or plant saucers • Change water in birdbaths weekly • Get rid of used tires • Clean garden ponds • Recycle old bottles, buckets and cans • Clean leaf-clogged gutters • Empty water from flower pot dishes • Repair leaky outdoor faucets • Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens What does a mosquito larva look like? Larvae ("wigglers") are '/4 to '/2 inch long, or smaller. They move by vigorously wiggling or flexing their bodies. They look like tiny aquatic worms. When are mosquito larvae most likely to be present? Though there are variations dependent on weather and temperature, mosquito larvae are most likely to be present in King County from March through October. What can be done to avoid mosquito bites? • Be aware of the times of day when mosquitoes are most likely to be biting. The prime biting periods are often at dusk and dawn. if you do go outside when mosquitoes are biting, wear long sleeve shirts and long pants. Hats are also useful. r • Consider wearing an insect repellent. Repellents containing the chemical N,N- diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) are known to be very effective. Some people are particularly sensitive to DEET and should use caution. Children under the age of two should not use insect repellents containing DEET. Older children should use products with the correct percentage of DEET for their age. It is important to read the label and follow the instructions on the label carefully. For more information on DEET, visit the CDC's insect repellent use and safety page: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod,ldvbid/westniie/ga/insect repellent htm. • Ensure that window and door screens are in good repair and fit tightly. What steps Nvill King County be taking to control mosquitoes? • Public Health is working to identify the mosquito species that live in our region by sending inspectors into the field to collect larvae from a variety of habitats. By doing this, Public Health is gathering the kind of data that will help target educational and control efforts, should they become necessary. • Public Health is working with County agencies, cities, the state and sister agencies nation-wide to learn about the best methods to use to control mosquitoes. King County's approach will be balanced and will be protective of both humans and the environment. What are some of the substances that King County is considering to control mosquitoes? • One approach that may be considered is to apply natural larvicides, in limited and targeted areas, to control immature mosquitoes before they emerge as adults. King County will not be using aerial spraying to kill adult mosquitoes unless there is a public health emergency, which is unlikely. • One possible larvicide that may be used is based on a variety of Bacillus thuri Igiensls, which is a control technique well-known to organic gardeners. Resources: Public Health's West Nile virus hotline: 206-205-3883 For information from the King County Department Of Natural Resources and Parks on West Nile virus, wetlands and retention/detention ponds, visit: http:i!dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmiiv'press/2002/0916wnv.htm For those who want more information about surveillance activities at the state level, refer to the press release issued by the Washington State Department of Health: http: :;Nvwx,N.doh.wa.,ov/Publicat;2002 News/02-91.htm For more extensive information about West Nile virus, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at: http:/rwNvw.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/q&a.htm Y Short Plat (SHPL# ) REQUEST FOR PROJECT# Prelim.Plat (PP# ) CAG# ) To: Technical Services Date / 1d, WO# 65 f Y Green# From: Plan Review/Project Manager 1�fv► t� v�h Project Name �0 b4'4-51r"'� ,. t'�zy A-) Jr- 21'rvL (70 characters max UtI✓ Description of Project: J Circle Size of Waterline: 8" loft 12" Circle One: New or Extension Circle Size of Sewerline: 8" 10" 12" Circle One: New or Extension Circle Size of Stonnline: 12" 15" 18" 24" Circle One: New or Extension Address or Street Name(s) Dvlpr/Contractor/Owner/Cnslt:: (70 characters max) Check each discipline involved in Project Ltr Drwg #of sheets per discipline ✓ ✓ ❑ Trans-Storm ❑ ❑ (Roadway/Drainage) (Off site improvements)(include basin name) (include TESC sheets) ❑ Transportation (Signalization,Channelization,Lighting) ❑ ❑ ❑ Wastewater ❑ ❑ Sanitary Sewer Main(include basin name) ❑ Water (Mains,Valves,Hydrants) ❑ ❑ (Include composite&Horizontal Ctrl Sheets) Suface Water ❑ ❑ (CIP ONLY)(include basin name) Improvements TS Use Only Approved by TSM Date: H:forms/util ity/92-090.DOC/CD/bh