HomeMy WebLinkAboutSWP272000(4) (2) APPE ROVED BY
CiTV COUNCIL
Date
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
COMMITTEE REPORT
May 5,2003
WEST NILE VIRUS RESPONSE PLAN
(Referred April 28, 2003)
The Committee of the Whole recommends:concurrence in the staff recommendation that
Council approve the proposed West,Nile Virus Response Plan.
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Kathy K er-Wheeler Council Presider � ` � �; �'
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cc: Gregg Zimmerman
Lys Hornsby
Ronald Straka
C:\WRqDOWS\TEMP\cowwnv-fmal.doc\lf
40 CITY OF RENTON
TR
Planninouildin&ublicWorks Department
Jesse Tanner,Mayor Gregg Zimmerman P.E.,Administrator
November 3,2003
Ben Hamilton,NPDES Permit Coordinator
Washington State Department of Health
PO Box 47825
Olympia, WA 98504
SUBJECT: AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL NATIONAL POLLUTANT
DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM GENERAL PERMIT ANNUAL
REPORT
Dear Mr. Hamilton:
The City of Renton has not treated any of its publicly owned stormwater facilities with larvicide
in 2003. Due to the absence of the virus in Washington State this year, it was felt that larviciding
was unnecessary.
If you have any questions or require further information please call me at 425-430-7247.
Sincerreelly,/,�r
Allen Quy ect Manager
Surface Wility
cc: file
H:\File Sys\SWP-Surface Water Projects\SWP-27-Surface Water Projects(CIP)\27-2000 Mosquito Abateme rogram\West Nile
Virus\20031 permit reportingletter.doc\AQtp
1055 South Grady Way-Renton,Washington 98055 R E N T O N
eThis paper contains 50%recycled material,30%post consumer AHEAD OF THE CURVE
Allen Cuynn -Guidelines for Reporting Larvicide Records Page 1
From: "Hamilton, Benjamin" <Benjamin.Hamilton@doh.wa.gov>
To: Adam Lim <adam_lim@wsu.edu>, Alan Sugino <alan.k.sugino@boeing.com>,
Alexander Hubert <aahubert2000@yahoo.com>, Allen Quynn <aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us>, Bill Blake
<bblake@ci.arlington.wa.us>, Bill Leif <b.leif@co.snohomish.wa.us>, Bill Williams <billw@gorge.net>,
Bob Bernard <bbernard@uci.net>, Bob Morris <bmorris@nwlco.com>, Carl Robert Aron
<c.aron@att.net>, Carol Vanderwoude <samzauntie@msn.com>, Christy Strand
<cstrand@cityoftacoma.org>, Dan Carnrite <dan@ci.edgewood.wa.us>, Dan Mathias
<d math ias@ci.everett.wa.us>, Dan Willott <dan.willott@metrokc.gov>, Dana Pratt
<dana@prattpest.com>, Daniel Bretzke <danielb@ci.burien.wa.us>, Dave Zabell
<Dave.Zabel l@ci.bothell.wa.us>, David Tucker <dtucker@co.kitsap.wa.us>, Dean Kaelin/ Carol Ernst
<carol_ernst@hotmail.com>, Donald Shute <ballou@pocketinet.com>, Douglas George
<dgeorge@co.grays-harbor.wa.us>, Eagle Pest Elimantors <eagle_pest@com cast.net>, Eden Advanced
Pest Technologies <jackmarlowe@eden pest.com>, Frank Zenk <fzenk@ci.lake-forest-park.wa.us>, Gary
Jefferis <gary_jefferis@everett.wed net.edu>, Gene Patterson <gpatters@wsu.edu>, Henry Finch
Gohrman <sonny.gohrman@co.snohomish.wa.us>, Jack Taylor<jackt@co.island.wa.us>, Jeff Rudolph
<jrudolp@co.pierce.wa.us>, Jennifer Aylor <jennifera@ci.mount-vernon.wa.us>, Jennifer Mullins
<rmullins@crcwnet.com>, Jey Manickam <jey@totallandscape.net>, Jim Thompson <gcmcd@nwi.net>,
Jimmi Maulding <jimmi.maulding@ci.mercer-island.wa.us>, John Hinds <john@uvillage.com>, John
Wolpers <wolpj@co.kittitas.wa.us>, Jon Stoneman <stoneman@whid bey.net>, Kari Chennault
<kchennault@ci.marysville.wa.us>, Keith Stefanson <kstefanson@lwsd.wed net.edu>, Kevin Day
<kday@co.walla-walla.wa.us>, Lawrence Treleven <larryt@spraguepest.com>, Lee Bagley
<Ibagley@ci.lakewood.wa.us>, Lee Phipps <Iphipps@co.whatcom.wa.us>, Les Anderson
<les@ci.stanwood.wa.us>, Lou Dooley <Idooley@swwhd.wa.gov>, Lynn Marlowe
<bensinger@centurytel.net>, Margaret Fleek <mfleek@ci.burlington.wa.us>, Maureen Meehan
<Maureen.Meehan@ci.bothell.wa.us>, Melanie Vance <mvance@spokanecounty.org>, Michael Wolanek
<dochydro@netzero.com>, Mike Conklin <mconklin@intrawest.com>, Mike Shaw
<mshaw@ci.mountlake-terrace.wa.us>, Mike Wheeler <mwheeler@ci.covington.wa.us>, Pat
McGranahan <carguy1010@hotmail.com>, Patrick Harris <pharris@ci.bellevue.wa.us>, Patrick Svoboda
<svobodp@wsdot.wa.gov>, Richard Ellison <rellison@lkwash.wednet.edu>, Rick Albertson
<rick.albertson@us.nestle.com>, Rick Dawson <rickd@bfhd.wa.gov>, Spokane ProCare
<spoprocare@gntech.net>, Stephen Warneke <swarneke@orkin.com>, Steve Wirth <swirth2@gte.net>,
Steven Osmek <osmek.s@portseattle.org>, Sue Adams <townff@att.net>, Susan Dahl
<susan@mkps.net>, Ted Carlson <tcarlson@ci.ken more.wa.us>, Terry Gilmore
<tmgilmore@icehouse.net>, Terry Whitworth <wpctwbug@aol.com>, Thomas Hansen
<thansen@ci.mukilteo.wa.us>, Tim Gallagher<tallagher@spraguepest.com>, Timothy Whittaker
<tjw88@bigdam.net>, Todd Davis <todd@co.kittitas.wa.us>, Todd Pennington <todd@edenpest2.com>,
Tom Haworth <thaworth@cbnn.net>, Tony Barrett <TGBarret@co.lewis.wa.us>, Vicki Stier
<vstier@portblakely.com>, Wayne Switzer <waynes@edenpest2.com>, William Peacock
<bpeacock@spokanecity.org>, William Scheder<bschede@ci.auburn.wa.us>, William Wagoner
<bill.wagoner@columbiafoods.com>
Date: 11/3/03 10:04AM
Subject: Guidelines for Reporting Larvicide Records
Good Morning,
This email is intended to provide guidance on how to report your actual
aquatic mosquito larviciding activities for the year 2003. Reporting is
required, but how you report can be flexible depending on your situation.
Step 1.
Enter your actual larvicide records into your online application in Section
IV (if you applied no larvicides this year, send me a letter notifying me of
this).
"If you are an entity with time/resources limitations and have a significant
amount of actual larvicide records to report, you can group your records by
��l
'Alleh Ouynn -Guidelines for Reporting Larvicide Records Page 2
water body location, watershed, or WRIA and report the total amount of each
larvicide applied to that area in your online application (the Latitude &
Longitude would be a center point of each area you group). This"grouping"
of records is intended to help out entities with a significant amount of
larvicide records and limited resources to do the data entry into the online
application (such as some Mosquito Control Districts, Cities, Counties, and
maybe some others).
Step 2.
Mail a hard copy version of your actual larvicide records to me with the
responsible persons signature. After entering your actual records into your
online application, you can highlight and copy your table of records, then
paste them into an Excel spreadsheet to printout, sign, and mail.
*If you are an entity that grouped your actual records on your online
application, you will still need to mail me a hard copy of all your
larvicide records.
Contact me if you have any questions or comments about these reporting
guidelines.
P.S. I'll be sending out a"reminder to report" letter shortly with these
guidelines to those I haven't already received records from.
Thanks,
Ben Hamilton, NPDES Permit Coordinator
WA Department of Health
PO Box 47825
Olympia, WA 98504
(360) 236-3364 Fax: (360) 236-2261
www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/Permit.html
"The Department of Health works to protect and improve the health of people
in Washington State"
Stormwater Management and West Nile
Virus. Is There a Link?
s the U.S.Environmental Protec- manager for the Prince Georges County "Those are the types of things that are re-
tion Agency's (EPA) Phase If (Md.) Department of Environmental ally going to offer that habitat that a vec-
stormwater regulations are being Resources, Programs, and Planning. He tor's going to take advantage of."
implemented, public fear over the rapid also noted that, like many other juris- At the same time, "as much as we
may' spread of the mosquito-borne West Nile dictions,"we're currently evaluating our want to minimize stormwater aspects,
virus is focusing the spotlight on stormwa stormwater management facilities in re- there could be severe consequences,"
t
1 - ter controls and the role they may be play- lation to West Nile virus." Goulet said.
ing as potential breeding grounds for mos-
quitoes. Eliminating Habitat Virtues of Stormwater BMPs
Under the new rules, small and mid- Because mosquitoes can breed any- Stormwater retention ponds"are ab-
sized communities will be required to de- where they find standing water, public solutely necessary, because without
sign and implement programs to curb agencies such as EPA and the U.S.Centers them,erosion and nonpoint source load-
'' - stormwater runoff from municipal,indus- for Disease Control and Prevention rec- ing on streams would go way up, and
trial, and construction sources, just as ommend eliminating any stagnant water. that in and of itself can create drainage
their larger counterparts did under EPA's They place particular emphasis on home problems and breeding problems,"said
X` ✓
Phase I rules. In doing so,municipalities owners,whose efforts to eliminate things Al Gray,former deputy executive director
have a variety of best management prac- like clogged gutters and water in bird- at the Water Environment Federation
r ' ` tices(BMPs)to choose from,including re- baths,wading pools,potted plant dishes, (Alexandria,Va.). "So not having ponds
y tention ponds,drainage ditches,artificial- and children's toys can go a long way to- would probably create a worse effect by
ly created wetlands, grassy swales, and ward alleviating the problem. far than having them."
rain gardens. "That's probably your biggest source Where excessive siltation occurs,im-
Retention ponds—both wet and dry [of mosquitoes],as opposed to stormwa pounded areas can result where the flow is
SO —are one of the most prevalent BMPs ter facilities,"said Larry Roesner, a pro- reduced or normal stream channels are
communities use to address runoff,with fessor of civil engineering at Colorado State modified so that drainage is much slower,
tens of thousands existing nationally,ac- University(Fort Collins). Gray explained.In this way,"you actually
cording to EPA Because they are typically But improperly designed and main- create stagnant areas around stream banks
designed to allow collected water to drain tained stormwater retention ponds also or small tributaries through some of these
Olt slowly, often holding rainwater and pol- may unnecessarily be contributing to in- siltation effects that could create breeding
lutants for days,it is logical that they may creased mosquito populations, particu- places for mosquitoes and other nuisance
a �C be creating potential habitat for mosqui- larly"when you get vegetative overgrowth, organisms,"Gray said.
toes to breed,said Normand Goulet,senior exposed catch and settling basins,silt and Environmentalists, while not particu-
�- environmental planner for the Northern debris buildup,and clogging,"Goulet said. larly fond of stormwater retention ponds,
�1 C Virginia Regional Commission(Fairfax).
Consequently,municipalities are find-
ing it harder to gain public acceptance for
apt, new stormwater facilities,and"there have
been some who have said that maybe we 4"
should be draining wetlands,"said Julie u
Sibbing, legislative wetlands representa-
tive for the National Wildlife Federation
(Washington,D.C.). ;H
R
St But is there a link between West Nile
t ,T
✓Tg virus and stormwater management?
There are probably more questions
than answers right now,"Goulet said.
lv)• "There's no specific proof that storm-
water management facilities are harbor-
,ppl ing West Nile virus, or any other virus,
but there's not proof that they aren't ei
ther," said Derek Winogradoff, project
APRIL 2003
. a
PI agreed. "These structures are getting a gen concentrations and a good aquatic ponds, both with respect to stormwater
bum rap for this species that carries West ecosystem, natural predators [such as regulations under the Clean Water Act and
Nile when they may be part of the defer- mosquito fish and dragonflies] will con- other benefits,such as flood control."The
sive system,"warned Betsy Otto,senior trol the mosquito population," real message,he added,is not to avoid the
watersheds program director for American To keep things in check,intensive main- use of stormwater retention ponds,but to
Rivers(Washington,D.Q.She pointed out tenance—usually the first thing cut from improve efforts to properly design, con-
that when ponds are designed to be more budgets during financial crunches—will struct,operate,and maintain them.
like naturalized wetland systems,they can be necessary, according to Goulet. "It's Essentially,what's needed,Goulet said,
draw in birds and other insects that feed on no longer going to be the environmentally is "a whole rethink towards complete
insects carrying West Nile virus. friendly thing to do;it's now going to be for ecosystems," something environmental-
the protection of human health,"he said. ists wholeheartedly support.
Design and Maintenance Key As a result of the West Nile outbreak,
Under the threat of West Nile virus,mu- EPA too is paying more attention to prop- Moving Toward Low-impact
nicipalities will have to place a much larger er design,operation,and maintenance of Development
emphasis on the actual design of facilities, stormwater ponds, and additional guid- "There are ways of designing and
as well as maintenance,Goulet said. ance is likely in the coming months,said maintaining stormwater controls so as
As mosquitoes need 3 to 4 days to re- Benjamin Grumbles, deputy assistant to minimize the production of mosqui-
produce,"all designs are going to have to administrator of EPA's Office of Water. toes," said Nancy Stoner, a senior at-
be looked at in terms of trying to get rid of "We're going to continue to rely on torney with the Natural Resources
the water within a 72-hour time period— stormwater retention ponds and the use of Defense Council. She highlighted non-
that's for those facilities that aren't per- BMPs,"Grumbles said."But concerns over structural practices,for example,such
manent pools,"Goulet said.For wet ponds, West Nile emphasize the need to maintain as rain gardens and vegetative swales,
"as long as you have good dissolved oxy- the health of those stormwater retention as well as efforts to reduce the amount
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For More Information,Circle 6 on Reader Service Card
WE&T
,
of impervious surfaces. the stormwater onto smaller sites by dis- help us meet [the new] requirements,as and all
These emerging stormwater technolo- tributing BMPs uniformly and strategi- well as combat West Nile,and that's prob- of disc
gies are commonly referred to as low-im- cally across individual lots,you don't get ably the direction we'll end up going," each
pact development approaches,all of which that massive slug of water that's harder Winogradoff said. By
involve trying to mimic the pre-develop- to clean and deal with,"Winogradoff said. And its something that more commu- less e:
ment hydrology of a site,Winogradoff said. Moreover, bioretention or rain gardens nities may be looking at soon,for"West pollut
"Instead of piping all the stormwater into drain quickly and don't hold water on Nile is here to stay," Goulet said. "It's to a st
one big basin,we're trying to put water in- the surface for long,so they don't harbor something we're going to have to learn policy
to the ground to mimic where it went be- mosquitoes. to live with and learn how to control." pollut
fore development. "We think our low-impact development treatr
"We've figured out that if you separate program offers a perfect opportunity to —Kris Christen, WE&T sets c
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U.S. EPA Promotes Market-based In
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Trading in Nutrients, Sediments plan;
plant
ith a new voluntary water qual- ments faster and at a lower cost. Clean Water Act regulations,establish in- then
ity trading policy released in The purpose of the policy,according to centives for voluntary reductions,and pro- pern
January, the U.S. Environ- EPA, is to "encourage voluntary trading mote watershed-based initiatives." T
mental Protection Agency (EPA) touted programs that facilitate the implementa- Under EPA's current TMDL program, cap
market-based pollutant trading as away to tion of total maximum daily loads states set caps on the total amount of pol- ducc
achieve needed water quality improve- (TMDLs),reduce costs of compliance with lution that can enter a given waterbody fracl
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Type A Full-Port Megaf/ex Pinch
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is used to operate the valve, no
external actuator is required.A
full port eliminates headloss,
reduces pumping costs and
eliminates packing, seals and
maintenance. Ideal for stormwa-
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WFAT
From: /U|onQuynn
To: 8riere. Joasioa
Date: 06K09/2003 1:33PM
Subject: New Folder
Jessica:
Could you please make me another folder for the following ^oxisdng^ project:
West Nile Virus
SVVP'27'2000
General Correspondence
| would like a two-inch folder size with label on the side if possible.
Thanks.
CC: Olson, Carrie
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CITY OF RENTON MAYOR'S OFFICE
CITIZEN COMPLAINT FORM
DATE: 5130103 COMPLAINT TAKEN BY: T. Dauenhauer
COMPLAINT RECEIVED VIA: Telephone
COMPLAINANT'S NAME Sharon Chriswell
ADDRESS 1428 Harrington Ave NE/P.O.Box 2883
CITY/STATE/ZIP Renton,WA 998056
HOME PHONE 425-235-7210
WORK PHONE
COMPLAINT: Ms. Chriswell is concerned about drainage ponds in the Highlands that she says
are not draining, creating a potential breeding ground for mosquitoes,and thus the spread of the
West Nile Virus. Ms. Chriswell believes the ponds are supposed to drain within 48 hours, but
says five or six of them have cattails growing in green water.
This complaint is being forwarded to Lys Hornsby regarding the West Nile Virus concerns,and
to Neil Watts regarding possible development standards issues.
Would you please contact Ms. Chriswell about this complaint and complete/return the action
report below? Thank you.
DEPARTMENT COMPLAINT ASSOCIATED WITH: PBPW: Gregg Z.,Neil W.,Lys H.,
Crystal M., Clarice M.
ACTION TAKEN
REFERRED TO:
DATE REFERRED:
DATE ACTION TAKEN:
ACTION TAKEN BY WHOM:
TYPE OF ACTION TAKEN:
RDFACMDotson.XLS
7riRU 15�7 15 -v
A B C D E F G
1 Plat Detention/Retention facilities.
2 Facility Name Project Approximate Address Type Responsibility for Maintenance _
0-open Specifically dedicated on Maintenance Agreements
C-closed plat to: ( HOA-Homeowners Responsibility for
Association, C-City, KC- maintence:
King County, ND-Not
speciffically dedicated on
plat document)
3
4 FERNW_OOD NORTH UNION AND NE1ST 10 HA CITY
5 _GUSTAFSON A_DD'N NE 10TH&UNION C ND, in R/W CITY
6 HEATHER DOWNS II UNION AVE NE { 0 ND .s CITY
7 HEATHER DOWNS I UNION AVE NE 3 0 ND 4 CITY
8 STONEGATE NE 26TH & LYONS AVE 4 0 CITY 5 CITY
9 SUMMERWIND DIV. 1 NE 21ST& DUVALL S AC, HA b CITY
10 SUMMERWIND DIV. 2 NE 21ST DUVALL ` O CITY 7 CITY
11 SUMMERWIND DIV. 3 NE 20TH ST C CITY 8 CITY
12 SWAN MEADOW NE 13TH PL&CAMAS C ND, IN R/W �p CITY
13 SWAN MEADOW II NE 13TH & BLAINE C ND, IN RM io CITY
14 TIFFANY PARK SE 16TH & EDMONDS C ND, IN R/W tii CITY
15 UNION 670 PLAT ^_ NE 6TH PL & UNION C ND, IN R/W I CITY
16 UNION CIRCLE __ NE 6TH CT& UNION C ND, IN R/W i CITY
17 UNION PLACE PLAT NE 7TH & UNION C HA CITY
18 IWINDSPER (LIBERTY VIEW) S 32ND ST '7 O CITY I CITY
19 AZALEA LANE NE 23rd and Blaine 0 HA PRIV
20 BRANDALWOOD PLAT NE 23RD &DUVALL O,C HA PRIV
21 EDEN ESTATES NE 29TH&KENNEWICK C ND, in Easement PRIV
22 FALCON RIDGE (CEDAR RIDGE) SE 8TH DRIVE 0 HA PRIV
23 FARRELL'S 1ST ADDITION NE22ND&BREMERTON C ND PRIV
24 FERNWOOD PLAT UNION AVE C ND PRIV _
25 HIGHBURY PARK EDMONDS/FERNDALE C ND _ PRIV
26 HIGHLAND BOOK ADDITION NE 17TH PLACE C HA PRIV
27 HONEY CREEK RIDGE I NE 24TH & LYNWOOD 0 HA PRIV
2T HONEY CREEK RIDGE II SE 100TH 0 HA PRIV
2T KIEFER SHORT PLAT-4 LOTS N 26TH&MEADOW C ND PRIV
30 KOHL PARK ADDITION OAKESDALE AVE SW C HA PRIV
Page 1
Rdfac.xls
A B C D E F
2 Facility Name Project file code Approximate Address Type Responsibility for Maintenance___
O-open Specifically dedicated on Maintenance
C-closed plat to: ( HOA-Homeowners Responsibility
Association, C-City, KC-
King County, ND-Not
speciffically dedicated on
plat document)
3
55 WESTVIEW
56 WINDSPER (LIBERTY VIEW) S 32ND ST O CITY CITY
57 YOUNG PLAT NE 17TH &SHELTON C HA PRIV
58 -
59
60 OTHER SYSTEMS THAT ARE CURRENTLY OR HAVE BEEN MAINTAINED BY CITY CREWS
61
62 CENTRAL HIGHLANDS PLAZA SUNSET BLVD NE O,C EASEMENT CITY___ _
63 CITY SHOPS MONROE AVE C ? CITY _
64 HILLTOP CONDO NE 6TH & MONROE C EASEMENT _ _ CITY
65 HONEY CREEK APTS MONROE AVE NE C EASEMENT? CITY__ _
66 KINDERCARE CHILD CARE ANNACORTES AV NE C EASEMENT? _ CITY
67 LES SCHWAB TIRE NE 4TH & UNION C EASEMENT? _ CITY _
68 MCDONALDS AT EXIT 7 NE 44TH ST 0 IN R/W _ _ CITY
69 RENTON COMMUNITY CENTER MAPLE VALLEY HWY 0 ?
70 SUNSET AUTO CENTER _ __ _ NE SUNSET BLVD C EASEMENT _ _CITY
71 TACO TIME OFFICE BLDG _ MAPLE VALLEY HWY C ? CITY
72 WINDSOR PLACE APTS NE 5TH ANACORTES C IN EASEMENT CITY
Va11ey j Y,2w le
21
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Page 3
Allen Quynn - DOH Referral - Mosquito Problem Page 1
From: Ronald Straka
To: Allen Quynn
Date: 5/29/03 3:55PM
Subject: DOH Referral - Mosquito Problem
A resident in the Sunnydale Mobile Home Park was referred to me by the DOH regarding a complaint
dealing with a neighbors 100-gallon aquarium that has stagnet water with alge in it and is creating a
mosquito problem. The address of the lot that has the aquirium is:
375 Union Ave SE lot 101, Renton WA 98059. She said that the aquirum is producing mosquitos and they
are real bad at dusk. I explained the things she can do to protect herself and her kids from mosquitos and
the fact that we have not had any cases of WNV in King County. We could send a flyer to the resident or
at one time Lys was talking about including a flyer in a Utility Billing mailing to Renton Citizens. Otherwise
we could go out to the property owner and just provide the person with information regarding elimating
standing water on the property. I support the idea of the mailing, but it will probably generate a lot more
phone calls unfortunately. We have already seen an escalation of calls this week. My count is 5 calls so
far this week.
The person who filed the complaint was Shawna and her phone number is 425-254-9419. She didn't want
her neighbor to know that she was the one to call us and there is no need to call her back, unless you
need additional information.
CC: Lys Hornsby
LAllen Quynn - DOH Referral - Mosquito Problem Page 1
From: Ronald Straka
To: Allen Quynn
Date: 5/29/03 3:55PM
Subject: DOH Referral - Mosquito Problem
A resident in the Sunnydale Mobile Home Park was referred to me by the DOH regarding a complaint
dealing with a neighbors 100-gallon aquarium that has stagnet water with alge in it and is creating a
mosquito problem. The address of the lot that has the aquirium is:
375 Union Ave SE lot 101, Renton WA 98059. She said that the aquirum is producing mosquitos and they
are real bad at dusk. I explained the things she can do to protect herself and her kids from mosquitos and
the fact that we have not had any cases of WNV in King County. We could send a flyer to the resident or
at one time Lys was talking about including a flyer in a Utility Billing mailing to Renton Citizens. Otherwise
we could go out to the property owner and just provide the person with information regarding elimating
standing water on the property. I support the idea of the mailing, but it will probably generate a lot more
phone calls unfortunately. We have already seen an escalation of calls this week. My count is 5 calls so
far this week.
The person who filed the complaint was Shawna and her phone number is 425-254-9419. She didn't want
her neighbor to know that she was the one to call us and there is no need to call her back, unless you
need additional information.
CC: Lys Hornsby
C'\J
Allen Quynn - Mosquito Complaint Referral from DOH Page 1
From: Ronald Straka
To: Allen Quynn
Date: 5/28/03 2:58PM
Subject: Mosquito Complaint Referral from DOH
Kim from the DOH 9296-3998 call to refer a complaint that they received from a citizen regarding
mosquito breeding habitat in their onsite R/D facility(?) near their residence. The citizen complaint
information is as follows:
Name: Don
Phone Number: 425-277-8749
Address: Lexington Heights Apts, 300 Vuemont PI NE Renton WA 98055
PI D#: 1723059120
Please contact the customer and get the details of the complaint. You will probably need to explain our
WNV Response Plan and if the facility is a private facility, then we may have to refer the matter to whoever
is responsible for the facility's M&O. We would first need to know more information from the customer to
determine if it is a public or private matter. Let me know what you find out from the customer.
Thanks
CC: Lys Hornsby
6"'Lk W
u t�AJ�>
Lys Hornsby -Re: West Nile Virus and detention/water quaiity porids issue K Page 1
From: Gregg Zimmerman
To: Lys Hornsby
Date: 6/3/03 4:53PM
Subject: Re: West Nile Virus and detention/water quality ponds issue
Thanks, Lys. We'll see what comes of all this.
Gregg
>>> Lys Hornsby 06/03/03 10:02AM >>>
FYI - Ron is on vacation this week.
First of all, we can design retention ponds to drain within a 5 day period but that means no water quality
treatment. Swales, which do have minimal treatment are designed to drain so these two types of facilities
are not issues. Wet valuts or ponds, by definition, do not drain and are used for treatment. This is a
problem. In addition, we have been told by the health department that the primary potential carrier of
West Nile, the Culex species, does not prefer open retention pond type habitat. They like the small,
stagnant, polluted water(buckets, puddles,tires, gutters etc.) It appears that the problem area in terms of
meeting standards is water quality treatment.
Also, the City can not treat private property. The Health department requires the owner to get a permit.
>>> Gregg Zimmerman 06/03/03 09:OOAM >>>
The issue that won't go away. As you know we continue to be contacted by concerned citizens about
detention and water quality ponds and vaults and their mosquito breeding capacity. Neil tells me that the
6th floor counter gets quite a bit of this. Neil suggests -and I believe he is right-that we need to have
some sort of hand out or brochure on this topic. It would explain the ponds and vaults and what they are
for, and why they are designed with freeboard and are constantly wet. It would also talk about West Nile
Virus-we could "graft in" information from the West Nile Virus brochure that was just prepared. We can
talk about the who, what and where about this handout at the Thursday staff meeting.
Of significantly greater concern to me is that this issue has some resonance with Mayor Tanner. I am
learning that he never was much in favor of ponds and vaults or swales (on aesthetic grounds), and now
the concerns about mosquito breeding and West Nile Virus are causing him to question the City standards
for storm water detention and water quality. More than once this week he has mentioned to me"changing
the city standards" so as not to require ponds or vaults or swales. The dilemma -change the standards to
what? Storage is needed for peak rate runoff control (unless you can infiltrate or direct discharge to a
large water body to avoid the system peak) by all the standards out there, including the State's. Likewise
with water quality -you either use vaults, swales, or wet ponds.
This issue could become a real problem for us. We may have to consider some things to head this off at
the pass, such as better landscaping standards for surface water facilities, and jumping right into proactive
West Nile control steps such as larvicides in ponds and vaults. Let's discuss at the Thursday staff
meeting - Ron is invited.
Gregg
Public Health
Seattle & King County
HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES.
Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer
West Nile Virus Contacts and Resources
Hotlines:
Public Health 206-205-3883
WA Dept. of Health 866-78VIRUS
Dead Bird Reports Public Health 206-205-4394* M-F 8-5
Mosquito Problems Public Health 206-205-4394 M-F 8-5
* number may be used for general questions
WNV Websites
Public Health www.metrokc.gov/bealth/westnile
WA Dept. of Health www.doh.wa.gov/eh /ts/Zoo/WNV/WNV.htmi
CDC Insect Repellent Info www.cdc..Rov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/insect repellent.htm
Public Health staff:
Sharon Hopkins, Public Health Veterinarian 206-206-4880
Bill Heaton, Vector/Nuisance Supervisor 206-205-4397
Kim Moore, WNV Outreach Coordinator 206-296-3998 '
Hilary Karasz-Dominguez, Media Officer 206-296-4767
Human Health Questions 206-296-4774
State Health Department:
Jack Lilja,Jack.LiljaCab DOH.WA.GOV (360) 236-3366
(Environmental Health & Safety,Zoonotic Diseases Program)
Environmental Health Services Division
999 Third Avenue,Suite 700• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle King County
T(206)205-4394 F(206)296-0189• www.metrokc.gov/health % Gregory J.Nickels,Mayor Ron Sims,Executive
WHAT SCARES US/continued
Terrified of shark The threat of
attacks? West est Nile �� ��� , � ,ti understand it—and the more we treat
- terrorism seems
it like a snake,just to be safe.For ex-
virus? Nuclear radiation? greater now that ample, we're concerned about ren of
ing (nuclear)radiation, but we're not
We often fear most worried about infrared radiation,which
we know it can we know simply as heat,
the thin s that should - happen right Natural or manmade? If it's natural,
troub e us least,. here at home. we'remorefi less g tnehandof'smanmpaow-
sas a n expert on risk. - - We're more frightened of nuclear pow-
says er accidents(odds, 1 in 200,000)than
of.solar radiation.Yet sun exposure
causes an estimated 1.3 million new
cases of skin cancer in America per
year,7800 of wltich are fatal.
' ` E - Several oflMse factors are often at
Whatwork on the same risk at the same time,
some making us more afraid and some
less.The effect of these factors changes
Being prepared lessens O1`risk. over time.Also,individual fears vary
Awhen a trusted doctor or scientist,such based on individual circumstances.For
as the head of the Centers for Disease instance, women fear breast cancer
Control and Prevention, explains an- more than men,while men fear prostate
Reali thrax than when a politician explains it cancer more than women.
Air travel is much less dangerous than driving,yet most people feel safer in a car. Newness.When a risk first shows up,we While it's understandable that we per-
treat it more like a snake until we've lived ceive risks this way,it also can be dan-
THE LIST OF THINGS TO BE AFRAID OF SEEMS TO we do a lot of our reasoning and thinking.The other area is with it for a while and our experience lets gerous.Some people,afraid to fly be-
grow daily:Terrorism.Snipers.Child abductions.West Nile virus. called the amygdala,which is the brain's key emotion center. us put the risk in perspective.We are more cause they lack control or because the
According to a number of public-opinion surveys,many people Because of the way the brain is constructed,the information gets afraid of West.Nile virus when it first risk of terrorism is new and feels high,
think it's more dangerous to be living now than it ever has been. to the amygdala before it gets to the prefrontal cortex.So,before the shows up in our area than after it has been choose instead to drive—a much bigger
But those fears fly in the face of evidence that,in many ways, reasoning part of the brain has had a chance to consider the facts,the J t t around for a few years.(Odds of dying risk.It may,,make them feel safer,but
things are better than they've ever been.The average American fear center is saying,"Jump back,you dummy!It could be a snake!" _ from West Nile virus: 1 in 1,000,000.) overreacting this way raises their risks.
life expectancy in 1900 was about 47 years.Now it's nearing 80. But how does the brain turn raw sensory information into (hoice.We're more afraid of risks that Underreacting can be dangerous too.
Diseases that plagued us— - _ fear?Apparently t t are imposed on us than risks we take by People who aren't concerned about the
polio,smallpox,tuberculo- Things that can .�,t. - _ our brains have choice. Imagine that you're driving risk of the sun--because it's natural and
sis--have been allbut erad-
kill us in really built-in pa terns along,talking on your cell phone. In because of that nice glowing tan—raise
icated in the U.S.In 1%0, for interpreting the next lane, some other guy is dri- their cancer risk by not taking the dan-
out of every 1000 babies sensory mfor- vin and using his cell hone.Though er of sun exposure serious! enough
awf u I ways c��p. mation that help
= g g p g g y g
born, 26 did not survive 4 - P both of you are in danger,the risk from to slap on sunscreen or wear a hat.
y seem worse us subconscious- f t t # k the motorist next to you feels greater, In the end,the best way to reduce the
their first year.That num- <
ber is now down to seven. ly filter incom- because it's being imposed on you. danger of any given risk is to arm your-
So why this disconnect than the more - ing messages, Dread. Things that can kill us in real- self with some basic facts from a reli-
between the facts and our common `� making us more ly awful ways seem riskier.We're more able,neutral source,so the rational side
fears?Well,it turns out that ,.J afraid of some afraid of being eaten alive by a shark of your perceptions can hold its own in
when it comes to the per- deadly hazards. "` "' things than °m- = I (odds, 1 in 281,000,000)or dying in a the contest against your natural emo-
ception of risks, facts are J Psychologistsf t t j plane crash (1 in 9,000,000) than of bons.The better you can do at keeping
only part of how we decide what to be afraid of and how afraid have identified many of the specific emotional characteristics dying from heart disease(1 in 300), your perception of risks closer in line
to be.Another huge factor—sometimes the most important fac- of risks that are likely to make us more,or less,afraid, He or Them.If the risk is to you,it's with what the risks actually are, the
for--is our emotions. t 3 worse than if that same risk only threat- happier and safer you'll be.
Why do humans perceive risks this way if our highly ad- Emotional Factors That Determine Our Fears
ens somebody else.We're all worried
vaned brain gives us the power to reason? It's because our Control Imagine that you're driving down the highway,feeling pret- _ about terrorism, now that we know it David Ropeik is the director of risk
brains are biologically built to fear first and think second.Which, ty safe because you're behind the wheel.Now switch seats with E t t � t B t F can happen here too,to us.A one in a communication at the Harvard Center
in the end,is a pretty good strategy for survival. your passenger.You're probably a little more nervous,maybe even
i�� million risk is too high if we think we for RiskAnalysis and co-author of the
Say you're walking through the woods and see a line on the turning into a full-fledged backseat driver. Not because the risk ° could be that"one" book "Risk: A Practical Guide for
ground,and you're not sure if it's a snake or a stick.The visu- has gone up--the annual odds of being killed in a motor vehicle Is it hard to Understand?The more Deciding What's Really Safe and
al information goes to two parts of the brain.One is called the crash are 1 in 6700—but because you no longer are in control. ,. complicated a risk is,the less we can What's Really Dangerous in the World
prefrontal cortex,behind your forehead.That's the area where TrUst.We trust certain sources more than others-We're less afraid s s continued Around You"(Houghton Mifflin).
PAGE 10 MARCH 30,2003•PARADE MAGAZINE PARADE MAGAZINE•MARCH 30,2003•PAGE 11 PAGE 12•MARCH 30,2003•PARADE MAGAZINE
WNV Interagency Working Group Meeting
tune 3, 2003
400 Yesler Way, 3rd Floor 2:30-4:30 pm
A G E N D A
Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County, City of Seattle and other agencies
involved in West Nile virus (WNV) response in Seattle-King County to share information,
coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging.
1) Introductions/Announcements
2) Review of the minutes from the last minute/any corrections or additions? (Sharon Hopkins,
PHSKC)
3) Is introduction of natural predators a feasible option for mosquito control? If so, how? (Info
on from WA Department of Fish and Wildlife)
4) Agency reports: please plan on 10-15 min. presentation from your agency or section
describing your role in WNV response, current activities, and unmet needs/unresolved issues
5) Training for Front-line staff answering public inquiries (Kim Moore, Hilary Karasz-
Dominguez)
--DATES SET FOR: Monday June 91h in Seattle and Wednesday June 111h in Renton.
Times and sites to be announced at the meeting.
--Discussion of content of training: What questions are your staff getting?
6) Mosquito dipping; use of mosquito breeders; submission of mosquitoes for speciation;
tracking larval surveillance and larvaciding activities in KC; demo of Intranet site and
distribution of data collection instructions & forms (Kim Moore, Sharon Hopkins)
7) Form subcommittees to address specific issues and report back to the group
8) Set date for next meeting (late June)
***SEE REVERSE FOR ANNOUNCEMENTS***
WNV Interagency Working Group — June 3, 2003
ANNOUNCEMENTS
US Surveillance Data as of May 30: Laboratory confirmed WNV activity in birds and horses has
been found in 12 states so far-with a crow in Wyoming being the farthest west, and Louisiana being
the most'affected'state with 49 WNV infected birds of multiple species throughout the state. There
are no confirmed WNV human cases so far this year. Washington State and several other states have
suspect cases now undergoing confirmatory testing at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
King County Surveillance Data as of June 2: Twenty-four dead crows and one thrush from KC have
been submitted for WNV testing since 4/17/03. Seventeen reports have been received back from the
lab to date; all are negative. No human or equine cases or suspect cases have been reported. Since the
suspect human WNV case was reported in the media on Friday May 30, the volume of calls to Public
Health—SKC reporting dead birds or unusual bird behavior has markedly—from about 15 calls per
day during May to>100 on Monday June 2,with no relief today.
Upcoming WNV Trainings—save the dates:
• LARVA DIPPING TRAINING—TOMORROW, June 4'—DOH and DNRP is conducting a
training for the "BZZZ Mosquito Sampling Project" volunteers working with Laurie Clinton and
DNRP Livestock Program staff. The training is Wednesday June 4"at the King St. Center, 6'
Floor, Chinook Conf. Rm from at 1:30-3 pm. There is space for several more attendees.
• GENERAL WNV TRAINING--There will be an all-day WNV training on June 18 to be held at
the Lakewood City Hail(Pierce County). DOH, Tacoma-Pierce County, Fort Lewis and other
agencies will be conducting the training,which will include in-depth info on mosquito biology
and mosquito control issues. We will send out the agenda and more information as soon as it
becomes available.
• TRAINING FOR FRONT-LINE STAFF: Public Health—SKC will sponsor training for staff
fielding WNV/bird/mosquito calls from the public. The dates are June 9"in Seattle and June
1 Ith in Renton. The content of the training will be discussed today and more detailed
information will be sent by e-mail.
Dive-bombing Crows: We are getting reports from KC residents of"attacks"by dive-bombing crows.
Crows chasing and killing other birds such as starlings are also being reported. This is normal crow
behavior this time of year when there are fledgling crows in the nests, and the dive-bombing can be
expected to stop by late in June when the young are out of the nest and on their own. A fact sheet
from the UW Urban Crow Project is being distributedto help your front desk staff with questions
about this behavior.
, w 1
WNV Interagency Working Group Meeting
June 3, 2003
400 Yesler Way, 3rd Floor 2:30-4:30 pm
A G E N D A
Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County, City of Seattle and other agencies
involved in West Nile virus (WNV) response in Seattle-King County to share information,
coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging.
1) Introductions
2) Review of the minutes from the last minute/any corrections or additions? (Sharon Hopkins,
PHSKC)
3) Is introduction of natural predators a feasible option for mosquito control? If so, how? (Info
on from WA Department of Fish and Wildlife)
4) Agency reports: please plan on 10-15 min. presentation from your agency or section
describing your role in WNV response, current activities, and unmet needs/unresolved issues
5) Training for Front-line staff answering public inquiries (Kim Moore, Hilary Karasz-
Dominguez)
--DATES SET FOR: Monday June 91h in Seattle and Wednesday June filth in Renton.
Times and sites to be announced at the meeting.
--Discussion of content of training: What questions are your staff getting?
6) Mosquito dipping; use of mosquito breeders; submission of mosquitoes for speciation;
tracking larval surveillance and larvaciding activities in KC; demo of Intranet site and
distribution of data collection instructions &forms (Kim Moore, Sharon Hopkins)
7) Form subcommittees to address specific issues and report back to the group
8) Set date for next meeting (late June)
•
F
ublic Health
Seattle & King County
HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES.
Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer
Health Care Provider Information: West Nile Virus - May, 2003
West Nile virus(WNV) is a flavivirus related to Japanese encephalitis and St.Louis encephalitis(SLE)viruses.
WNV can affect humans,horses,birds,and other vertebrates. The clinical presentation cannot reliably be
distinguished from other causes of viral encephalitis.Most WNV cases occur in the late summer and fall. In fall
2002,WNV was detected in a crow,a raven, and two horses in Washington State and it is likely that WNV
activity will increase this summer. The following information summarizes clinical manifestations, diagnosis
and laboratory testing, and reporting for WNV infections in King County.
WNV is transmitted by the bite of one of a number of mosquito species(primarily Culex species in Washington)
that become infected after feeding on birds carrying WNV. WNV is not transmitted person-to-person or to
humans directly from dead or living animals other than mosquitoes. In 2002,transfusion of blood products and
organ transplantation were identified as potential routes of infection with WNV, and a single case of
transplacental infection was reported.
Clinical presentations: WNV infection should be considered in persons of all ages(particularly May—
November)with unexplained encephalitis,aseptic meningitis,presumed Guillain-Barre Syndrome,or other
neurological presentations described below. Because WNV transmission can occur year-round in some areas,
obtaining a recent travel history is always important.
Most WNV infections are mild or asymptomatic. Approximately 20%of infected persons develop West Nile
fever, a mild form of infection. The incubation period is thought to range from 3 to 14 days and symptoms last
3-6 days. Symptoms of West Nile fever may include fever,malaise,anorexia,nausea,vomiting, eye pain,
headache, body aches, skin rash,and swollen lymph glands.
Approximately I in 150 infections cause the more severe form of disease, meningoencephalitis.
Meningoencephalitis is associated with a range of neurologic and systemic manifestations including headache,
high fever, gastrointestinal symptoms,neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation,cranial nerve abnormalities,ataxia,
coma,tremors,convulsions,muscle weakness,paralysis,and,rarely, death. Case-fatality rates range from 3%
to 15%and are highest in the elderly.Neuromuscular weakness in persons with a viral menin og_encephalitis
syndrome is suggestive of WNV infection. Other neurological presentations include ataxia and extrapyramidal
signs,tremor and Parkinson-like syndrome,cranial nerve abnormalities,myelitis,optic neuritis,polyradiculitis,
acute flaccid paralysis, and seizures.
There is no vaccine or specific therapy for WNV in humans. In severe cases, intensive supportive therapy is
indicated including hospitalization, intravenous(IV)fluids, airway management,respiratory support,prevention
of secondary infections and good nursing care.
Communicable Disease Control,Epidemiology&Immunization Section
999 Third Avenue,Suite 900•Seattle,WA 98104-4039 fol City of Seattle ® King County
T(206)296-4774 F(206)296-4803• www.metrokc.gov/health Gregory J.Nickels,Mayor Ron Sims,Executive
Laboratory Testing for WNW:An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)to detect IgM and IgG
antibodies in serum and CSF is available for hospitalized patients through the Washington State Public Health
Laboratories(PHL). Testing can be arranged only after consultation with Public Health—Seattle&King
Counly. Commercial laboratory testing is available to diagnose patients with suspected mild forms of WNV
infection.All positive laboratory findings, including those from commercial laboratories, should be reported.
Submit 1 cc of CSF or separated serum (not whole blood) for ELISA testing after consultation with Public
Health.
• CSF or serum should be obtained>8 days after onset of symptoms.
• If requested,convalescent serum should be obtained 2-4 weeks after the acute specimen.
• Specimens should be refrigerated and transported cold. Frozen CSF is acceptable.
• Specimens should be submitted with a completed WSDOH PHL Virus and Rickettsial Examinations form
to the WSDOH PHL 1610 NE 150t' St, Shoreline, WA 98155.
Test Interpretation: IgM antibody develops by day 8, and IgG antibody usually by 3 weeks after onset. In
general,convalescent specimens should be drawn about 2-3 weeks after acute specimens. Negative results on a
specimen obtained<8 days after onset of illness may be inconclusive and a convalescent specimen, obtained at
least 2 weeks after the first specimen,will be needed to make a final determination. Cross-reactions may occur
in patients who have had yellow fever or Japanese encephalitis vaccination,or a previous history of arboviral
encephalitis or dengue fever.
Reporting: Report cases to Public Health at 206-296-4774 within 3 work days,and sooner when possible.
When taking a history from a suspected WNV patient, determine if the patient received blood transfusions or
organs within the 4 weeks preceding symptom onset(if so, serum or tissue samples should be retained for
testing, if necessary).In addition,please ask about and report any history of blood or organ donation within 2
weeks of symptom onset for persons with suspected WNV infection.Prompt reporting of these cases will
facilitate withdrawal of potentially infected blood components.
What to report: Hospitalized adult or pediatric patients with any of the following clinical syndromes:
1) Viral encephalitis,a clinical diagnosis characterized by:
a) Fever>38°C or I00°F and
b) CNS signs may include altered mental status(altered level of consciousness, confusion,agitation,or
lethargy), coma,or other cortical signs(cranial nerve palsies; paresis or paralysis,or seizures), and
c) Abnormal CSF profile suggestive of viral etiology: a negative bacterial stain and culture, CSF
pleocytosis and/or moderately elevated protein
2) Aseptic meningitis occurring May through November in any patient>18 years of age, characterized by:
a) Fever>38°C or 100°F and
b) Signs of meningeal inflammation(stiff neck,headache,photophobia)and
c) Abnormal CSF profile suggestive of viral etiology: a negative bacterial stain and culture,CSF
pleocytosis, and/or moderately elevated protein
3) Presumed Guillain-Barre syndrome or acute flaccid paralysis even in the absence of fever and other
neurologic symptoms.
4) Suspected West Nile virus infection in patients with potential recent blood donation or transfusion histories,
organ transplant recipients, laboratory or occupational exposures,transplacental or breast-feeding associated
exposures.
5) Laboratory confirmed WNV infection in any patient.
Additional Information on WNV is available at:
CDC WNV web site: http://www.ede.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm
Public Health—Seattle&King County WNV web site: http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/
Washington State Department of Health WNV web site: http://www.doh.wa..gov/ems/ts/Zoo/WNV/WNV.html
2
YESLER BUILDING
�
RIM .
IL
TERRACE YESLER
STREET WAY
DIRECTIONS TO: HIV/AIDS PROGRAM
Public Health—Seattle&King County
400 Yesler Way,3`d Floor
Seattle,WA 98104
206.296.4649
Driving Directions:
From 1-5,take James Street Exit.Go west off the ramp,go west on James Street.
Turn left on Fifth Avenue and go south two blocks to Terrace Street.Yesler
Building is located at 5th and Terrace;the entrances are off Terrace Street. There
is metered parking on both sides of the Yesler Building as well as pay parking lots
close to the building. (Free parking for people with disabilities in the KC Garage)
Yesler Building Access:
The main entrance to the Yesler Building is on Terrace Street on the north side of the
building,between Fourth Avenue and Fifth Avenue.(Do not attempt to enter on the
Yesler Way side,which requires an employee key card).
The accessible entrance,which has an automated door,is on Terrace Street just to the
west of the main entrance.The Yesler Building is on a very steep hill,so those who
have mobility disabilities should approach it from Fifth Avenue if possible.
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WEST NILE VIRUS
City of Renton Response Plan
What is West Nile Virus?
-Virus commonly found in Africa,West Asia
and the Middle Fast
wFirst detected in the United States in 1999, S i n c C- 4-V4t-h rn-t i f c 5 P r tl y rrs}Y/ Q JG rUSs e'ou„fry
Washington State in late 2002
wCaninfect people birds, uitoes,horses 0 `S Yno-.te 'f$ w"y a F to ci' L JNot w00st
,mo s9
and other mammals
-West Nile fever typically mild disease —� G<u no Gel rs o� virus hove- b re
characterized by flu-like symptoms '
Transmission
Z►Principal route of human infection-bite of
infected mosquito
.—Mosquitoes are infected when they feed on
infected birds i rd5 are P r;w-G, f{S t VG i I/f- r c V i r(A S .
-People,horses and other mammals are d✓ht �,� s �tu c�„rJ1 G Jrr trtirsr i �+rvs
dead-end hosts
1-3 to 14 day incubation period f nrr a rN f' virus.
1
Risks
z►Few mosquitoes are infected and only — 7 d F i'ke %0 ()�S 3 Q e���s �'hu1 i>n �'+ Wbbh.Sf
certain species
wMost people who are infected have no y Q'{ I�nbwa CA rry f� V Y uS
symptoms
wOnly 1 in 5 infected persons show mild
symptoms
.—Only I in 150 infected people show more
serious symptoms
Risks(Continued)
.-Once infected it is assumed people develop
immunity
Z►People older than 70 years of age more
likely to develop serious symptoms
.—Not transmitted from person-to-person
WSs4i1\3 5� Dr� of Pw�6z he# t5
J 4L viv-t
Public Health -Lead Agency WorKinrJ in pQvtv,PSh, AJIT9 Ioz4MI 00 Sum iS
Deid• IF hf—/K
.—Surveillance I Ip L
•monitor incidence of West Nile Vino in birds k�^`1 OF I��a�YV� n^A i'�I lai►S Q �G+q bGcc 0✓� rY�Oer
animals and humans 6*3es
•Trapping mosquitoes for identification and
occurrence of virus
•Testing of dead birds for detection ofthe virus
•Health care providers and veterinarians are
required to report suspected cases Q F v i ra j
Pv\Ceph�l'IS
2
Renton Response Program -
Phase II
Treatment of City Property to control
mosquitoes
•Use of larvacides only as required by the f`�^ i Department of Health or under a declaration of D�Q 0 F H�" 7 N Cec� f C7 �t ke �L-
a public health emergency 1
(0drr�i r..rT.[ Cr wtl 0"1 U�� llZ.� J�n✓i Se�i��j'n/g.
P tx,r+j Zq i k 1'A o A^ rc- het4«,4t )o
Prevention is the Best Protection
-Reduce mosquito breeding habitat-
eliminate unnecessary standing water
•empty and discard old tires
•clean gutters
•empty buckets and flower pot trays
•Repair leaky faucets
•clean watering troughs,bird baths weekly
•screen rain barrels or other standing water
sources that can't be drained
Prevention and Protection (Cont.)
-Protection from mosquito bites
• Use insect repellent containing DEET(over age two)
. Wear long sleeves,pants and socks outdoors
. Screen windows and doors tightly
• Stay indoors at dawn and dusk
-Vaccinate horses against West Nile Virus
r'Call Public Health if you notice a mosquito
problem or dead bird(206-2054394)
4
Good Sources of Information
P►Public Health's West Nile Virus Hotline:
206-205-3883(late breaking news)
-West Nile Virus Contact:206-2054394
,—Local Health Department:
www.metrokc.gov/health/westnfle
-wWashington Department of Health:
www.doh.wa.gov/ehptt&i"-w/W N V/WN V.h
tml
Good Sources of Information
(Continued)
wCenter for Disease Control website:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westniletindex.
htm
z-Brochure: Do you Know What's Biting
YOU? wv u-S y,,AV b%1S
2wBrochure: Take the Bite Out of the Bug
5
Public Health -Lead Agency
a-Public Education-emphasis on personal
protection and reduction of mosquito
breeding habitat
•Website
•Brochures
•West Nile Virus contact for reporting mosquito �FLOvt L P r�[� p b 1 n U 5
problem areas or dead birds d/' I F 11n[y F h� A efir� b i r /�Grf:G H 10,11 G✓Jws) f�tJ.
•West Nile Virus Hotline Po C� ofOV"4f3 Coy, C 01 N")e Vivo& Cax P L-e-t
CtArr�.-t iNfd✓wu'fi
Renton Response Program -
Phase I
z—Monitor occurrence of the virus-Health
Department surveillance data
wSupport public education
. Personal protection
. Reduction of mosquito breeding habitat on
private property
•City website,Grady Grapevine,Renton �U 5FV 1n.Y s tr�•`u S�zi c,,`11 6� 0 r//vi (�i
Reporter,utility bill flyers
Renton Response Program -
Phase I(Cont.)
wN inimize mosquito breeding habitat on City &-,k d epor+ rr..t wO l br- "Sp ors ble FC)r i A.Spo'h"k)
property CJ -O-A d IANd,5 4, r7+ es l.I r eir evmf4l
.Eliminate unnecessary standing water A k d iv,Ji G-k
•Modify operations to minimize standing water
(e.g.operation of retention ponds and/or
irrigation systems) A
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Best Management Practices for
Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Water Quality Program
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WASH I N G T 0 N STATE
O E P A H T M E N T O F
E C O L O G Y
March 2003
Publication 03-10-023
is Printed on Recycled Paper
Best Management Practices for
Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Water Quality Program
March 2003
Publication 03-10-023
For additional copies of this document contact:
Department of Ecology
Publications Distribution Center
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Telephone: (360)407-7472
If you have special accommodation needs or require this document in an alternative format,
please call the secretary at(360)407-6404. The TTY number is 711 or 1-800-833-6388.
Table of Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1
MosquitoManagement Entities ............................................................................................2
Mosquito Life Cycle and Biology...........................................................................................2
IPM-based Best Management Practices...............................................................................3
Goals, Logistics, and Action Threshold Determinations .......................................................4
BMPsfor Mosquito Control...................................................................................................5
I. Minimization of Mosquito Breeding Sites and Biting Opportunities............................5
II. Monitoring for Mosquito Populations and Disease..................................................... 7
III. Establishing the Targeted Density of Mosquito Populations .................................... 14
IV. Mosquito treatment.................................................................................................. 15
Responseto Comments.....................................................................................................25
Appendix.............................................................................................................................49
Tables
Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control Facilities.. 10
Table 2. Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State.............................. 12
Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control.............................................. 18
Table 4. Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control ......................................................22
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control i
Washington State Department of Ecology
Introduction
On April 10,2002,the Washington State Department of Ecology(Ecology) issued a general permit(NPDES
Permit No. WAG-992000)covering all mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly into
surface waters of the state. Under the permit, the use of insecticides for mosquito control in water is allowed
when the effects are temporary and confined to a specific location,though locations where insecticides are
used may be widespread throughout the state. Applications of insecticides are subject to compliance with
Federal Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) labels,monitoring/reporting requirements,and
the implementation of best management practices (BMPs)that include a hierarchy of preferred integrated pest
management options.
Since the issuance of the permit,the focus of mosquito abatement has grown from being primarily a nuisance
control issue to a widespread human health concern. The West Nile virus,a mosquito-borne disease that has
been steadily spreading westward across the United States since 1999,reached Washington State in the fall of
2002. A raven from Pend Oreille County and a crow from Snohomish County collected as part of a statewide
dead bird surveillance effort tested positive for the virus. A horse in Island County and a horse in Whatcom
County also tested positive. These are the first detections of West Nile virus in our state. Transmitted by
mosquito bites to humans,the virus has proven itself a low risk public health threat. As of November 26,
2002,nearly 4000 human cases of the illness have been reported nationwide to the Center for Disease Control
and Prevention; and as of January 29, 2003, there have been 259 fatalities. In looking at the progress of the
virus as it has spread across the United States, it appears that mosquito control efforts have no effect halting
the continued spread of this virus. Control efforts can,however,reduce the risk of exposure in some cases.
Due to the human health threat posed by mosquitoes,many local governments and others are now preparing
to conduct mosquito control activities, focusing primarily on education and surveillance. Many are also
gearing up to respond to disease outbreaks by larviciding and are pursuing permit coverage to perform these
activities in surface waters. Since these activities are projected to be widespread and often conducted by
entities with limited budgets, Ecology has taken the lead on preparing the best management practices(BMPs)
required by permit condition S4.
These BMPs will be available to any entity that chooses to adopt them. Mosquito control entities that wish to
develop their own BMPS may do so,but they must be approved by Ecology. An approvable integrated pest
management(IPM)program for mosquitoes should include all the features of IPM as defined in Washington
State law(RCW 17.15.010)and adapted to mosquito management:
1) Minimization of mosquito breeding sites,
2) Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease,
3) Establishing the targeted density of the population based on health,public safety, economic and
aesthetic thresholds,
4) Treating mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that may
include biological, cultural,mechanical, and chemical control methods and that must consider human
health, ecological impact, feasibility, and cost effectiveness, and
5) Evaluating the effects and efficacy of pest treatments.
The draft BMPs were the result of a collaborative effort among the Departments of Health,Agriculture,Fish
and Wildlife,and Ecology; King County; Washington State University; and several Washington-based
mosquito control districts. These final BMPs have been modified and, we believe, improved thanks to the
many comments given to us by mosquito control experts and others who took the time to review the draft and
offer their expertise and suggestions. Their comments and the responses to those comments can be found in
the Response to Comments section at the end of this document.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 1 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Mosquito Management Entities
When individual protective efforts are not sufficient,public agencies that are either components of local
health departments or are independent districts organized specifically for mosquito control can provide an
effective way to manage mosquito infestations on an area-wide basis. In some cases, individuals,
communities,and other organizations may want to hire private mosquito control applicators for targeted
treatments. However, if long-term mosquito management is desirable, establishing a mosquito control district
may be the best and most cost-effective alternative.
In Washington, local mosquito control districts are organized under RCW 17.28. Unless a district is formed
under RCW 17.28 or a public health emergency is declared, it is unlawful to treat the property of individuals
without their permission. This regulation gives districts authority to spray those areas where excessive
infestations are occurring, even if property owners do not want their property sprayed. The ability to enter
onto private lands for mosquito control requires that a resolution be adopted by a mosquito district. There
may be valid safety reasons why a landowner does not allow access to a piece of property. As an alternative,
the regulation states that the local mosquito control board may require the landowner to control mosquitoes.
We recommend that federal, state, and tribal land managers be consulted prior to any treatment on these
lands.
The formation of mosquito control districts can provide a self-taxing, long-term method of mosquito control,
but it may take up to two years to form a district. In the short-term, local public health entities may need to
take effective abatement measures. Abatement programs can be organized,and abatement treatments
performed, on cooperating property owner sites. Effective abatement programs start with a preliminary
assessment and the development of an implementation strategy, including public education and outreach, and
progressively lead up to organizing treatment responses.
Mosquito Life Cycle and Biology
There are several species of mosquito that readily attack people, and some species are capable of transmitting
microbial organisms that cause human diseases such as malaria and encephalitis.The mosquitoes of major
concern in Washington belong to the genera Culex, Culiseta,Aedes, Ochlerotatus, and Anopheles.
Mosquitoes are classified as insects of the Diptera order. They undergo a complete metamorphosis,which
involves four stages of development: egg, larva,pupa,and adult. The first three stages occur in water,but the
adults are active flying insects. The female feeds upon the blood of humans and animals before laying eggs
directly on water or on moist substrates likely to become flooded with water.
Eggs later hatch into larvae,the stage they are most vulnerable to control efforts. During the larval stage,they
continue to feed and grow in size. Larvae go through four growth stages called instars. Once larvae have
developed to the fourth instar,they stop feeding and transform into pupae where internal changes occur and
adult mosquitoes take form. This is a resting period. At this point,bacterial larvicides no longer work as a
control measure because they require ingestion by the organisms; however,monomolecular surface films and
petroleum distillates are effective on pupae. Draining or emptying the water at this point will also kill the
pupae, as they are unable to live out of water. After a few hours to a few days in the pupal stage, the adult
mosquito emerges from the water surface and seeks shelter in shady, moist areas. Adult mosquitoes must find
shelter during the heat to avoid dehydration and are most active from dawn to dusk. After a brief period of
rest, the adult female goes in search of a blood meal and the cycle continues. The time frame for this is highly
variable, anywhere from one to three weeks, depending on the temperature of the water.The warmer the
water, the quicker the development will be. A small amount of water in a container in the sun will produce a
batch of adult mosquitoes very quickly.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
Mosquito biology can follow two general scenarios.The first involves those species that lay their eggs in
masses or rafts on the water's surface. These species, found throughout the U.S., often lay their eggs in
natural pools,puddles, or man-made water-holding containers. In summer the entire life cycle, from egg to
adult,may be completed in a week or less.
The second scenario involves Aedes mosquitoes that lay their eggs on moist soil or other substrates
periodically flooded with water. After about two days in water,these eggs are ready to hatch,but if not
flooded, can withstand drying for months and longer. In inland areas of the U.S.where these mosquitoes
breed,heavy rains and flooding can produce millions of mosquitoes in a short time. Similar situations occur
along coastal areas with mosquitoes adapted to salt marsh habitats. Some salt marsh mosquitoes are strong
fliers that can travel up to 50 miles from the breeding site.
The main concern with the use of authorized insecticides is the long-term adverse impact from efforts to
eradicate mosquitoes, especially impacts to nontarget organisms. Other species which may be inadvertently
killed by a mosquito pesticide (nontarget species)include other insects, daphnids (water fleas), flies,
copepods,mysid shrimp, and many others. Agents that kill mosquito larvae may also kill these related
beneficial species. Many animals such as fish and birds depend on these species for food. Plants depend on
mosquitoes and many of these other species for pollination. Effects other than death may also occur in
nontarget species from compounds such as methoprene, which is an endocrine disruptor(disrupts glandular
secretions of hormones).
Nontarget species that live in water include some of the most important food items for small fish and the
young of larger fish such as salmon. Daphnids and the larvae of insects are particularly important fish foods.
This is the reason the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)included daphnids in its
manuals for aquatic toxicity testing and insect larvae for sediment toxicity testing. If the populations of these
important organisms are reduced in a water body due to mosquito control agents,then small fish there may
starve. These small fish would also eat mosquito larvae. Other predators of mosquitoes such as dragonflies
and copepods could also be reduced. If there are fewer predators of mosquitoes,the need for pesticides to
control them can become greater. It becomes a vicious cycle.
IPM-based Best Management Practices
Current interest in the environmental impacts of mosquito control measures and increasing problems that have
resulted from insecticide resistance emphasize the need for"integrated" control programs. Integrated Pest
Management(IPM) is an ecologically-based strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks
out control tactics that are compatible with or disrupts these factors as little as possible. IPM includes the use
of pesticides,but only after systematic monitoring of mosquito populations indicates a need. Ideally,an IPM
program considers all available control actions, including no action, and evaluates the interaction among
various control practices, cultural practices,weather, and habitat structure. This approach thus uses a
combination of resource management techniques to control mosquito populations with decisions based on
surveillance. Fish and game specialists and natural resources biologists should be involved in planning
control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be harmed by mosquito control practices. We
recommend that WDFW and other resource management agencies(including National Marine Fisheries
Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)be consulted to determine when and where operations may harm
delicate ecosystems, as well as appropriate treatments in these situations.
An integrated pest management program for mosquitoes should include all the features of IPM as defined in
Washington State law (RCW 17.15.010)and adapted to mosquito management:
1) Minimization of mosquito breeding sites,
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 3 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
2) Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease,
3) Establishing the targeted density of the population based on health,public safety,economic and
aesthetic thresholds,
4) Treating mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that may
include biological,cultural,mechanical, and chemical control methods and that must consider human
health, ecological impact, feasibility, and cost effectiveness, and
5) Evaluating the effects and efficacy of pest treatments.
Goals, Logistics, and Action Threshold
Determinations
The goal of BMP-based mosquito control efforts is to achieve a level of control sufficient to maintaining an
acceptable level of risk(exposure to vector and/or nuisance adult mosquitoes)with the least possible adverse
impact to the environment.
Success at meeting that goal will depend on several factors. First, securing long-term funding will be
necessary,by forming a self-taxing mosquito control district or creating a funded program housed in a
government agency. In addition, applications of insecticides to water must be made by individuals licensed
by the Washington State Department of Agriculture and permitted by the Department of Ecology's Water
Quality Program. Individuals and organizations conducting mosquito control activities must be licensed and
permitted before insecticide activities can commence, a process that takes at least 38 days. Information on
WSDA license requirements is online at http://pe_p.\,vsu.edL) or call WSDA toll-free at(877) 301-4555.
Permitting information is available from Ecology's website at
www.ec),.wa.�n-/pi-ograms/wq/pesticides;"index.httiii or call(800) 917-0043.
Appropriate mosquito management strategies vary depending on action threshold determinations(see below),
the size and type of area to be treated,the species of mosquito,and the stage of the mosquito life cycle being
targeted. Mosquito control programs include source reduction,surveillance,the use of a variety of mosquito
control strategies, and ongoing evaluation. While education provides individuals the most personal
protection,the underlying philosophy of mosquito population control is that the greatest control will occur
when the mosquitoes are concentrated, immobile, and accessible. This emphasis focuses on habitat
management and controlling the immature stages before the mosquitoes emerge as adults. Under these
conditions, insecticides are dispersed only where mosquito larvae are present and not indiscriminately,which
is why larviciding is much sounder than adulticiding.
Mosquito control agents and/or the sponsors who hire them must set action level thresholds to determine
when appropriate area-wide efforts should be triggered. The action level thresholds proposed in this model
BMP plan for mosquito control may be adopted, or modified as needed and then adopted,by all mosquito
control entities covered under Ecology's permit: Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System Waste Discharge General Permit No. WAG—992000(Permit). Entities wanting to set
action level thresholds other than those proposed here or those who wish to develop their own BMP/IPMplan
must have their individual plans approved by Ecology before they can apply pesticides to surface waters in
Washington State.
4 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
BMPs for Mosquito Control
I. Minimization of Mosquito Breeding Sites and Biting Opportunities
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote
Action threshold: The presence of mosquitoes(any species)or any suspected presence of mosquitoes in the
area of control may trigger minimization efforts in the early spring and summer. The mean development time
from egg hatch to pupation takes 5 to 10 days at temperatures near 25'C(77'F)(Pratt and Moore, 1993).
However, certain species of eggs can hatch in water as cold as 450 F(Lilja, 2002,p. 24). Minimization
actions,therefore,are most effective when taken in the early spring and continued through fall on an as-
needed basis.
Rationale: Because mosquito-borne diseases have been positively identified in Washington State, measures
to educate people about minimizing mosquito breeding sites and biting opportunities around homes and
offices should be adopted. Minimizing breeding sites in the targeted area of control and personal protection,
especially for those with compromised immune systems, are the best defenses against exposure, giving the
best protection for the least cost.
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency responses.
Initiate community outreach and public education programs. Conduct entomologic surveys (inventory and
map mosquito populations)and monitor avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine outbreaks
(Li1ja 2002,p. 16).
Minimum BMP Response: Conduct education and outreach appropriate to the area of control, enlisting
assistance from local government(i.e., the local environmental health department), if possible. Track reports
in the local area for avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine surveillance.
A. Minimization techniques for mosquito control around private homes or offices primarily involve
educating those in the area of control about eliminating mosquito breeding sites,using
repellents and protecting domestic animals. The following is a general list of actions that can be
taken around private homes and offices. Additional information is available from the federal
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm
• Empty or turn over anything that holds standing water—old tires,buckets,wheelbarrows,plastic
covers, and toys.
• Change water in birdbaths, fountains,wading pools, and animal troughs weekly.
• Remove all human-made potential sources of stagnant water where mosquitoes might breed.
• Drill holes in the bottoms of containers that are left outdoors.
• Clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not in use and be aware that mosquitoes can breed
in the water that collects on swimming pool covers.
• Aerate ornamental pools and use landscaping to eliminate standing water that collects on your
residence; mosquitoes can potentially breed in any stagnant puddle that lasts more than 4 days.
• Recycle unused containers—bottles, cans,and buckets that may collect water.
• Make sure roof gutters drain properly, and clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall.
• Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers.
• Keep all ornamental shrubs and bushes trimmed and pruned to open them up to light and air flow.
This will not only give mosquitoes fewer places to hide, but will promote growth and vigor in the
plants.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 5 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
• Stock water gardens that have no surface outlet with mosquito-eating fish recommended by the
State Department of Fish and Wildlife(i.e., goldfish,mud minnow, stickleback,and perch).
Tadpoles, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers, and front swimmers also prey on
mosquito larvae. For more information,contact your nearest Regional Office of the Department
of Fish and Wildlife"
• Make sure window and door screens are"bug tight." Repair or replace if needed.
• Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most active.
• Wear a long sleeve shirt,long pants, and a hat when going into mosquito-infested areas such as
wetlands or woods.
• Use mosquito repellant when necessary, and carefully follow directions on the label.
• To protect your horses and other equines,talk to your veterinarian about the West Nile virus
vaccine.The vaccine requires two doses three to six weeks apart, and immunity may not be
achieved until up to six weeks after the second dose. An annual booster should be given a few
weeks to a month prior to the start of the mosquito season in your area.
• Veterinarians should be consulted if you have concerns about your household pets or other
animals. Repellents may be used in some instances.
• Thoroughly clean livestock watering troughs weekly.
• Do NOT drain or fill wetlands. Wetlands perform at least three classes of functions: hydrologic
functions(i.e., flood peak reduction, shoreline stabilization, or groundwater exchange),water
quality improvement(sediment accretion, filtration or nutrient uptake), and food-chain support
(structural and species diversity components of habitat for plants and animals,including
threatened endangered and sensitive species). Given the critical functions wetlands perform,
Ecology does not condone draining wetlands as a method for mosquito control. Since most
predation on mosquitoes occurs when they are larvae, the best mosquito control is to target the
larvae, either by fostering predators native to the area of control(amphibian larvae,aquatic
salamanders, small fish)or by selective larvicides such as BTI. Wetland literature suggests that
dragonflies are probably the only significant predator on adult mosquitoes. Mosquito'outbreaks"
occur in destabilized wetland and stream ecosystems where the predators of the larvae are
excluded. It is the wetlands we have changed and tampered with that tend to have the most
mosquito problems(Tom Hruby, Ecology Wetland Specialist,personal communication 2/26/03).
B. Mosquito control in wide areas involves educating those in the area of control about reducing
mosquito breeding sites,using personal protection, and protection techniques for domestic
animals. Education may need to be targeted to specific areas such as new construction,
drainage and water treatment facilities,residential and light commercial occupants,farms,and
irrigation districts.
• Education/information on breeding site minimization and personal protection must be provided to
people residing in the area of control(see list above). A significant management strategy for
controlling mosquitoes is to enlist residents and businesses in the control of larvae around their
homes and offices. Many people unknowingly contribute to mosquito problems by not taking
steps to minimize breeding sites and biting opportunities. Federal, state,and local health
departments often have publications and other materials that explain how people can protect
themselves and minimize breeding.
• Education/information must be provided about risks to domestic animals, vaccinations and
repellents available as well as minimization techniques specific to the area where domestic
animals may reside. Direct people to their veterinarian for more information.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
• As new facilities are being designed, consideration should be given to reducing mosquito habitat
as much as possible.
• When considering a drainage or water treatment facility for mosquito control,the first
consideration should be whether the problem could be reduced by physical modification or repair
without compromising the facility's function. Physical modifications should be designed by an
engineer and reviewed by the local government to insure they meet applicable design
requirements. A possible design modification may include scarifying the pond bottom where it is
no longer infiltrating as originally designed or enhancing infiltration by some other method.
Eliminating low spots that collect small amounts of standing water and altering excessive
overgrown vegetation may also be options. Alterations of slopes or repairs to a facility should
not involve a reduction in the water retention or carrying capacity of the facility. As an example,
soil should not be added to fill low spots. Instead, low spots should be graded flat such that the
carrying capacity is not reduced.
• Ponds may be stocked with mosquito-eating fish,copepods or other predators recommended by
the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife(i.e.,mud minnow, stickleback,and perch).
Tadpoles,dragonfly larvae,diving beetles;back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on
mosquito larvae. For more information,contact your nearest Regional Office of the Department
of Fish and Wildlife"..
• Over-watering and poor irrigation practices are common producers of mosquitoes around the
home, in parks, in irrigated fields, and on golf courses. Report standing water to appropriate
maintenance personnel.
• Irrigated lands are among the highest producers of mosquito breeding sites in Washington State.
High numbers of mosquitoes can develop in standing water as a result of flood irrigation. The
actions below can help eliminate mosquito breeding sites by using physical controls (Colorado,
2002;Pratt and Moore 1993).
1) Minimize standing water in fields so that it does not lie fallow for more than four days by
improving drainage channels and grading.
2) Tail waters should not be allowed to accumulate for more than four days at the end of the
field.
3) Keep excessive overgrown vegetation out of ditches to promote more rapid drainage,but
retain ground cover to prevent soil loss.
4) Have ditches repaired to reduce seepage to the extent practicable(elevated water tables can
produce unintended standing water in fields). Modification or repairs to a ditch should not
reduce the carrying capacity.
5) Minimize flood and rill irrigation practices to the extent practicable.
6) Avoid over-watering.
Note: Wetlands and greenbelts should not be drained or removed. See Wetland bullet under A. Wetlands
cleanse and slowly release rainwater and provide flood protection and wildlife habitat. Many wetlands
recharge ground water critical for local drinking water supplies and prevent streams from drying up during the
summer. We will not eliminate mosquitoes by draining wetlands and removing greenbelts. In fact, we could
actually increase the mosquito population if their natural predators are destroyed because many mosquito
species need only a small puddle or depression to breed.
II. Monitoring for Mosquito Populations and Disease
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 7 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Action threshold: The presence of vector or nuisance mosquitoes suspected or confirmed in the area.
Rationale: Base-line data on mosquito populations from a variety of habitats will help target educational
efforts and are essential to control efforts, should they become necessary.
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response.
Increase larval control and source reduction and public education emphasizing personal protection measures,
particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic
activity, such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance
indicates high potential for human risk to increase.
Minimum BMP Response: Conduct outreach and education; monitor and track avian mortality,human
encephalitis/meningitis, and equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic surveys
(inventory habitats and map mosquito populations).
A. Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease around private homes or offices:
• Contact your local health department for information about birds,horses, and humans found to
test positive for West Nile virus or other mosquito-borne diseases in your area of control.
• Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes,by species if possible. These would be
those sites for mosquito rearing that cannot be eliminated by following preventative measures
such as container emptying,proper pond maintenance,and eliminating excess standing water by
using appropriate irrigation BMPs. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are
contingent on the habitat(species)encountered. The following Northwest mosquito habitats and
control issues have been identified in the Mosquito-borne Response Plan developed by the
Department of Health(Lilja,2002). Vectors in specific regions have not all been identified.
Contact your local health department for the latest mosquito vector information.
• Demarcate no-spray zones on maps. This may include areas such as schools,hospitals, fish
farms,the homes of individuals who are on chemically sensitive registers, and crops grown under
a certified organic program. Other crop sites that do not have a tolerance for the mosquito control
products used should also be listed. If the control entity is not a mosquito control district
organized under RCW 17.28,then individual residences where the occupants do not want to be
treated, should be identified as no-spary zones.
Floodwater: Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus,which develop in large numbers along the borders of
the Columbia and other rivers, create one of the most important mosquito problems in this region. The larvae
hatch in the spring or early summer when the streams overflow areas such as willow and cottonwood swales
where the eggs have been laid. The eggs of these species are dormant when temperatures remain below 45-
50°F. Partial dormancy of the eggs may continue until sometime in June so that only some of the eggs are
hatched by floods occurring in April or May. In some seasons,the larger rivers may rise,recede,and rise
again to cover the same egg beds and produce an additional hatch. In other seasons,two or three successive
rises may occur, each of which is higher than the last. Females that emerge in the first hatch may lay eggs
that will hatch in the second or third rises of the river. Most of the eggs are laid between the 10 and 20 foot
levels, and some of the eggs that are not flooded during a series of low flood crest years remain viable for as
long as four years.
Large Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus breeding areas have been managed efficiently in
the past by controlling water levels above Bonneville Dam. Dikes have prevented flooding in other areas.
Clearing of brush has been of value in some locations. However, control of the major section of these types
of breeding areas must often be accomplished with insecticide applications.
8 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Irrigation Water: Breeding places for several mosquito species are provided by irrigation water. Aedes
dorsalis,A. vexans, Ochlerotatu melanimon,and Ochlerotatus nigromaculis are among the most important
species that may develop when water is applied and stands for a week or 10 days. Other species such as
Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata,and Anopheles freeborni may be produced if water remains for longer
periods. Tremendous numbers of mosquitoes breed in many areas where uncontrolled irrigation is practiced.
Applications of insecticides are effective but are not substitutes for proper grading. Elimination of standing
water is effective in preventing development of mosquitoes. Application of insecticides may be necessary for
breeding places that cannot be drained.
Tidal Waters: Aedes dorsalis is the only species that can breed in large numbers in both fresh and salt water
in the Northwest. The larvae develop in some coastal areas where potholes are filled by the higher tides or
where water levels fluctuate in permanent or semi-permanent pools. Leveling,drainage,or similar practices
are effective in preventing breeding,but such areas must be properly maintained. Insecticide control may be
necessary where these methods are inadequate or ineffective. Ochlerotatus togoi has also been found in
coastal areas including San Juan,Island,Skagit,Kitsap,and Mason counties. Larvae of this species have
been found in pools of pure seawater along rocky shorelines.
Snow Water: In many high mountain meadows and also at lower levels,mosquitoes breed in pools caused
by snow melt. Development may require several weeks at higher elevations. Aedes communis,A.cinereus,
Ochlerotatus hexodontus, 0.fitchii,and 0.increpitus are the most common species found in these locations.
Usually there is only one generation per year,but the large numbers that may be produced are a severe
annoyance to those who are working or seeking recreation in these areas. Elimination of breeding areas by
drainage or maintenance of constant water levels is practical in some situations. Insecticide applications
might have to be made by hand or by plane because of inaccessibility to heavy ground equipment.
Permanent Waters,Ponds and Artificial Containers: The mosquitoes that lay their eggs on the water are
usually found where water is present continuously during the season or at least for several days. Such
locations include natural permanent ponds,including still waters along the borders of lakes and rivers
sheltered from wave action and currents with some degree of vegetation,log ponds,tree holes,semi-
permanent ponds and wetlands of various types,and artificial containers. Culex tarsalis, C.pipiens, C.peus,
Anopheles freeborni,A.punctipennis, Culiseta incidens, and C.inomata are commonly found in such places.
C. tarsalis and C.pipiens develop in large numbers in log ponds. C.pipiens also develops in large numbers
in sewer drains,catch basins,and water left in artificial containers. Coquillettidia perturbans are found in
permanent water in wetlands,swamps,and marshes that have emergent or floating vegetation. Insecticides
are often used effectively to control most of these species,except those breeding in artificial containers that
can be emptied. Larvae of C.perturbans are difficult to control because they are attached to the roots of
plants. Insecticide granules are sometimes applied,but eliminating host plants may be the most useful
procedure to control this species.
Stormwater: In response to the anticipated arrival of West Nile virus in King County,King County Water
and Land Resources developed recommendations for dealing with the mosquito control at County drainage
facilities. The study(Whitworth,2002)identified the four basic habitats preferred by mosquitoes,the types
of mosquitoes associated with the habitat type,and the WNV vector mosquito species that prefers each habitat
type. Table 1 summarizes this information.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 9 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control
Facilities
Habitat Type Facility type Vector Species
Permanent Water Year round wet ponds Anopheles punctipennis
Larger Regional Ponds
Wet Bioswales
Marshes&Wetlands Wet Bioswales Aedes dnereus
Some Regional Facilities Coquilletidia preturbans
Temporary or Flood Water Temporary Wet Ponds Aedes vexans
Dry Bioswales Culiseta inornata
Retention/Detention Ponds
Open Ditches
Artificial Containers 1 Tree Holes Catch Basins Ochlerotatus japonicus
Underground TanksNaults Culex pipiens
Discarded containers&Tires Culex tarsalis
Culiseta inomata
• Once the mosquito habitats have been mapped,confirm mosquito species associated with habitats,if
possible.
Resources: Techniques and equipment for adult mosquito surveys can be found at: The Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention,Guidelines for Arbovirus Surveillance in the United States,
1993,Appendix II 51-54. These guidelines are also copied in Appendix B of the Department of
Health's Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan,November 2002 Edition,available online at:.
http:i/Nvww.dolt.wa.zoviehp/tsiZooitiV'NV/W41ArtioviralRespPIwi.pdf. Mosquito survey equipment
can also be found at: BioQuip Products
2321 Gladwick Street
Rancho Dominguez,CA 90220
USA Phone: (310)667-8800 Fax:(310)667-8808
http:/'w'wvv.bioquip.comihtmllaquatic environmental.htm
• Conduct larval surveys in the area of control by dipping. The following guidance on dipping is
based on an article entitled"Seven ways to a successful dipping career,"published in Wing Beats,
vol.6(4):23-24 by O'Malley, 1995 and reprinted in Appendix B of the Department of Health's
Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan,November 2002 Edition, available online at:.
http//wvvvv.doh_.wa.itoy/ehp/ts'Zoo '1NV.WAArbovnaIRes Plan.odf.
Benefits of Larval Surveillance: Larval surveys are used to determine the locations and seasons that
mosquitoes use specific aquatic habitats and,when specimens are identified and counted,the
information can be used to determine species composition and population densities. The information
can be used to determine optimal times for application of larval control measures,including
chemicals,biological controls,draining or impounding. It can also be used to help assess the
10 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
effectiveness of both chemical and biological control measures. Routine larval surveillance data can
be useful in interpreting adult mosquito surveillance data. For example, if larval surveys indicate 95-
100 percent control by larvicides and yet the number of adults does not decline, one can suspect, in
the absence of reinfestation,that an important larval concentration was missed. A system for the
detection of insecticide resistance is also provided through a larval surveillance program.
Sampling Larvae: Because mosquito larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats, a number of
different sampling techniques to determine their presence and density have been developed. Many, if
not all,of the published methods are described in Mike Service's book,Mosquito Ecology Field
Sampling Methods(Elsevier Applied Science, 1993). Some methods are complex mechanical
devices, but the most commonly used larval collection method is the"standard dipper,"a plastic or
metal,white or aluminum, solid or screen-bottomed pint-to-quart-sized scoop-on-a-handle,that, along
with the"sweep net,"defines the Ultimate Inspector.
Dipping for mosquito larvae begins after your area has been mapped for targeted habitats with
proximities that pose risk to population areas of concern. Dipping locations in control areas with
multiple mosquito habitats may need to be prioritized.
The species of mosquitoes one is looking for, and the type of habitat being sampled,will, in part,
determine the sampling method used. Thus, it is important that field personnel know the preferred
breeding habitats and seasonal occurrence of species known or suspected to be present within an area.
Eggs are white when first deposited,becoming dark within an hour or two (Pratt, 1993, p. 13). Eggs
can be laid singly on the surface of the water, in clusters called rafts that float on the surface of the
water,under the water attached to roots and stems of aquatic vegetation, and singly on damp soil.
When searching for mosquito larvae,proceed slowly and carefully. Approach the area with caution
to avoid disturbing larvae at the water's surface. Vibrations from heavy footsteps,casting a shadow
or moving vegetation that contacts the water may be enough to cause larvae to dive to the bottom.
Try to approach the water while facing the sun and with quiet, slow, soft steps. Gently move
vegetation only as necessary.
Mosquito larvae of most genera,particularly the common Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles, are usually
found at the water's surface and frequently next to vegetation or surface debris. In larger pools and
ponds,they are usually near the margins,not in open,deep water. Dipping should be concentrated
around floating debris and aquatic and emergent vegetation. If there is a strong wind, dipping should
be done on the windward side of the habitat where larvae and pupae will be most heavily
concentrated. Look for larvae and pupae before beginning to dip,if possible. If it is raining on the
water's surface, wait until the rain stops.
Each water body may contain a number of different microhabitats which could contain different
mosquito species. Microhabitats are places where a single species may congregate, as under tree
roots, within clumps of emergent vegetation,under floating or overhanging vegetation and in open
water. Learn to recognize different microhabitats within an area and sample as many as possible in
order to obtain an accurate picture of the area's species composition.
Seven Ways to Dip: There are seven basic ways to dip for mosquito larvae. Which one or ones you
use depends on the genus or genera of mosquitoes you suspect may be present,and on the habitat,
microhabitat and weather conditions. The following table lists vector mosquitoes in Washington
State, their habitats, ranges, and breeding sites. This table is meant to assist field identification efforts
and dipping strategies. The seven dipping methods are described below the table.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 1 I of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Table Z Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State
Day or
Mosquito Night Range Generations Preferred Habitat Breeding Comments
Species Biter per Year
Aggress Does not One-eggs A woodland species: semi- Hatches in the early
ive travel far hatch at permanent bogs & swamps, spring. Larvae found
Aedes during from different wetlands, wet bioswales & among dense aquatic
cinereus day habitat times floodwaters vegitation.
Any temporary water body
like ditches, puddles, Eggs may lie dom ant 3+
Day & containers, pools & yrs, hatches in ditches,
Aedes vexans Night 20+ miles Many floodwater. still water.
Prefers algae-laden, cool
Springs and creeks pools on edges of slow
connected to stormwater flowing rivers and
Anopheles Stays near ponds, bioswales and streams. Has entirely
uncti ennis Night habitat. One wetlands. dark palpi.
One, but
Strong hatchlings do Needs thick growth of
fliers, not complete aquatic vegetation.
Night - enters development Permanent marshes, Remains below the water
often homes until the wetlands, temporary wet surface attached to roots
Coquilletidia comes and lit following ponds, dry bioswales & and stems. Hatchlings
returbans to lights areas. spring. open ditches. emerge in spring.
Found around water with
high organic content, as in Proliferate in in artificial
Usually catch basins & sewer containers. Lays eggs in
migrates effuent ponds, tree holes, clusters of 50 to 400.
only short artificial containers & Larval and pupal stages
Culex pipiens Night distances. Many manholes. take 8 -10 days.
Larvae develop from
spring to fall in waters w/
Enters Any fresh water, artificial high organic material.
buildings containers, & agricultural Eggs laid in rafts of 100 -
Culex tarsalis Night after dark. Many and irrigated areas 150 & hatch w/in 48 hrs.
Breeds throughout spring
and summer in cold
Cold water - associated with water, females may
glacial runoff and sunlit appear during warm
waters, does not like hot winter breaks. Usually
Culiseta Dawn & Stays near weather. Found at all feeds on livestock, not
inornata Dusk habitat. Many elevations. people.
Artificial containers, catch
Ochlerotatus Day & basins, undergound tanks Larvae are found in
japonicus Night Not known Many and vaults & tree holes artifical containers.
*New information has come in on Ochlerotatus Canadensis NA for first three items except that adults live for several
months. Their habitat is woodland pools by melting snow or rain. They feed on a large range of mammals,birds,and
reptiles.
12 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
The first and usually the best method to start with is the SHALLOW SKIM. The shallow skim
consists of submerging the leading edge of the dipper,tipped about 45 degrees,about an inch below
the surface of the water and quickly,but gently,moving the dipper along a straight line in open water
or in water with small floating debris. End the stroke just before the dipper is filled to prevent
overflowing. The shallow skim is particularly effective for Anopheles larvae that tend to remain at
the surface longer than Aedes and Culex. Anopheles are usually associated with floating vegetation
and debris.
The second method to try in open water,with or without floating objects,is the COMPLETE
SUBMERSION. Many mosquito larvae,particularly those of the genera Aedes and Psorophora,are
very active and usually dive below the surface quickly if disturbed. In this case,a quick plunge of the
dipper below the surface of the water is required,bringing the dipper back up through the diving
larvae. Bring the dipper up carefully to avoid losing the larvae in the overflow current.
When you need to sample at the edges of emergent vegetation,try the PARTIAL SUBMERSION
technique. To do this,push the dipper,tilted at about 45 degrees,straight down adjacent to the
vegetation. This causes the water around the vegetation to flow into the dipper,carrying the larvae
with the flow. There is no need to move the dipper horizontally. Pull the dipper up before it is full.
In very shallow water,try the FLOW-IN method. Larvae can be collected by pushing the dipper into
the substrate of the pool and letting the shallow surface water,debris and larvae flow into the dipper.
Do not move the dipper horizontally.
To sample for larvae that may be under floating or emergent vegetation,use the SCRAPING
technique. This method is used in habitats that contain clumps of vegetation such as tussocks of
sedges,floating mats of cattails,water lettuce,or other plants that are too large to get in the dipper,or
clumps of submerged vegetation such as hydrilla or bladderwort. Dip from the water in towards the
vegetation and end by using the dipper to scrape up against the base or underside of the vegetation to
dislodge larvae. This method is usually more effective if the bottom of the dipper is screened and it is
often used to sample for Coguillettidia and Mansonia mosquitoes.
The SIMPLE SCOOP is the"dipping to get water"method that was discouraged earlier.It consists of
simply scooping a dipperful of water. This is probably the most commonly used method,particularly
by new inspectors,and it is often the method referred to in much of the literature as"the standard
dipping procedure." While it can be successfully used to collect Culex larvae,it is still not the
method of choice.
The dipper can also be used as BACKGROUND. This is especially useful in woodland pools and
other shallow water or when larvae are disturbed and dive to the bottom. Submerge the dipper
completely to the bottom litter and slowly move it around. The darker mosquito larvae and pupae
will stand out against the background of a white or aluminum dipper.Once larvae appear in the
dipper,just lift it upward.
One or more of these methods,properly used,can determine the mosquito species composition of
most aquatic habitats,excluding those whose openings are smaller than the dipper,such as tires,rock
pools,tree holes,and tree root systems like those found in cedar and red maple swamps. In those
cases,a smaller container,such as a vial,measuring spoon,or tea strainer can be used in the same
seven ways as the dipper described above. Then there is the tubular dipper,or chefs poultry baster,
for those really hard to get to places such as plant axils,tree holes,and tree root holes.
Note: Locations and times of dips,and well as larvae counts,need to be recorded.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 13 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
B. Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease in wide areas includes the mapping and
surveying strategies used for homes and offices described above,plus:
• Conduct ongoing surveillance,including studying habitats by air,aerial photographs and
topographic maps,and evaluating larval populations.
• Monitor and track data from mosquito traps,biting counts,complaints,and reports from the
public.
• Keep seasonal records in concurrence with weather data to predict mosquito larval occurrence
and adult flights.
• Consider conducting surveillance for diseases carried by mosquitoes and harbored by birds,
including crows and sentinel chicken flocks.
• Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes. These would be those sites that cannot
be eliminated by preventative measures such as emptying containers,proper pond maintenance,
and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. These habitats can
be identified by aerial photo assessments,topographic maps,and satellite imagery where
available. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the
particular species that live in specific habitats.
• Agricultural site maps should include the following: Hay,pasture,circle irrigation,orchards,and
rill irrigated field crops. An important land use that has caused problems to mosquito control
districts in the past is flood irrigated pastures where the water stays on more than five to seven
days. These areas should be mapped so that appropriate management responses may be taken.
• Demarcate no-spray zones on maps. This may include areas such as schools,hospitals,fish
farms,and the homes of individuals who are on chemically sensitive registers and crops grown
under a certified organic program and fish and wildlife areas sensitive to mosquito control
products,pursuant to consultation with fish and wildlife management agencies. Other crop sites
that do not have a tolerance for the mosquito control products used should also be listed. If the
control entity is not a mosquito control district organized under RCW 17.28,then individual
residences where the occupants do not want to be treated,should be identified as no-spray zones.
Note: Detailed information on mosquito surveillance is available in Washington State Department of
Health's publication Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan,November 2002 ed.,available online at
www.doh.wa.Gov/ehp/ts,,,"7oo,t�WNV WAArboviralRespP]an.pdf.. Training on surveillance,trapping
techniques,sampling,and vector identification techniques has been offered by Major William Sames,
Chief Entomological Science Division of the U.S.Army,CHPPM-West,Fort Lewis WA. His e-mail
address is william.sames@nw.amedd.army.mil and his telephone number is(253)966-0008.
III. Establishing the Targeted Density of Mosquito Populations
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans:Remote to low
Action threshold: The presence(positive identification)of any vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger
activities to reduce their presence. Since people with compromised immune systems are likely to be the most
vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases,areas of their exposure should be a priority. General Permit Condition
S4.2.0 infers that the targeted density of larvae is<1. The permit states: Pesticide applications shall not
continence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3
per dip,and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations.
Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area,control treatments are
warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive,every effort should be made to educate those at risk of
exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures.
14 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response.
Increase larval control and source reduction and public education emphasizing personal protection measures,
particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic
activity, such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance
indicates likely potential for human risk to increase.
Minimum BMP Response: Conduct outreach and education; monitor and track avian mortality,human
encephalitis/meningitis, and equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic survey
(inventory habitats and map mosquito populations). Using surveillance information and input from the
people in the control area, establish the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health,public
safety, and funding.
A. Establishing the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health,public safety,and
economic and aesthetic thresholds around private homes or offices:
• Individual homeowners and businesses must determine the targeted density of mosquito
populations in their area, absent the existence of a mosquito control district. This determination
should be based on factors of risk and cost.
• Once the targeted density has been established, continue larvae surveys to find density response
to habitat minimization efforts and need for larvicide treatments.
B. Establishing the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health,public safety,and
economic and aesthetic thresholds for wide areas:
• Mosquito control agents must consult with their sponsors to determine targeted mosquito
densities. This determination should be based on factors of risk and cost.
• Once the targeted density has been established, continue larvae surveys to find density response
to habitat minimization efforts and to assess the need for larvicide treatments.
W.Mosquito treatment
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Low to moderate
Action threshold: The positive identification of any vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger activities to
reduce their presence. Once minimization strategies have been taken,larvae surveys(i.e. dipping)can
indicate the effectiveness of those efforts and the need for further action. General Permit Condition S4.2.0
infers that the targeted density of larvae is<1 to commence larviciding. The permit states: "Pesticide
applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa
count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations." This
level is a minimum; mosquito control agents may want to set the targeted density at a higher level due to cost
and risk factors.
Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area, control treatments are
warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive, every effort should be made to educate those at risk of
exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures.
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response.
Increase larval control and source reduction and educate the public about personal protection measures,
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 15 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic
activity, such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance
indicates likely potential for human risk to increase.
Minimum BMP Response: Treat mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using
strategies that may include biological,cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods and that must
consider human health,ecological impact, feasibility, and cost effectiveness.
Conduct outreach and education; monitor and track avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis, and
equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic survey(inventory habitats and map mosquito
populations). Using surveillance information and input from the people and/or sponsors of control in the
control area, establish the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health,public safety and
funding. If the targeted density level for larvae is measured after all habitat minimization efforts have been
taken,prepare for targeted larvicide treatments. Prepare for an emergency response if warranted by human
health impacts.
A. Use an IPM approach around private homes or offices and in wide areas of control:
• Select treatments using the most effective control method or combination of methods for the
particular species of mosquitoes and the breeding area found by larvae surveys.
• After attempts to minimize breeding sites have been exhausted and personal protection
information has been dispersed,use biological measures whenever feasible and efficient.
0 Biological methods may include stocking species such as the Three-Spined Stickleback
(Gasterosterous aculeatus)in ponds or impoundments. The Three-Spined Stickleback is native
to Washington State and known to be an effective predator of mosquitoes. Mud minnow,perch
tadpoles, dragonfly larvae,diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on
mosquito larvae. (More detail on these fish species is given on page 28 of the Response to
Comments section of this Plan.) Guppies, goldfish, and other fish commonly sold in pet stores
are exempt from permitting by Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)and may
be suitable for smaller ponds, horse troughs, and ornamental pools. However,before planting any
of these exempt fish,please consult with WDFW. Some of these fish, such as goldfish,may have
severe ecological impacts on ponds and lakes.
The Mosquito Fish(Gambusia affinis)has been used for mosquito control in virtually every state
because of the adult's ability to consume large amounts of mosquito larvae. These warmwater
fish rarely exceed 2.5 inches and prefer shallow water. They tend to flourish in almost any
environment, including well discharges, cisterns,water tanks,potholes,rain barrels, and open
septic tanks. Gambusia have been known to dramatically reduce and even eliminate mosquito
larvae. WDFW suggests that the use of Gambusia be integrated into an overall mosquito control
plan rather than used as an exclusive solution to mosquito abatement. Permits must be obtained
from WDFW for use of this non-native species as a mosquito control measure.
WDFW has several concerns with stocking biological mosquito predators in Washington waters.
Along with the introduction of non-native fish,the transfer of fish diseases from one location to
another, even among native populations, can cause disease outbreaks. That is why all movement
and stocking of fish requires a permit from WDFW, whether the fish are native or not. Due to the
inability to test live fish without killing them,the transportation of fish from one watershed to
another requires disease testing(usually on the adults at spawning, or by sacrificing a number of
young fish)and verification that the remaining fish are reared on disease-free water. In addition,
any non-native fish stocking currently needs to go through SEPA review prior to approval. The
16 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
laws in Washington State are designed specifically to prevent this type of"Johnny Apple-
seeding"from occurring. For more information,please contact your nearest Regional Office of
the Department of Fish and Wildlife.
• Chemical controls can be selected by comparing targeted life stage of mosquitoes with the
efficacy of the products,nontarget impacts,resistance management,and costs. Resistance
management is not typically an issue for larvicides but may be considered for the use of
adulticides. Table 3 provides a cross comparison of the larvicides available for use in
Washington State
I
I
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 17 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control
Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Environmental Target
roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Impacts Pests on
2002 Cost Comments Impacts Label
Aquabac, (BU)Bacillus 0.25 to 2 Hand sprayer,ground Not for Non-toxic to most Mosquito
Bactimos, thuringiensis pints/acre sprayer or sprinkler cans. potable nontarget larvae
Vectobac and israelensis or up to 10 Effective 1 -30 days `Hater. species,
Teknar Ibs/acre @ depending on Minimal moderately2toxic
$24/gal. formulation. non-dietary to Daphnia
s and dermal
Granules
Broad spectrum,except risk to
Coquilletidia infants and
children.'
VectoLexWD Bacillus 0.5 to 1.5 Granules are mixed with Not for No risks to Larvae
G sphaericus Ibs/acre water and sprayed. potable wildlife,nontarget control in
(H-5a5b) $4.65/lb Effective for 1-4 weeks, water. species or the water with
depending on the species Essentially environment high organic
of mosquito larvae, nontoxic to content.
weather,water quality humans3
and exact form of the
granules.Effective on
Culex spp.Less effective
against other species.
Altosid liquid Methoprene: 2 to 20 Use hand and ground Not for Minimal acute Hom fly,
Ibs/acre sprayers. potable and chronic risk mosquito
Active water. to freshwater fish, larvae,
ingredient is $236/gal Effective for a few days Does not freshwater cigarette
a growth unless specially pose invertebrates and beetle,
hormone that formulated for slow release. unreasonab estuarine tobacco
does not le risks to species. moth,sciarid
allow the It is not persistent human Nontar et fly,flea
mosquito because it degrades health g larvae,
rapid) m water. organisms,i.e., meal
larvae to y nymph and y bug
mature. larvae,and and spider
Effective in The briquettes are used nontarget aquatic mite.
controlling in areas needed for organisms that
most longer term residual are highly related
mosquito control such as ponded to mosquitoes,
species in areas of standing water, i.e.,dragonfly,
WA
areas where flood waters are not affected
Altosid pellets Methoprene 2.5-10 may make it impossible to by Methoprene
Ibs/acre use Bti. up to 1,000 ppb.
$28.75/lb Exposure to
Rates increase with Methoprene will
Altosid XR Methoprene 1 briquette deeper water. not reach levels
100-200 sq which are toxic to
ft.$2.80 @ aquatic non-
Altosid XR-G is a sand target species
Altosid Methoprene 1 briquette/ either after acute
briquette 100 sq ft. formulation,good for or chronic
pastures or marshes with exposure
$.93 @ thick vegetation.
Altosid XR-G Methoprene 8-10 Ibs/ac
$8.43/lb
18 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Environmental Target
roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Impacts Pests on
2002 Cost Comments Impacts Label
hand or b Sprayed y
Monomolecul 0.2 to 0.5 Sp Okay for Less Larvae,
ground equipment. Film
ar surface gal/acre potable environmental pupae and
Agnique MMF remains active for 10-14
film water, impact than oil- midge
Po/y(oxy-1,2- @$30/gal. days on floodwaters, livestock, kills pupa stage. control.
brackish waters and
ethanediyl)AI backyard Films pose Adult
pha- ponds. It is susceptible to ponds, pool p
isooctadecyl- wind breaking the surface covers. minimal risks to 3 females.
tension and could be the environment
hydroxy rendered ineffective at No risk to Arthropods may
winds above 10 mph and human be harmed
in very choppy water. health3
Adult females are killed
by entrapping and
drowning when they
contact the surface to lay
their eggs.
Golden Bear Petroleum 3 to 5 Liquid formulations are No risk to Misapplied oils Larvae and
Oil distillate oils gal/acre sprayed by hand or human may be toxic to pupae
Bonide Oil prevent the ground equipment. health.3 fish and other control
larvae from $11/gal Persists for 12—15 aquatic
obtaining hours,then evaporates. organisms.Label
oxygen precautions
through the Less expense—kills
surface film pupae stages reduce such
risks.
Emergency Temephos 0.5 to 1.5 Sprayed liquid. Breaks Not for Poses severe risk Mosquito
use only! oz/acre down within a few days in potable to nontarget larvae,
Abate $2.00/oz standing water,shallow water. aquatic species midge,
ponds,swamps, Poses low and the aquatic punkie gnat,
marshes, and intertidal risk to ecosystem. and sandfly
zones. human larvae in
Very highly toxic
Temephos is applied health. to some aquatic non-potable
most commonly by High invertebrates. water.
helicopter but can be dosages,
applied by backpack like other Moderately toxic
sprayers,fixed-wing OPs*, can to very highly
aircraft, and right-of-way over- toxic to trout. 6
sprayers in either liquid or stimulate
the nervous
granular form. system,
causing
nausea,
dizziness,
and
confusion.3
Emergency malathion 8 oz/acre, Labeled for use in Harmful by Toxic to fish, Aphids,
use only! cost NA intermittent flooded swallowing, aquatic leafhoppers,
Malathion areas, stagnant water inhalation invertebrates, grasshopper
8EC and temporary rain pools. or skin and aquatic life s,spider
contact.a stages of mites, bugs,
amphibians. beetles,
Highly toxic to moths,
bees.8 worms,flies,
mosquitoes
and
mosquito
larvae
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 19 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
*OPs are organophophates
NX %��e,. c�y!ohphp.Piilil ash p.3
............................hest.........................
2. p.5
3. http•//www.epa.�ov/pesti c i d esic i t i zen s/lary i c i.d es4 1 11OS(I u i tos.htm#i n i cro b ial
4. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticidesfingredients/index.htm#M
5. http..,,,'.,,"www.epa.2ov/pesticides,"citizeiis.,,"iiiilitliioii4nios(Itiitos.htti p.2
6. IILII):/.,"www.epa.gov/oppsiTdl/R.1.11)s Tact s h ects/ten i if r)ho,,factsh eel.pd f pp.22-23
7. http:/A"v',v.ePa.go,.,/ I athion/su11-11T1,U-)J1tn1
8. hit %JAm
D.................
Acquire Appropriate Management Assets
0 Select appropriate mosquito management personnel: If personnel are hired directly by the public
mosquito control entity,the following experiences shared by mosquito control districts should be
considered:
• Turnover can be high due to temporary nature of job,and frequent re-licensing may be
needed. (All mosquito treatment personnel are required to pass the public health control
exam.)
• Some pay a fairly high salary to acquire mature workers who return every year.
• Where a lower salary is paid, incentive programs for second year returnees(mostly college
students and teachers)have been successful in getting employees to return.
Select application equipment appropriate for site size, habitats treated,and budget constraints:
• Small Size Sites—Puddle size to 10 acres: Primarily the hand method(Cyclone Spreader)application
technique.Costs can vary but one eastern Washington district is able to cover 51 sites in a 23 mile
stream flood plain for a total cost of$8000 per year.
• Moderate Size Sites-10 square feet to 250 acres: Primarily Truck Based Application Technique:
Costs can vary from about$13 per acre and up. Some districts have variable rate tax structures such
as 10 cents/$1000 valuation for sagebrush areas, 20 cents/$1000 valuation for wetland areas, and 30
cents/$1000 valuation for residential areas. The total annual budget for some of the larger operations
could be a million dollars or more.
• Large Size Sites-10 square feet to 250 acres: 2,500 to 10,000 acres-Primarily Aerial based
Application Technique: Costs can vary from about $0.32 per acre and higher. While this is the most
cost effective way to treat large acreages,the initial outlay requires an aircraft equipped for spray
application. The total annual budget for a large scale operation could be a million dollars or more
Contracted Personnel and Equipment(Commercial applicators): Contracted personnel can be used for
all sizes of sites. However, commercial applicators have been hired mostly for large site aerial applications.
Costs can vary from one applicator to another and particularly with time of year and even time of day. Most
commercial applicators have not had much experience in mosquito IPM management techniques. While they
may be competent in applying a product at a particular rate,they do not always understand the behavior
patterns and life cycles of the different'Species of mosquitoes. This ignorance can greatly degrade the
effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore,the public health entity should verify that the applicators they hire
have appropriate IPM training and experience in mosquito management, an appropriate public health category
on their license, a positive attitude towards following the hiring entity's IPM program, and an awareness of
the environmental issues surrounding mosquito abatement and their need to follow FIFRA labels and NPDES
permit regulations. The hiring entities should also be aware that if their contractor violates federal
regulations, such as CWA or ESA, the hiring entities may also be found liable under a third party lawsuit(as
was the case in recent court case in New York over a contracted mosquito abatement program organized to
combat the West Nile virus).
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B. What Constitutes an Emergency
An emergency may arise when communities have not prepared for mosquito control and an outbreak
occurs. In such cases,the responsible officials should immediately initiate an education and outreach
program that emphasizes habitat minimization and personal protection;begin conducting larvae surveys;
and secure the funding, permits and licenses needed for applying insecticides. Since insecticides can be
aerially applied,the use of fogging equipment would be needed only in extremely rare cases where
access is limited.
The use of any pesticide in water needs to be permitted under the Clean Water Act to protect the
applicator from enforcement liability. In the case of an emergency,the use of temephos and or
malathion may be authorized. Temephos and malathion are organophosphates that are conditionally
allowed for mosquito control in surface waters of the state only when one of the following two
conditions is met:
• As a result of consultation between the departments of Health and Ecology, in response to the
development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State Department of
Health.
• As a result of consultation between the departments of Agriculture and Ecology, and then only in
response to the development of pesticide resistance within a population of mosquitoes.
Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals shall be a condition of such approval.
C. When Adulticides Fit Into An IPM Plan
Select triggers for the use of adulticide products: Adulticiding of residential areas and upland areas
where mosquitoes are migrating should be considered only when there is evidence of mosquito-borne
epizootic activity at a level suggesting high risk of human infection. The following are examples of this
type of evidence: high dead bird densities; high mosquito infection rates; multiple positive mosquito
species including bridge vectors;horse or mammal cases indicating escalating epizootic transmission,
including bridge vectors,horse or mammal cases, or a human case with evidence of epizootic activity.
Follow legal restrictions on the use of adulticide products(based on FIFRA and ESA regulations): Even
when the above evidence is present,direct application to streams and other surface waters such as
wetlands, rivers, lakes, ditches, etc. is prohibited by all adulticide labels(FIFRA)due to harm these
products can do to aquatic species. Special care needs to be taken near ESA listed streams which could
result in"harm"or"take"violations being assessed against the public entity if the product is sprayed into
the water. The Department of Ecology,under Clean Water Act authority,prohibits the use of adulticide
products on such habitats. It also prohibits such products from being directly applied to storm drains.
BMPs for adulticides:
1) Meteorological conditions:
• Check wind speed and direction before spraying and be observant of all changes in direction
and speed during the application. Use appropriate wind indicators. Gauges are highly
recommended for ground applications and smoke for aerial applications.
• Check temperature at different elevations to decide if there is an inversion.
• Spray only when wind is away from sensitive sites.
• Dusk is the recommended time to spray when mosquitoes are out.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 21 of 58
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2) Minimum wind conditions and temperature inversions:
• Air inversions can go from 50 feet to 600 feet.
• Inversions can be used to force the droplets down.
• Spray under the inversion and only when conditions will not allow the cloud to drift into the
stream.
3) Maximum wind: Do not spray in winds over 10 mph.
4) Fish-bearing stream spray buffers: Establish buffers that are outside the maximum equipment
spray swath with a minimum distance of 50 feet-1 50 feet(depending on the skill of the operator)
or follow label buffer if it is greater.
The following is a table of mosquito adulticides, all ultra low volume(ULV)organophosphates that may be used
in terrestrial applications in Washington State.
Table 4. Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control
Typical Active LabelUse Residual
Products Ingredient Rate Use Cost Life Comments
No-mist& ULV 4 Effective, can't use
Kontrol Permethrin oz/acre Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours close to water.
No set-backs to
water. Approved for
MGK 5%, crop and pasture
Pyrenone ULV 1-4 applications.
25-5 Pyrethrin oz/acre Adult Control $1.20/oz 1 hour Expensive
Has not performed
well in some areas.
ULV 4 No setbacks to
Scourge Oesmethin, oz/acre Adult Control $.58/oz 1-4 hours water.
Product of last resort
Fyfanon ULV rates due to impacts to
ULV Malathion vary Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours nontargets.
0.0012 lb— Tested and used in
0.0036 lbs ai the NW. No water
Anvil Sumithrin per acre Adult Control $.40/oz 1-4 hours precautions.
Biomist,
Kontrol,
Permanon
e, Aqua ULV rates 100 ft. set-back from
Reslin Permethrin vary Adult control water
Not
recommend
ed for
Dibrom, ground ULV Approved over crop
Trumpet Naled use. Adult control and pasture.
Note: Organophosphate ULV products are formulated for ultra low volume applications that are highly
susceptible to drift due to extremely small particle sizes.
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References Cited
Colorado Mosquito Control,Inc. Online at:
Nvww.comosquitocontrol_coni/flood irrigation & mosquitoes.htm.
Lilja,Jack.2002. Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan,November 2002 Edition.Washington State
Department of Health.Online at:wwly.doh.wa.sov/ehp/ts zoo/wnv/wnv.htmi.
O'Malley,Claudia C. 1995. Seven ways to a successful dipping career. Wing Beats,vol.6(4):23-24.
American Mosquito Control Association,www.mosquito.org/publications.httml.
Pratt,Harry D.and Moore,Chester G. 1993. Mosquitoes of Public Health Importance and Their Control.
U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Self-study
Course 3013-G:Vector-Borne Disease Control.
Von Grey,Ed.2002. Draft Appropriate Mosquito Management Strategies as a Response to West Nile Virus.
Washington State Department of Agriculture.
Whitworth,Terry.2002. Mosquito Management Policy for Residential Stormwater Ponds in King County,
Washington. King County Department of Natural Recourses and Parks,Water and Land Recourses Division.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 23 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
24 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
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Response to Comments
Received During the Public Comment Period for the Best Management
Practices for Mosquito Control and the Determination of Nonsignificance
SEPA Checklist
This document constitutes a response to all relevant comments received during the public comment period,
which included eight all-day workshops offered around the state in January 2003 where the draft was
presented. It also includes a brief description of changes,other than editing changes,with reasons for the
changes to the Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control and the Determination of Non-significance
SEPA Checklist prepared to evaluate possible environmental impacts from the use of this plan.
Comments on the draft Best Management Practices were received between January 6 and February 10,2003
from the following individuals and the organizations they represent.
1. David Sjogren,Fennimore Chemicals
2. Fran Krenick,Clarke Mosquito Control
3. William Leif,Snohomish County Surface Water Management
4. David Zamora,Ph.D.,Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association
5. Allan Van Wagner,Cheminova,hic.
6. John Bruce,Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association
7. Dan Mathias,City of Evertt Public Works
8. Tom Haworth,Adams County Mosquito Control District
9. James Henriksen,Benton County Mosquito Control District
10. Kevin Shoemaker,Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association
11. Cynthia Pratt,Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife
Response Summary
A few updated and revised sections are a result of informal comments made by knowledgeable people who
attended the workshops,chemical manufactures who wanted the most recent information reported on their
products,and internal commenters. The majority of changes are a direct result of formal comments received
and are reflected in this response. In particular,changes have been made to clarify Ecology's role in the
development and the intended use of this Plan. Control in wetlands and other sensitive areas are clarified,as
well as Ecology's authorities,especially in light of adulticide use,i.e.,terrestrial applications,of insecticides
that are included in this document.
Comments have been ordered to correspond to the sequential order of information presented in the BMP and
SEPA documents. However,the order of the commenters is random and their comments are identified by the
number assigned to them above. Ecology thanks all the contributors who made this plan possible,especially
those who have been in the business of controlling mosquito populations for years who took the time to
comment on the draft. This effort has been greatly improved by their contributions.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 25 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Comments on the Best Management Practices for
Mosquito Control
Comments on the Introduction
1. Commenter 2: While mosquito control practices cannot halt the spread of West Nile Virus or other
mosquito borne diseases,the goal of organized mosquito abatement is to enhance the health and quality of life
through the suppression of mosquitoes and lessen the impact of mosquito related nuisance and disease. In
response to West Nile Virus,health officials and mosquito control experts from around the world have
participated in an annual conference to produce a document to assist municipalities,health departments and
other agencies in an attempt to combat the impact of West Nile Virus.As a result,the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention have produced the document,CDC National Guidelines for Surveillance,Prevention
and Control of West Nile Virus.According to these guidelines,"The principle goal is to minimize the health
impact of the WN virus in humans,as well as in domestic and zoo animals."
RESPONSE: Comment noted,good information.
2. Commenter 9: This BMP for Mosquito Control is lacking in many different areas.... A BMP should not
have negative and threatening statements made throughout its content but rather what is best for mosquito
control and disease suppression. I would suggest the Department of Ecology view other BMPs produced for
mosquito control before finalizing this documents and possibly try and send out another draft for review.
RESPONSE: Other BMPs were reviewed,such as the ones developed by the Washington Department of
Health,a draft IPM plan by Washington State Department of Agriculture(WSDA),the IPM policy of the
Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association,and many others available on the internet. Another
draft will not be sent out due to the need to have a final plan that permittees can use by this spring. However,
comments on the final draft are always welcome and will be considered as the document is updated.
3. Commenter 9: This BMP has several shortcomings with regards to mosquito control and how agencies
should go about treating mosquito-producing areas. The sentiment when reading the introduction points
towards mosquito control efforts creating a"vicious cycle"(pg 5). This is not true and should be removed.
Also,stated on(pg 3)is a misunderstanding regarding mosquito control and its focus mainly on nuisance
control. The very reason mosquito control districts were formed was to control disease outbreaks and many
of these districts are still controlling the same disease carrying species that invoked their formation. Please
revise.
RESPONSE: Cycles such as the one described on page five are potential scenarios. Mosquitoes are
important pollinators as well as sources of protein for a wide variety of amphibians,birds,bats and fish. In
short,they are part of what keeps our ecosystem in balance and those interrupting that balance need to be
cognizant of possible consequences. Other mosquito-borne diseases such as Western equine encephalitis and
St.Louis encephalitis have not been epidemic or even reported in the recent past,although they may well
have provided the original impetus for the formation of the established mosquito districts in Washington
State. According to the Washington Department of Health,the last reported case of a mosquito-borne disease
in Washington State was Western equine encephalitis in a human in 1982(Tom Gibbs,DOH,personal
communication February 12,2003). Any specific information about the formation of the mosquito districts
you would like included in the next revision would be welcome.
4. Commenter 10:What is meant by the phrase"...when the effects are temporary and confined to a specific
location...?"
RESPONSE: The phrase is meant to reflect consistency with Washington State water quality standards.
Washington Administrative Code(WAC)173-201A-110 establishes the criteria for the short-term
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modification of the water quality standards set forth in WAC 173-201A-030 through 173-201A-030. In short,
it authorizes modifications for specific water bodies on short-term bases.
5. Commenter 10:It may be a good idea to update this[human]information,especially since the number of
fatalities has increased by 45(a 20%increase),since November 26'hto a total of 259(as of 1-29-2003).
RESPONSE: Agreed. Page 3 of the Introduction has been updated with this information.
6. Commenter 11: Discussion of Purpose and Need in the Plan. While there is discussion of why we need
mosquito control(from nuisance control to human health concern),there is no inclusion in the Need statement
of the quantified circumstances for the proposal to be implemented. There needs to be a quantifiable reason
for establishing a purpose for the proposal. For instance,what is the problem based on some measurable
statistic(mosquitoes carrying the West Nile Virus have increased from 0 to 25%over the last 5 years),then
the purpose will state what you are trying to achieve(eradication of West Nile Virus carrying mosquitoes).
Through this approach,it will eliminate the assumption that there always must be an action taken.
Potentially,there may be times or areas where control is inappropriate. In some of WDFW's wildlife areas,
there may be reason for not taking action,i.e.,lack of human risk,severe damage to sensitive insect
populations or bats,or the numbers are minimal and predator species can keep the mosquito numbers in
check.
There is some data that shows mosquito control may not work to reduce the spread of diseases such
as the West Nile Virus. Dr.Mead,State-Veterinarian,handed out information at the West Nile Task Force
meeting that use of mosquito control would not eliminate or control the virus. That is why it is critical that
the need for the proposal be carefully identified before proceeding with alternatives that may not address your
purpose.
RESPONSE: "The quantified circumstances for the proposal to be implemented"has been identified in the
Goals,Logistics and Action Threshold Determinations section of the BMPs as"to achieve a level of control
sufficient to maintaining an acceptable level of risk(exposure to vector and/or nuisance adult mosquitoes)
with the least possible adverse impact to the environment." Ecology understands that not all communities
involved in mosquito control may want to adopt this goal or will agree with the action thresholds we
suggested throughout the BMP section because local conditions will vary. This is only a model plan that
permittees can adopt or not. The suggested goal is reasonable,especially in light of the fact the West Nile
virus has been found on both the east and west sides of Washington State.
7. Commenter 11: In the introduction,in paragraph 2,it states that mosquito abatement has expanded to a
"widespread human health concern". Later in the paragraph,it states that control efforts have"no effect
halting the continued spread of the virus". Then it continues to discuss reducing the risk of exposure"in some
cases". There needs to be a better description of precisely where control activities are actually warranted.
RESPONSE: Action thresholds will vary from locality to locality. Exactly what warrants an action depends
on mosquito survey results,proximity to population centers,the species and habitat of the mosquitoes,the
weather,resources,local attitudes or tolerances of mosquitoes,and locally determined action thresholds.
BMP section 3(page 15)addresses the establishment of targeted densities for mosquito populations and states
that the presence(positive identification)of any vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger activities to reduce
their presence. Since people with compromised immune systems are likely to be the most vulnerable to
mosquito-bome diseases,areas of their exposure should be a priority. General Permit Condition S4.2.0 infers
that the targeted density of larvae is<1. The permit states that pesticide applications shall not commence
unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip,(i.e.,
one larvae/3 dips)and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations. However,when
localities do not have access or control of the breeding sites that are the source of the mosquitoes in their area,
another trigger may have to be identified.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
Comments on the Mosquito Management Entities Section
8. Commenter 10: The phrase"...authority to spray those areas where excessive infestations are
occurring..." I was unable to find the phrase"excessive infestations"in RCW 17.28. Can you direct me to
where this may be found?
RESPONSE: The phrase is not a quote from the regulation. It is a paraphrase of the language in RCW
17.28.185 that addresses noncompliance by landowner with regulations,"...If the board deems that a public
nuisance or threat to public health or welfare caused by the mosquito infestation is sufficiently severe,it may
require...." The language was taken from a draft plan for mosquito control by WSDA.
Comments on the Mosquito Life Cycle and Biology Section
9. Commenter 10: Can you provide more information to support the theory that is being presented. I would
like specific studies that indicate that small fish(except Gambusia affins)eat mosquito larvae. I would also
like information indicating what products used for mosquito control would reduce dragonfly and copepod
populations,as implied in this section.
RESPONSE: The predator/prey information was given to me by personal communication with Andy
Appleby,the Aquaculture Coordinator for Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife,12/18/02 and
Randall Marshall,Whole Effluent Toxicity Coordinator for Ecology, personal communication,2/14/03. The
following is a direct quote from Mr.Marshall:
There are three native fish in WA which would be good for mosquito control:
Olympic mudminnow(Novumbra hubbsi)-This attractive species is unique to western Washington
and considered by some to be vulnerable to extinction as a consequence of its limited distribution and our
habit of draining wetlands. However,it would be superbly adapted to backyard ponds in western
Washington. Its natural habitat is marshes and its food preferences would definitely include mosquito
larvae. The size is just right to keep mosquito larvae near the top of the food preference list throughout its
life. The public would love this fish and WDFW scientists would enjoy the opportunity to learn more
about it.
Redside shiner(Richardsonius balteatus)-This native fish is a good alternative to the mudnnnow.
It would live anywhere in the state and can tolerate moderate currents. It has been found in irrigation
ditches as well as ponds. Its size and food preferences would make it a good predator of mosquito larvae.
Three-spine stickleback(Gasterosteus aculeatus)-Sticklebacks have been used in mosquito control
and can live in any water regardless of salinity. Some backyard ponds are kept brackish for koi(fancy
carp).
These three native fish in combination would make for a good selection. The mudminnow should
adapt very well to shallow,muddy,weedy backyard ponds in western Washington but are unlikely to be
successfully introduced outside of their natural range. Mudminnows might be more tolerant of low
dissolved oxygen than the others(mosquito larvae breathe air). The shiner would be the most adaptable
to ponds and ditches in eastern Washington. The stickleback has perhaps the best osmoregulatory ability
of any fish and would live in freshwater,saltwater,or mildly polluted water(especially metals).
Stickleback culture is already worked out. Redside shiner culture may not be worked out but other
shiners are cultured and the techniques would tend to be similar. The Olympic mudminnow is so unique
that culture technique is difficult to predict,but knowing more about this fish is a good idea all on its
own.
As to possible impacts of control products to nontargets,please review the following web download:
1. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry:Vol. 19,No.3,pp.678-684. EFFECTS OF THE MOSQUITO
LARVICIDES TEMEPHOS AND METHOPRENE ON INSECT POPULATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL PONDS,by
28 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Alfred E.Pinkney,'Peter C.McGowan,'Daniel R.Murphy,'T.Peter Lowe,b Donald W. Sparling,b and Leonard C.
Ferringtod
'U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, 177 Admiral
Cochrane Drive,Annapolis,Maryland 21401
bU.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510
American Holly Drive,Laurel,Maryland 20708
`Department of Entomology, University of Kansas,2041 Constant Avenue,
Lawrence,Kansas 66047 USA
(Received 10 January 1999;Accepted 25 June 1999)
Abstract—The nontarget effects of Abate®4E(44.6%temephos)at 0.054 kg of active ingredient(a.i.)per 1 ha and of
Altosid®Liquid Larvicide(5%methoprene)at 0.011 kg a.i./ha were investigated in 18 experimental ponds(average
area,202 m2;maximum depth,0.7 m)at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center,Laurel,Maryland,USA. Ponds were
sprayed three times at 3-week intervals. Six ponds were sprayed with Abate,six with Altosid,and six with distilled
water. Two insect-emergence traps per pond collected for 7 d and were then harvested 1 d before each spray and 13 to
14 days afterward. A repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA)revealed significant reductions in Shannon
diversity,equitability,and numbers of individuals,species,and families in the Abate ponds relative to controls.
Significant reductions also occurred in Ephemeroptera,Odonata,Diptera,Chironomidae,and Chaoborus sp.Hester-
Dendy samplers were installed before spray one and harvested 16 d after spray three. Based on one-way ANOVA,
Shannon diversity,equitability,and number of Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae were significantly reduced in the
Abate ponds. Emergence data indicate only isolated cases with significant reductions in the Altosid ponds relative to
controls,and the Hester-Dendy data indicate no significant differences between the Altosid and control ponds.
2. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Vol. 19,No.8,pp.2107-2113. EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE-ACTIVE
CHEMICALS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF DAPHNIA MAGNA by Allen W.
Olmstead,'and Gerald A.LeBlanc'
'Department of Toxicology,North Carolina State University,Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695-7633, USA
(Received 23 August 1999;Accepted 11 January 2000)
Abstract—Standard reproductive assays with daphnids involve parthenogenetically reproducing females and exclude
the assessment of effects on sexual reproduction. The goals of this study were to characterize sexual differentiation of
male and female daphnids(Daphnia magna)and to evaluate whether exposure to putative endocrine-disrupting
chemicals may perturb the development of sex characteristics. Anatomical sex differences that developed during
maturation in males included elongated first antennae and morphologic alterations in the head capsule and carapace
edge. Reproductive maturation in females was associated with the development of a brood chamber and abdominal
process. Alterations in the growth rates of the first antennae of males and the abdominal process of females were used to
evaluate the effects of chemical exposure on the development of these sex characteristics during maturation. Exposure
of female daphnids to the nonsteroidal vertebrate estrogen diethylstilbesterol and the insect juvenile hormone analog
methoprene at concentrations as low as 3.0 and 0.080 M,respectively,stimulated development of the abdominal process.
Exposure of males to the steroidal vertebrate androgen androstenedione(6.0 M)stimulated development of the first
antennae. These results demonstrate that the development of secondary sex characteristics in daphnids can be altered by
chemical exposure.
3. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry:Vol. 16,No.5,pp. 1014-1019. DO MOSQUITO CONTROL
TREATMENTS OF WETLANDS AFFECT RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD(AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS)GROWTH,
REPRODUCTION,OR BEHAVIOR?By JoAnn M. Hanowski,'Gerald J.Niemi,'Ann R. Lima,'and Ronald R. Regalb
'Center for Water and the Environment, Natural Resources Research
Institute, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway,Duluth,Minnesota 55811, USA
bDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota,
Duluth,Minnesota 55812, USA
(Received 30 August 1996;Accepted 8 October 1996)
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 29 of 58
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Abstract—We found no convincing evidence that reproduction,growth,or foraging behavior of red-winged blackbirds
(Agelaius phoeniceus)were negatively impacted by treatments of wetlands with either Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
(Bti, applied as Vectobac-G granules)or methoprene(applied as Altosid sand granules). Most red-winged blackbird
parameters examined varied annually and some differences were found before treatments began. In all cases,differences
found before treatments were either found again during the treatment years or no patterns existed to suggest impacts of
mosquito control treatments. Only 1 of the 22 variables examined indicated a significant difference between a treatment
group and the controls;males in Bti-treated sites were larger than males in control sites during the treatment years.
Clutch size indicated a significant treatment-by-year interaction and was higher in control areas as compared with Bti-
treated areas in 3 of the 6 years of study;2 years occurred before any treatments were applied. Data from benthic aquatic
insect studies showed that aquatic insects were depressed in wetlands treated with both methoprene and Bti in July and
August. However,it is unlikely that food available to avian species in these wetlands was lower during the breeding
season(May and June). Other portions of the avian life cycle that may be affected include the dispersal of young birds
within or to these sites and individuals that use wetlands during migration. Impacts on these aspects of the avian
community and landscape-level effects of treatments were not addressed.
4. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry:Vol. 18,No. 3,pp. 549-559. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MOSQUITO
CONTROL ON ZOOPLANKTON,INSECTS,AND BIRDS by Gerald J.Niemi,°'b Anne E.Hershey,b Lyle Shannon,b
JoAnn M.Hanowski,°Ann Lima,°Richard P.Axler,°and Ronald R.Regal`
°Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota,Duluth,
MN 55811, USA
bDepartment of Biology, University of Minnesota,Duluth,Minnesota
5581Z USA
`Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota,
Duluth,Minnesota 55812, USA
(Received 2 May 1997;Accepted 25 June 1998)
Abstract—We completed an integrated,6-year study on the potential ecological effects of two mosquito control agents,
methoprene(applied as AltosidTM sand granules)and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis(Bti, applied as Vectobac-
GTM granules),on zooplankton,insects,and breeding birds in wetlands of central Minnesota,USA,from 1988 to 1993.
The study was a before-and-after design with pretreatment(1988-1990)and post treatment(1991-1993)of 27 wetlands.
Study sites were randomly selected and placed within one of three groups of sites,nine control,nine Bti-treated,and nine
methoprene-treated. Selected populations of zooplankton,insects,and breeding birds were sampled within each of these
wetlands. Insect densities were reduced by 57 to 83%and biomass was reduced by 50 to 83%in the second(1992)and
third(1993)years of treatment. No negative effects on zooplankton or breeding birds could be attributed to treatment or
changes to insect communities. Many factors may explain the lack of effects on breeding birds including,reductions in
insects occurred after the nesting season was over,nest loss rates due to predation were very high(70%)and may have
been a greater limiting factor to birds than mosquito control,and the density of breeding birds may be below carrying
capacities,especially because not all wetlands in the landscape were treated and sufficient food may have been available.
It is unclear what the long-term consequences of insect reductions mean to wetland health. The lack of close coupling
between zooplankton,insects,and breeding birds probably reflects the ecological complexity of these wetlands such as
the presence of other limiting factors on population distribution and abundance. Although the study period was
relatively long(3 years of treatment)compared with most ecological studies of pesticides,it may not have been long
enough to fully predict the effects of decades of continued mosquito control.
5. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry:Vol. 19,No. 12,pp. 2923-2928. USE OF FRESHWATER ROTIFER
BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS IN SCREENING ASSAY FOR POTENTIAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS by
Benjamin L.Preston,'Terry W. Snell,°Tish L.Robertson'a and Brian J.Dingmann°
°School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta, Georgia
30332, USA
(Received 17 September 1999;Accepted 17 April 2000)
Abstract—Reports of the effects of endocrine disruptors on aquatic invertebrates are becoming increasingly common.
However,little is known about the endocrine systems of most aquatic invertebrates,limiting the development of assays
based on endocrine mechanisms. As a result,endocrine disruption is often inferred through the effects caused by the
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chemical of interest,making it difficult to rule out other mechanisms of toxicity. To be a good candidate for an
endocrine disruptor,effects should be observed in processes known to be under endocrine control,at life stages where
endocrine signals are known to be active,and at concentrations below acute and chronic toxic effects. We developed a
96-h reproductive assay using the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calycii torus to screen for potential endocrine disruptors
and examined cadmium,chlorpyrifos,naphthol,pentachlorophenol,estradiol,methoprene,precocene,nonylphenol,
flutamide,and testosterone for effects on asexual and sexual reproduction. Flutamide,testosterone,and nonylphenol
inhibited fertilization of sexual females at concentrations of 1,10,and 50 g/L,respectively. The fertilization no-
observable-effect concentrations(NOECs)for these compounds were 5 to 200 times lower than previously described
reproduction NOECs for B.calyciflorus. Sexual reproduction was inhibited with no effects on asexual reproduction,
increasing the likelihood that these specific reproductive effects occurred through an endocrine mechanism. Rotifer
reproduction assays may be a useful,rapid,and inexpensive method for screening compounds suspected to have
endocrine disrupting activity in aquatic invertebrates.
6. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry:Vol.20,No.3,pp.582-588. METHOPRENE AND 20-OH-ECDYSONE
AFFECT MALE PRODUCTION IN DAPHNL4 PULER by Jane K.Peterson,'Donna R.Kashian,°and Stanley I.
Dodson°
'Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin,Birge Hall,430 Lincoln
Drive,Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1381, USA
(Received 18 January 2000;Accepted 16 July 2000)
Abstract—Exposure of Daphnia pulex to the insecticide and juvenile hormone-mimic methoprene resulted in a decrease
in the incidence of all-male broods and an increase in the incidence of all-female broods compared with controls. These
effects were observed at nominal concentrations of 10 and 100 g/L,within the upper range of concentrations at which
methoprene is applied in the environment. Because methoprene has been found to bind to the mammalian retinoid X
receptor,we also tested the effects of retinoic acid on Daphnia reproduction. Neither 9-cis-retinoic acid nor all-trans-
retinoic acid had any observable effect.Because juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids interact in many insect systems,we
also exposed Daphnia to 20-OH-ecdysone. Exposure to the crustacean hormone 20-OH-ecdysone at levels of 1 and 10
g/L resulted in an increase in all-male broods and a decrease in all-female broods,but 100 g/L 20-OH-ecdysone resulted
in a decrease in all-male broods and an increase in all-female broods. Our results suggest that juvenile hormone and
ecdysteroids might play a role in the Daphnia sex determination system.
7. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry:Vol.21,No.8,pp. 1664-1672. RESPONSES OF SONGBIRDS TO
AERIAL SPRAYING OF THE MICROBIAL INSECTICIDE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR.KURSTAKI
(FORAY 48136)ON VANCOUVER ISLAND,BRITISH COLUMBIA,CANADA by Lennart Sopuck,°Kristiina
Ovaska,b and Bruce Whittington`
°Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd., 1759 Colburne Place,Sidney,British
Columbia V8L SA2,Canada
"Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd.,1759 Colburne Place,Sidney,British
Columbia V8L SA2,Canada and Department of Forest Sciences, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver,British Columbia V6T IZ4,Canada
`Habitat Acquisition Trust,P.D.Box 8552, Victoria,British Columbia V81V
3S2,Canada
(Received 26 September 2001;Accepted 14 January 2002)
Abstract—Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki(Btk)is gaining popularity as
an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests,but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through
reduced prey base have received little attention. Aerial spraying of Btk(Foray 48130)over a 12,803-ha area on
southeastern Vancouver Island(BC,Canada)in May to June 1999 as part of a gypsy moth(LVmantria dispar)control
program provided us with do opportunity to examine the responses of songbirds to spray application. To obtain an
estimate of species richness and relative abundance,we conducted standard songbird point-count surveys in Garry oak
(Quercus garryana)-dominated habitats in Btk-sprayed and unsprayed areas in April to June 1999 and,one year after
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 31 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
spraying,in 2000. These surveys revealed no patterns consistent with adverse effects of spraying on the relative
abundance of adult birds or singing males for any of the species,whether examined individually or when combined into
foraging guilds. An exception was the spotted towhee(Pipdo macu/atus),which in 1999,but not in 2000,occurred at
significantly lower numbers in sprayed plots after Btk treatment.Intensive searches of plots in sprayed and unsprayed
areas revealed no differences in the numbers of songbird broods between the two areas for any of the species examined.
Comments on the IPM — Based Best Management Practices Section
10. Commenter 2: IPM is a planned and preventative approach to pest management,which considers a
number of options,including chemical and nonchemical control for managing pests. The Washington State
Legislature has provided a legal definition of integrated pest management in RCW 17.15.010,which states:
"'Integrated pest management'means a coordinated decision-making and action process that uses the most
appropriate pest control methods and strategy in an environmentally and economically sound manner to meet
the agency programmatic pest management objectives." Components within an IPM program should include:
Surveillance,Source Reduction,Chemical Control,Biological Control,Resistance Management,Continuing
Education,Public Education and Legislation.
RESPONSE: This BMP plan seems to be missing the Resistance Management and Legislation components
listed above. Resistance management was added to the BMP section of the plan(page 19),but legislation will
not be included. Communities and others who feel legislative support or regulation is needed in the area of
mosquito control are encouraged to contact their respective Representatives.
11. Commenter 10: In RCW 17.15.010(1)(c)it reads,"Establishing the density of the pest population,that
may be set at zero,that can be tolerated or correlated with a damage level sufficient to warrant treatment of
the problem based on health,public safety,economic,or aesthetic thresholds;"(Italics were added) Can you
explain why you chose to leave out the phrase"may be set at zero?" The way this section is written in the
BMP draft seems to imply that you cannot have a threshold of zero.
RESPONSE: As noted above,General Permit Condition S4.2.0 sets the targeted density of larvae at<l.
The permit states that pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application
site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip,(i.e.,one larvae/3 dips). The permit was available
for draft review for a minimum of 30 days. Your comment on the density decision needed to be made during
that time for Ecology's consideration. When the permit is renewed it will go though another draft review
period and your comments will be welcome on the permit at that time.
Comments on the Goals, Logistics &Action Threshold Determinations
12. Commenter 2: The fact that it may require a minimum of 38 days to obtain a license and permit to
undertake mosquito control activities would likely inhibit a community to address an emergency health
situation due to West Nile Virus. The history of WNV in other communities has demonstrated that once the
virus has been identified,human cases soon follow,in most cases,much sooner than 38 days. Consideration
must be given in the permit process for emergency situations. Education of the public in the areas of
mosquito habitat reduction and personal protection in and of itself is not protecting the public from disease as
is implied in the draft document. CDC National guidelines for surveillance,prevention and control of West
Nile Virus states,"As evidence of sustained or intensified virus transmission in an area increases,emergency
preparations should be commenced and implemented as needed".'
'http•//www cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-apr-2001.pdf
RESPONSE: The permit is not meant to preclude actions that may be needed in the event of an emergency.
A community may apply for permit coverage now and have that in place before mosquito season arrives.
This would be especially advisable for communities that have not adopted a BMP plan,for as you know,
effective mosquito control entails much more than spraying insecticides on mosquitoes. In addition,there are
many complicating factors to consider in what is essentially a risk management decision.
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1) Ecology does not have the authority to waive the Clean Water Act requirement for permit
coverage of discharges of pollutants into surface waters(neither does EPA). Neither does
Ecology have the authority to intercede if a third party lawsuit is filed. The liability under a third
party lawsuit which can be filled by any citizen can be as high as $25,000 per violation.
2) Education is only one part,a preliminary and necessary part, of an integrated pest management
approach to control mosquitoes.
3) Larvicides cannot be effectively applied with out knowing the breeding site or, if that is not
available,the place of entry into the control area of the mosquitoes presenting the risk,the species
and stage of development that they are in,and the desired density. Control entities must also
have the proper equipment and expertise to make the applications. If entities desiring to control
mosquitoes apply larvicides to water without the proper preparation, licenses, and permits,they
may be spending a lot of money,putting themselves in a liable situation, and still have no impact
on mosquito densities.
4) If entities want to apply adulticides not labeled for use in water to terrestrial sites,they do not
need to have permit coverage.
5) The need for planning ahead of the mosquito season was the main reason WSDA,DOH and
Ecology collaborated on presenting the West Nile virus workshops statewide in January,attended
by nearly 500 people statewide. We have been working with mosquito control entities,local
governments, and licensed applicators to help them prepare for the spread of the West Nile virus
in their communities this summer. We hope to avert the emergency situations you are talking
about.
6) Communities that want to apply larvicides to water that are caught in an emergency situation
without permit coverage should apply for coverage along with their request to be considered for
emergency status by the local health department. That way they will be covered in the event a
Notice of Intent is filed under the Clean Water Act.
13. Commenter 10: Where does DOE get its authority to design a BMP for mosquito control entities?
RESPONSE: The Washington State Department of Ecology is authorized under Revised Code of
Washington(RCW) 90.48, the Water Pollution Control law.
RCW 90.48.030,Jurisdiction of department.
The department shall have the jurisdiction to control and prevent the pollution of streams, lakes,
rivers,ponds, inland waters, salt waters,water courses,and other surface and underground waters of
the state of Washington.
Ecology did not promulgate the BMP Plan as a rule. We developed it to fulfill our own permit requirement in
the NPDES general mosquito control permit as an aid to new permittees who were unfamiliar with mosquito
control techniques and integrated pest management. The BMP Plan is the product of WSDA,DOH,WDFW
and Ecology collaboration.
14. Commenter 10: Where does DOE get its authority to deny the BMP/IPM submitted by mosquito control
entities? (Based on the statement"those who wish to develop their own BMP/IPM plan must have their
individual plans approved by Ecology before they can apply pesticides to surface waters in Washington
State.")
RESPONSE: Ecology's statutory authority is found in RCW 90.48 Water Pollution Control law.
15. Commenter 10: What agency or individual(s)will be conducting the reviews for BMPs/IPMs that are
submitted by entities?
RESPONSE: Ecology staff responsible for managing the mosquito control permit.
16. Commenter 11: Under the IPM discussion on page 5,there needs to be added a statement that control
for West Nile Virus (WNV) be undertaken only for those situations where mosquitoes capable of transmitting
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 33 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
the virus are present. Is every species of mosquito is capable of successfully transmitting WNV? Ecology's
plan should target only real, and not perceived,threats.
RESPONSE: Mosquito control is authorized under Ecology's general permit whether the West Nile virus is
present in Washington or not. The permit does not distinguish species exempt from control. Only eight or
nine species found in Washington are capable of spreading the West Nile virus(see Table 2 on page 13).
Comments on the Mosquito Control Section
17. Commenter 2: In contradiction to the draft document,healthy wetlands do provide excellent mosquito
breeding habitats for a variety of disease vector mosquitoes such as Cq.peturbans,
Culiseta spp.,Anopheles spp., Culex tarsalis, etc.to name a few. Examples of such habitats include,but are
not exclusive to,cattail marshes, salt marshes,hardwood swamps,woodland pools, etc. A well established
method of wetland management for the purpose of mosquito control is the Open Marsh Water Management
program successfully and effectively implemented in the Northeast.2
BMP minimum response does not consider DOH and or CDC guidelines, which consider targeted
adult mosquito control by stating, "...adulticiding based on surveillance is an extremely important part of any
integrated mosquito management program." An important component of the CDC guidelines is to include
monitoring for disease as well as monitoring mosquito populations. The draft document is biased to
restricting mosquito control activities to education,surveillance and source reduction and little or no emphasis
on mosquito control or disease surveillance. The BMP should consider the CDC guidelines for response
directions.
Per the BMP document, once vector mosquitoes have been identified in an area, control treatments
are warranted,however,the recommended control methods are exclusive to the use of fish to control
mosquito larvae populations. Although certain fish species are a viable method for larval control,there are
many instances in which they would not be effective. Introducing fish into habitats that are breeding
mosquitoes heavily but are not suitable for fish, such as temporary woodland pools,temporary drainage areas,
artificial containers,tree holes, catch basins, etc. would not effectively reduce mosquito breeding. Since the
transportation and stocking of non-native fish species to Washington waters requires additional pernutting, it
would be prohibitive for a district or community to pursue this approach for widespread mosquito control.
2 http://www.nmca.org/Nmca95-10.htm
RESPONSE: On pages 10 and 13 as well as in numerous other places, the draft document identified
mosquito species associated with wetlands.
Delaware's Open March Water Management method can be used only in tidal marshes wherever that
method is approved for use. It was developed to remedy the damage caused by extensive ditching of salt
marshes. It does not, and never should be applied,to freshwater marshes. The excavation is to provide
habitat for small salt marsh fishes that eat the larvae of salt marsh mosquitoes during high tide. Providing this
habitat proved to be very effective for controlling larvae. Our salt marshes in the Northwest are different; it is
not known how effective the method would be here and it has not been approved for use.
The draft BMPs were largely based on DOH and CDC guidelines except for targeting adult mosquito
control by use of insecticides labeled only for terrestrial use because Ecology does not regulate the use of
those products. However,Ecology recognizes that you are correct in stating, "...adulticiding based on
surveillance is an extremely important part of any integrated mosquito management program." While
Ecology wants to be clear that we have no jurisdiction over the use of products applied terrestrially,we do
recognize that often mosquito breeding sites are outside of the control agent's jurisdiction or they can be
either too large or too inaccessible to treat with larvicides. In these cases adulticiding may well be an
important tool in a mosquito control program. The BMPs have been revised to clarify this important control
option.
Ecology also agrees that monitoring for disease is an important component of a mosquito control
management plan and has added this step to the BMPs.
34 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
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18. Commenter 3: The introduction of perch and gambusia as mosquito-eating fish species, as described in
Sections 1A, !B, and 4A, should not be allowed for stormwater facilities such as detention ponds. The plan
should be more explicit in distinguishing between water features with no surface outlet(such as watering
troughs in and regions)and those that could release nonnative fish to receiving waters. The release of such
fish has caused significant environmental harm in many parts of the world,and may have actually increased
mosquito populations by eradicating other species that feed on mosquitoes.
RESPONSE: Agreed. Clarification that these options are suitable only for waters with no surface outlet
without prior approval from WDFW has been made to the BMPs.
19. Commenter 10: Bullet#11: were studies provided for review by DOE on these statements?
RESPONSE: Statements were received from Andy Appleby,the Aquaculture Coordinator for Washington
State Department of Fish and Wildlife, 12/18/02 and Randall Marshall,Whole Effluent Toxicity Coordinator
for Ecology, personal communication, 2/14/03.
20. Commenter 10: Last paragraph, second and third sentences: Do you have studies available to back up
the claim that"healthy wetlands"provide minimal habitat for mosquitoes(even less than a drained habitat)?
Or studies to support the statement that"...amphibians,bats and birds, feed heavily on any mosquitoes
present."
RESPONSE: Wetlands will provide a breeding site for many species of mosquitoes as well as many predator
species such as frogs,birds,and bats that tend to keep the mosquito populations in"balance." Nature's
balance,however, does not usually result in the eradication of a species within an ecological system such as a
wetland or even keep mosquito populations down to a level that many people would consider"effective
control."
We agree that the statement"frogs,birds, and bats feed heavily on mosquitoes"is a common
misconception. Most predation on mosquitoes occurs when they are larvae, so the best mosquito control is to
target the larvae, either by fostering their predators(amphibian larvae,aquatic salamanders, small fish) or by
selective larvicides such as BTI. Wetland literature suggests that dragonflies are probably the only
significant predator on adult mosquitoes. Mosquito "outbreaks" occur in destabilized wetland and stream
ecosystems where the predators of the larvae are excluded. It is the wetlands we have changed and tampered
with that tend to have the worse mosquito problems(Tom Hruby,Ecology Wetland Specialist,personal
communication 2/26/03).
21. Commenter 10: Section A,paragraph 1,Bullet#3: What information was used to determine that
guppies, goldfish and other fish commonly sold in pet stores may be viable options for mosquito control in
small scale situations?
RESPONSE: Statements were received from: Andy Appleby,the Aquaculture Coordinator for Washington
State Department of Fish and Wildlife, 12/18/02 and Randall Marshall,Whole Effluent Toxicity Coordinator
for Ecology,personal communication,2/14/03.
22. Commenter 11: Under page 7,A.: Mudminnows may not be allowed to be used because they may be
outside their native range. We do not want to arbitrarily increase the range of the Olympic mudminnow a
state "sensitive" species without a management plan for the species. There is no plan at this time,but it would
be very unlikely that WDFW would recommend the introduction of Olympic mudminnows for mosquito
control. They probably are not that good at controlling mosquitoes. Mosquitoes like open water and
mudminnows very seldom leave the shelter of thick aquatic vegetation. In addition, WDFW does not want to
arbitrarily increase the range of yellow perch,which frequently are a nuisance exotic species that prey upon
native species. Sticklebacks are a possibility but perch, or any non-native fish, should not be used. Our
agency, particularly those that manage the stocking of fish, should be allowed to closely review the whole
concept of biological control using fish.
RESPONSE: Since mudminnows are a native species,their use does not have to be permitted by
Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW), although checking with WDFW before
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 35 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
introducing any new species to a water system is advised and using non-native species does need to be
permitted by WDFW. In addition,not all species of mosquitoes breed in open water. Larvae can be found
floating amongst emergent vegetation as well as completely submerged and attached to the roots and stems of
cattails and other emergent wetland plants.
23. Commenter 11: One of the potential control measures not mentioned is the use of installation of bird
nest boxes and bat houses. This potentially may be better as a biological control measure than to plant fish.
RESPONSE: While many species of birds and bats eat mosquitoes,they usually do not eat enough to
constitute a reliable control measure.
24. Commenter 11: Page 8 again has the fish stocking option that needs much more thought. What appears
apparent overall, is that the plan does not have sufficient discussion of options and risks.
RESPONSE: We agree that the plan could use more discussion of options and risks. More discussion in
these areas will be developed as the plan is updated and amended.
25. Commenter 11: One BMP mentioned to reduce human risk is to avoid areas with known concentrations
of vectors. This BMP seems a reasonable option that should be one of the primary ways to control mosquito-
carrying diseases.
RESPONSE: Agreed.
26. Commenter 3: Section 4A should state that the choice of treatments should be based on both the
effectiveness of the control agent and the relative ecological effects, not just the effectiveness.
Section 4A should include a hierarchy of preferred controls based on the relative effects on nontarget
species. This would aid mosquito control staff in selecting the proper control based on a balance between
effectiveness and collateral ecological effects.
RESPONSE: Section 4A has been amended to include ecological considerations,and the permit does outline
the approved list of pesticide-based controls in the order of preference in which they should be considered in
the mosquito control plan(this order was followed in the suggested BMPs). Creating a prescriptive hierarchy
of preferred controls is challenging because what may be an appropriate hierarchy for a wetland may not work
for an irrigation system, or a snow melt area, or an estuary, or for an area where the breeding site is
inaccessible. Each of these types of habitats may need a hierarchy developed for them. A decision tree has
been added,however, for each of these specific sites as suggested in Condition S4.A of the permit.
27. Commenter 9: Some of the opinions expressed in this BMP either need to be taken out or backed by
scientific study and not hearsay. I would like to see scientific information backing statements on(pg 9)with
regards to Wetlands and Greenbelts? There also needs to be updated and accurate data along with scientific
studies for the"Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control." section. This section has numerous
mistakes that need to be addressed before finalization.
RESPONSE: Comment noted.
28. Commenter 11: The more plants that are growing on the water surface,the fewer mosquitoes. This
should also be a BMP, where appropriate. For instance,the first fall at the Dungeness wetland,WDFW staff
had lots of mosquito larvae. That was the last time they were seen in such abundance. Shortly,plants grew,
birds fed on the mosquito larvae, other insects replaced the larvae and the wetland functioned without
pesticide use.
RESPONSE: Comment noted.
29. Commenter 7: On page 15 of the BMPs, it is stated that larviciding of surface waters cannot commence
until the threshold level of mosquito larvae density is exceeded. According to Tom Gibbs, Department of
Health(at 1/10/03 mosquito control training in Mt.Vernon),there is only an approximately 2 week lag time
between discovery of a WNV vector and the first human WNV case in the vicinity. Given that it is a
36 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
foregone conclusion that nearly every stormwater pond in western Washington will have WNV vectors during
the mosquito breeding season and that in most communities it will take more than two weeks to complete a
round of stormwater pond larviciding(approximately one month for the City of Everett), it is inappropriate to
require permittees to forego larviciding until it is documented that an imminent problem exists.
Furthermore, I recently received an e-mail from John Marzluff, associate Wildlife Sciences professor
at the U of W. He states that crows can fly 30 kM in one day. Therefore, I recommend that the BMPs allow
application of larvicides if monitoring shows larva/pupae count greater than 0.3 per dip
or if a dead bird that tests positive for WNV is found within 18 miles of the potential application site.
RESPONSE: Your point is well taken. The threshold level of mosquito density was set to prevent
superfluous applications of larvicides, and dipping for mosquito larvae was the recommended method for
determining a threshold presence. However, if dead birds, infected horses,or adult mosquito surveys indicate
the presence of vector mosquitoes when larvae counts cannot be made due to their inaccessibility,then
beginning control methods such as larviciding may be desirable or even necessary without the larvae dips.
On the other hand,just because a dead bird is found which tests positive for WNV in an area does not mean
that the vector mosquitoes are breeding in the nearest storm drain. Those in the business of controlling
mosquitoes will have to know the breeding sites and species of vectors in the area to perform effective
mosquito control. The permit will be slightly modified to allow for these other indicators to trigger
larviciding when mosquito breeding sites are inaccessible or not practical to monitor.
30. Commenter 8: Storm drains will produce Culex pipiens. They are of concern to be a carrier of West
Nile Virus. Other states especially in the south adulticide storm drains to help control the mosquitoes that the
larvacides miss. When you are in fact concerned with the health of people,you try to stop the spread of any
disease especially when you can locate the source. That is good stewardship.
RESPONSE: Comment noted. A word of caution, storm drains are considered surface waters, and many
adulticides are not labeled for use in water.
31. Commenter 1: Page 18 Table 3 "Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control"Insert a cost for
Bti Liquid of$24.00/gl Change cost of Bti Granules to$1.65/lb ($1.45 is for large volume users)
Target pests on label for Altosid should be only mosquito larvae. Highly acutely toxic to most invertebrates
for Altosid is not accurate at label rates for mosquitoes. Agnique MMF pricing should read$30.00 per
gallon,not$200/gl
RESPONSE: Price changes noted and the BMP amended. Thank you. We also agree with your comment
regarding the toxicity of methoprene and the potential effects on nontarget species. The information used in
the draft BMP is from EPA's website which referenced EPA's 1991 Registration Eligibility Document
(RED). There is now an updated 2001 RED available online at the EPA's website. The old RED contains
information that was current at the time it was published; however, at that time there was incomplete
information or data that was in process. Some of the statements were made due to a lack of studies or studies
in progress. These studies have since been completed and the EPA has released the updated RED sheet.
Specifically the updated RED states:
Environmental Fate
All the environmental fate data requirements for Methoprene have been satisfied. The available information
indicates that Methoprene will not result in unreasonable adverse effects on the environment since Methoprene
degrades rapidly in sunlight27,both in water and on inert surfaces. Methoprene is also metabolized rapidly in
soil and does not leach 29.Thus,Methoprene is not expected to persist in soil or contaminate ground water.
Ecological effects
Methoprene has been shown to be practically non-toxic to terrestrial species including mallard ducks and quail-
and Methoprene had no effect on mallard33 or quai134 reproduction.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 37 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Ecological effects studies on aquatic species either on file with the Agency or submitted by the registrant
between 1993 and 1996,indicate minimal acute and chronic risk to freshwater fish35'36'37,freshwater
invertebrates and estuarine species 40,41,42,43 from exposure to Methoprene mosquito products.
Extensive research has addressed the effects of Methoprene on nontarget aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
Acute,short-term and subchronic effects studies on nontarget immature and adult arthropods[Crustacea,
Insecta and Mollusca,including shrimp,damselfly beetle,tadpole] demonstrate 24-and 48-hour LC50 values
>900 ppb44'45. Confirming these studies,other researchers have demonstrated that sensitive life stages of
nontarget organisms,i.e.,nymph and larvae,and nontarget aquatic organisms that are highly related to
mosquitoes,i.e.,dragonfly,are not affected by Methoprene up to 1,000 ppb 46.
Preliminary investigations by Cliburn47 were reported on the effects of Methoprene on various life stages of
different amphibian species(B. woodhousei,R. catesbeiana and R.pipiens).Acute studies on R. catesbeiana
and R.pipiens larvae indicate LC50 values>I0,000 ppb and B. woodhousei adult LC50 values>1,000 ppb
(highest dose tested). Chronic studies on B. woodhousei indicate a 22 day LC50>1,000 ppb and LC50 1,000 ppb
for R.catesbeiana and R.pipiens.No other adverse effects were reported.
Rate of release and data generated under laboratory and field conditions with Methoprene mosquito product
formulations,including slow release briquet formulations,indicate a maximal rate of release of<=4 ppb.Data
on nontarget organism support margins of safety of>200 for nearly all organisms tested.Therefore,exposure to
Methoprene will not reach levels which are toxic to aquatic non-target species either after acute or chronic
exposure48,49,50
Based upon review of the data submitted to the Agency between 1993 and 1996,EPA concluded in 1996 that
the following label changes should be implemented on all solid Methoprene mosquito products:
•Remove the label restriction"do not use in fish-bearing waters"from all briquet and pellet labels and
•Add the label warning"this product is toxic to aquatic dipteran(mosquitoes)and chironomid(midge)larvae"
to all briquet and pellet labels.
To view the complete EPA RED document, follow the EPA link below to `m' for Methoprene.
http•//www epa jzoy/pesticidesPoiopesticides/ingredients/index htm#M. The methoprene data in the BMP and
SEPA checklist has been updated to reflect the conclusions of the updated EPA RED fact sheet.
33. Commenter 3: Table 3 should list the environmental effects for each control agent in a consistent
manner. A list of nontargets groups should be included. The statement"Nontoxic to most nontarget species"
is too general. Also,control agents of different formulations with different release rates and persistence
characteristics should be listed separately.
RESPONSE: The list of nontargets is included in Table 2(p. 6)of the SEPA Checklist. It was not included
in the BMP document for lack of space. The phrase"Nontoxic to most nontargets"is taken from EPA
language. Release rates and persistence were noted in the column titled Application method(s)persistence
and comments when that information was available.
34. Commenter 2: With reference to products listed in table number 3,additional formulations of Vectolex
are registered in the state of Washington for use in Culex breeding habitats. The draft BMP recommends
using an IPM approach, selecting treatments using the"most effective control method or combination of
methods for the particular species of mosquitoes and the breeding area found by larvae surveys." However,
the proposed BMP document does not seem to evaluate the usefulness or appreciate the appropriateness of the
use of chemical controls in an IPM mosquito and vector control program.
The information in Table 3 of this section implies that Abate(Temephos) is not a permitted
insecticide for mosquito control. In fact Abate products,both liquid and granular formulations, are registered
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and with the Washington State Department of Agriculture for
control of mosquito larvae in various non-potable, non-crop breeding habitats. The active ingredient,
temephos,has been evaluated by the U.S. EPA, in consultation with the Department of Health and Human
Services(HHS), for reregistration and has been deemed eligible for reregistration under Section 4 of the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended(FIFRA). "Temephos is effective against a
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wide spectrum of mosquitoes, including those that transmit Eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis
encephalitis,dengue fever, and West Nile virus. It is more effective than available alternatives in highly
polluted water and tidal zones. As such,it is considered to be an important management tool in mosquito
abatement programs."3
While Temephos is the only organophosphate with any appreciable mosquito larvicidal use, its role in
an IPM program cannot be discounted. In many control situations where source reduction is not appropriate,
Temephos may be the most effective control method in an environmentally and economically sound mosquito
control program. In such sites as very highly polluted water or tidal zones,Abate products offer effective
control while mitigating risk to nontarget aquatic species and the aquatic ecosystem when used in accordance
with the Abate product label and the requirements of the Reregistration Eligibility Decision(RED).
Mitigation measures adopted in the Temephos RED preclude significant exposure of sensitive nontarget
species by limiting application rates and reapplication intervals. Specifically,use of Abate products is limited
to: "non-potable water, standing water, moist areas,woodland pools, shallow ponds, edges of lakes, swamps,
marshes,tidal waters, intertidal zones of sandy beaches,waters high in organic content,highly polluted water,
catch basins and tire piles." "Maximum application rates may be used only in water high in organic content,
mosquito habitats having deep water or dense surface cover,and where monitoring has confirmed a lack of
control at typical rates." "This product may not be reapplied within 7 days of the date of the initial
application unless monitoring indicates that larval populations have reestablished,or weather conditions have
rendered initial treatments ineffective."4
We feel the language included in Table 3 of the draft BMP does not consider the likelihood of the
exposure of nontarget species when the product is used appropriately,but instead overstates the
environmental impact as though the product were misapplied. Instead,we recommend the Department of
Ecology include in its BMP document language, as above,that mitigates environmental risk by reducing the
potential for nontarget exposure. In addition, comments in Table 3 suggest that Abate products pose a
significant risk to human health. While certain hazards to the pesticide handler/applicator are inherent to
organophosphate products,these hazards do not address bystander or residential risk. EPA states in its
Temephos RED document that"...because of its limited use pattern no significant exposure is expected to...
the general population."3
In consideration of comments provided above regarding the application of Abate and the mitigation
of environmental and health risk,we feel the Department should reconsider its position on conditionally
allowing the use of Temephos products only in a declared emergency or in response to documented pesticide
resistance within a population. The decision to apply a particular mosquito larvicide product is based on a
sound IPM approach.This principle applies to Abate products as well as to the application of biorational
products or larvicide oil. By limiting the application of a federally registered mosquito larvicide and removing
the only tool available to effectively control mosquitoes in certain circumstances could result in disease
transmission and ultimately human illness or death from vector borne disease. In addition,the permitted use
of Abate solely in response to pesticide resistance is contrary to the fundamental concept of resistance
management,which is a proactive philosophy designed to negate the development of resistance before it
occurs.We respectfully request the department not limit the use of this effective public health product, so as
not to limit the tools available in the arsenal against mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease.
3 http://www.gpa.gov/oppsr-rdl/REDs/temephos red.htm#ExecutiveSummary
ahttQ//www.gpa.jzov/oppsrrdl/REDs/temephos red.htm#VB2
RESPONSE: The listing of typical products in table 3 is not meant to be exhaustive.
General permit condition S 1 allows the use of malathion or temephos products labeled for aquatic use
on mosquito larvae only under either of the following two conditions:
a. As a result of consultation between the Department of Agriculture and Department of Ecology and
then only in response to the development of pesticide resistance within a population of mosquitoes.
Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals shall be a condition of such approval.
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b. As a result of consultation between the Department of Health and Department of Ecology in
response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State
Department of Health.
Condition S4.2. of the permit specifies the use of malathion or temephos in a BMP/IMP plan.
Following is the approved list of pesticide-based controls in the order of preference in which they should be
considered in the mosquito control plan:
• Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti)
• Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b)
• Methoprene Granular,Liquid,Pellet,or Briquet
• Monomolecular Surface Films
• Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffinic white mineral oil shall not be used in waters of the state unless:
a.The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk;or
b.The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific treatment site; and
c.The water body is non-fish-bearing(consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife concerning fish and
wildlife).
3. In developing the IPM plan,the permittee shall consult with local governments and state and federal
agencies as needed.
a. Malathion or temephos shall be used only in response to a public health concern or documented
development of resistance to all less toxic control methods and in accordance with S 1
As noted above,the permit does not allow the use of temephos except under emergency situations. The
permit is no longer open to appeal and the Department of Ecology would have to go through a major
modification/appeal process to change this condition of the permit because it would result in a less stringent
condition. In addition,because there are effective larvicides available that are less toxic to nontarget
organisms and because the permit does not preclude the use of temephos when there is a public health
concern,this condition will not be modified at this time.
1
35. Commenter 9: Table 3: One example is the Environmental Impacts associated with methoprene in
regards to fish along with the Target Pest Label(pg 18).The information used in this section is not accurate
and outdated.
RESPONSE: Comment noted. See response to comment 32.
36. Commenter 8: The IPM approach. There is no reference on the label of larvacides to the velocity of the
wind when applying. Good common sense will be the best guide. There are many days that wind speeds are
over'15 mph. Ground applications of granular and pellet material that is heavier will still work fine with a
cyclone spreader. Small applications of liquid larvacide with a backpack will work with the nozzle low to the
ground and the wind at your back.
RESPONSE: Comment noted.
36. Commenter 8: Methoprene is stated to be moderately toxic to warm-water, freshwater fish and slightly
toxic to cold-water, freshwater fish. Your reference is to information dated March 1991. If you would
research further you would find that all fish warnings on the label were removed in 1997. Updated and
scientific evidence needs to be used when printing such a document about products.
RESPONSE: Comment noted. See response to comment 32.
37. Commenter 8: Where is it stated that BTI and Methoprene may inadvertently kill daphnids, copepods,
mysid shrimp and others? Your#2 web site for information does not respond.
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RESPONSE: The following is an excerpt from EPA's Pesticides: Biopesticides Fact Sheet.Note findings
under Freshwater invertebrates:Daphnia(154-20)below.
G.ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
The nontarget data requirements for Bt israelensis strain EG2215 were bridged from data submitted for other Bt
israelensis registrations.Bt israelensis strain EG2215 has been positively identified as a typical Bt israelensis
and it is unlikely that the toxicology of this microorganism will differ from other strains of Bt israelensis.
However,the Agency[EPA] is concerned with the potential presence of heat labile exotoxin produced during
the manufacturing process for all Bt active ingredients.For this reason,a Daphnia study(with a 10 day
exposure period)will be required as a condition of registration for Bt israelensis strain EG2215. Should this test
show significant lethality,a dose response Daphnia test must be performed to derive an LC50.Pending the
results of this assay,further nontarget species testing may be required by the Agency.
A summary of Bt israelensis toxicity to nontarget organisms is presented below:
Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals
Birds: mallard duck and bobwhite quail(154-16)
Cited studies indicate that Bt israelensis is not toxic or pathogenic to either of these species after acute or
subacute testing.
Nontarget insects: green lace wing larvae,parasitic hymenoptera,predaceous Coleoptera(154-23)
Cited studies indicate that Bt israelensis shows little to no toxicity in any of the tested species.
Nontarget insects: honey bee(154-24)
Cited study demonstrates that Bt israelensis has minimal toxicity to honey bees.
Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
Freshwater fish: trout and bluegill(154-19)
Cited studies indicate no toxicity or pathogenicity associated with Bt israelensis.
Freshwater invertebrates:Daphnia(154-20)
Cited study indicates that Bt israelensis is moderately toxic to Daphnia.The use rates of all end use products
formulated from Bt israelensis strain EG2215 will be evaluated prior to registration to determine the risk to
nontarget aquatic invertebrates.
Estuarine and marine animals: grass shrimp,sheepshead minnow,copepod(154-21)
Cited studies indicate no toxicity or pathogenicity in these species associated with Bt israelensis.
Here is the link to the above information:
4vNvw.epa_L,ov/opphpp(ll/biopestieides/iti�-)t•edierit�'tactsheets%factsheet 006476.htrri
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 41 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
38. Commenter 8: It is referenced many times that an IPM program should use all aspects to control
mosquitoes,including drainage and chemical, yet draining wetlands is not allowable under these management
practices and the use of chemicals(organophosphates) is now prohibited unless a health emergency exists. It
seems odd to suggest ways for an IPM program to run and give information that is now against the law.
RESPONSE: Wetlands perform at least three classes of functions: hydrologic functions(i.e., flood peak
reduction, shoreline stabilization, or groundwater exchange),water quality improvement(sediment accretion,
filtration or nutrient uptake), and food-chain support(structural and species diversity components of habitat
for plants and animals including threatened endangered and sensitive species.) Given the critical functions
wetlands perform, Ecology does not condone draining wetlands as a method for mosquito control.
39. Commenter 8: Malathion is not listed in the table as being a product that could be used in an emergency
use only. Malathion 8 is labeled and registered as a larvacide as well as an adulticide. Even if it is only in an
emergency, it still is a labeled product. It can actually be applied on more food products than almost any
other chemical at much higher rates than on mosquitoes.
RESPONSE: Malathion 8EC Insecticide is labeled for use on mosquito larvae and can be used under the
permit as specified for temephos. Please refer to response to comment 34. The BMP will be amended to
include this larvicide.
40. Commenter 8: It is also mentioned on page 21 that adulticiding should only be considered when there is
evidence of mosquito-borne epizootic activity at a level suggesting high risk of human infection, dead birds
and mammals and etc. Many people are allergic to mosquito bites and have a tremendous reaction and
require a doctor's care. Without some sort of assistance or control, it can be very serious. Adulticiding has its
place,but from the information given it is stating that it would be in extremely rare cases. That is not a fact!
It is part of an IPM program. It is not the total answer to just adulticide,but it is one of the tools in an IPM
program. That is a fact.
RESPONSE: Ecology agrees that adulticiding may be part of a mosquito control approach and has included
adulticiding control methods in the BMP, even though we do not regulate terrestrial pesticide applications.
41. Commenter 9: On(pg 21) is it's the Departments of Ecology stance that if there where an outbreak of
disease near a ESA stream that no adulticides may be used? The third paragraph, last sentence,needs to be
addressed differently. It was also my understanding that DOE does not regulate adulticides. The appropriate
department to insert in this paragraph would be the Washington State Department of Agriculture.
RESPONSE: Adulticides not labeled for use in water cannot be used in water whether ESA listed species
are present or not. WSDA has reviewed and contributed to the BMP plan.
42. Commenter 5: In table#4,page 22,reference is made to Cythion ULV. Cythion is no longer the trade
name used for our malathion. The correct designation should be Fyfanon ULV. Cythion was the old
American Cyanimid product which was typically labeled at 93%active ingredient. Due to production
improvement,Cheminova was able to increase the purity(malathion content) of the Fyfanon ULV product to
96.5%nominal concentration. The batches of Fyfanon ULV we produce typically range from 96 -97.5%
purity. Our oral LD 50 is now listed as 5500 mg/kg on freshly produced material. By increasing the purity,
the inert profile has decreased thereby decreasing the oral toxicity.
Also in table#4 it is indicated malathion is a "Product of last resort". Please let me know why this
designation has been assigned to malathion as there is currently no water setback on our Fyfanon ULV EPA
Registered label. If there is a particular reason for this designation we would like to be able to comment.
In addition,the cost for malathion per oz. indicated may, in actuality, be somewhat less than this figure.
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RESPONSE: The change to product name Fyfanon ULV has been noted and made. malathion is a product
of last resort due to impacts to nontarget organisms as compared with other products.
43. Commenter 6: ALL of the products listed in table 4 on page 22 are ULV products. All of these products
produce droplets that are intended to remain in suspension in the air so they can impinge on the adult
mosquitoes in order to kill them. Hence,the note at the bottom of the page about organophosphate products is
not correct. It should either be taken out, or modified to include ALL of the products listed in table 4.
Only Natural Pyrethrin and malathion are labeled for use on mosquitoes in a pasture setting. This is
due to crop residue tolerances established for them by the USDA, IR-4 and EPA. SEE EPA WEBSTTE FOR
CROP TOLERANCE DATA FOR BOTH OF THESE PRODUCTS.
Mosquito species such as Aedes vexans and Aedes nigromaculis are two examples of competent
vector species found in many pasture settings in Eastern Washington. These two species of mosquitoes are
commonly found in close association with pasture environments. Both Pyrethrin and malathion are used in
these settings to control adult mosquitoes.
All of the products listed in table 4 on page number 22 are labeled for terrestrial use. Why then is
WA DOE taking the lead on specifying which adulticides can be used?Why is the WA STATE
DEPARTMENT OF AG not consulting with EPA REGION 10 on this matter?
Again adulticides are designed for terrestrial use. Many studies have been conducted to look at the
potential impact of ULV products to nontarget species in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Given
the wide body of information available on the toxicity of all these products it appears that WA STATE DOE
OR WA DEPARTMENT OF AG has given NO scientific basis for limiting the use of these product against
adult mosquitoes. For example, A recent paper Titled: EFFECTS OF ULTRA-LOW VOLUME
PYRETHRIN,MALATHION AND PERMETHRIN ON NONTARGET INVERTEBRATES,
SENTINEL MOSQUITOES,AND MOSQUITOFISH IN SEASONALLY IMPOUNDED WETLANDS
(JENSEN,LAWLER AND DRITZ-1997).Published in the Journal of the American Mosquito Control
Association 15(3): 330-338, 1999. Shows that the use of ULV adulticides in a seasonal wetland environment
has No significant impact on the entire system.This work was done at the University of California-Davis and
it was done with the cooperation of a variety of agencies. In addition,this paper sites an entire body of
credible research about the use of Pyrethrin,malathion and permethrin and their potential impacts on various
organisms in and around aquatic environments.NO REFERENCES ARE MADE TO ANY DATA,WHICH
WOULD SUPPORT OR NOT SUPPORT USING ULV PRODUCTS TO CONTROL ADULT
MOSQUITOES.
All labels for the products listed in table 4 on page 22 give specific directions for use.The EPA and
FIFRA regulate what language and statements can be contained on a label. Under FIFRA it is not legal for an
individual state to alter or change the use of a given pesticide.This can only be done under a section 18 or 24
(c)for products,which are not labeled for a specific use. HOWEVER, on page number 21 under BMPs for
adulticiding the document states specific conditions which must be followed when applying adulticides.
Where did this information come from?Did the WA STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND AG
CONSULT WITH EPA ON THIS MATTER?
Also, legal president has been set on this matter by EPA pesticide branch region number 10 in 1999.
In this case EPA stated clearly that"Labels broadly provide for legal use in outdoors residential and
recreational areas where adult mosquitoes are present."Further it addressed concerns about use near water
EPA made the following comments. "Lastly there is the issue of use"around"inlets, creeks and swamps....
The label states"Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or intertidal areas
below mean high tide mark. Since this is a mosquito adulticide designed to be applied as a space fog where
mosquitoes are present in annoying numbers,the Insecticide Branch believes that the label provides for some
discretion on the parts of the professional applicators and the mosquito abatement authorities. Why has the
WA STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY OR WA DEPARTMENT OF AG NOT consulted with the
EPA on this matter?
RESPONSE: All of the products in Table 4 are now listed as ULV organophosphates. Ecology included this
section on terrestrial products because mosquito control experts told us a mosquito control plan was not
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complete without them. We are not attempting to regulate the use of these products but only include them in
a mosquito control plan that was developed as a service to those who choose to use them. Those interested in
modifying their use of adulticides from this plan are welcome to do so.
44. Commenter 9: In the Comments section of Table 4(pg22),there are references to certain products and
their effectiveness, which I disagree. Just an example would be Scourge and the quote of"Has not performed
well in this area." An applicator that has no idea on how to apply this product would find it to be ineffective
but with proper application the product does work. These are very debatable statements that are probably best
left out of a State document. Also, Cythion is not made anymore. A product called Fyfannon can be entered
in its place.
RESPONSE: As with all products,there is site specific variability. The comment will be amended. The
product name was updated on the table.
45. Commenter 2: The draft document implies that contracted mosquito control activities are conducted by
seasonal and untrained contract personnel. ALL Commercial applicators are trained and licensed under the
same standards as mosquito control district employees and applicators. Many contract applicators, in fact,
must also be trained and licensed under state guidelines and many have extensive experience in mosquito
surveillance and control. Seminars, conferences and other educational resources are often sponsored and
presented by contract mosquito control professionals.
The implication that a community may experience an emergency only when they have not prepared
for mosquito control as outlined in the draft document is not necessarily an accurate statement. Communities
may do everything as proposed and can still have a disease epidemic occur in their area as experienced by
many ongoing mosquito control districts around the country when WNV appeared. CDC guidelines indicate
that in an emergency situation, "Delaying adulticide applications in areas with these surveillance indicators
until human cases occur negate the value and purpose of the surveillance system."
RESPONSE: Comment noted. Please see response to comment 40.
46. Commenter 1: Page 21 BMPs for adulticides:
1) Smoke is not commonly and hard to use in the dark.
4) Not all adulticides require set backs from water. Dibrom,malathion, Scourge and Anvil do not.
Permethrin products do have a 100 foot setback. There is no such thing as a 50 foot or 150 foot
setback.
RESPONSE: We do not recommend spraying after dark. When setbacks or buffers are not required by the
label we recommend applicators set their own setbacks to prevent drift in water on an as-needed basis.
47. Commenter 2: Most aerial applications of adulticides would occur in early morning and evening during
darkness and the use of smoke for determining wind parameter would not be particularly effective.Due to the
many diverse species in the state of Washington, the optimum application parameters should be determined
by the host seeking habits of targeted species. The statement in the draft regarding spray buffers as"outside
the maximum equipment spray swath"directly contradicts the U.S. EPA interpretation that the spray buffer
begins at the point of application.
As the registrant of Anvil in Washington State,we would like to have table 5 include the following
information which is missing from the draft document:
-Labeled use rates
Anvil labeled use rates are 0.0012 lb—0.0036 lbs active ingredients(ai)per acre
-Comments:
Anvil has been tested in Washington State for efficacy. For more information contact Mr. Jim Thompson at
Grant County Mosquito Control,Moses Lake, Washington.
RESPONSE: Please see response to comment 46. Label use rates for Anvil have been added to the table.
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48. Commenter 4: There seems to be a contradiction in two of the purposes evident in this section(BMPs
for adulticides listed on page 21)of the BMPs document.On one hand is the recommendation to spray at dusk
when inversions start and when mosquitoes.are active and pesticide efficacy will be enhanced and on the
other hand the BMPs for adulticides attempts to establish guidelines for preventing drift into sensitive areas
when spraying at dusk means spraying during an inversion,which is one of the worst times to spray because
of the likelihood of drift.
Many of the adulticide labels that allow or advise spraying at dusk when mosquitoes are active and
when meteorological conditions are conducive to keeping the spray close to the ground.One label stated to
make the applications during inversions.Other labels advise not making applications when wind speed
exceeds a given velocity.Weather data(from WSU PAWS)for north-central and south-central Washington
confirm that the generally accepted beliefs about inversions(e.g.start and stop times,stable air conditions,
low wind speed,highly variable wind direction)are true for Washington(at least in north-central and south-
central Washington).In 2002,inversions began in the spring from one to several hours before dusk and ended
one to several hours after sunrise.Stable air conditions and low wind speeds(usually 0-2 mph but
occasionally up to 5 mph)are typical of inversion conditions.Wind direction is more variable at low wind
speed compared to high wind speed.For wind direction,there is a measurable difference in direction
variability at 0-2 mph wind velocity compared to even 5 mph..The existing weather data suggests that if
mosquito adulticides are applied at dusk they will be applied during an inversion and that the distance and
direction that drift will move is highly variable and unpredictable.
It is generally accepted that pesticide applications during inversions are more prone to drift and that
pesticides applied during inversions may drift for miles,meaning that the stream spray buffers mentioned in
the BMPs are unrealistic.Many non-mosquito pesticide labels prohibit or advise against applications during
inversions.Some pesticide labels prohibit making applications when wind speed is less than 2 mph.
Washington has WACs that prohibit application of specific pesticides during inversions precisely because
history has shown that many drift complaints arise from applications made during inversions.Some of the
WACs prohibit applications from 3 hours before sunset to 1 hour after sunrise because it is commonly
accepted that this is when inversions exist.Aerial applicators are prohibited from applying paraquat until the
temperature inversion ceiling is at least 1000 ft(their aircraft must be equipped with a thermometer so that
they can detect the inversion ceiling). Complicating the issue of adulticides applied during inversions is the
issue of droplet size.The small droplets typical of aerosols,fogs,and ultra-low volume applications are much
more prone to drift than larger droplets applied at higher solution volumes.Investigations of pesticide drift
conducted by the Washington State Department of Agriculture confirm that drift is a likely consequence of
applications made during inversions.It is very likely that mosquito adulticides applied at dusk will be prone
to drift and that the direction and distance of the drift could be unpredictable and it certainly will not be
confined to a 50-to 150-ft buffer between the maximum swath width and a fish-bearing stream or any other
sensitive or nontarget area.
Regarding the comment on the elevations of air inversions("air inversions go from 50 to 600"'):the
ceiling of a temperature inversion can vary from a few millimeters to thousands of meters above the surface
of the earth.PAWS data shows that temperature inversions can be detected at a difference in elevation of less
than 30 ft.In a strong inversion,temperature differences of several degrees can be detected in this 30 ft.Spray
droplets are not forced down by an inversion,they are simply prevented from moving higher than the
inversion ceiling by limited vertical mixing.Since a temperature inversion exists when temperature increases
with elevation,it is impossible to spray under an inversion;however,it is possible to spray under the
temperature inversion ceiling.
Given that pesticide applications during temperature inversions are prone to drift and that the drift
direction and distance are unpredictable,it is unlikely that an adulticide can be applied in the vicinity of
sensitive areas such as fish-bearing streams or people on the pesticide sensitive registry without subjecting the
sensitive areas to drift.I recommend putting strong language in this section regarding the likelihood of drift
and the necessity to find alternative means of controlling mosquitoes other than using adulticides.
RESPONSE: Comment noted.
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49. Commenter 1: (Page 22 Table 4) If you are to list brands then I would suggest listing all brands such as
Permethrin—Biomist,Kontrol,Permanone,Aqua Reslin
Comments:should read 100 ft setback.
Pyrethrin—MGK 25-5,Pyrenone 25-5
Comments:No setback to water,approved for crop and pasture application.
Resmethrin(not SBP1382)—Scourge
Comments:are not accurate to say it has not performed well. Dr.Whitworth does not use true ulv equipment
and therefore cannot judge its effectiveness. Scourge is one of the most widely used and effective pyrethroids
compounds. No setback to water.
Cythion is no longer sold—should read Fyfanon ULV
Comments:not accurate to say product of last resort. One of the few approved over crop and pasture.
Sumithrin—has been tested and used in the Northwest.No setback to water.
Naled-Need to add Naled to the list of approved products,brand names Dibrom and Trumpet. One of the
most effective aerial adulticides used in mosquito control today. Approved over crop and pasture. Not
recommended for ground ULV use.
Cost is typically based on cost per acre to apply rather than cost per ounce. ULV label rates have
ranges and you should use the entire range on the label,not just 4 ounces etc. All ULV products require small
particles and intended drift is a measure of effectiveness.
RESPONSE: The typical products column is not meant to be exhaustive. The table has been updated with
your information. Thank you.
50. Commenter S: Anvil on page 22(Table 4)has been used in Washington and there is data to back that
up. Again facts are important to this document. Fyfanon ULV is not susceptible to drift any more than the
other product. The same equipment is used to disperse this product as any other adulticide. The wind,
temperature and applicator control the drift of these products.
RESPONSE: Comment noted. The comment in the table for Anvil has been amended.
Comments on the Determination of Nonsignificance Sepa Checklist
51. Commenter 11: WDFW feels that this should at least be a Mitigated Determination of Nonsignificance.
The application of pesticides,i.e.,Bti,is to kill mosquito larvae. Mosquito larvae are prey species for
swallows,bats,swifts,and other insectivorous birds. Even if the application is limited it will impact local,
and sometimes fragile,local populations.
RESPONSE: Comment noted. These larvicides were reviewed through SEPA when the permit was issued
for draft review. Larvicide use is conditioned by FIFRA,the permit,and now these BMPs. We feel their use
under the permit warrants a DNS
52. Commenter 3: The checklist should list the more important BMPs for mosquito control and attach the
draft mosquito control BMP document,noting the pages where the BMPs are referenced. Since the emphasis
is on BMPs,they should be described in the checklist itself and not just referred to in a separate document.
RESPONSE: The SEPA checklist does reference the BMP document,and the final BMP document will be
attached to the checklist.
53. Commenter 3: There should be a description of personal protection measures in the checklist.
RESPONSE: Those measures are referred to in the BMP.
54. Commenter 3: Section 7(Environmental Health)should list public education and communication with
adjacent landowners as methods to reduce or control environmental health hazards. This section requires
"communication with farmers"only.
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RESPONSE: Comment noted. The BMPs do outline public education and communication appropriate to
the area of control as a preliminary step in the IPM approach.
55. Commenter 3: The checklist should note that detention ponds are among the structures that may receive
larvacide treatment.
RESPONSE: Agreed. They have been added.
56. Commenter 6: WHAT IS AN ESA STREAM?ARE THEY LOCATED WHERE mosquito adulticides
are used?Can adult mosquitoes move from hatch sites to urban/suburban areas where humans reside?WA
STATE DOE and WA DEPT OF HEALTH or WA DEPT OF AG does not appear to have a clear
understanding of how,where or when ULV adulticides are used.ARE THESE AGENCIES prepared to
explain to the general public why a NO action stance was taken when a vector borne disease such as West
Nile Virus results in illness and death in the human in WA STATE?
RESPONSE: ESA streams are streams that support ESA listed species. Adulticides are not applied to
water, so there should not be an exposure concern.
57. Commenter 11: Under#5 Animals,b., you state that"EPA is developing a program....to identify all
pesticides whose use may cause adverse impacts on endangered and threatened species..." The assumption is
that this only will cover federal species. There are a number of state-listed species that may not be identified
by their program. It most likely will not include priority species(including state recreational species valued
by the citizens of this state)that may not be endangered but could be given there is no direction in this plan
that discusses under what circumstances will these measures be used. The use of Bti or malathion,
particularly,will have significant impacts on state-listed species. State-listed butterflies and moths may be
impacted by Bti. Malathion is an organophosphate and is highly toxic to fish. EXTOXNET
(http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/Dips/malathio.htm states the following concerning fish impacts:
Malathion has a wide range of toxicities in fish,extending from very highly toxic in the walleye(96-hour
LC50 of 0.06 mg/L)to highly toxic in brown trout(0.1 mg/L)and the cutthroat trout(0.28 mg/L),
moderately toxic in fathead minnows (8.6 mg/L)and slightly toxic in goldfish(10.7 mg/L) [13,8,16].
Various aquatic invertebrates are extremely sensitive,with EC50 values from 1 ug/L to 1 mg/L [28].
Malathion is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and to the aquatic stages of amphibians. Because of its
very short half-life,malathion is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.However,brown
shrimp showed an average concentration of 869 and 959 times the ambient water concentration in two
separate samples. (EXTOXNET,June 1996).
It also notes that malathion is also toxic to honeybees(EXTOXNET,Ibid). This could impact
agricultural areas that rely on honeybees for propagation.
Applications of petroleum and other chemicals will likely directly affect amphibians, in addition to
removal of food sources. Again, it is important to recognize state priority species, including those that are
state-listed as sensitive,threatened or endangered, or of recreational value may not be identified by EPA's
program. The Checklist needs to make sure it acknowledges that mitigation sequencing will be followed
(avoid, reduce,mitigate),when application is needed, and to identify when is it critical to control mosquito
populations based on the need established in the plan(see discussion of Need and Purpose in BMP
Introduction).
RESPONSE: Comment noted. If WDFW would like to designate waters that should be restricted from
permitted pesticide applications they are welcome to submit that data to Ecology for our consideration.
Ecology has requested this data repeatedly.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 47 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
48 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Appendix
Flow Charts for Mosquito BMPs
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 49 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
50 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes
in Snowmelt Sites
Where appropriate, stock ponds with no outlet with predators i.e.,mud minnows,
stickleback,perch,tadpoles, goldfish, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers,
and front swimmers.
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action
thresholds and vector species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Note: In many high mountain meadows and also at lower levels mosquitoes breed in
pools caused by snow melt. Development may require several weeks at higher
elevations.Aedes communis,A. cinereus, Ochlerotatus hexodontus, O.fitchii,and O.
increpitus are the most common species found in these locations.Usually there is only
one generation per year,but the large numbers that may be produced are a severe
annoyance to those who are working or seeking recreation in these areas. Elimination of
breeding areas by drainage or maintenance of constant water levels is practical in some
situations.Insecticide applications might have to be made by hand or by plane because
of inaccessibility to heavy ground equipment.
These larvicides,placed in order of toxicity, are permitted for use in WA ST. See Table 3 for costs,
etc.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Methoprene for 30+days of control. Briquets best for flowing water. Controls larvae and
pupae.
4. Monomolecular surface films for 22+days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls
larvae,pupae and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water
does not affect control.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water
does not affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV(ultra low volume) fogging to
protect areas of human activity may be more ecological and practical. Many products are registered for
terrestrial use in WA ST. Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust control
strategies as needed.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 51 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes
in Floodwater Sites
Minimize breeding sites if possible. Large Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus breeding areas
have been managed efficiently in the past by controlling water levels above Bonneville Dam. Dikes
have prevented flooding in other areas. Clearing of brush has been of value in some locations.
However, control of the major section of these types of breeding areas must often be accomplished
with insecticide applications.
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action
thresholds and vector species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Note:Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus develop in large numbers along the borders
of the Columbia and other rivers, creating one of the most important mosquito problems
in this region. The larvae hatch in the spring or early summer when the streams overflow
areas such as willow and cottonwood swales where the eggs have been laid. The eggs of
these species are dormant when temperatures remain below 45-50'F. Partial dormancy of
the eggs may continue until sometime in June so that only some of the eggs are hatched
by floods occurring in April or May. In some seasons,the larger rivers may rise,recede,
and rise again to cover the same egg beds and produce an additional hatch. In other
seasons,two or three successive rises may occur, each of which is higher than the last.
Females that emerge in the first hatch may lay eggs that will hatch in the second or third
rises of the river. Most of the eggs are laid between the 10 and 20 foot levels, and some of
the eggs that are not flooded during a series of low flood crest years remain viable for as
long as four years.
These larvicides, placed in order of toxicity, are permitted for use in WA ST. See Table 3 for costs, etc.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Methoprene for 30+ days of control. Briquets best for flowing water. Controls larvae and pupae.
4. Monomolecular surface films for 22+days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls larvae,
pupae and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water does not affect
control.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water does not
affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV (ultra low volume) fogging to
protect areas of human activity may be more ecological and practical. Many products are registered for
terrestrial use in WA ST. Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust
control strategies as needed.
52 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes
in Irrigated Lands
Eliminate mosquito breeding sites by using physical controls
1. Minimize standing water in fields so that it does not lie fallow for more
than four days by improving drainage channels and grading.
2. Tail waters should not be allowed to accumulate for more than four
days at the end of the field.
3. Keep ditches clean of heavy vegetation to promote more rapid drainage.
4. Have ditches repaired to reduce seepage to the extent practicable
(elevated water tables can produce unintended standing water in fields).
5. Minimize flood and rill irrigation practices to the extent practicable.
6. Avoid over-watering.
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action
thresholds and vector species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Note: Breeding places for several mosquito species are provided by
irrigation water.Aedes dorsalis, A. vexans, Ochlerotatu melanimon,and
Ochlerotatus nigromaculis are among the most important species that
may develop when water is applied and stands for a week or 10 days.
Other species such as Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, and Anopheles
freeborni may be produced if water remains for longer periods.
Stock ponds with no outlet with predators i.e.,mud minnows, stickleback,perch,tadpoles, goldfish,
dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers, and front swimmers as appropriate.
These larvicides, placed in order of toxicity, are permitted for use in WA ST. See Table 3 for costs, etc.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Methoprene for 30+ days of control. Briquets best for flowing water. Controls larvae and pupae.
4. Monomolecular surface films for 22+days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls larvae,
pupae and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water does not affect
control.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water does not
affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV (ultra low volume) fogging
may be more ecological and practical. Many products are registered for terrestrial use in WA ST.
Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust control
strategies as needed.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 53 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes in
Ponds, Shoreline Sites
Where appropriate, stock ponds with native predators i.e., mud minnows, stickleback,
perch,tadpoles, goldfish, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers, and front
swimmers.
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action
thresholds and vector species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Note: The mosquitoes that lay their eggs on the water are usually found where water is present
continuously during the season or at least for several days. Such locations include natural
permanent ponds,including still waters along the borders of lakes and rivers sheltered from
wave action and currents with some degree of vegetation, log ponds,tree holes, semi-permanent
ponds and wetlands of various types, and artificial containers. Culex tarsalis, C.pipiens, C.
peus,Anopheles freeborni,A.punctipennis, Culiseta incidens, and C. inornata are commonly
found in such places. C. tarsalis and C.pipiens develop in large numbers in log ponds. C.
pipiens also develops in large numbers in sewer drains, catch basins, and water left in artificial
containers. Coquillettidia perturbans are found in permanent water in wetlands, swamps and
marshes that have emergent or floating vegetation. Insecticides are often used effectively to
control most of these species, except those breeding in artificial containers that can be emptied.
Larvae of C.perturbans are difficult to control because they are attached to the roots of plants.
These larvicides, placed in order of toxicity, are permitted for use in WA ST. See Table 3 for costs,
etc.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Methoprene for 30+ days of control. Briquets best for flowing water. Controls larvae and
pupae.
4. Monomolecular surface films for 22+days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls
larvae,pupae and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water does
not affect control.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water
does not affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV (ultra low volume) fogging to
protect areas of human activity may be more ecological and practical. Many products are registered for
terrestrial use in WA ST. Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust control
strategies as needed.
54 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes in
Artificial Containers
1. Empty or turn over anything that holds standing water—old tires,buckets,wheelbarrows,
plastic covers,and toys.
2. Change water in birdbaths, fountains, wading pools and animal troughs weekly.
3. Drill holes in the bottoms of containers that are left outdoors.
4. Clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not in use and be aware that mosquitoes can
breed in the water that collects on swimming pool covers.
5. Aerate ornamental pools and use landscaping to eliminate standing water that collects on your
residence;mosquitoes can potentially breed in any stagnant puddle that lasts more than 4 days.
5. Recycle unused containers—bottles, cans, and buckets that may collect water.
7. Make sure roof gutters drain properly, and clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall.
Where appropriate, stock ornamental ponds with predators goldfish mud minnows, stickleback,
perch,tadpoles,goldfish, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers, and front swimmers.
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action
thresholds and vector species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Note:The mosquitoes that lay their eggs on the water are usually found where water is present continuously during the
season or at least for several days. Such locations include natural permanent ponds,including still waters along the
borders of lakes and rivers sheltered from wave action and currents with some degree of vegetation,log ponds,tree
holes,semi-permanent ponds and wetlands of various types,and artificial containers. Culex tarsalis, C.pipiens, C.
peus,Anopheles freeborni,A.punctipennis, Culiseta incidens, and C. inornata are commonly found in such places. C.
tarsalis and C.pipiens develop in large numbers in log ponds. C.pipiens also develops in large numbers in sewer
drains,catch basins,and water left in artificial containers.
These larvicides,placed in order of toxicity,are permitted for use in WA ST. See Table 3 for costs, etc.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Methoprene for 30+days of control. Briquets best for flowing water. Controls larvae and pupae.
4. Monomolecular surface films for 22+days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls larvae,pupae
and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water does not affect control.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water does not
affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV(ultra low volume) fogging to protect
areas of human activity may be more ecological and practical. Many products are registered for terrestrial use in
WA ST. Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust control
strategies as needed.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 55 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Marshes, Estuaries and Wetlands
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action
thresholds and vector species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Note: Coquillettidia perturbans are found in permanent water in
wetlands, swamps and marshes that have emergent or floating vegetation.
Culex tarsalis, C.pipiens, C.peus, Anopheles freeborni, A.punctipennis,
Culiseta incidens, and C. inornata are commonly found where water is
present continuously during the season or at least for several days.
Stock wetlands with amphibian larvae, aquatic
salamanders, and small fish, if appropriate.
Use larvicides only when needed to protect human health. The following products permitted for use
are listed in the order of least to greatest toxicity.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Monomolecular surface films for 22+days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls larvae,
pupae and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water does not affect
control.
4. Methoprene for 30+ days of control. Briquettes best for flowing water. Controls larvae and pupae.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water does
not affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV (ultra low volume) fogging to
protect areas of human activity may be more ecological and practical. Many products are registered for
terrestrial use in WA ST. Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust
control strategies as needed.
Note: Do NOT drain or fill wetlands. Wetlands perform at least three classes of functions: hydrologic
functions(i.e.,flood peak reduction, shoreline stabilization, or groundwater exchange),water quality
improvement (sediment accretion, filtration or nutrient uptake) and food-chain support(structural and species
diversity components of habitat for plants and animals, including threatened endangered and sensitive
species.) Given the critical functions wetlands perform Ecology does not condone draining wetlands as a
method for mosquito control.
56 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes
in Tidal Water Sites
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action
thresholds and vector species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Note:Aedes dorsalis is the only species that can breed in large numbers in both fresh
and salt water in the Northwest. The larvae develop in some coastal areas where
potholes are filled by the higher tides or where water levels fluctuate in permanent or
semi-permanent pools. Leveling, drainage, or similar practices are effective in
preventing breeding,but such areas must be properly maintained. Ochlerotatus togoi
has also been found in coastal areas including San Juan,Island, Skagit,Kitsap,and
Mason counties. Larvae of this species have been found in pools of pure seawater along
rocky shorelines.
These larvicides,placed in order of toxicity, are permitted for use in WA ST. See Table 3 for
costs, etc.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Methoprene for 30+days of control. Briquets best for flowing water. Controls larvae and
pupae.
4. Monomolecular surface films for 22+ days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls
larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water does
not affect control.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water
does not affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV (ultra low volume)
fogging to protect areas of human activity may be more ecological and practical. Many products
are registered for terrestrial use in WA ST. Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust
control strategies as needed.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 57 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
IPM Controls for Mosquitoes
in Stormwater Systems
Reduce mosquito habitat as much as possible by design.
If possible, engineer modifications without compromising the facility's function to reduce mosquito
habitat,i.e., change the flow rate, scarifying the pond bottom where it is no longer infiltrating as originally
designed or enhance drainage by some other method. Eliminating low spots that collect small amounts of
standing water and altering vegetation may also be options.
Conduct larvae surveys and/or trap adult mosquitoes to monitor for action thresholds and vector
species. Use other surveillance data as available.
Year-around wet Marshes and Temporary wet Catch basins,
ponds,regional ponds wetlands ponds, ditches underground
and bio-swales and bio-swales vaults
Stock ponds w/no outlet Stock with
w/predators i.e.,mud amphibian larvae,
minnows, stickleback, aquatic salamanders,
perch,tadpoles, and small fish, if
goldfish,dragonfly appropriate.
larvae, diving beetles,
back swimmers, and
front swimmers if
possible.
Note: See Table 1 for disease vector mosquito species associated with drainage control systems.
These larvicides,placed in order of toxicity, are permitted for use in WA ST. See Table 3 for costs, etc.
1. Bti for 1 —30 day control in water with low organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
2. BS for 1 —30 day control in water with high organic content. Controls actively feeding larvae.
3. Methoprene for 30+days of control. Briquets best for flowing water. Controls larvae and pupae.
4. Monomolecular surface films for 22+days of control. Winds may affect control. Controls larvae,pupae
and adult mosquitoes. Can be used in potable water. Organic content of water does not affect control.
5. Larvicidal oils for 15 hours of control. Control larvae and pupae. Organic content of water does not
affect control.
Where breeding sites are inaccessible or too large to treat, selective ULV (ultra low volume)
fogging to protect areas of human activity may be more ecological and practical. Many products
are registered for terrestrial use in WA ST. Please consult Table 4 for listing of products.
Conduct surveillance to track the effectiveness of the control measures. Record results and adjust
control strategies as needed.
58 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
AlleK°,3uynn -FW: Counties get ready to kill off mosquitoes Page 1
From: "Willott, Dan" <Dan.Willott@METROKC.GOV>
To: "Alan Quynn (E-mail)" <aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us>
Date: 5/1/03 1:17PM
Subject: FW: Counties get ready to kill off mosquitoes
Alan, I assume this was also in some local papers because we have received
at least one phone call about it.
Dan
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<http://www.oregonlive.com/images/spacer.gif>
<http://www.oregonlive.com/images/spacer.gif>
Counties get ready to kill off mosquitoes
04/30/03
ANDY DWORKIN
Multnomah County workers started spraying bacteria that kill mosquito larvae
along riverbanks Tuesday, part of the Portland area's efforts to control
mosquitoes.
Other area counties have also started efforts to kill young mosquitoes,
including Washington County, which has hired a part-time insect expert for
the first time this summer.
The antilarva efforts aim to kill the bloodsucking bugs before they can grow
up and potentially spread diseases such as the West Nile virus. The area's
mosquitoes are not known to carry diseases dangerous to humans now,
Multnomah County Health Department Director Lillian Shirley said.
But the West Nile virus has been spreading quickly across the nation in
recent years, affecting animals or people in every state but Oregon, Nevada,
Utah and Arizona. Doctors expect the virus to affect Oregon this summer,
which has health officials placing extra emphasis on anti-mosquito programs.
Most people infected with West Nile virus notice no symptoms, but 10 percent
to 20 percent of infected people develop flulike symptoms, such as fever,
headaches, weakness, swollen glands and a rash. About one of every 150
people infected develop serious brain inflammation, which can be fatal.
Last year, U.S. labs confirmed 4,156 human cases of West Nile. Those killed
284 U.S. residents, according to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. All of the fatal cases were east of the Rocky Mountains.
Multnomah County workers will try to kill young mosquitoes with larvicides
containing bacteria that occur naturally in the soil. These are germs that
have been shown to harm young mosquitoes but have little effect on other
insects, other animals, humans or the environment, said Chris Wirth, the
county's vector and nuisance control supervisor. The most common such
bacterium is Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, or Bti for short.
1 Allei�i,Csuynn - FW: Counties get ready to kill off mosquitoes Page 2
The antilarval bacteria are applied to crumbled pieces of corn cobs, then
distributed in wet areas, said Lou Dooley, Clark County's director of
environmental health. Multnomah and Clark counties joined forces to pay for
helicopters to spray larvicide onto relatively unpopulated areas that are
hard to get to on foot. The spraying will last through June in areas along
the Columbia and Willamette rivers and the associated slough system.
Using helicopters lets the counties cover larger areas more cheaply than
workers on foot can. Clark County's director of environmental health, Lou
Dooley, said aerial spraying costs about one-fourth as much as applying
larvicide by hand. County workers will also spray larvicide in some areas by
foot, Wirth said.
Wirth said larvicides are good because they specifically target young
mosquitoes. Trying to kill adult mosquitoes tends to be more damaging, he
said, because the insecticides used are generally harmful to other bugs, and
sometimes to other animals and the environment, he said.
Wirth said that Multnomah County is not being more aggressive this year
because of West Nile.
Washington County officials are stepping up their efforts.
Washington is the only one of the four Portland-area counties with no
program to fight mosquitoes, which is officially called vector control. But
the county has put together a management plan for mosquito-carried diseases,
and cities will be collecting mosquito samples, said Toby Harris,
environmental health supervisor. The county hired a part-time entomologist
to see whether the mosquitoes are the kinds that carry disease.
The effort"is based on the fact that we have a new illness, West Nile
virus, and we need to get some information to determine the proper
response," Harris said. "And the response will be based on risk."
Local communities would be responsible for anti-mosquito work if problems
are found, she said.
Clackamas County is fighting bugs with fish --the western mosquitofish, to
be exact. Workers stock county lakes, reservoirs, wastewater lagoons and
drainage ditches with the fish, which feast on mosquito larvae. The county
also will deliver the fish free to home owners with ponds, said Vector
Control Director Betsy Knight said.
Officials with all four counties said they will be monitoring dead birds for
signs of West Nile virus, particularly corvids: crows,jays and magpies. All
the counties' health or vector control departments are taking residents'
reports of newly killed birds that were not obviously killed by trauma, such
as a car wreck.
Virus grows in birds West Nile virus naturally grows in birds, especially
corvids, but sometimes gets passed to humans and horses by mosquitoes that
feed on birds. Dooley said his department will be on the lookout for sick or
dying horses, but noted that veterinarians have given most horses in Clark
County the first of two vaccinations to protect against the West Nile virus.
�-Alle Quynn - FW: Counties get ready to kill off mosquitoes
In addition, health officials in all four counties are urging residents to
destroy places on their property holding standing water-- places where
mosquitoes like to breed. Tips include fixing clogged gutters and plumbing
leaks that create standing water, getting rid of old tires and other refuse
that may hold water and keeping boats, pools and other large containers
covered or stored upside-down.
Health officials also say people should wear long-sleeved clothes and use
bug repellant containing the ingredient DEET when they venture outside,
especially from dusk to dawn, when mosquitoes bite most vigorously. Bill
Stewart of The Oregonian staff contributed to this report.
Copyright 2003 Oregon Live. All Rights Reserved.
s Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 1 of 7
King a iI i�� �1'�f Dili - l'*i IMMM 1111111M .
West Nile Virus
Commonly Asked Questions F
This page is also available in Adobe PDF and Microsoft Word:
>> Download in Adobe PDF » Download in MS Word Public Health
Seattle&King County
■ What is West Nile virus?
Public
■ What are the human health effects of West Nile virus infection? Hornepage
■ Are there persons who are at greater risk of developing more
severe illness? Fo*d,F�
■ How is West Nile Virus transmitted?
Program
■ Can I get a West Nile virus infection from a blood or organ
donation? Drinking
■ How much of a problem will West Nile virus become? •
■ Are pets and domestic animals at risk of West Nile virus?
■ In King County,what is Public Health doing about West Nile rnmunica le
virus?
aiseses
■ What is the connection between crows and West Nile virus? Sexually
■ What do I do if I find a dead crow? Transmitted
■ What if the dead bird I find is not a crow? Diseases
■ What is the life cycle of the mosquito?
■ What does a mosquito larva look like? IVJAItyS
■ When are mosquito larvae most likely to be present? °
■ What can I do to reduce the number of mosquitoes? Birth and Death
■ What can be done to avoid mosquito bites? Records
What steps is King County taking to reduce the potential threat of
mosquitoes?
■ What are some of the substances that King County is considering
to control mosquitoes?
■ What can 1 do if I have a mosquito problem in my neighborhood?
■ Aren't wetlands and retention ponds sources of mosquito
habitat?
■ Resources
What is West Nile virus?
West Nile virus causes West Nile fever, encephalitis and meningitis. West
Nile fever is typically a mild illness that occurs in about one of five persons
who are infected by the virus. West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis
are more serious illnesses that occur in less than 1 percent of persons
infected by the virus. Encephalitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the brain,
and meningitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the tissues surrounding the
spinal cord and brain.
West Nile virus was previously found in Africa, West Asia and the Middle
East. It was discovered in the United States in 1999. West Nile virus can
infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and other animals. Birds become
infected with West Nile virus and carry the virus in nature. Mosquitoes
become infected after feeding on infected birds. At present, West Nile virus
has not been detected in King County, but it has been detected in
Washington State.
http://vvww.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 4/15/03
Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 2 of 7
^ back to top
What are the human health effects of West Nile virus infection?
Most people infected with West Nile virus have no symptoms or a mild illness
with fever, muscle aches, fatigue, headache and joint pain (West Nile fever).
These persons recover fully and do not require hospital care. A smaller
number of infected persons develop encephalitis or meningitis with symptoms
of high fever, neck stiffness, confusion, disorientation, coma, tremors,
convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis. Persons who survive West Nile
encephalitis may have long-term symptoms, but recovery from the milder
forms of infection is complete. It is assumed that once someone has had an
infection caused by West Nile virus they develop long-term protection against
being infected again.
^ back to top
Are there persons who are at greater risk of developing more severe
illness?
Yes. Persons who are older than 50 years, particularly those who are greater
than 70 years of age, are more likely to develop the serious forms of West
Nile virus infection. Pregnancy is not known to increase the risk of developing
the severe forms of West Nile virus infection.
How is West Nile Virus transmitted?
West Nile virus is not transmitted directly from person-to-person or from
animal-to-person. There is no evidence that persons can become infected
from eating infected animals. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on
infected birds. The virus becomes located in the salivary gland of the
mosquito. When the mosquito bites a human or animal, the mosquito injects
the virus into its victim. Persons who become ill develop symptoms 3 to 14
days after being infected with West Nile virus. The West Nile virus remains in
infected individuals for a relatively short time and does not cause chronic
infections.
^ back to top
Can I get a West Nile virus infection from a blood or organ donation?
Although rare, West Nile virus has been transmitted through transfusions of
whole blood or blood components such as plasma or platelets. Blood
component suppliers are taking preventative measures to screen out blood
donors who may have been infected with West Nile virus. A nucleic acid
laboratory test for West Nile virus has been developed and will be ready for
use in screening blood donors beginning in July 2003. In addition, plasma is
being stockpiled prior to mosquito season to assure that it is available prior to
the testing of the blood supply. There has been a documented instance of
West Nile virus transmission by organ transplantation but the risk of this is
extremely low.
back to top
How much of a problem will West Nile virus become?
Even if West Nile virus becomes established in local birds and mosquitoes,
human illness is not expected to be frequent; relatively few mosquitoes are
http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 4/15/03
Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 3 of 7
likely to become infected with the virus and most people who do become
infected have either no symptoms or mild illness. However,ongoing
monitoring for the presence of West Nile virus in birds,horses and humans
will remain necessary to track the extent of the problem, prevent serious
infections,and determine the best strategies to combat the virus.
" back to top
Are pets and domestic animals at risk of West Nile virus?
Fortunately,clinical illness due to West Nile virus appears to be rare in dogs
and cats,and chickens are resistant as well. Horses, however,are
susceptible to West Nile virus infection and severe illness and death can
result.An equine West Nile virus vaccine is available and horse owners are
strongly encouraged to consult with their veterinarian about immunization.
Horses will also benefit from mosquito control efforts.
^ back to top
In King County,what is Public Health doing about West Nile virus?
Public Health surveillance activities are underway to monitor for the
appearance of West Nile virus in birds,animals and humans.West Nile virus
is usually detected in birds or horses before cases occur in humans. In
addition, Public Health provides information on personal protective measures
and environmental measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of
mosquito-borne diseases.
Health care providers and hospitals are required by law to report to Public
Health suspected cases of viral encephalitis including cases suspected to be
caused by West Nile virus. For more information,consult the May 2002 issue
of the communicable disease newsletter,the Epi-Log:
www.metrokcco_v_lhealth/phnr/prot res/egg/vol4205.htm
^ back to top
What is the connection between crows and West Nile virus?
Crows are particularly susceptible to West Nile virus,and often sicken and die
from it.Therefore, in partnership with the Washington State Department of
Health, Public Health is testing some dead crows to see if they have died from
West Nile virus.When Public Health finds a dead crow with West Nile virus,
King County will know that the virus has arrived.
^ back to top
What do I do if I find a dead crow?
Call Public Health at 206-205-4394 if you find a dead crow in King County.
Information about the crow will be entered into a tracking database. In
addition,the crow you find may be selected for testing for West Nile virus.
When you call,you will be asked a few questions. First, is the bird freshly
dead(dead less than 24 hours)?Second,where and when did you find the
dead bird?We will need to know the address where the bird was found.Third,
is the bird undamaged?Only undamaged birds may be tested.
Not all crows need to be tested for Public Health to effectively monitor for
West Nile virus. In fact,we receive many more calls reporting dead crows
than the laboratory could test. If the crow you find is not appropriate for
http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 4/15/03
Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 4 of 7
testing, or if you find a dead bird that is not a crow, you may dispose of it in
your garbage can. Public Health is tracking crow deaths, so even if the bird
you find will not be tested, we are still interested in the information you
provide.
Birds discovered on Friday and Saturday will not be tested and should be
disposed of in the garbage. Using gloves or a shovel, double bag the bird in
plastic bags and dispose of it in your garbage. Though dead birds will not
transmit West Nile virus, you should not pick up a dead animal with your bare
hands.
^ back to top
What if the dead bird I find is not a crow?
To help us learn more about West Nile virus, Public Health is tracking the
deaths of birds other than crows, though we will not be picking these birds up
for testing. The types of birds, in addition to crows, that may be affected by
West Nile virus and we are interested in receiving reports on are: ravens,
jays, magpies, and raptors (eagles, hawks, and owls). Call 206-205-4394 if
you find one of these types of birds.
^ back to top
What is the life cycle of the mosquito?
Mosquitoes like still or standing water to lay their eggs. These eggs hatch into
larvae and develop into adults in as few as seven days. Some species need
only a few ounces of water to lay eggs.
What does a mosquito larva look like?
Larvae ("wigglers") are %to'/z inch long, or smaller. They move by vigorously
wiggling or flexing their bodies. They look like tiny aquatic worms.
When are mosquito larvae most likely to be present?
Though there are variations dependent on weather and temperature,
mosquito larvae are most likely to be present in King County from March
through October.
^ back to top
What can I do to reduce the number of mosquitoes?
Removing sources of standing water on your property and around your home
reduces mosquito breeding habitat. Examples of things you can do include:
■ Tip out barrels, buckets and wheelbarrows
■ Tip out containers such as toys, cans or plant saucers
■ Empty children's wading pools when not in use
■ Change water in birdbaths and animal troughs at least once a week
■ Get rid of used tires
■ Clean garden ponds
■ Recycle old bottles, buckets and cans
■ Clean leaf-clogged gutters
■ Empty water from flower pot dishes
http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 4/15/03
Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 5 of 7
■ Dump water off of tarps and plastic sheeting
■ Repair leaky outdoor faucets
■ Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens
Help your elderly or frail neighbors or relatives with these activities. Consider
holding a neighborhood clean-up day to get rid of junk that holds standing
water.
^ back to top
What can be done to avoid mosquito bites?
■ Be aware of the times of day when mosquitoes are most likely to be
biting. The prime biting periods are often at dusk and dawn. If you do
go outside when mosquitoes are biting, wear long sleeve shirts and
long pants. Hats are also useful.
■ Consider wearing an insect repellent. Repellents containing the
chemical N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) are known to be very
effective. Some people are particularly sensitive to DEET and should
use caution.
■ Children under the age of two should not use insect repellents
containing DEET. Older children should use products with the correct
percentage of DEET for their age. It is important to read the label and
follow the instructions on the label carefully. For more information on
DEET, visit the CDC's insect repellent use and safety page:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ga/insect repellent.htm.
■ Ensure that window and door screens are in good repair and fit tightly.
^ back to top
What steps is King County taking to reduce the potential threat of
mosquitoes?
■ Public Health is working with county agencies, cities, the state and
sister agencies nation-wide to learn about the best methods to use to
control mosquitoes. King County's approach is balanced and is
protective of both humans and the environment.
■ Public Health is working to identify the mosquito species that live in our
region by collecting data on mosquitoes from a variety of habitats.
These data help with effective educational and control programs.
^ back to top
What are some of the substances that King County is considering to
control mosquitoes?
■ One approach being considered is the application of natural larvicides,
in limited and targeted areas, to control immature mosquitoes before
they emerge as adults. These larvicides are usually in the form of
pellets or briquettes.
■ King County will not do aerial spraying to kill adult mosquitoes unless
there is a public health emergency, which is unlikely.
■ One possible larvicide that may be used is based on a variety of
Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a control technique well-known to
organic gardeners.
^ back to top
http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 4/15/03
Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 6 of 7
What can I do if I have a mosquito problem in my neighborhood?
Reduce breeding habitat on your own property, where possible (see above). If
you notice that mosquitoes are a problem, please call Public Health (206-205-
4394). Public Health does not have any regulatory authority to require
property owners to remove mosquito habitat(except if the habitat is in
violation of solid waste laws). However, we can send educational materials
that provide guidance on reducing habitat. If the habitat is on public property,
we will inform and advise the appropriate property owner. Finally, we are
tracking specific locations that seem to be particular mosquito problem areas.
back to top
Aren't wetlands and retention ponds sources of mosquito habitat?
Wetlands and other natural water features may potentially be mosquito
breeding habitat under certain conditions. Fortunately, wetlands also have
many natural predators. Furthermore, wetlands play a critical role in cleaning
and holding storm run off-they play a critical public health role. Retention and
detention ponds play an important role as well. For information on King
County properties such as retention/detention ponds and wetlands, visit
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm
^ back to top
Resources
■ For late breaking information, call Public Health's West Nile virus
hotline: 206-205-3883.
■ To report a dead crow or mosquito problem, call Public Health's
Environmental Health team at 206-205-4394 during normal business
hours - Monday - Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
■ For information from the King County Department of Natural
Resources and Parks on West Nile virus, wetlands and
retention/detention ponds, visit:
hftp://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/r)ress/2002/0916wnv.htm
■ For more information on West Nile virus in the state of Washington:
www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/ZooMNVMNV.htm]
■ For more extensive information about West Nile virus, consult the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/q&a.htm
back to top
All information is general in nature and is not intended to be used as a substitute for appropriate
professional advice. For more information please call (206) 296-4600 (voice/TDD).
Updated: Tuesday, April 15, 2003 at 09:10 AM PDT
Public Health Homepage I Safe Food I Safe-Water
Communicable Disease I STD I HIV I Birth/Death Records
http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 4/15/03
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CITY OF RENTON
PLANNING/BUILDING/PUBLIC WORKS
MEMORANDUM
DATE: December 7, 2001
TO: Terri Briere, Chair
Utilities Committee Members
VIA: Mayor Jesse Tanner
FROM: Gregg Zimmerman, Administrator
CONTACTS: Ron Straka, x-7247
Allen Quynn, x-7248
SUBJECT: West Nile Virus Update
ISSUE:
The first documented case of West Nile Virus occurred in the United States in 1999. Currently,the
Washington State Department of Health is actively tracking the migration of the virus and has initiated
several programs for the purpose of identifying when and where the virus may be introduced into the
State of Washington and what should be done if the virus is positively identified in the State.
At this time,the State Health Department is not aware of any reported cases of West Nile Virus in the
State of Washington.
RECOMMENDATION:
This information is being provided at the request of the September 20, 2001, Utilities Committee
meeting. The Surface Water Utility staff will continue to track the status of the West Nile Disease as
it relates to Washington State.
BACKGROUND SUMMARY:
General Information
West Nile Encephalitis is a virus that causes an infection in the brain resulting in inflammation of
brain tissue and interferes with normal central nervous system function. The virus is carried by
infected animals, primarily birds. However, horses, cats, bats, skunks, squirrels and domestic rabbits
are known to carry the virus. Based on current documented cases, the virus has only been transmitted
to an animal or human by the culex species of mosquito. Infection occurs when the culex species of
mosquito bites an infected animal, which in turn transmits the virus to an animal or human through
blood feeding (bite). The virus then multiplies in the victim's blood stream and crosses the blood-
brain barrier to reach the brain where it causes the infection resulting in symptoms such as fever and
headache. Symptoms of more severe infections include high fever, disorientation, coma, paralysis,
and sometimes death. In areas where the culex species of mosquitoes carry and transmit the virus,
less than 1% of the people that are bitten by an infected culex mosquito will get severely ill.
December 11, 2001
Page 2
Approximately 10%of the people exposed to the virus have symptoms of the virus. The death rate
ranges from 3%to 15%for those that develop severe illness. People 50 years of age and older have the
highest risk of contracting the severe case of the disease. So for example, out of 10,000 people that are
exposed to the virus, 100 people may become severely ill and 3 to 15 cases may be fatal. The West Nile
Virus cannot be transmitted from person-to-person. There have also been no documented cases where
the virus has been transmitted from animal-to-person or animal-to-animal. There is currently no vaccine
for the disease.
The disease first arrived in the United States in 1999 when 62 cases were reported in the New York area
resulting in 7 deaths. In 2000,21 cases were reported including 2 deaths in New York City.
The general belief by the Washington State Department of Health(WSDH)is that the West Nile Virus
will continue to migrate across the country via bird migration or other means and will eventually make
its way to the Pacific Northwest,which has the climate to support the mosquitoes that carry the disease.
In Washington State,the mosquito species named culex pipiens is capable of carrying and transmitting
the virus.
What is Being Done in Washington State
With funding from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC),WSDH two years ago,began
a statewide surveillance and testing program. The program included notification in writing to local
health departments in western and eastern Washington, local veterinarians and physicians,as well as
organizations such as the Audubon Society,to be on the alert and report any animals or humans that
show symptoms of the disease. Since birds,particularly crows, are likely to carry the disease, local
health departments have been instructed to send any dead birds brought in by the public to the WSDH
labs for testing. WSDH has funding to test up to 100 dead birds a year for the presence of the West Nile
Virus. Local veterinarians have also been instructed to watch for symptoms of the disease in horses and
to notify the WSDH of any positive test for the virus. As part of the surveillance program for humans,
local doctors are to report to a local health department any cases of Encephalitis. The local health
department and the physician will try to determine whether or not the patient's Encephalitis was
caused by a mosquito bite by first taking a medical history to assess the patient's risk for the virus.
Patients who live or travel to areas where West Nile Virus is active would be considered high risk and
will be given a blood test for confirmation.
WSDH is also offering to any interested local health departments funding to conduct a mosquito
trapping survey for the purpose of identifying mosquito species and their geographic locations. This
information could help local health departments decide what areas need to be targeted for mosquito
abatement in the event the West Nile Virus shows up in our area. King County Department of Health
(KCDOH)has initiated a trapping program and is in the process of training personnel and setting up
mosquito traps. The program has funding for one year but the KCDOH hopes to expand the program, in
coming years,that will include training workshops for other local health department around the State
that are interested in starting a mosquito trapping program.
WSDH is currently working on developing a West Nile Virus Response Plan. The plan will provide
disease outbreak response guidance to local and state agencies. Issues that will be addressed include
recommendations and sample press releases and citizen advisory notices. A public draft should be
available for review sometime next summer. In developing the response plan,WSDH solicited input
from local health departments,mosquito control districts,and the Department of Ecology.
H:\DIVISION.S\UTILITIE.S\DOCS\2001\2001-744.doc\AQ\tb
December 11, 2001
Page 3
CONCLUSION:
The West Nile Virus may eventually show up in Washington State. The temperate climate of the
region supports mosquito species that are known to carry the disease.
With financial support from the CDC, WSDH has been actively monitoring and tracking the disease
and has organized several programs to track mosquitoes for the presence of the virus. Working with
local health agencies, physicians, veterinarians and animal conservation groups, WSDH has set up a
surveillance network to help identify any persons or animals that may have acquired the disease.
Finally, the WSDH is developing a West Nile Virus Response Plan that will provide guidance to local
communities on what they should do if the virus becomes present in their neighborhood.
More information on the West Nile Virus can be found through the CDC website at
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm.
Cc: Renton City Council
City Clerk
Lys Hornsby
H:\DIVISION.S\UTILITIE.S\DOCS\2001\2001-744.doc\AQ\tb
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You are here:DOH Home a EHP»EHS))Zoonotic Disease Program»West Nile Virus*West Nile Virus Q&A Search I Employees
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Here are answers to questions you may have concerning West Nile virus.
•EHS Home
•EHS Publications • What is West Nile virus?
. How is it spread?
•EHS Fact Sheets • What are the symptoms?
•EHS Related Sites • How I can protect my family?
• How can I help?
. What is being done in Washington?
•Find your local health • Who can I contact if I have more questions?
department
What is West Nile virus?
•Free Acrobat Reader®to Since 1937 when the virus was first discovered in the West Nile district of Uganda,West
view_.pdf files Nile virus has been the cause of a number of severe outbreaks.In recent years,the virus
•Alternate File Format has emerged in Europe and North America posing a threat to both public and animal
Information health.Rapidly spreading across the United States,the virus has been detected in 41
eastern and midwestern states.From the first detection in 1999 through August 29,2002,
•Learn more about 704 human cases of West Nile virus related illness in the United States have been
Environmental Health reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,including 46 fatalities.
Programs&Services
In Washington state,a resident was recently diagnosed with probable West Nile illness
I` after exposure in another state,and is considered the state's first official human case.
WMh However to date,West Nile virus has not been detected in Washington birds or
mosquitoes,and we have received no reports of human or horse cases acquired in the
state.
For more background on West Nile virus from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention,click here.
How is it spread? T
West Nile virus is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito,and can infect many types
of birds,horses,and people.The virus is not believed to be spread from person to person
or from animal to person.Mosquitoes pick up the virus by feeding on an infected bird.
What are the symptoms? 1
Most people who become infected with West Nile virus have either no symptoms or only
mild symptoms like a fever,headache,and body aches.On rare occasions,infection can
result in a severe and sometimes fatal illness known as West Nile encephalitis—
inflammation of the brain.The risk of severe infection is higher among people who are
50 and older.
How can I protect my family? s
The most important steps in protecting your family are to prevent mosquito bites and
reduce mosquito habitat around your home.Follow these tips:
Prevent Mosquito Bites
• Make sure window and door screens are"bug tight."
Repair or replace if needed.
• Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the
most active.
. Wear a long sleeve shirt,long pants,and a hat when going
into mosquito-infested areas,such as wetlands or woods.
. Use mosquito repellant when necessary,and carefully
follow directions on the label.
Reduce Mosquito Habitat
. Empty anything that holds standing water—old tires,
buckets,plastic covers,and toys.
. Change water in your birdbaths,fountains,wading pools
and animal troughs weekly.
. Recycle unused containers—bottles,cans,and buckets
that may collect water.
. Make sure roof gutters drain properly,and clean clogged
gutters in the spring and fall.
. Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers.
For a brochure on mosquito control tips,click here.
How can I help? 76
West Nile virus infects certain wild birds.Of those infected,particular birds—crows,
jays,ravens,and magpies—tend to become sick and die from infection.Increasing
numbers of dead birds may be an indication of West Nile virus in your community.You
can help us by reporting dead crows and other birds to your local health department's
environmental health program.
For how to report a dead bird,click here.
What is being done in Washington? Tk
Washington State Department of Health is coordinating surveillance activities designed
to provide early detection of West Nile virus.Washington's surveillance is part of a
nationwide effort spearheaded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track
the spread of West Nile virus in the United States.The detection of the virus in bird and
mosquito populations is an useful indicator to predict and prevent human and horse
infections.Currently,our surveillance involves mosquito trapping to identify mosquito
species that are potential carriers of West Nile virus,and the collection of dead birds for
West Nile virus testing.Our surveillance also relies on the reporting of human cases of
viral encephalitis by health care providers,and cases of encephalitis in horses by
veterinarians.
During the first two seasons,spring through fall of 2000 and 2001,West Nile virus was
not detected in Washington. Surveillance,however,revealed these significant findings:
. Mosquito species that are potential carriers of West Nile virus were identified
statewide.
. An Asian mosquito species,Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus,previously not
found in the western United States was identified.This species is a carrier of
Japanese encephalitis in Asia,and a potential carrier of West Nile virus.
. Mosquito species new to eight counties were identified.
. West Nile virus was not detected in dead birds submitted for testing.
For more on West Nile virus surveillance in Washington,click here.
For news releases on West Nile virus surveillance in Washington,click here.
For current information on West Nile virus surveillance in the United States,click here.
Beside surveillance,the Washington State Department of Health is also leading the effort
to educate the public on how to protect themselves against mosquito-borne disease. A
variety of educational materials have been designed to inform people about ways to
prevent mosquito bites and reduce mosquito habitat near their homes. To help spread this
message, our health education materials are available for organizations and agencies,
such as local health departments, either as printed copies or electronic copies to
reproduce for public distribution.
For camera-ready educational materials on mosquito control tips, click here.
Who can I contact if I have more questions? X
If you have more questions concerning West Nile virus,please contact John Grendon at
(360)236-3362 or john.grendon(adoh.wa.gov or Tom Gibbs at(360)236-3060 or
tom. ig bbs(j'a,doh.wa.gov.
Links to external resources are provided as a public service and do not imply endorsement by the
Washington State Department of Health.
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Office of Environmental Health and Safety
Washington State Department of Health
PO Box 47825
7171 Cleanwater Lane
Olympia, WA 98504-7825
(360) 236-3380
1-888-586-9427
Last Update : 08/30/2002 12:12 PM
Send inquires about DOH and its programs to the Health Consumer Assistance Office
Comments or questions regarding this web site? Send mail to Anne Duffy.
Good Sources of Information
•Public Health's West Nile Virus Hotline:
206-205-3883(late breaking news)
• West Nile Virus Contact:206-205-4394
•Local Health Department:
www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile
• Washington Department of Health:
www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WNV.ii
tml
Good Sources of Information
(Continued)
• Center for Disease Control website:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.
htm
•Brochure: Do you Know What's Biting
You?
•Brochure: Take the Bite Out of the Bug
Renton Response Plan-Phase II
Treatment of City Property to control
mosquitoes
.Use of larvacides only as required by the
Department of Health or under a declaration of
a public health emergency
Prevention is the Best Protection
• Reduce mosquito breeding habitat-
eliminate unnecessary standing water
.empty and discard old tires
.clean gutters
.empty buckets and flower pot trays
.Repair leaky faucets
.clean watering troughs,birdbaths weekly
.screen rain barrels or other standing water
sources that can't be drained
Prevention and Protection(Cont.)
• Protection from mosquito bites
. Use insect repellent containing DEET(over age two)
Wear long sleeves,pants and socks outdoors
.Screen windows and doors tightly
Stay indoors at dawn and dusk
• Vaccinate horses against West Nile Virus
• Call Public Health if you notice a mosquito
problem or dead bird(206-205.4394)
4
WEST NILE VIRUS
City of Renton Response Plan
What is West Nile Virus
• Virus commonly found in Africa,West Asia
and the Middle East
• First detected in the United States in 1999,
Washington State in late 2002
• Can infect people,birds,mosquitoes,horses
and other mammals
• West Nile fever typically mild disease
characterized by flu-like symptoms
Transmission
Principal route of human infection-bite of
infected mosquito
• Mosquitoes are infected when they feed on
infected birds
• People,horses and other mammals are
dead-end hosts
• 3 to 14 day incubation period
Risks
■ Few mosquitoes are infected and only
certain species
• Most people who are infected have no
symptoms
• Only 1 in 5 infected persons show mild
symptoms
■ Only 1 in 150 infected people show more
serious symptoms
Risks (Continued)
■ Once infected it is assumed people develop
immunity
■ People older than 70 years of age more
likely to develop serious symptoms
• Not transmitted from person-to-person
Public Health - Lead Agency
■ Surveillance
• monitor incidence of West Nile Virus in birds,
animals and humans
• Trapping mosquitoes for identificatbn and
occurrence of virus
• Testing of dead birds for detection of the virus
• Health care providers and veterinarians are
required to report suspected cases
Public Health - Lead Agency
■ Public Education-emphasis on personal
protection and reduction of mosquito
breeding habitat
. Website
■ Brochures
. West Nile Virus contact for reporting mosquito
problem areas or dead birds
. West Nile Virus Hotline
Renton Response Plan - Phase I
■ Monitor occurrence of the virus-Health
Department surveillance data
• Support public education
. Personal protection
. Reduction of mosquito breeding habitat on
private property
. City website,Grady Grapevine,Renton
Reporter,utility bill flyers
Renton Response Plan -Phase I
(Cont.)
■ Minimize mosquito breeding habitat on City
property
. Eliminate unnecessary standing water
. Modify operations to minimize standing water
(e.g.operation of retention ponds and/or
irrigation systems)
■ Apply for an Aquatic Mosquito Control
permit
Page 1 of 30
FACT SHEET FOR AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL
GENERAL NPDES PERMIT
010
x
4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit
Page 2 of 30
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND INFORMATION...............................................................................................2
MOSQUITOLIFE CYCLE.........................................................................................................................2
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS......................................................................................................................2
MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................2
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................2
DESCRIPTION OF MOSQUITO CONTROL ACTIVITIES.......................................................2
MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAMS.........................................................................................................2
CRITERIA FOR COVERAGE UNDER THE GENERAL PERMIT...................................................................2
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS(BTI):.....................................................................................2
BACILLUS SPHAERICUS:..........................................................................................................................2
METHOPRENE............................................................................................................................... ...........2
MONOMOLECULAR SURFACE FILMS.....................................................................................................2
LARVICIDALOILS............................................................................................................................... .....2
CHEMICAL LARVICIDES,ORGANOPHOSPHATES....................................................................................2
ENDANGERED SPECIES.............................................................................................................2
REGULATORY POLLUTION REDUCTION REQUIREMENTS..............................................2
TECHNOLOGY BASED WATER QUALITY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS............................................2
WATER QUALITY BASED REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................2
SEDIMENTQUALITY............................................................................................................................... .2
SEPACOMPLIANCE............................................................................................................................... .2
RECEIVING WATER IDENTIFICATION....................................................................................................2
Eligibility and Geographical Area of Coverage.................................................................................. .2
PROCEDURE FOR CONDITIONAL APPROVAL FOR THE DISCHARGE OF WASTEWATER
CONTAINING PRODUCTS NOT SPECIFIED IN THE CURRENT PERMIT.................................................2
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES...........................................................................................................2
OTHER PERMIT CONDITIONS..................................................................................................2
MONITORING............................................................................................................................... ............2
REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING.......................................................................................................2
LAB ACCREDITATION.............................................................................................................................2
SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS............................................................................2
PERMIT MODIFICATIONS........................................................................................................................2
WHEN COVERAGE IS EFFECTIVE...........................................................................................................2
RESPONSIBILITY TO COMPLY WITH OTHER REQUIREMENTS............................................................2
GENERAL CONDITIONS...........................................................................................................................2
RECOMMENDATION FOR PERMIT ISSUANCE.........................................................................................2
APPENDIX A—PUBLIC OPPORTUNITY TO COMMENT......................................................2
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DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................... .............2
APPENDIX D--RESPONSE TO COMMENTS..........................................................................2
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FACT SHEET FOR AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL
GENERAL NPDES PERMIT
SUMMARY
The State of Washington Department of Ecology(Department) has tentatively determined to
issue a general permit for the application of insecticides to control mosquitoes in surface waters
of the State of Washington. The use of insecticides is subject to the provisions of integrated pest
management plans (IPMs). Monitoring is required in certain situations. Any short term toxicity
to aquatic organisms is allowed under the terms of the permit and the water quality modification
provisions to perform essential activities that protect public health. The proposed terms,
limitations and conditions contained herein are tentative and may be subject to change,
subsequent to public comments and testimony provided at public hearings. All facilities
accepted under the general permit will not be relieved of any responsibility or liability at any
time during the life of the permit for: (1)violating or exceeding State water quality standards; or
(2)violating any other local, State, or Federal regulation or standard as may pertain to the
individual facility. Activities not accepted under the general permit may be required to apply for
an individual permit. Any application of insecticide to surface waters of the state requiring
NPDES permit coverage found not covered under either the general permit or an individual
permit will be considered to be operating without a discharge permit and subject to potential
enforcement action.
On March 12,2001,the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the application of an
herbicide in compliance with the labeling requirements of Federal Insecticide Fungicide
Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) did not exempt an irrigation district from needing an NPDES permit
(Headwaters, Inc. v. Talent Irrigation District). Ecology, as had many more states,had been
issuing orders that were not NPDES permits that placed protective conditions on the use of
pesticides in waters of the state. This general permit will replace those short term modifications
where pesticide applications are directed into surface waters of the state for the purpose of
controlling mosquitoes.
INTRODUCTION
This fact sheet is a companion document that provides the basis for issuance of the Aquatic
Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES) General Permit.
The Department of Ecology (the Department) is proposing to issue this permit, which will allow
discharge of wastes from aquatic insecticide applications and from nonchemical methods to
control mosquitoes in surface waters of the State of Washington, which are also waters of the
United States,pursuant to the provisions of chapters 90.48, 90.52, and 90.54 Revised Code of
Washington (RCW) and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act(FWPCA) as amended. This
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fact sheet explains the nature of the proposed discharges, the Department's decisions on limiting
the pollutants in the wastewater, and the regulatory and technical basis for these decisions.
The Federal Clean Water Act(FCWA, 1972),and later modifications (1977, 1981, and 1987),
established water quality goals for the navigable (surface)waters of the United States. One of
the mechanisms for achieving the goals of the Clean Water Act is the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System of permits (NPDES permits), which is administered by the
Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The EPA has delegated responsibility to administer
the NPDES permit program to the State of Washington on the basis of Chapter 90.48 RCW
which defines the Department of Ecology's authority and obligations in administering the
wastewater discharge permit program.
The establishment of a general permit for Aquatic Mosquito Control is appropriate due to the
similar environmental fate specific to each permitted herbicide,the uniform discharge conditions
to which all applications would be subject,the statewide scope of aquatic mosquito control, and
the significant reduction of resources necessary for permit handling. However, individual
permits will still be considered in those instances where a proposed activity requires more
detailed guidance, or when an individual applicator so desires and the Department approves.
The regulations adopted by the State include procedures for issuing general permits (Chapter
173-226 WAC), water quality criteria for surface waters (Chapters 173-201A WAC), and
sediment management standards (Chapter 173-204 WAC). These regulations require that a
permit be issued before discharge of wastes to waters of the state is allowed. The regulations
also establish the basis for effluent limitations and other requirements which are to be included in
the permit. One of the requirements (WAC 173-226-110) for issuing a general permit under the
NPDES permit program is the preparation of a draft permit and an accompanying fact sheet.
Public notice of the draft permit,public hearings, comment periods, and public notice of issuance
are all required before the general permit is issued(WAC 173-226-130).
The fact sheet and draft permit have been reviewed by representatives of the potential permittees
and other members of a permit advisory group. Errors and omissions identified in this review
have been corrected before going to public notice. After the public comment period has closed,
the Department will summarize the substantive comments and the response to each comment.
The summary and response to comments will become part of the file on the permit and parties
submitting comments will receive a copy of the Department's response. The original fact sheet
will not be revised after the public notice is published. Comments and the resultant changes to
the permit will be summarized in Appendix D--Response to Comments.
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to
a .
Larvaciding with diesel oil
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
A March 12, 2001 decision by the Ninth Circuit Court in Headwaters, Inc. v. Talent Irrigation
District found that the applicator should have obtained coverage under a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)permit prior to application of aquatic pesticides to an
irrigation canal in Oregon. The canal discharged water into a creek where a fish kill occurred.
The decision addressed residues and other products of aquatic pesticides.
Headwaters, Inc. and Oregon Natural Resources Council filed a Clean Water Act citizen suit
against the Talent Irrigation District(TID) for applying aquatic herbicide into a system of
irrigation canals. Reversing a district court's opinion,the Ninth Circuit held that application of
the pesticide in compliance with the labeling requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) did not exempt TID from having to obtain a NPDES permit, and
that the irrigation ditches were "waters of the United States"under the Clean Water Act.
The Federal Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1979(FIFRA), as administered by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA),requires that all persons who apply
pesticides classified as restricted use be certified according to the provisions of the act or that
they work under the supervision of a certified applicator. Commercial and public applicators
must demonstrate a practical knowledge of the principles and practices of pest control and safe
use of pesticides,which will be accomplished by means of a "core" examination. In addition,
applicators using or supervising the use of any restricted use pesticides purposefully applied to
standing or running water(excluding applicators engaged in public health related activities) are
required to pass an additional exam to demonstrate competency as described in the code of
federal regulations as follows:
"Aquatic applicators shall demonstrate practical knowledge of the secondary effects which
can be caused by improper application rates, incorrect formulations, and faulty application of
restricted pesticides used in this category. They shall demonstrate practical knowledge of
various water use situations and the potential of downstream effects. Further,they must have
practical knowledge concerning potential pesticide effects on plants, fish,birds,beneficial
insects and other organisms which may be present in aquatic environments. Applicants in this
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category must demonstrate practical knowledge of the principles of limited area application."
(40 CFR 171.4)
MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE
There are several species of mosquito that readily attack people,and some species are capable of
transmitting microbial organisms that cause human diseases such as malaria and encephalitis.
The mosquitoes of major concern in Washington belong to the genera Culex, Culiseta,Aedes,
and Anopheles.
Mosquitoes are classified as Insects of the Diptera order. They undergo a complete
metamorphosis,which involves four stages of development,egg,larva,pupa and adult.The first
three stages occur in water,but the adult female is an active flying insect that feeds upon the
blood of humans and/or animals.The female mosquito lays the eggs directly on water or on
moist substrates that may later be flooded with water.The egg later hatches into the larva,which
is the stage on which most mosquito districts tend to focus control programs. During the larval
stages it continues to feed and grow in size. The larvae go through four growth stages called
instars.Once the larvae has developed to the fourth instar it stops feeding and pupates. This is a
resting period. At this point the biological control(larvicide)no longer works as a control
measure because it requires ingestion by the organism. Draining or emptying the water at this
point will kill the pupa,as they are unable to live out of water.
The larva transforms into the pupa where internal changes occur and the adult mosquito takes
form.After a few hours to a few days in the pupal stage,the adult mosquito emerges from the
water surface and seeks shelter in shady,moist areas. Adult mosquitoes must find shelter during
the heat to avoid dehydration and are most active during the hours from dawn to dusk. After a
brief period of rest the adult female goes in search of a blood meal and the cycle continues. The
time frame for this is highly variable anywhere from one to three weeks,depending on the
temperature of the water. The warmer the water the quicker the development will be. A very
small amount of water in a container in the sun will produce a batch of adult mosquitoes very
quickly.
Mosquito biology can follow two general scenarios.The first involves those species that lay their
eggs in masses or rafts on the wat&s surface.Some of these species,which are found throughout
the U.S.,often lay their eggs in natural or artificial water-holding containers found in the
domestic environment,or in naturally occurring pools.In summer the entire life cycle,from egg
to adult,may be completed in a week or less.
The second scenario involves Aedes mosquitoes that lay their eggs on moist soil or other
substrates in areas that will be flooded with water later.After about two days,these eggs are
ready to hatch,but if not flooded,can withstand drying for months and longer.In inland areas of
the U.S.where these mosquitoes breed,heavy rains and flooding can produce millions of
mosquitoes in a short time.Similar situations occur along coastal areas with mosquitoes adapted
to salt marsh habitats.Some salt marsh mosquitoes are strong fliers and can sometimes travel up
to 50 miles from the breeding site.
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PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS
Female mosquitoes of nearly all species require blood from vertebrate animals to develop eggs,
and many species bite people,pets, and livestock for this purpose.
Mosquitoes are found throughout the world and many transmit pathogens which may cause
disease. These diseases include mosquito-borne viral encephalitis, dengue,yellow fever,malaria,
and filariasis. Most of these diseases have been prominent as endemic or epidemic diseases in the
United States in the past,but today, only the insect-borne(arboviral) encephalitides occur
annually and dengue occurs periodically in this country. The most important consequence of this
is the transmission of microorganisms that cause diseases such as western equine
encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis. Both of these diseases can cause serious,
sometimes fatal neurological ailments in people. (Western equine encephalomyelitis virus also
causes disease in horses.)Western equine encephalomyelitis infections tend to be more serious in
infants while St. Louis encephalitis can be a problem for older people.
These viruses are normally infections of birds or small mammals. During such infections,the
level of the virus may increase in these infected animals facilitating transmission to humans by
mosquitoes. The West Nile virus, which can also cause encephalitis,was found in the
northeastern United States for the first time in 1999, and is a good example of this mode of
transmission. Human cases of encephalitis range from mild to very severe illnesses that, in a few
cases, can be fatal.
Other pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes include a protozoan parasite which causes malaria,
and Diroftlaria immitis, a parasitic roundworm and the causative agent of dog heartworm.
Disease carrying mosquito species are found throughout the U.S., especially in urban areas and
coastal or in inland areas where flooding of low lands frequently occurs.
Even when no infectious diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes,they can be a health problem to
people and livestock. Mosquito bites can result in secondary infections, allergic reactions,pain,
irritation,redness, and itching.
MANAGEMENT
Mosquitoes are best managed on an area wide basis by public agencies that are either
components of local health departments or are independent districts organized specifically for
mosquito control. In Washington,there are approximately 12 mosquito and vector control
districts. Some are small and have responsibility for mosquito abatement in a few hundred square
miles,while the activities of others may encompass one entire county or more. Mosquito control
is accomplished by searching out mosquito larvae in standing water and treating the water with a
material that kills the larvae. Many materials currently in use are biological in origin and are
highly specific for mosquitoes, with little or no effect on other organisms.
On occasion,mosquito abatement agencies may also apply chemical pesticides to kill adult
mosquitoes, but ordinarily only when adult populations become so large that they cause extreme
annoyance to many people or when the threat of disease transmission to people is high. Control
of irrigation water in agricultural areas to avoid excess runoff is an important mosquito control
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method, but in recent years elimination of small bodies of water that can serve as wildlife habitat
has ceased to be a mosquito control option because of habitat preservation concerns.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Mosquito control activities are important to the public health, and responsibility for carrying out
these programs rests with state and local governments. The federal government assists states in
emergencies and provides training and consultation in vector and vector-borne disease problems
when requested by the states. The current interests in ecology and environmental impact of
mosquito control measures, and the increasing problems that have resulted from insecticide
resistance emphasize the need for"integrated" control programs. IPM is an ecologically based
strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that are
compatible with or disrupt these factors as little as possible. IPM includes the use of pesticides,
but only after systematic monitoring of mosquito populations indicates a need. Ideally, an IPM
program considers all available control actions, including no action, and evaluates the interaction
among various control practices, cultural practices, weather, and habitat structure. This approach
thus uses a combination of resource management techniques to control mosquito populations
with decisions based on surveillance. Fish and game specialists and natural resources biologists
should be involved in planning control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be
impacted by mosquito control practices.
A good integrated pest management(IPM)program-- featuring monitoring for high
mosquito populations and disease, resident education and action to maximize natural controls
and minimize mosquito breeding sites, and larvaciding(killing immature mosquitoes) when
necessary--can control mosquitoes more effectively while reducing pesticide exposure to
humans and the environment. Insecticides are dispersed only where mosquito larvae are present
and not indiscriminately,which is why larvaciding is much sounder than adulticiding.
The underlying philosophy of mosquito control is based on the fact that the greatest control
impact on mosquito populations will occur when they are concentrated, immobile and accessible.
This emphasis focuses on habitat management and controlling the immature stages before the
mosquitoes emerge as adults. This policy reduces the need for widespread pesticide application
in urban areas.
DESCRIPTION OF MOSQUITO CONTROL ACTIVITIES
MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAMS
In response to these potential disease carrying pests, communities organized the earliest
mosquito control programs in the eastern U.S. in the early 1900s. Eventually, other communities
created similar programs throughout the country in areas where mosquito problems occurred and
where citizens demanded action by local officials. Modern mosquito control programs in the
U.S. are multifaceted and include surveillance, source reduction, and a variety of larval and adult
mosquito control strategies.
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Surveillance methods include studying habitats by air, aerial photographs, and topographic maps,
and evaluating larval populations. Mosquito control officials also monitor mosquito traps,biting
counts, and complaints and reports from the public. Mosquito control activities are initiated once
established mosquito threshold populations are exceeded. Seasonal records are kept in
concurrence with weather data to predict mosquito larval occurrence and adult flights. Some
mosquito control programs conduct surveillance for diseases harbored by birds, including crows,
other wild birds, sentinel chicken flocks, and for these diseases in mosquitoes.
Source reduction involves eliminating the habitat or modifying the aquatic habitat to prevent
mosquitoes from breeding. This measure includes sanitation measures where artificial containers,
including discarded automobile tires,which can become mosquito habitats, are collected and
properly disposed. Habitat modification may also involve management of impounded water or
open marshes to reduce production and survival of the flood water mosquitoes. If habitat
modification is not feasible,biological control using fish may be possible. Mosquito control
officials often apply biological or chemical larvicides, with selective action and moderate
residual activity, to the aquatic habitats. To have the maximum impact on the mosquito
population, larvicides are applied during those periods when immature stages are concentrated in
the breeding sites and before the adult forms emerge and disperse.
CRITERIA FOR COVERAGE UNDER THE GENERAL PERMIT
Applicants for the general permit will be screened based on information in the application. The
department will consider whether the applicant has a qualified licensed applicator on staff,
familiarity with FIFRA and state requirements, and willingness to develop monitoring plans and
an IPM, if not already developed.
TABLE 1. PERMITTED INSECTICIDES USED FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL
Typical Active ingredient Label use rate Use
Products
Aquabac Bacillus 0.25 to 2 Larvae control
Bactimos thuringiensis pints/acre or up
israelensis (Bti) to 10 lbs/acre
Vectobac
Teknar
VectoLexW Bacillus sphaericus 0.5 to 1.5 Larvae control in
DG (H-5a5b) lbs/acre water with high
organic content
Altosid Methoprene 2 to 20 lbs/acre Larvae control
Agnique Monomolecular 0.2 to 0.5 Larvae and Pupae
MMF surface film gal/acre control
Golden Bear petroleum distillate 3 to 5 gal/acre Larvae and Pupae
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Typical Active ingredient Label use rate Use
Products
Oil control
Bonide Oil
Malathion Malathion 0.5 pts/acre Emergency use
only
Abate Temephos 0.5 to 1.5 Emergency use
oz/acre only
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS (BTI):
The product known as Bti(Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis) can be as effective as chemical
insecticides in liquid and granular form. Bti is an endospore-forming bacterium that is ingested
by the actively feeding larvae. When the bacteria Bti encysts, it produces a protein crystal toxic
to mosquito and midge larvae. Once the bacteria has been ingested, the toxin disrupts the lining
of the larvae's intestine. Bti is highly selective for the first through third instar of mosquito and
some gnat larvae. It has no effect on a vast array of other aquatic organisms except midges in the
same habitat. Bti strains are sold under the names Bactimos®, Teknar®and Vectobac®.
Vectobac is formulated by impregnating corn kernels with bacteria known as Bacillus
thuringensus. This bacteria is target specific and must be ingested by the target species to be of
any effect.
Bti is the primary material used for mosquito control because of its low toxicity to non-target
species. Bti is highly pathogenic against Culcidae (mosquitoes) and Simuliidae (blackflies) and
has some virulence against certain other Diptera, especially Chironomidae(midges).
Lepitdopterans are not generally considered susceptible,with some limited exceptions. Timing
of treatment is important and Bti must be applied frequently.
Bti has been extensively studied for effects on non-target organisms and environmental
consequences of use with no reported adverse effects. It is not toxic to bees. According to
several studies, when applied at field application rates, Bti has no reported effect on fish and
amphibians. Several studies have found no effect on warm-blooded mammals. Labels indicate
that direct contact with the products may cause mild to moderate eye or skin irritation.
Bti products are available in liquid,pellet and granular formulations. The type of formulation
influences persistence,with the pellet/briquette forms having greater persistence. Generally Bti
does not persist long after application,with toxicity persisting from 24 hours to over one month
when the pellet/briquette formulation is used because of its slow release formula. Because of its
specificity, Bti lacks the ability to recycle readily in insect populations. Factors that influence its
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persistence include UV, agitation, sedimentation,water quality and environmental conditions
such as pH and temperature.
BACILLUS SPHAERICUS:
B. sphaericus is a naturally occurring, spore-forming bacterium which produces a protein
endotoxin at the time of sporulation. The toxin is only active against the larval stage and must be
ingested and digested before it becomes activated.B. sphaericus has the unique property of being
able to control mosquito larvae in highly organic aquatic environments such as waste lagoons
and stormwater catch basins.
B. sphaericus is effective against Culex spp; it is less effective against other species. B.
sphaericus is not acutely toxic to freshwater and saltwater invertebrates, honeybees,mayfly
larvae, does not appear to be harmful to fish and other marine life, and is not toxic to birds on a
subchronic basis. In tests,B. sphaericus was not pathogenic, infective nor toxic in laboratory
animals by the oral, dermal,pulmonary or intra-venous routes of exposure. In humans, mild skin
and eye irritation can occur with direct contact.
VectoLex,the trade name for B. sphaericus,persists for 2-4 weeks after a single application at
label rates.B. sphaericus may undergo limited recycling in certain organically rich
environments, extending the period of larval control.
METHOPRENE
Methoprene mimics a natural juvenile hormone, and when present in the larval habitat it keeps
immature insects from maturing into adults. Unable to metamorphose, the mosquitoes die in the
pupal stage. Methoprene comes in a liquid, granular or pellet form and is applied directly to the
water where mosquito larvae are found. When mosquito larvae are exposed to methoprene,their
life cycle is disrupted, and they are prevented from reaching maturity or reproducing.
Studies indicate that methoprene is of low toxicity and poses little risk to people when used
according to label instructions. Methoprene was not shown to have any significant toxicological
effects in the standard battery of toxicity studies used to assess Human health effects. The
pesticide has very low acute oral and inhalation toxicity potential and is not an eye or skin
irritant. Methoprene is also of low acute dermal (skin)toxicity and is not a human skin sensitizer.
In laboratory tests,methoprene has been shown to be practically non-toxic to mallard ducks and
only slightly toxic to fish. Although it has been observed to be very highly toxic to freshwater
invertebrates,results from field studies involving methoprene have shown that it has no lasting
adverse effects on populations of invertebrates or other non-target aquatic organisms when used
according to label instructions for mosquito control.Negative impacts on aquatic invertebrates
were not permanent and the populations were able to recover.
Methoprene is not persistent in the environment. It degrades rapidly in water,being susceptible
to transformation by sunlight and microorganisms.
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MONOMOLECULAR SURFACE FILMS
MSF is a non-petroleum surface oil that acts as a physicochemical agent by altering the
mosquito's habitat. It belongs to the alcohol ethoxylate group of surfactants,which are used in
detergent products. MSF disrupts the cohesive properties,which allow mosquitoes to use the
water's surface as an interface for breeding. By making the surface"wetter",MSF in effect
drowns mosquitoes.
MSF kills larvae and pupae by making it impossible for them to keep their breathing tubes above
the water's surface. It also kills adult females by entrapping and drowning them when they
contact the surface to lay their eggs. Since MSF kills mosquitoes with a physical mechanism
(rather than a toxic mechanism),it is not effective in habitats with persistent unidirectional winds
of greater than ten miles per hour,or in areas with very choppy water
Some species such as the midge,and some arthropods that require attachment to the water
surface have been shown to be affected.MMF is non-toxic to most non-target wildlife. The
green tree frog progressed normally from tadpole to adult through several generations after being
exposed to a constant film presence for six months.MMF is not a skin irritant,is only a mild eye
irritant on prolonged or repeated contact,and is considered to be non-toxic by animal tests. As
with all pesticides,direct contact should be avoided.
The fihn persistence is dependent on temperature,water flow,amount of bacteria in the water,
and the duration and strength of the wind following application. Average persistence under
standard use conditions is 5- 14 days at recommended dosage rates.
LARVICIDAL OILS
Oils have been used for mosquito control for more than a century.Golden Bear 11 l 1®is a light
viscosity oil that spreads quickly and evenly over the water surface,preventing larvae and pupae
from obtaining oxygen through the surface film.Oils have always been used as a product of last
resort for the control of mosquito pupae,since this stage does not feed but does require oxygen.
The only other option would be draining the source.Closer surveillance and timing of other
agents and techniques can greatly reduce the need for larvicidal oils.
Golden Bear forms a thin sheet of oil on the surface water and persists for 12 to 15 hours. It
suffocates many aquatic insects by interfering with the insects'breathing tubes. Apparently,
Golden Bear does not affect fish directly because the oil remains on the water's surface for only a
short period of time,then evaporates. In fish-bearing waters,it may affect fish indirectly by
depleting their food source. Aquatic invertebrates,amphibians,waterfowl;and furbearers may
be deleteriously affected. Consequently,to determine whether any species of concern
(endangered,threatened,and/or economically valuable)inhabit the area to be treated,
coordination with the Department of Fish and Wildlife and Department of Natural Resources'
Natural Heritage Program is required before Golden Bear oil may be used.
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CHEMICAL LARVICIDES, ORGANOPHOSPHATES
Costs and complexity of mosquito control have increased markedly since the passage of the
Environmental Protection Act in 1969. The increasing number of governmental regulations and
permitting bodies,rising costs of alternative chemicals, and the spreading resistance of many
vector species to existing pesticides have almost completely changed or eliminated the use of
chemical control agents. The emergency use of malathion and temephos is retained under this
permit with the permission of the Dept of Health and Ecology. The two situations where
malathion and temephos may be used are in response to pesticide resistance and where a public
health emergency has been declared.
The primary application methods in aquatic mosquito larvae and pupa control are:
1. Hand application: Broadcast spreaders,backpack granulators and liquid sprayers are used to
spread control materials either mounted on ATVs or carried by the applicator.
2. Aerial applications: Aerial applications normally use a conventional spray boom to improve
coverage with the smaller volume of spray solution applied per acre. The spray produces a large
droplet size at low pressure and low volume. The pilot monitors the flow rate to minimize
pressure and controls drift additionally through application during lower air temperatures and
low wind speed.
ENDANGERED SPECIES
Currently, EPA is developing a program("The Endangered Species Protection Program")to
identify all pesticides whose use may cause adverse impacts on endangered and threatened
species and to implement mitigation measures that will eliminate the adverse impacts. The
program would require use restrictions to protect endangered and threatened species at the
county level. In the future, EPA plans to publish a description of the Endangered Species
Program in the Federal Register and have available voluntary county-specific bulletins.
REGULATORY POLLUTION REDUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Federal and State regulations require that effluent limitations set forth in a NPDES permit must
be either technology-or water quality-based. Technology-based limitations are set by regulation
or developed on a case-by-case basis (40 CFR 125.3, and Chapter 173-220 WAC). Water
quality-based limitations are based upon compliance with the Surface Water Quality Standards
(Chapter 173-201A WAC), Ground Water Standards (Chapter 173-200 WAC), Sediment Quality
Standards (Chapter 173-204 WAC) or the National Toxics Rule(Federal Register, Volume 57,
No. 246, Tuesday, December 22, 1992). The more stringent of these two limits must be chosen
for each of the parameters of concern.
TECHNOLOGY BASED WATER QUALITY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Sections 301, 302, 306, and 307 of the FWPCA established discharge standards,prohibitions,
and limits based on pollution control technologies. These technology-based limits are "best
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practical control technology" (BPT), "best available technology economically achievable"
(BAT), and "best conventional pollutant control technology economically achievable" (BCT).
Compliance with BPTBAT/BCT may be established using a "best professional judgment" (BPJ)
determination.
The State has similar technology-based limits which are described as: "all known, available and
reasonable methods of control,prevention, and treatment" (AKART)methods. AKART is
referred to in State law under RCW 90.48.010, RCW 90.48.520, 90.52.040 and RCW 90.54.020.
The Federal technology-based limits and AKART are similar but not equivalent. AKART: (1)
may be established for an industrial category or on a case-by-case basis; (2)may be more
stringent than Federal regulations; and(3) includes not only treatment,but also BMPs such as
prevention and control methods (i.e. waste minimization,waste/source reduction, or reduction in
total contaminant releases to the environment). The Department and the Federal Environmental
Protection Agency(EPA) concur that,historically, most discharge permits have determined
AKART as equivalent to BPJ determinations.
The pesticide application industry has been regulated by EPA under the terms of the Federal
Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, (FIFRA). Use of pesticides are regulated by label
use requirements developed by EPA. In developing label use requirements, EPA requires the
pesticide manufacturer to register each pesticide and provide evidence that the pesticide will
work as promised and that unacceptable environmental harm will be minimized. The standards
for environmental protection are different between the CWA and FIFRA.
It is the intent of this general permit to authorize mosquito control in a manner that also complies
with federal and other state requirements.
All WWDPs issued by the department must incorporate requirements to implement reasonable
prevention, treatment and control of pollutants.
The legislature established in the Washington Pesticide Control Act that prevention of pollution
in this case is reasonable in the context of an Integrated Pest Management Plan. IPMs require
the investigation of all control options,but stop short of requiring nonchemical pest controls as
the preferred option. The goal of IPMs is to establish the most effective means of control
whether biological, chemical, nonchemical, or a combination. Most mosquito control strategies
are such a combination.
Treatment of the pollutants addressed in this permit is difficult due to the diffuse nature and low
concentrations that exist after the pesticides have become waste. The Talent decision established
that aquatic pesticides become waste in the water after the pesticide has performed its intended
action and the target organisms are controlled. Treatment of waters where pesticide residues
threaten to cause unacceptable environmental harm may be needed in some situations,but not
routinely.
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WATER QUALITY BASED REQUIREMENTS
The mosquito control activities affect surface waters of the State. These waters are protected by
chapter 173-201A WAC, Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters of the State of
Washington. The purpose of these standards is to establish the highest quality of State waters,
through the reduction or elimination of contaminant discharges to the waters of the State,
consistent with: public health; public enjoyment; the propagation and protection of fish, shellfish,
and wildlife; and existing and future beneficial uses. This purpose is reached, in part,by
compliance with the limitations,terms and conditions of the General Permit.
The mosquito control activities which discharge, directly or indirectly, to surface waters shall be
required to meet the State water quality standards for Class A and Class AA surface waters as
given in chapter 173-201A WAC. The characteristic beneficial uses of Class AA and A surface
waters include,but are not limited to,the following: domestic, industrial and agricultural water
supply; stock watering; the spawning,rearing,migration and harvesting of fish; the spawning,
rearing and harvesting of shellfish; wildlife habitat; recreation (primary contact, sport fishing,
boating, aesthetic enjoyment of nature); commerce and navigation.
RCW 90.48.035 authorizes establishment of water quality standards for waters of the State. The
State has implemented water quality standards in chapter 173-201A WAC. All waste discharge
permits issued pursuant to NPDES or SWD regulations are conditioned in such a manner that all
authorized discharges shall meet State water quality standards. Standards include an
"antidegradation" policy which states that beneficial uses shall be protected.
The Department has deemed that,when properly applied and handled in accordance with the
terms and conditions of the general permit,mosquito control activities will comply with State
water quality standards, will maintain and protect the existing characteristic beneficial uses of the
surface waters of the State, and will protect human health.New information regarding previously
unknown environmental and human health risks may cause reopening of the general permit.
No mixing or dilution zone shall be authorized to the Permittee for any discharge to surface
waters under this general permit. The short term water quality modification provisions of the
permit will allow the discharges authorized by the general permit to cause a temporary
diminishment of some beneficial uses while the water body is altered to protect public health and
promote public enjoyment and quality of life. The short term modification will be short in that
the actual impairment will be short lived,while the overall availability of authorization extends
through the term of the permit. The integrated pest management plan to be developed prior to
the second year of the general permit term satisfies the regulatory requirement for a long term
plan that allows short term modifications to extend for five years.
The activities authorized by this general permit do not have a reasonable potential to cause a
violation of state water quality standards (WAC 173-201 A) so long as the activities are allowed
under the short term water quality mod. The water quality mod provides for an exception to
meeting certain provisions of the state water quality standards such as meeting all beneficial uses
all the time. Activities covered under this permit are allocated a temporary zone of impact on
beneficial uses,but the impact must be transient, and must allow for full restoration of water
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quality and protection of beneficial uses upon project completion. The conditions of this permit
constitute the requirements of a short term water quality modification.
Washington's water quality standards now include 91 numeric health-based criteria that must be
considered in NPDES permits. These criteria were promulgated for the state by the U.S. EPA in
its National Toxics Rule(Federal Register,Volume 57,No. 246, Tuesday, December 22, 1992).
The Department has determined that the applicant's discharge does not contain chemicals of
concern based on existing data or knowledge. The discharge will be re-evaluated for impacts to
human health at the next permit reissuance.
SEDIMENT QUALITY
The Department has promulgated aquatic sediment standards (Chapter 173-204 WAC)to protect
aquatic biota and human health. These standards state that the Department may require
Permittees to evaluate the potential for the discharge to cause a violation of applicable standards
(WAC 173-204-400).
The Department has determined through a review of the discharger characteristics and effluent
characteristics that this discharge has no reasonable potential to violate the Sediment
Management Standards.
SEPA COMPLIANCE
Mosquito control activities have undergone numerous environmental impact evaluations. The
use of pesticides are conditioned to mitigate environmental impacts of concern noted in these
evaluations. This general permit will undergo SEPA. The conditions of this permit should
satisfy any water quality related SEPA concerns.
RECEIVING WATER IDENTIFICATION
Eligibility and Geographical Area of Coverage
For the purposes of the general permit, the mosquito control activities for which the general
permit is valid include surface waters of the entire State. Mosquito control activities are scattered
throughout the state. MCDs are located in the following counties or areas: Adams County,
Benton County, Camano Island, Clark County, Cowlitz County, Curlew(Ferry County), Grant
County, Southwest Washington, Rosalia(Whitman County), Columbia and Touchet-Lowden
area(Walla Walla County), and Yakima County. Other areas may be treated by private
operators.
More MCDs may be formed and more places may be treated by contract, especially urban areas.
This will occur rapidly if mosquito born diseases begin showing up in the state.
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Mosquito districts and other pesticide applicators are required to be covered by the general
permit for the following pre adult life stage pesticide activities which occur in surface waters of
the state:
1) Into waterbodies that are contiguous with rivers,creeks,and lakes,or
2) Into navigable waters,or
3) In other situations as determined by the department.
Some mosquito larvacide applications are a low priority because of minimal environmental
impact,particularly when compared with the desirability of mosquito control. These situations
are derived in part from exclusions to the definition of"waters of the United States"in 33CFR
Part 328.3. These include:
1) On land which is in agricultural use where the mosquito control is performed in
inconsequential areas such as puddles,hoof prints,or intermittent wet areas,
where treatment would have no environmental impact except to mosquito larvae,
or
2) In man-made retention or detention ponds for wastewater or stormwater
treatment.
These situations are described so that the department and the mosquito control industry are not
burdened by oversight and permit requirements in situations where a permit would add no
additional environmental protection of beneficial uses. The department prefers to focus on the
more significant water quality threats for permitting as opposed to the less significant ones that
won't adversely affect water quality or related habitat. Much of the mosquito control work
consists of applying larvacides in seasonal,isolated,and shallow ponds and agricultural land
where no fish are present and the larvacide has no impact on wildlife other than mosquitoes.
PROCEDURE FOR CONDITIONAL APPROVAL FOR THE DISCHARGE OF
WASTEWATER CONTAINING PRODUCTS NOT SPECIFIED IN THE CURRENT
PERMIT
The industry indicated that they might lose the use of some pesticides in the current EPA re-
registration process and were concerned about the length of time necessary to do a permit
modification to allow the use of a new product. In response to this concern a procedure will be
developed to allow conditional use of a new product until the next permit renewal. This
procedure will require the industry to submit a risk assessment for the Department's approval.
This risk assessment must contain 1)verification that the new product will meet the specified
general conditions and prohibitions,2)contain certain specified information about the product
and its environmental fate,and 3)specify a monitoring plan to verify performance. Based upon
the information in the risk assessment the Department will either grant or deny conditional
approval for the use of the new product.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
The industry should continue to examine the possibility of alternatives to reduce the need for
aquatic pesticides. Such methods include:
1) Applying pesticide only when mosquito larvae are present at a level that will constitute a
nuisance.
2) Using the least intrusive method of pesticide application.
3) All errors in application and spills are reported to the proper authority.
4) No spraying of adult mosquitoes over surface waters of the state.
5) Informing the public of planned spray activities.
6) Public education efforts to reduce potential mosquito breeding habitat.
7) Applying a decision matrix concept to the choice of the most appropriate formulation.
8) Staff training in the proper application of pesticides and handling of spills.
Labels specify some additional BMPs
An important goal of the first permit cycle is to reinforce the concept of reduction in pesticide
residuals. A reduction in the discharge of pollutants to waters of the State can be achieved by
using proper BMPs,which include integrated pest management and alternative pest control
procedures. While many aquatic pesticide applications are already using proper IPMs, some are
not adequate to meet the terms and conditions of the general permit which has been developed to
protect the quality of State waters.
OTHER PERMIT CONDITIONS
MONITORING
Monitoring of residual pesticides may be required to confirm assumptions of safety when
applications are performed in compliance with the FIFRA label and state requirements. A
Permittee may propose and gain approval for a monitoring plan in lieu of monitoring each
application. The Permittee may optionally participate in a group monitoring effort. The intent is
to gather information to confirm the assumptions of persistence and toxicity relative to the rate of
application. This information may better define the period of temporary diminishment of
beneficial uses.
REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING
The conditions of S3. are based on the authority to specify any appropriate reporting and
recordkeeping requirements to prevent and control waste discharges (WAC 173-226-090).
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LAB ACCREDITATION
With the exception of certain parameters the permit requires all monitoring data to be prepared
by a laboratory registered or accredited under the provisions of Chapter 173-50 WAC,
Accreditation of Environmental Laboratories.
SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS
The general permit requires compliance with federal and state laws and regulations and places no
disproportionate burden on small business. The monitoring is flexible and meeting pesticide
label requirements is already required under FIFRA.
PERMIT MODIFICATIONS
The Department may modify this permit to impose new or modified numerical limitations,if
necessary to meet Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters,Sediment Quality Standards,or
Water Quality Standards for Ground Waters,based on new information obtained from sources
such as inspections,effluent monitoring,or Department approved engineering reports. The
Department may also modify this permit as a result of new or amended state or federal
regulations.
WHEN COVERAGE IS EFFECTIVE
Unless the Department either responds in writing to any facility's Application for Coverage or
obtains relevant written public comment,coverage under this general permit of such a facility
will commence on the later of the following:
• The fourteenth day following receipt by the Department of a completed and approved
Application for Coverage;
• The thirty-first(31")day following the end of a thirty(30)day public comment period;or
• The effective date of the general permit.
If the Department responds in writing to any facility's Application for Coverage or obtains
relevant written public comment,coverage under this general permit of such a facility will not
commence until the Department is satisfied with the results obtained from written
correspondence with the individual facility and/or the public commentor.
RESPONSIBILITY TO COMPLY WITH OTHER REQUIREMENTS
The Department has established,and will enforce,limits and conditions expressed in the general
permit for the discharge of wastes containing various pesticides registered for use by the EPA
and the Washington State Department of Agriculture. These agencies will enforce the use,
storage and disposal requirements expressed on pesticide labels. The Permittee must comply
with both the pesticide label requirements and the general permit conditions. The general permit
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does not supersede or preempt Federal or State label requirements or any other applicable laws
and regulations. General permit Condition G 15 reminds the Permittee of this fact.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
General Conditions are based directly on State and Federal law and regulations and are included
in all aquatic pesticide general permits.
RECOMMENDATION FOR PERMIT ISSUANCE
The general permit meets all statutory requirements for authorizing a wastewater discharge,
including those limitations and conditions believed necessary to control toxics,protect human
health,aquatic life,and the beneficial uses of waters of the State of Washington. The
Department proposes that the general permit be issued for five(5)years.
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APPENDIX A — PUBLIC OPPORTUNITY TO COMMENT
PUBLIC COMMENT AND INFORMATION
A Public Notice of Draft (PNOD) was published in the State Register on February 6, 2002.
A public hearing on the draft General Permit will be held on March 12 in the city of
Ellensburg at Hal Holmes center. A one hour workshop to explain proposed changes and
answer questions will be held immediately preceding the hearings.
Interested persons are invited to submit comments regarding the proposed issuance of the
General Permit. Comments on the general permit may be delivered at the public hearings as
either written or oral testimony. Written comments may also be submitted to the Ecology
Office at the address below:
Washington State Department of Ecology
Water Quality Program
Attention: Kathleen Emmett, General Permits Manager
PO Box 7600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
All comments must be submitted by 5 p.m. on March 12, 2002 to be considered in the final
permit determination. A responsiveness summary will be prepared and available for public
review. It will be sent to all parties who submitted comments by the deadline.
The proposed and final general permit, fact sheet,application form, and other related documents
are on file and may be inspected and copied from Ecology WebPages:
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/herbicides/ni)des develp html and between the hours of
8:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. weekdays at the following Department locations:
Washington State Department of Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology
Central Regional Office Eastern Regional Office
15 West Yakima Avenue, Suite 200 North 4601 Monroe, Suite 202
Yakima, WA 98902 Spokane, WA 99205
(509) 454-7298 (509) 456-2874
TDD (509) 454-7673 TDD (509) 458-2055
FAX (509) 575-2809 FAX (509)456-6175
Contact: Ray Latham Contact: Nancy Weller
Washington State Department of Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology
Northwest Regional Office Southwest Regional Office
3190 - 160th Ave. SE PO Box 47775
Bellevue, WA 98008-5452 Olympia, WA 98504-7775
(425) 649-7133 (360)407-6300
TDD (435) 649-4259 TDD (360)407-6306
FAX(425)649-7098 FAX(360)407-6305
Contact: Tricia Shoblom Contact: Janet Boyd
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APPENDIX C -- GLOSSARY
DEFINITIONS
"Administrator" means the administrator of the EPA.
"Antidegradation Policy" is as stated in WAC 173-201A-070.
"Authorized representative" means:
1. If the entity is a corporation,the president, secretary, treasurer, or a vice-president of the
corporation in charge of a principal business function, or any other person who performs
similar policy or decision-making functions for the corporation, or the manager of one or
more manufacturing,production, or operation facilities, if authority to sign documents
has been assigned or delegated to the manager in accordance with corporate procedures;
2. If the entity is a partnership or sole proprietorship, a general partner or proprietor,
respectively; and
3. If the entity is a federal, state or local governmental facility, a director or the highest
official appointed or designated to oversee the operation and performance of the activities
of the government facility, or his/her designee.
The individuals described in paragraphs 1 through 3, above,may designate another authorized
representative if the authorization is in writing,the authorization specifies the individual or
position responsible, and the written authorization is submitted to the Department.
"Best management practices (BMPs)" means schedules of activities,prohibitions of practices,
maintenance procedures, and other management practices to prevent or reduce the pollution of
waters of the State and their sediments. BMPs also include,but are not limited to, treatment
requirements, operating procedures, and practices to control plant site runoff, spillage or leaks,
sludge or waste disposal, or drainage from raw material storage.
"Certified applicator" means any individual who is licensed as a commercial pesticide
applicator, commercial pesticide operator,public operator,private-commercial applicator,
demonstration and research applicator, or certified private applicator, or any other individual
who is certified by the director to use or supervise the use of any pesticide which is classified by
the EPA or the director as a restricted use pesticide.
"Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)" means a codification of the general and permanent rules
published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal
Government. Environmental regulations are in Title 40.
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"Composite sample" means the combined mixture of not less than four(4) "discrete samples"
taken at selected intervals based on an increment of either flow or time. Volatile pollutant
discrete samples must be combined in the laboratory immediately prior to analysis. Each
discrete sample shall be of not less than 200 ml and shall be collected and stored in accordance
with procedures prescribed in the most recent edition of Standard Methods for Examination of
Water and Wastewater27.
"Conveyance" means a mechanism for transporting water or wastewater from one location to
another location including,but not limited to,pipes,ditches, and channels.
"Daily maximum" means the greatest allowable value for any calendar day.
"Daily minimum" means the smallest allowable value for any calendar day.
"Dangerous waste" means the full universe of wastes regulated by Chapter 173-303 WAC,
including hazardous waste.
"Degrees C" means temperature measured in degrees Celsius.
"Degrees F" means temperature measured in degrees Fahrenheit.
"Department" means the Washington State Department of Ecology.
"Detention" means the collection of water into a temporary storage device with the subsequent
release of water either at a rate slower than the collection rate, or after a specified time period has
passed since the time of collection.
"Director" means the director of the Washington State Department of Ecology or his/her
authorized representative.
"Discharger" means an owner or operator of any "facility", 'operation",or activity subject to
regulation under Chapter 90.48 RCW.
"Discrete sample" means an individual sample which is collected from a wastestream on a one-
time basis without consideration to flow or time, except that aliquot collection time should not
exceed fifteen (15) minutes in duration.
"Effluent limitation" means any restriction established by the local government,the
Department, and EPA on quantities, rates, and concentrations of chemical,physical, biological,
and/or other effluent constituents which are discharged from point sources to any site including,
but not limited to, waters of the state.
"Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)" means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
or, where appropriate, the term may also be used as a designation for a duly authorized official of
said agency.
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"Erosion"means the wearing away of the land surface by movements of water,wind,ice,or
other agents including,but not limited to,such geological processes as gravitational creep.
"Existing operation"means an operation which commenced activities resulting in a discharge,
or potential discharge,to waters of the state prior to the effective date of the general permit for
which a request for coverage is made.
"Facility"means the actual individual premises owned or operated by a"discharger"where
process or industrial wastewater is discharged.
"FWPCA"means the Federal Water Pollution Control Act(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.),as now or
as it may be amended.
"General permit"means a permit which covers multiple dischargers of a point source category
within a designated geographical area,in lieu of individual permits being issued to each
discharger.
"Gpd"means gallons per day.
"Grab sample"is synonymous with"discrete sample".
"Ground water"means any natural occurring water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the
surface or land or a surface water body.
Hazardous waste"means those wastes designated by 40 CFR Part 261,and regulated by the
EPA.
"Individual permit"means a discharge permit for a single point source or a single facility.
"Industrial wastewater"means water or liquid-carried waste from industrial or commercial
processes,as distinct from domestic wastewater. These wastes may result from any process or
activity of industry,manufacture,trade or business,from the development of any natural
resource,or from animal operations such as feedlots,poultry house,or dairies. The term
includes contaminated storm water and also,leachate from solid waste facilities.
"Mg/V means milligrams per liter and is equivalent to parts per million(ppm).
"Monthly average"means that value determined by the summation of the instantaneous
measurements during any single month divided by the number of instantaneous measurements
collected during that same single month.
"Municipal sewerage system"means a publicly owned domestic wastewater facility or a
privately owned domestic wastewater facility that is under contract to a municipality.
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"New operation"means an operation which commenced activities which result in a discharge,
or a potential discharge,to waters of the state on or after the effective date of an applicable
general permit.
"NPDES"means the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System under section 402 of
FWPCA.
"Operation"is synonymous with"facility".
"Party"means an individual,firm,corporation,association,partnership,co-partnership,
consortium,company,joint venture,commercial entity,industry,private corporation,port
district,special purpose district,irrigation district,trust,estate,unit of local government,state
government agency,federal government agency,Indian tribe,or any other legal entity
whatsoever,or their legal representatives,agents,or assignee.
"Permit"means an authorization,license,or equivalent control document issued by the
Department to implement Chapter 173-200 WAC,Chapter 173-216 WAC and/or Chapter 173-
226 WAC.
"Person"is synonymous with"party".
"pH"means the logarithm of the reciprocal of the mass of hydrogen ions in grams per liter of
solution. Neutral water,for example,has a pH value of 7 and a hydrogen-ion concentration of
10-7. pH is a measure of a substance's corrosivity(acidity or alkalinity).
"Point source"means any discernible,confined and discrete conveyance including,but not
limited to,any pipe,ditch,channel,tunnel,conduit,well,discrete fissure,container,rolling
stock,concentrated animal feeding operation,or vessel or other floating craft,from which
pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated
agriculture.
"Pollutant"means any substance discharged,if discharged directly,would alter the chemical,
physical,thermal,biological,or radiological integrity of the waters of the state,or would be
likely to create a nuisance or render such waters harmful,detrimental or injurious to the public
health,safety or welfare,or to any legitimate beneficial use,or to any animal life,either
terrestrial or aquatic. Pollutants include,but are not limited to,the following: dredged spoil,
solid waste,incinerator residue,filter backwash,sewage,garbage,sewage sludge,munitions,
chemical wastes,biological materials,radioactive materials,heat,wrecked or discarded
equipment,rock,sand,cellar dirt,pH,temperature,TSS,turbidity,color,BOD5,TDS,toxicity,
odor and industrial,municipal,and agricultural waste.
"Priority pollutant"means those substances listed in the federal 40 CFR Part 423,Appendix A,
or as may be amended.
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"Process wastewater" means water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into
direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate
product, finished product,by-product, or waste product.
"Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)" is synonymous with "municipal sewerage
system".
"Reasonable times" means at any time during normal business hours; hours during which
production,treatment, or discharge occurs; or times when the Department suspects occurrence of
a violation.
"Regional administrator" means the regional administrator of Region X of the EPA or his/her
authorized representative.
"Retention" means the collection of water into a permanent storage device, with no subsequent
release of water.
"Severe property damage" means substantial physical damage to property, damage to the
pretreatment facilities or treatment/disposal facilities which causes them to become inoperable,
or substantial and permanent loss of natural resources which can reasonably be expected to occur
in the absence of a bypass. Severe property damage does not mean economic loss caused by
delays or losses in production.
"Shall" is mandatory.
"Significant" is synonymous with "substantial".
"Significant process change" means any change in a facility's processing nature which will
result in new or substantially increased discharges of pollutants or a change in the nature of the
discharge of pollutants, or violate the terms and conditions of this general permit, including but
not limited to, facility expansions,production increases, or process modifications.
"Site" means the land or water area where any "facility", "operation", or"activity" is physically
located or conducted, including any adjacent land used in connection with such facility,
operation, or activity. "Site" also means the land or water area receiving any effluent discharged
from any facility, operation, or activity.
"Small business" has the meaning given in RCW 43.31.025(4).
"Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code" means a classification pursuant to the
Standard Industrial Classification Manual issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.
"State" means the State of Washington.
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"Substantial" means any difference in any parameter including,but not limited to, the
following: monitoring result, process characteristic,permit term or condition;which the
Department considers to be of significant importance,value, degree, amount, or extent.
"Surface waters of the state" means all waters defined as "waters of the United States" in 40
CFR 122.2 within the geographic boundaries of the state of Washington. This includes lakes,
rivers,ponds, streams, inland waters, salt waters and all other surface waters and watercourses
within the jurisdiction of the state of Washington.
"Total suspended solids (TSS)" means total suspended matter that either floats on the surface
of, or is in suspension in water or wastewater, expressed in mg/L.
"Toxic amounts" means any amount, i.e., concentration or volume, of a pollutant which causes,
or could potentially cause, the death of, or injury to, fish, animals, vegetation or other desirable
resources of the state,or otherwise causes, or could potentially cause, a reduction in the quality
of the state's waters below the standards set by the Department or, if no standards have been set,
causes significant degradation of water quality,thereby damaging the same.
"Toxics" means those substances listed in the federal priority pollutant list and any other
pollutant or combination of pollutants listed as toxic in regulations promulgated by the EPA
under section 307 of the FWPCA(33 U.S.C. 1317 et seq.), or the Department under Chapter
173-200 WAC, Chapter 173-201A WAC, or Chapter 173-204 WAC.
"Unirrigated" means any lands having not been irrigated within 10 days prior to, or within 60
days after the application of any wastestream.
"Upset" means an exceptional incident in which a discharger unintentionally and temporarily is
in a state of noncompliance with permit effluent limitations due to factors beyond the reasonable
control of the discharger. An upset does not include noncompliance to the extent caused by
operational error,improperly designed treatment facilities, inadequate treatment facilities, lack of
preventative maintenance, or careless or improper operation thereof.
"Wastewater" means liquid-carried human wastes or a combination of liquid-carried waste from
residences,business buildings, or industrial establishments.
"Waters of the state" means all waters defined as "surface waters of the state" and all waters
defined as "waters of the state" in RCW 90.40.020.
"Water quality" means the chemical,physical,biological characteristics of water,usually in
respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.
"Water Quality Preservation Area (WQPA)"means waters which have been designated as
high quality waters based upon one or more of the following criteria:
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1. Waters in designated federal and state parks,monuments,preserves,wildlife refuges,
wilderness areas,marine sanctuaries, estuarine research reserves, and wild and scenic
rivers;
2. Aquatic habitat having exceptional importance to one or more life stage of a candidate of
listed priority species, established by the state Department of Fish&Wildlife, or a
federally proposed or listed threatened or endangered species;
3. Rare aquatic habitat, ecological reference sites, or other waters having unique and
exceptional ecological or recreational significance.
"Water quality standards" means the state of Washington's water quality standards for ground
waters of the state(Chapter 173-200 WAC) and the state of Washington's water quality
standards for surface waters of the state (Chapter 173-201A WAC).
In the absence of other definitions as set forth herein,the definitions as set forth in 40 CFR
Part 403.3 shall be used for circumstances concerning the discharge of wastes.
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APPENDIX D-- RESPONSE TO COMMENTS
4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit
Best Management Practices for
Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Water Quality Program
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W A S H I N G T 0 N STATE
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March 2003
Publication 03-10-023
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For additional copies of this document contact:
Department of Ecology
Publications Distribution Center
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Telephone: (360) 407-7472
If you have special accommodation needs or require this document in an alternative format,
please call the secretary at(360) 407-6404. The TTY number is 711 or 1-800-833-6388.
Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
Mosquito Management Entities............................................................................................ 2
Mosquito Life Cycle and Biology .......................................................................................... 2
IPM-based Best Management Practices.............................................................................. 3
Goals, Logistics, and Action Threshold Determinations ....................................................... 4
BMPs for Mosquito Control .................................................................................................. 5
I. Minimization of Mosquito Breeding Sites and Biting Opportunities............................ 5
II. Monitoring for Mosquito Populations and Disease..................................................... 7
III. Establishing the Targeted Density of Mosquito Populations.................................... 14
IV. Mosquito treatment.................................................................................................. 15
Response to Comments..................................................................................................... 25
Appendix............................................................................................................................ 49
Tables
Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control Facilities . 10
Table 2. Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State.............................. 12
Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control.............................................. 18
Table 4. Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control...................................................... 22
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control i
Washington State Department of Ecology
Introduction
On April 10,2002,the Washington State Department of Ecology(Ecology)issued a general permit(NPDES
Permit No.WAG-992000)covering all mosquito control ac tivities that discharge insecticides directly into
surface waters of the state. Under the permit,the use of insecticides for mosquito control in water is allowed
when the effects are temporary and confined to a specific location,though locations where insecticides are
used may be widespread throughout the state. Applications of insecticides are subject to compliance with
Federal Insecticide,Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act(F IFRA)labels,monitoring/reporting requirements,and
the implementation of best management practices(BMPs)that include a hierarchy of preferred integrated pest
management options.
Since the issuance of the permit,the focus of mosqu ito abatement has grown from being primarily a nuisance
control issue to a widespread human health concern. The West Nile virus,a mosquito-borne disease that has
been steadily spreading westward across the United States since 1999,reached Washington State in the fall of
2002. A raven from Pend Oreille Count y and a crow from Snohomish County collected as part of a statewide
dead bird surveillance effort tested positive for the vi rus. A horse in Island County and a horse in Whatcom
County also tested positive. These are the first detections of West Nile virus in our state. Transmitted by 1 SDI
mosquito bites to humans,the virus has proven itself a low risk public health threat. As of November 26,
2002,nearly 4000 human cases of the illness have been reported nationwide to the Center for Disease Control
and Prevention;and as of January 29,2003,there have been 259 fatalities. In looking at the progress of the
virus as it has spread across the United States,it appears that mosquito control efforts have no effect halting
the continued spread of this virus. Control efforts ca n,however,reduce the risk of exposure in some cases.
Due to the human health threat posed by mosquitoes,many local governments and others are now preparing
to conduct mosquito control activities,focusing primarily on education and surveillance. Many are also
gearing up to respond to disease outbreaks by larviciding and are pursuing permit c overage to perform these
activities in surface waters. Since these activities are projected to be widespread and often conducted by
entities with limited budgets,Ecology has taken the lead on preparing the best management practices(BMPs)
required by permit condition S4.
These BMPs will be available to any entity that chooses to adopt them. Mosquito control entities that wish to
develop their own BMPS may do so,but they must be approved by Ecology. An approvable integrated pest
management(IPM)program for mosquitoes should include all the features of IPM as defined in Washington
State law(RCW 17.15.010)and adapted to mosquito management:
1) Minimization of mosquito breeding sites,
2) Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease,
3) Establishing the targeted density of the population based on health,public safety,economic and
aesthetic thresholds,
4) Treating mosquitoes to reduce populations below th a targeted threshold using strategies that may
include biological,cultural,mechanical,and chemical control methods and that must consider human
health,ecological impact,feasibility,and cost effectiveness,and
5) Evaluating the effects and efficacy of pest treatments.
The draft BMPs were the result of a collaborative effo rt among the Departments of Health,Agriculture,Fish
and Wildlife,and Ecology;King County;Washington State University; and several Washington-based
mosquito control districts. These final BMPs have b een modified and,we believe,improved thanks to the
many comments given to us by mosquito control experts and others who took the time to review the draft and
offer their expertise and suggestions. Their comments and the responses to those comments can be found in
the Response to Comments section at the end of this document.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
Mosquito Management Entities
When individual protective efforts are not sufficient, public agencies that are either components of local
health departments or are independent districts organized specifically for mosquito control can provide an
effective way to manage mosquito infestations on an area-wide basis. In some cases,individuals,
communities,and other organizations may want to hire private mosquito control applicators for targeted
treatments. However,if long-term mosquito management is desirable,establishing a mosquito control district
may be the best and most cost-effective alternative.
In Washington,local mosquito control districts are organized under RCW 17.28. Unless a district is formed
under RCW 17.28 or a public health emergency is declared,it is unlawful to treat the property of individuals
without their permission. This regulation gives districts authority to spray those areas where excessive
infestations are occurring,even if property owners do not want their property sprayed. The ability to enter
onto private lands for mosquito control requires that a resolution be adopted by a mosquito district. There
may be valid safety reasons why a landowner does not allo w access to a piece of property. As an alternative,
the regulation states that the local mosquito control bo and may require the landowner to control mosquitoes.
We recommend that federal,state,and tribal land managers be consulted prior to any treatment on these
lands.
The formation of mosquito control districts can provide a self-taxing,long-term method of mosquito control,
but it may take up to two years to form a district. In the short-term,local public health entities may need to
take effective abatement measures. Abatement programs can be organized,and abatement treatments
performed,on cooperating property owner sites. Eff ective abatement programs start with a preliminary
assessment and the development of an implementation strategy,including public education and outreach,and
progressively lead up to organizing treatment responses.
Mosquito Life Cycle and Biology
There are several species of mosquito that readily att ack people,and some species are capable of transmitting
microbial organisms that cause human diseases such as malaria and encephalitis.The mosquitoes of major
concern in Washington belong to the genera Culex,Culiseta,Aedes,Ochlerotatus, and Anopheles.
Mosquitoes are classified as insects of the Diptera order. They undergo a complete metamorphosis,which
involves four stages of development:egg,larva,pupa,and adult. The first three stages occur in water,but the
adults are active flying insects. The female feeds upon the blood of humans and animals before laying eggs
directly on water or on moist substrates likely to become flooded with water.
Eggs later hatch into larvae,the stage they are most vulne rable to control efforts. During the larval stage,they
continue to feed and grow in size. Larvae go through four growth stages called instars. Once larvae have
developed to the fourth instar,they stop feeding and transform into pupae where internal changes occur and
adult mosquitoes take form. This is a resting period. At this point,bacterial larvicides no longer work as a
control measure because they require ingestion by th a organisms;however,monomolecular surface films and
petroleum distillates are effective on pupae. Draining or emptying the water at this point will also kill the
pupae,as they are unable to live out of water. After a few hours to a few days in the pupal stage,the adult
mosquito emerges from the water surface and seeks shelter in shady,moist areas. Adult mosquitoes must find
shelter during the heat to avoid dehydration and are mo st active from dawn to dusk. After a brief period of
rest,the adult female goes in search of a blood meal and th a cycle continues. The time frame for this is highly
variable,anywhere from one to three weeks,depending on the temperature of the water.The warmer the
water,the quicker the development will be. A small am ount of water in a container in the sun will produce a
batch of adult mosquitoes very quickly.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
Mosquito biology can follow two general scenarios.Th e first involves those species that lay their eggs in
masses or rafts on the water's surface. These species, found throughout the U.S.,often lay their eggs in
natural pools,puddles,or man-made water-holding contai ners. In summer the entire life cycle,from egg to
adult,may be completed in a week or less.
The second scenario involves Aedes mosquitoes that lay their eggs on moist soil or other substrates
periodically flooded with water. After about two days in water,these eggs are ready to hatch,but if not
flooded,can withstand drying for months and longer. In inland areas of the U.S.where these mosquitoes
breed,heavy rains and flooding can produce millions of mo squitoes in a short time. Similar situations occur
along coastal areas with mosquitoes adapted to salt mars h habitats. Some salt marsh mosquitoes are strong
fliers that can travel up to 50 miles from the breeding site.
The main concern with the use of authorized insecticides is the long-term adverse impact from efforts to
eradicate mosquitoes,especially impacts to nontarget organisms. Other species which may be inadvertently
killed by a mosquito pesticide(nontarget species)include other insects,daphnids(water fleas),flies,
copepods,mysid shrimp,and many others. Agents th at kill mosquito larvae may also kill these related
beneficial species. Many animals such as fish and birds depend on these species for food. Plants depend on
mosquitoes and many of these other species for pollination. Effects other than death may also occur in
nontarget species from compounds such as methoprene,which is an endocrine disruptor(disrupts glandular
secretions of hormones).
Nontarget species that live in water include some of the most important food items for small fish and the
young of larger fish such as salmon. Daphnids and the la rvae of insects are particularly important fish foods.
This is the reason the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)included daphnids in its
manuals for aquatic toxicity testing and insect larvae for sediment toxicity testing. If the populations of these
important organisms are reduced in a water body due to mosquito control agents,then small fish there may
starve. These small fish would also eat mosquito la rvae. Other predators of mosquitoes such as dragonflies
and copepods could also be reduced. If there are fewer predators of mosquitoes,the need for pesticides to
control them can become greater. It becomes a vicious cycle.
IPM-based Best Management Practices
Current interest in the environmental impacts of mosquito control measures and increasing problems that have
resulted from insecticide resistance emphasize the need for "integrated"control programs. Integrated Pest
Management(IPM)is an ecologically-based strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks
out control tactics that are compatible with or disrupts these factors as little as possible. IPM includes the use
of pesticides,but only after systematic monitoring of mosquito populations indicates a need. Ideally,an IPM
program considers all available control actions,including no action,and evaluates the interaction among
various control practices,cultural practices,weather, and habitat structure. This approach thus uses a
combination of resource management techniques to control mosquito populations with decisions based on
surveillance. Fish and game specialists and natura 1 resources biologists should be involved in planning
control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be harmed by mosquito control practices. We
recommend that WDFW and other resource management agencies(including National Marine Fisheries
Service and U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service)be consu lted to determine when and where operations may harm
delicate ecosystems,as well as appropriate treatments in these situations.
An integrated pest management program for mosquito es should include all the features of IPM as defined in
Washington State law(RCW 17.15.010)and adapted to mosquito management:
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 3 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
1) Minimization of mosquito breeding sites,
2) Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease,
3) Establishing the targeted density of the population based on health,public safety,economic and
aesthetic thresholds,
4) Treating mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that may
include biological,cultural,mechanical,and chemi cal control methods and that must consider human
health,ecological impact,feasibility,and cost effectiveness,and
5) Evaluating the effects and efficacy of pest treatments.
Goals, Logistics, and Action Threshold
Determinations
The goal of BMP-based mosquito contra 1 efforts is to achieve a level of control sufficient to maintaining an
acceptable level of risk(exposure to vector and/or nui sance adult mosquitoes)with the least possible adverse
impact to the environment.
Success at meeting that goal will depend on several factors. First,securing long-term funding will be
necessary,by forming a self-taxing mosquito control district or creating a funded program housed in a
government agency. In addition,applications of insecticides to water must be made by individuals licensed
by the Washington State Department of Agriculture and permitted by the Department of Ecology's Water
Quality Program. Individuals and organizations conducting mosquito control activities must be licensed and
permitted before insecticide activities can commence,a process that takes at least 38 days. Information on
WSDA license requirements is online at http://2ep.wsu.edu or call WSDA toll-free at(877)301-4555.
Permitting information is available from Ecology's website at
www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/l3esticides/indcx,html or call(800)917-0043.
Appropriate mosquito management strategies vary depending on action threshold determinations(see below),
the size and type of area to be treated,the species of mosquito,and the stage of the mosquito life cycle being
targeted. Mosquito control programs include source reduction,surveillance,the use of a variety of mosquito
control strategies,and ongoing evaluation. While education provides individuals the most personal
protection,the underlying philosophy of mosquito population control is that the greatest control will occur
when the mosquitoes are concentrated,immobile,and accessible. This emphasis focuses on habitat
management and controlling the immature stages befo re the mosquitoes emerge as adults. Under these
conditions,insecticides are dispersed only where mosquito larvae are present and not indiscriminately,which
is why larviciding is much sounder than adulticiding.
Mosquito control agents and/or the sponsors who hire them must set action level thresholds to determine
when appropriate area-wide efforts should be triggered. The action level thresholds proposed in this model
BMP plan for mosquito control may be adopted,or m odified as needed and then adopted,by all mosquito
control entities covered under Ecology's permit:Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System Waste Discharge General Permit No.WAG—992000(Permit). Entities wanting to set
action level thresholds other than those proposed here or those who wish to develop their own BAPAPMplan
must have their individual plans approved by Ecology before they can apply pesticides to surface waters in
Washington State.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
BMPs for Mosquito Control
I. Minimization of Mosquito Breeding Sites and Biting Opportunities
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans:Remote
Action threshold: The presence of mosquitoes(any species)or any suspected presence of mosquitoes in the
area of control may trigger minimization efforts in the early spring and summer. The mean development time
from egg hatch to pupation takes 5 to 10 days at temperatures near 25'C(77'F) (Pratt and Moore, 1993).
However,certain species of eggs can hatch in water as cold as 45'F (Lilja,2002,p.24). Minimization
actions,therefore,are most effective when taken in the early spring and continued through fall on an as-
needed basis.
Rationale: Because mosquito-bome diseases have been positively identified in Washington State,measures
to educate people about minimizing mosquito breeding sites and biting opportunities around homes and
offices should be adopted. Minimizing breeding sites in th a targeted area of control and personal protection,
especially for those with compromised immune systems, are the best defenses against exposure,giving the
best protection for the least cost.
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency responses.
Initiate community outreach and public education programs. Conduct entomologic surveys(inventory and
map mosquito populations)and monitor avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis,and equine outbreaks
(Lilja 2002,p. 16).
Minimum BMP Response: Conduct education and outreach appropriate to the area of control,enlisting
assistance from local government(i.e., the local environmental health department),if possible. Track reports
in the local area for avian mortality,human en cephalitis/meningitis,and equine surveillance.
A. Minimization techniques for mosquito control around private homes or offices primarily involve
educating those in the area of control about eliminating mosquito breeding sites,using
repellents and protecting domestic animals. The fo Mowing is a general list of actions that can be
taken around private homes and offices. Addition al information is available from the federal
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at
http://www.cdc.gov/neidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm
• Empty or turn over anything that holds standing water—old tires,buckets,wheelbarrows,plastic
covers,and toys.
• Change water in birdbaths,fountains, wading pools,and animal troughs weekly.
• Remove all human-made potential sources of stagnant water where mosquitoes might breed.
• Drill holes in the bottoms of containers that are left outdoors.
• Clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not in use and be aware that mosquitoes can breed
in the water that collects on swimming pool covers.
• Aerate ornamental pools and use landscaping to eliminate standing water that collects on your
residence;mosquitoes can potentially breed in any stagnant puddle that lasts more than 4 days.
• Recycle unused containers—bottles,cans, and buckets that may collect water.
• Make sure roof gutters drain properly,and cl can clogged gutters in the spring and fall.
• Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers.
• Keep all ornamental shrubs and bushes trimmed a nd pruned to open them up to light and air flow.
This will not only give mosquitoes fewer places to hide,but will promote growth and vigor in the
plants.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 5 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
• Stock water gardens that have no surface outlet with mosquito-eating fish recommended by the
State Department of Fish and Wildlife(i.e., goldfish,mud minnow,stickleback,and perch).
Tadpoles,dragonfly larvae,diving beetles,back swimmers,and front swimmers also prey on
mosquito larvae. For more information,contact your nearest Regional Office of the Department
of Fish and Wildlife"
• Make sure window and door screens are"bug tight." Repair or replace if needed.
• Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most active.
• Wear a long sleeve shirt,long pants,and a hat when going into mosquito-infested areas such as
wetlands or woods.
• Use mosquito repellant when necessary,and carefully follow directions on the label.
• To protect your horses and other equines,talk to your veterinarian about the West Nile virus
vaccine.The vaccine requires two doses three to six weeks apart,and immunity may not be
achieved until up to six weeks after the second dose.An annual booster should be given a few
weeks to a month prior to the start of the mosquito season in your area.
• Veterinarians should be consulted if you have concerns about your household pets or other
animals. Repellents may be used in some instances.
• Thoroughly clean livestock watering troughs weekly.
• Do NOT drain or fill wetlands. Wetlands perform at least three classes of functions:hydrologic
functions(i.e.,flood peak reduction,shoreline stabilization,or groundwater exchange),water
quality improvement(sediment accretion,filtration or nutrient uptake),and food-chain support
(structural and species diversity components of habitat for plants and animals,including
threatened endangered and sensitive species). Given the critical functions wetlands perform,
Ecology does not condone draining wetlands as a method for mosquito control. Since most
predation on mosquitoes occurs when they are larvae,the best mosquito control is to target the
larvae,either by fostering predators native to the area of control(amphibian larvae,aquatic
salamanders,small fish)or by selective larvicides such as BTI. Wetland literature suggests that
dragonflies are probably the only significant predator on adult mosquitoes. Mosquito'outbreaks"
occur in destabilized wetland and stream ecosystems where the predators of the larvae are
excluded. It is the wetlands we have changed and tampered with that tend to have the most
mosquito problems(Tom Hruby,Ecology Wetland Specialist,personal communication 2/26/03).
B. Mosquito control in wide areas involves educating those in the area of control about reducing
mosquito breeding sites,using personal protect ion,and protection techniques for domestic
animals. Education may need to be targeted to specific areas such as new construction,
drainage and water treatment facilities,residentia 1 and light commercial occupants,farms,and
irrigation districts.
• Education/information on breeding site minimization and personal protection must be provided to
people residing in the area of control(see list above). A significant management strategy for
controlling mosquitoes is to enlist residents and businesses in the control of larvae around their
homes and offices. Many people unknowingly contribute to mosquito problems by not taking
steps to minimize breeding sites and biting opportunities. Federal,state,and local health
departments often have publications and other materials that explain how people can protect
themselves and minimize breeding.
• Education/information must be provided about risks to domestic animals,vaccinations and
repellents available as well as minimization techniques specific to the area where domestic
animals may reside. Direct people to their veterinarian for more information.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
• As new facilities are being designed,consideration should be given to reducing mosquito habitat
as much as possible.
• When considering a drainage or water treatment facility for mosquito control,the first
consideration should be whether the problem could be reduced by physical modification or repair
without compromising the facility's function. Physical modifications should be designed by an
engineer and reviewed by the local government to insure they meet applicable design
requirements. A possible design modification may include scarifying the pond bottom where it is
no longer infiltrating as originally designed or enhancing infiltration by some other method.
Eliminating low spots that collect small amounts of standing water and altering excessive
overgrown vegetation may also be options. Alterations of slopes or repairs to a facility should
not involve a reduction in the water retention or carrying capacity of the facility. As an example,
soil should not be added to fill low spots. Instead,low spots should be graded flat such that the
carrying capacity is not reduced.
• Ponds may be stocked with mosquito-eating fi sh,copepods or other predators recommended by
the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife(i.e.,mud minnow,stickleback,and perch).
Tadpoles,dragonfly larvae,diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on
mosquito larvae. For more information,contact your nearest Regional Office of the Department
of Fish and Wildlife.
• Over-watering and poor irrigation practices are common producers of mosquitoes around the
home,in parks,in irrigated fields,and on gol f courses. Report standing water to appropriate
maintenance personnel.
• Irrigated lands are among the highest producers of mosquito breeding sites in Washington State.
High numbers of mosquitoes can develop in standing water as a result of flood irrigation. The
actions below can help eliminate mosquito breeding sites by using physical controls(Colorado,
2002;Pratt and Moore 1993).
1) Minimize standing water in fields so that it does not lie fallow for more than four days by
improving drainage channels and grading.
2) Tail waters should not be allowed to accumulate for more than four days at the end of the
field.
3) Keep excessive overgrown vegetation out of ditches to promote more rapid drainage,but
retain ground cover to prevent soil loss.
4) Have ditches repaired to reduce seepage to the extent practicable(elevated water tables can
produce unintended standing water in fields). Modification or repairs to a ditch should not
reduce the carrying capacity.
5) Minimize flood and rill irrigation practices to the extent practicable.
6) Avoid over-watering.
Note: Wetlands and greenbelts should not be drained or removed. See Wetland bullet under A. Wetlands
cleanse and slowly release rainwater and provide floo d protection and wildlife habitat. Many wetlands
recharge ground water critical for local drinking water supplies and prevent streams from drying up during the
summer. We will not eliminate mosquitoes by draining wetlands and removing greenbelts. In fact,we could
actually increase the mosquito population if their natural predators are destroyed because many mosquito
species need only a small puddle or depression to breed.
If. Monitoring for Mosquito Populations and Disease
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans:Remote to low
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Washington State Department of Ecology
Action threshold: The presence of vector or nuisance mosquitoes suspected or confirmed in the area.
Rationale: Base-line data on mosquito populations from a variety of habitats will help target educational
efforts and are essential to control efforts,should they become necessary.
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response.
Increase larval control and source reduction and public education emphasizing personal protection measures,
particularly among the elderly. Enhance human sury eillance and activities to further quantify epizootic
activity,such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance
indicates high potential for human risk to increase.
Minimum BMP Response: Conduct outreach and education;monitor and track avian mortality,human
encephalitis/meningitis,and equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic surveys
(inventory habitats and map mosquito populations).
A. Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease around private homes or offices:
• Contact your local health department for inform ation about birds,horses,and humans found to
test positive for West Nile virus or other mosqu ito-borne diseases in your area of control.
• Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mos quitoes,by species if possible. These would be
those sites for mosquito rearing that cannot be eliminated by following preventative measures
such as container emptying,proper pond maintenance,and eliminating excess standing water by
using appropriate irrigation BMPs. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are
contingent on the habitat(species)encountered. The following Northwest mosquito habitats and
control issues have been identified in the Mo squito-borne Response Plan developed by the
Department of Health(Lilja,2002). Vectors in sp ecific regions have not all been identified.
Contact your local health department for th a latest mosquito vector information.
• Demarcate no-spray zones on maps. This may in clude areas such as schools,hospitals,fish
farms,the homes of individuals who are on chemic ally sensitive registers,and crops grown under
a certified organic program. Other crop sites that do not have a tolerance for the mosquito control
products used should also be listed. If the control entity is not a mosquito control district
organized under RCW 17.28,then individual residences where the occupants do not want to be
treated,should be identified as no-spray zones.
Floodwater: Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus,which develop in large numbers along the borders of
the Columbia and other rivers,create one of the most important mosquito problems in this region. The larvae
hatch in the spring or early summer when the stream s overflow areas such as willow and cottonwood swales
where the eggs have been laid. The eggs of these species are dormant when temperatures remain below 45-
50°F. Partial dormancy of the eggs may continue until sometime in June so that only some of the eggs are
hatched by floods occurring in April or May. In some seasons,the larger rivers may rise,recede,and rise
again to cover the same egg beds and produce an additional hatch. In other seasons,two or three successive
rises may occur,each of which is higher than the last. Females that emerge in the first hatch may lay eggs
that will hatch in the second or thud rises of the river. Most of the eggs are laid between the 10 and 20 foot
levels,and some of the eggs that are not flooded during a series of low flood crest years remain viable for as
long as four years.
Large Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus breeding areas have been managed efficiently in
the past by controlling water levels above Bonneville Dam. Dikes have prevented flooding in other areas.
Clearing of brush has been of value in some locations. However,control of the major section of these types
of breeding areas must often be accomplished with insecticide applications.
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Irrigation Water: Breeding places for several mosquito species are provided by irrigation water. Aedes
dorsalis,A. vexans, Ochlerotatus melanimon,and Ochlerotatus nigromaculis are among the most important
species that may develop when water is applied and st ands for a week or 10 days. Other species such as
Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, and Anopheles freeborni may be produced if water remains for longer
periods. Tremendous numbers of mosquitoes breed in ma ny areas where uncontrolled irrigation is practiced.
Applications of insecticides are effective but are not s ubstitutes for proper grading. Elimination of standing
water is effective in preventing development of mosquitoes. Application of insecticides may be necessary for
breeding places that cannot be drained.
Tidal Waters: Aedes dorsalis is the only species that can breed in large numbers in both fresh and salt water
in the Northwest. The larvae develop in some coasta I areas where potholes are filled by the higher tides or
where water levels fluctuate in permanent or semi-perm anent pools. Leveling,drainage,or similar practices
are effective in preventing breeding, but such areas must be properly maintained. Insecticide control may be
necessary where these methods are inadequate or ineffective. Ochlerotatus togoi has also been found in
coastal areas including San Juan,Island,Skagit,Kitsap,and Mason counties. Larvae of this species have
been found in pools of pure seawater along rocky shorelines.
Snow Water: In many high mountain meadows and also at lower levels,mosquitoes breed in pools caused
by snow melt. Development may require several weeks at higher elevations. Aedes communis,A. cinereus,
Ochlerotatus hexodontus, O.fitchii,and O. increpitus are the most common species found in these locations.
Usually there is only one generation per year,but th a large numbers that may be produced are a severe
annoyance to those who are working or seeking recreation in these areas. Elimination of breeding areas by
drainage or maintenance of constant water levels is practical in some situations. Insecticide applications
might have to be made by hand or by plane b ecause of inaccessibility to heavy ground equipment.
Permanent Waters,Ponds and Artificial Containers: The mosquitoes that lay their eggs on the water are
usually found where water is present continuously duri ng the season or at least for several days. Such
locations include natural permanent ponds,including still waters along the borders of lakes and rivers
sheltered from wave action and currents with some degree of vegetation,log ponds,tree holes,semi-
permanent ponds and wetlands of various types,and artificial containers. Culex tarsalis, C.pipiens, C.peus,
Anopheles freeborni,A.punctipennis, Culiseta incidens, and C. inornata are commonly found in such places.
C. tarsalis and C.pipiens develop in large numbers in log ponds. C.pipiens also develops in large numbers
in sewer drains,catch basins,and water left in artificial containers. Coquillettidia perturbans are found in
permanent water in wetlands,swamps,and marshes that have emergent or floating vegetation. Insecticides
are often used effectively to control most of these species,except those breeding in artificial containers that
can be emptied. Larvae of C.perturbans are difficult to control because they are attached to the roots of
plants. Insecticide granules are sometimes applied,but eliminating host plants may be the most useful
procedure to control this species.
Stormwater: In response to the anticipated arrival of West Nile virus in King County,King County Water
and Land Resources developed recommendations for dealing with the mosquito control at County drainage
facilities. The study(Whitworth,2002)identified the f our basic habitats preferred by mosquitoes,the types
of mosquitoes associated with the habitat type,and the WNV vector mosquito species that prefers each habitat
type. Table 1 summarizes this information.
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Washington State Department of Ecology
Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control
Facilities
Habitat Type Facility type Vector Species
Permanent Water Year round wet ponds Anopheles punctipennis
Larger Regional Ponds
Wet Bioswales
Marshes&Wetlands Wet Bioswales Aedes cinereus
Some Regional Facilities Coquilletidia preturbans
Temporary or Flood Water Temporary Wet Ponds Aedes vexans
Dry Bioswales Culiseta inomata
Retention/Detention Ponds
Open Ditches
ficial Containers/Tree Holes Catch Basins Ochlerotatus japonicus
Underground TanksNaults Culex pipiens
Discarded containers&Tires Culex tarsalis
Culiseta inomata
• Once the mosquito habitats have been mapped,confirm mosquito species associated with habitats,if
possible.
Resources: Techniques and equipment for adult mosquito surveys can be found at: The Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Guidelines for Arbovirus Surveillance in the United States,
1993, Appendix II 51-54. These guidelines are also copied in Appendix B of the Department of
Health's Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan, November 2002 Edition, available online at:.
hqp://www.doh.wa.v-ov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WAArboviralResyPlan.pd Mosquito survey equipment
can also be found at: BioQuip Products
2321 Gladwick Street
Rancho Dominguez, CA 90220
USA Phone: (310) 667-8800 Fax: (310)667-8808
htth://www.bioguip.com/htmUaguatic environmental.htm
• Conduct larval surveys in the area of control by dipping. The following guidance on dipping is
based on an article entitled"Seven ways to a successful dipping career,"published in Wing Beats,
vol. 6(4): 23-24 by O'Malley, 1995 and reprinted in Appendix B of the Department of Health's
Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan,November 2002 Edition, available online at:.
http://www.doh.wa.Lov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WAArboviralRespPlan Pdf.
Benefits of Larval Surveillance: Larval surveys are used to determine the locations and seasons that
mosquitoes use specific aquatic habitats and, when specimens are identified and counted,the
information can be used to determine species composition and population densities. The information
can be used to determine optimal times for application of larval control measures, including
chemicals,biological controls,draining or impounding. It can also be used to help assess the
10 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
effectiveness of both chemical and biological contro 1 measures. Routine larval surveillance data can
be useful in interpreting adult mosquito surveillance data. For example,if larval surveys indicate 95-
100 percent control by larvicides and yet the number of adults does not decline,one can suspect,in
the absence of reinfestation,that an important la rval concentration was missed. A system for the
detection of insecticide resistance is also provided through a larval surveillance program.
Sampling Larvae: Because mosquito larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats,a number of
different sampling techniques to determine their presen cc and density have been developed. Many,if
not all,of the published methods are described in Mike Service's book, Mosquito Ecology Field
Sampling Methods(Elsevier Applied Science, 1993). Some methods are complex mechanical
devices,but the most commonly used larval collection method is the"standard dipper,"a plastic or
metal,white or aluminum,solid or screen-bottome d pint-to-quart-sized scoop-on-a-handle,that,along
with the"sweep net,"defines the Ultimate Inspector.
Dipping for mosquito larvae begins after your ar ea has been mapped for targeted habitats with
proximities that pose risk to population areas of c oncem. Dipping locations in control areas with
multiple mosquito habitats may need to be prioritized.
The species of mosquitoes one is looking for,and the type of habitat being sampled,will,in part,
determine the sampling method used. Thus,it is important that field personnel know the preferred
breeding habitats and seasonal occurrence of species known or suspected to be present within an area.
Eggs are white when first deposited,becoming dark within an hour or two(Pratt,1993,p.13). Eggs
can be laid singly on the surface of the water,in clusters called rafts that float on the surface of the
water,under the water attached to roots and stems of aquatic vegetation,and singly on damp soil.
When searching for mosquito larvae,proceed slow ly and carefully. Approach the area with caution
to avoid disturbing larvae at the water's surface. Vibrations from heavy footsteps,casting a shadow
or moving vegetation that contacts the water may be enough to cause larvae to dive to the bottom.
Try to approach the water while facing the sun a nd with quiet,slow,soft steps. Gently move
vegetation only as necessary.
Mosquito larvae of most genera,particularly the common Culex,Aedes,and Anopheles,are usually
found at the water's surface and frequently next to ve getation or surface debris. In larger pools and
ponds,they are usually near the margins,not in ope n,deep water. Dipping should be concentrated
around floating debris and aquatic and emergent vegetation. If there is a strong wind,dipping should
be done on the windward side of the habitat where larvae and pupae will be most heavily
concentrated. Look for larvae and pupae before beginning to dip,if possible. If it is raining on the
water's surface,wait until the rain stops.
Each water body may contain a number of differe nt microhabitats which could contain different
mosquito species. Microhabitats are places where a single species may congregate,as under tree
roots,within clumps of emergent vegetation,u nder floating or overhanging vegetation and in open
water. Learn to recognize different microhabitats within an area and sample as many as possible in
order to obtain an accurate picture of the area's species composition.
Seven Ways to Dip: There are seven basic ways to dip for mosquito larvae. Which one or ones you
use depends on the genus or genera of mosquito es you suspect may be present,and on the habitat,
microhabitat and weather conditions. The following table lists vector mosquitoes in Washington
State,their habitats,ranges,and breeding sites. This table is meant to assist field identification efforts
and dipping strategies. The seven dipping methods are described below the table.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control l 1 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Table 2. Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State
Mosquito Day or Generations
Species Night Range per Year Preferred Habitat Breeding Comments
Biter
Aggress Does not One-eggs A woodland species:semi- Hatches in the early
ive travel far hatch at permanent bogs&swamps, spring. Larvae found
Aedes during from different wetlands,wet bioswales& among dense aquatic
cinereus da habitat times floodwaters ve itation.
Any temporary water body
like ditches,puddles, Eggs may lie domant 3+
Day& containers, pools& yrs,hatches in ditches,
Aedes vexans Ni ht 20+miles Many floodwater. still water.
Prefers algae-laden,cool
Springs and creeks pools on edges of slow
connected to stormwater flowing rivers and
Anopheles Stays near ponds,bioswales and streams.Has entirely
uncti ennis Ni ht habitat. One wetlands. dark palpi.
One,but
Strong hatchlings do Needs thick growth of
fliers, not complete aquatic vegetation.
Night- enters development Permanent marshes, Remains below the water
often homes until the wetlands,temporary wet surface attached to roots
Coauilletidia comes and lit following ponds,dry bioswales& and stems. Hatchlings
returbans to lights lareas. spring. open ditches. emerge inspring.
Found around water with
high organic content,as in Proliferate in in artificial
Usually catch basins&sewer containers. Lays eggs in
migrates effuent ponds,tree holes, clusters of 50 to 400.
only short artificial containers& Larval and pupal stages
Culex pi iens Night distances. Many manholes. take 8-10 days.
Larvae develop from
spring to fall in waters w/
Enters Any fresh water,artificial high organic material.
buildings containers,&agricultural Eggs laid in rafts of 100-
Culex tarsalis Night after dark. Many and irrigated areas 150&hatch w/in 48 hrs.
Breeds throughout spring
and summer in cold
Cold water-associated with water,females may
glacial runoff and sunlit appear during warm
waters,does not like hot winter breaks. Usually
Culiseta Dawn& Stays near weather. Found at all feeds on livestock,not
inornata Dusk habitat. Many elevations. people.
Artificial containers,catch
Ochlerotatus Day& basins,undergound tanks Larvae are found in
japonicus lNight lNotknown Many land vaults&tree holes lartifical containers.
*New information has come in on Ochlerotatus canadensis NA for first three items except that adults live for several
months. Their habitat is woodland pools by melting snow or rain. They feed on a large range of mammals,birds,and
reptiles.
12 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
The first and usually the best method to start with is the SHALLOW SKIM. The shallow skim
consists of submerging the leading edge of the dipper,tipped about 45 degrees,about an inch below
the surface of the water and quickly,but gently,moving the dipper along a straight line in open water
or in water with small floating debris. End the st roke just before the dipper is filled to prevent
overflowing. The shallow skim is particularly effective for Anopheles larvae that tend to remain at
the surface longer than Aedes and Culex. Anopheles are usually associated with floating vegetation
and debris.
The second method to try in open water,with or without floating objects,is the COMPLETE
SUBMERSION. Many mosquito larvae, particularly those of the genera Aedes and Psorophora,are
very active and usually dive below the surface quickly if disturbed. In this case,a quick plunge of the
dipper below the surface of the water is required, bringing the dipper back up through the diving
larvae. Bring the dipper up carefully to avoid losing the larvae in the overflow current.
When you need to sample at the edges of emergent vegetation,try the PARTIAL SUBMERSION
technique. To do this,push the dipper,tilted at about 45 degrees,straight down adjacent to the
vegetation. This causes the water around the vegetation to flow into the dipper,carrying the larvae
with the flow. There is no need to move the dippe r horizontally. Pull the dipper up before it is full.
In very shallow water,try the FLOW-IN method. Larvae can be collected by pushing the dipper into
the substrate of the pool and letting the shallow surfa ce water,debris and larvae flow into the dipper.
Do not move the dipper horizontally.
To sample for larvae that may be under floating or emergent vegetation,use the SCRAPING
technique. This method is used in habitats that contain clumps of vegetation such as tussocks of
sedges,floating mats of cattails,water lettuce,or other plants that are too large to get in the dipper,or
clumps of submerged vegetation such as hydrilla or bladderwort. Dip from the water in towards the
vegetation and end by using the dipper to scrape up against the base or underside of the vegetation to
dislodge larvae. This method is usually more effective if the bottom of the dipper is screened and it is
often used to sample for Coquillettidia and Mansonia mosquitoes.
The SIMPLE SCOOP is the"dipping to get water"me thod that was discouraged earlier.It consists of
simply scooping a dipperful of water. This is probably the most commonly used method,particularly
by new inspectors,and it is often the method referre d to in much of the literature as"the standard
dipping procedure." While it can be successfully used to collect Culex larvae,it is still not the
method of choice.
The dipper can also be used as BACKGROUND. Th is is especially useful in woodland pools and
other shallow water or when larvae are disturbed and dive to the bottom. Submerge the dipper
completely to the bottom litter and slowly move it around. The darker mosquito larvae and pupae
will stand out against the background of a white or aluminum dipper.Once larvae appear in the
dipper,just lift it upward.
One or more of these methods,properly used, can determine the mosquito species composition of
most aquatic habitats,excluding those whose openings are smaller than the dipper,such as tires,rock
pools,tree holes,and tree root systems like those found in cedar and red maple swamps. In those
cases,a smaller container,such as a vial,measuring spoon,or tea strainer can be used in the same
seven ways as the dipper described above. Then ther a is the tubular dipper,or chef s poultry baster,
for those really hard to get to places such as plant axils,tree holes,and tree root holes.
Note: Locations and times of dips,and well as larvae counts,need to be recorded.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 13 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
B. Monitoring for high mosquito populations and disease in wide areas includes the mapping and
surveying strategies used for hom es and offices described above,plus:
• Conduct ongoing surveillance,including studying habitats by air,aerial photographs and
topographic maps,and evaluating larval populations.
• Monitor and track data from mosquito traps, biting counts,complaints,and reports from the
public.
• Keep seasonal records in concurrence with weathe r data to predict mosquito larval occurrence
and adult flights.
• Consider conducting surveillance for diseases carri ed by mosquitoes and harbored by birds,
including crows and sentinel chicken flocks.
• Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes. These would be those sites that cannot
be eliminated by preventative measures such as emptying containers,proper pond maintenance,
and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. These habitats can
be identified by aerial photo assessments,topographic maps,and satellite imagery where
available. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the
particular species that live in specific habitats.
• Agricultural site maps should include the following: Hay,pasture,circle irrigation,orchards,and
rill irrigated field crops. An important land u sc that has caused problems to mosquito control
districts in the past is flood irrigated pastures where the water stays on more than five to seven
days. These areas should be mapped so that appropriate management responses may be taken.
• Demarcate no-spray zones on maps. This may in clude areas such as schools,hospitals,fish
farms,and the homes of individuals who are on chemically sensitive registers and crops grown
under a certified organic program and fish and wildlife areas sensitive to mosquito control
products,pursuant to consultation with fish and wildlife management agencies. Other crop sites
that do not have a tolerance for the mosquito control products used should also be listed. If the
control entity is not a mosquito control district organized under RCW 17.28,then individual
residences where the occupants do not want to be treated,should be identified as no-spray zones.
Note: Detailed information on mosquito surveillance is available in Washington State Department of
Health's publication Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan, November 2002 ed.,available online at
www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV.fWAArboviralRespPlan.pdf. Training on surveillance,trapping
techniques,sampling,and vector identification techniques has been offered by Major William Sames,
Chief Entomological Science Division of the U.S. Army,CHPPM-West,Fort Lewis WA. His e-mail
address is william.sames@nw.amedd.army.mil and his telephone number is(253)966-0008.
III.Establishing the Targeted Density of Mosquito Populations
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans:Remote to low
Action threshold: The presence(positive identification)of any vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger
activities to reduce their presence. Since people with co mpromised immune systems are likely to be the most
vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases,areas of their a xposure should be a priority. General Permit Condition
S4.2.0 infers that the targeted density of larvae is< 1. The permit states: Pesticide applications shall not
commence unless surveillance of a potential application s ite indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3
per dip,and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations.
14 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area,control treatments are
warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive,every effort should be made to educate those at risk of
exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures.
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response.
Increase larval control and source reduction and public education emphasizing personal protection measures,
particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic
activity,such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance
indicates likely potential for human risk to increase.
Minimum BMP Response: Conduct outreach and education;monitor and track avian mortality,human
encephalitis/meningitis,and equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct entomologic survey
(inventory habitats and map mosquito populations). Using surveillance information and input from the
people in the control area,establish the targeted dens ity of mosquito populations based on health,public
safety,and funding.
A. Establishing the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health,public safety,and
economic and aesthetic thresholds around private homes or offices:
• Individual homeowners and businesses must dete rmine the targeted density of mosquito
populations in their area,absent the existence of a mosquito control district. This determination
should be based on factors of risk and cost.
• Once the targeted density has been established,continue larvae surveys to find density response
to habitat minimization efforts and need for larvicide treatments.
B. Establishing the targeted density of mosqui to populations based on health,public safety,and
economic and aesthetic thresholds for wide areas:
• Mosquito control agents must consult with their sponsors to determine targeted mosquito
densities. This determination should be based on factors of risk and cost.
• Once the targeted density has been established, continue larvae surveys to find density response
to habitat minimization efforts and to as sess the need for larvicide treatments.
IV.Mosquito treatment
Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Low to moderate
Action threshold: The positive identification of any vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger activities to
reduce their presence. Once minimization strategies have been taken,larvae surveys(i.e. dipping)can
indicate the effectiveness of those efforts and the need for further action. General Permit Condition S4.2.0
infers that the targeted density of larvae is<1 to commence larviciding. The permit states: "Pesticide
applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa
count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to appl y insecticides to control mosquito populations." This
level is a minimum;mosquito control agents may want to set the targeted density at a higher level due to cost
and risk factors.
Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area,control treatments are
warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive,every effort should be made to educate those at risk of
exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 15 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
DOH Recommended Response: Obtain surveillance and control resources to enable emergency response.
Increase larval control and source reduction and educate the public about personal protection measures,
particularly among the elderly. Enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic
activity,such as mosquito trapping and testing. Consider targeted adult mosquito control if surveillance
indicates likely potential for human risk to increase.
Minimum BMP Response: Treat mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using
strategies that may include biological,cultural,mechanical,and chemical control methods and that must
consider human health,ecological impact,feasibility,and cost effectiveness.
Conduct outreach and education;monitor and track avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis,and
equine surveillance in the area of control. Conduct en tomologic survey(inventory habitats and map mosquito
populations). Using surveillance information and inpu t from the people and/or sponsors of control in the
control area,establish the targeted density of mosquito populations based on health,public safety and
funding. If the targeted density level for larvae is meas ured after all habitat minimization efforts have been
taken,prepare for targeted larvicide treatments. Pr epare for an emergency response if warranted by human
health impacts.
A. Use an IPM approach around private homes or offices and in wide areas of control:
• Select treatments using the most effective control method or combination of methods for the
particular species of mosquitoes and the breeding area found by larvae surveys.
• After attempts to minimize breeding sites have been exhausted and personal protection
information has been dispersed,use biological measures whenever feasible and efficient.
• Biological methods may include stocking species such as the Three-Spined Stickleback
(Gasterosterous aculeatus)in ponds or impoundments. The Three-Spined Stickleback is native
to Washington State and known to be an effective predator of mosquitoes. Mud minnow,perch
tadpoles,dragonfly larvae,diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on
mosquito larvae. (More detail on these fish sp ecies is given on page 28 of the Response to
Comments section of this Plan.) Guppies,goldfish,and other fish commonly sold in pet stores
are exempt from permitting by Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)and may
be suitable for smaller ponds,horse troughs,and oma mental pools. However,before planting any
of these exempt fish,please consult with WDFW. Some of these fish,such as goldfish,may have
severe ecological impacts on ponds and lakes.
The Mosquito Fish(Gambusia affinis)has been used for mosquito c ontrol in virtually every state
because of the adult's ability to consume large amounts of mosquito larvae. These warmwater
fish rarely exceed 2.5 inches and prefer shallow water. They tend to flourish in almost any
environment,including well discharges,cisterns,water tanks,potholes, rain barrels,and open
septic tanks. Gambusia have been known to dramatically reduce and even eliminate mosquito
larvae. WDFW suggests that the use of Gambusia be integrated into an overall mosquito control
plan rather than used as an exclusive solution to mosquito abatement. Permits must be obtained
from WDFW for use of this non-native sp ecies as a mosquito control measure.
WDFW has several concerns with stocking biological mosquito predators in Washington waters.
Along with the introduction of non-native fish,the transfer of fish diseases from one location to
another,even among native populations,can cause disease outbreaks. That is why all movement
and stocking of fish requires a permit from WDFW,whether the fish are native or not. Due to the
inability to test live fish without killing them,th a transportation of fish from one watershed to
16 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
another requires disease testing(usually on the adu Its at spawning,or by sacrificing a number of
young fish)and verification that the remaining fish are reared on disease-free water. In addition,
any non-native fish stocking currently needs to go through SEPA review prior to approval. The
laws in Washington State are designed specifically to prevent this type of"Johnny Apple-
seeding"from occurring. For more information,please contact your nearest Regional Office of
the Department of Fish and Wildlife.
• Chemical controls can be selected by comparing targeted life stage of mosquitoes with the
efficacy of the products,nontarget impacts,resistance management,and costs. Resistance
management is not typically an issue for larvicides but may be considered for the use of
adulticides.
• A hierarchy of preferred controls shall be devel oped. Pesticides that are effective in controlling
the mosquito population and are the least toxic to nontarget species shall be used except in
response to documented development of resistance or in a declared public health emergency. The
following is the approved list of pesticide-based controls in the order of preference in which they
should be considered in the mosquito control operations:
1. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti)
2. Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b)
3. Methoprene Granular,Liquid,Pellet,or Briquet
4. Monomolecular Surface Films
5. Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffmic white mineral oil shall not be used in waters of
the state unless:
a. The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk;or
b.The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific
treatment site;and
c.The waterbody is non-fish-bearing(consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife
concerning fish and wildlife).
• Consult with local governments and State and Federal agencies as needed.
• Use malathion and temephos only in response to a public health concern or documented development
of resistance to all less toxic control methods and in accordance with S 1 of the general permit.
• Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates
a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito
populations,or unless dead birds,infected horses,or adult mosquito surveys indicate the presence of
vector mosquitoes when larvae counts cannot be made due to their inaccessibility. In these cases
beginning control methods such as larviciding may be desirable or even necessary without the larvae
dips. However,just because a dead bird is found which tests positive for WNV in an area does not
mean that the vector mosquitoes are breeding in th a nearest storm drain. Those in the business of
controlling mosquitoes will have to know the breeding sites and species of vectors in the area to
perform effective mosquito control.
• Pesticide application practices shall be followed that minimize the potential for development of
pesticide resistance.
• Spills of pesticides shall be promptly reported to the appropriate local and state authorities.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 17 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control
Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Environmental Target
roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Impacts Pests on
2002 Cost Comments Impacts Label
Aquabac, (Bti)Bacillus 0.25 to 2 Hand sprayer,ground Not for Non-toxic to most Mosquito
Bactimos, thuringiensis pints/acre sprayer or sprinkler cans. potable nontarget larvae
Vectobac and israelensis or up to 10 Effective 1 -30 days water. species,
Teknar Ibs/acre @ depending Minimal moderately toxic
formulation.
$24/gal. . non-dietary to Daphnia
2
and dermal
Granules Broad spectrum,except risk to
$1.65/Ib Coquilletidia infants and
children.'
VectoLexWD Bacillus 0.5 to 1.5 Granules are mixed with Not for No risks to Larvae
G sphaericus Ibs/acre water and sprayed. potable wildlife, nontarget control in
(H-5a5b) $4.65/Ib Effective for 1-4 weeks, water. species or the water with
depending on the species Essentially environment*3 high organic
of mosquito larvae, nontoxic to content.
weather,water quality humans3
and exact form of the
granules. Effective on
Culex spp.Less effective
against other species.
Altosid liquid Methoprene: 2 to 20 Use hand and ground Not for Minimal acute Horn fly,
Ibs/acre sprayers. potable and chronic risk mosquito
Active water. to freshwater fish, larvae,
ingredient is $236/gal Effective for a few days unless specially Does not freshwater cigarette
a growth pose invertebrates and beetle,
hormone that formulated for slow unreasonab estuarine tobacco
does not release. le risks to species. moth,sciarid
allow the It is not persistent human fly,flea
mosquito because it degrades health Nontarget larvae,
larvae to rapidly in water. organisms, i.e., meal bu
nymph and y g
mature. and spider
Effective in larvae,and mite.
controlling The briquettes are used nontarget aquatic
most in areas needed for organisms that
mosquito longer term residual are highly related
species in control such as ponded to mosquitoes,
WA areas of standing water, i.e.,dragonfly,
areas where flood waters are not affected
Altosid pellets Methoprene 2.5-10 may make it impossible to by Methoprene
Ibs/acre use Bti. up to 1,000 ppb.
$28.75/lb Exposure to
Rates increase with Methoprene will
Altosid XR Methoprene 1 briquette not reach levels
100-200 sq deeper water. which are toxic to
ft.$2.80 @ aquatic non-
Altosid Methoprene 1 briquette
Altosid XR-G is a sand target species
/ either after acute
briquette 100 sq ft. formulation,good for ei ei chronic
$93 pastures or marshes with exposure
@ thick vegetation.
Altosid XR-G Methoprene 8-10 Ibs/ac
$8.43/lb
18 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Environmental Target
roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Impacts Pests on
2002 Cost Comments Impacts Label
hand or b Sprayed y
Monomolecul 0.2 to 0.5 Sp Okay for Less Larvae,
ue Film equip
ment.
round eqp .
A ni MMF ar surface gal/acre g potable environmental pupae and
9 4 remains active for 10-14
film water, impact than oil- midge
Poly(oxy-1,2- @$30/gal. days on Floodwaters, livestock, kills pupa stage. control.
brackish waters and
ethanediyl)AI backyard pha- Films pose Adult
ponds.It is susceptible to ponds,pool isooctadecyl- wind breaking the surface covers. minimal risks to females.s
hydroxy tension and could be the environment
rendered ineffective at No risk to Arthropods may
winds above 10 mph and human be harmed
in very choppy water. health
Adult females are killed
by entrapping and
drowning when they
contact the surface to lay
their eq s.
Golden Bear Petroleum 3 to 5 Liquid formulations are No risk to Misapplied oils Larvae and
Oil distillate oils gal/acre sprayed by hand or human may be toxic to pupae
Bonide Oil prevent the ground equipment. health 3 fish and other control
larvae from $11/gal Persists for 12—15 aquatic
obtaining hours,then evaporates. organisms.Label
oxygen precautions
through the Less expense--kills
surface film pupae stages reduce such
risks.
Emergency Temephos 0.5 to 1.5 Sprayed liquid.Breaks Not for Poses severe risk Mosquito
use only) oz/acre down within a few days in potable to nontarget larvae,
Abate $2.00/oz standing water,shallow water. aquatic species midge,
ponds,swamps, Poses low and the aquatic punkie gnat,
marshes,and intertidal risk to ecosystem. and sandfly
zones. human larvae in
Very highly toxic
Temephos is applied health. to some aquatic non-potable
most commonly by High invertebrates. water.
helicopter but can be dosages,
applied by backpack like other Moderately toxic
sprayers,fixed-wing OPs*,can to very highly
aircraft,and right-of-way over- toxic to trout.6
sprayers in either liquid or stimulate
the nervous
granular form. system,
causing
nausea,
dizziness,
and
confusion.3
Emergency malathion 8 oz/acre, Labeled for use in Harmful by Toxic to fish, Aphids,
use only! cost NA intermittent flooded swallowing, aquatic leafhoppers,
Malathion areas,stagnant water inhalation invertebrates, grasshopper
8EC and temporary rain pools. or skin and aquatic life s,spider
contact a stages of mites, bugs,
amphibians. beetles,
Highly3 toxic to moths,
bees. worms,flies,
mosquitoes
and
mosquito
larvae
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 19 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
*OPs are organophophates
1. htm://www.epa.izov/ol2pbppol/biobiol)esticides;factsheets/fs006476t.htmp.3
2. htty://www.el2a.eov/opobr)pol/biol2esticides/factsheets/fs006476t.htin p.5
3. hM://www.eRa.gov/pesticides/citizens./larvicides4mosguitos.htm#microbial
4. http://www.er)a.aov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/`index.htm#M
5. hM:Hwvw.0a.p-oyZpesticides/citizens/malathion4mosguitos.htm p.2
6. http://www.ppa.rfovlop 2srrdl/REDS/factsheets/temephosfactshect.12df pp.22-23
7. http;//www.gRa.Lyo-vZol2srrdi/op/malathion/summary.htni
l2srrdi/op/malathion/summary.htni
8. http://www.epa.ov/Wpsrrdl/op/malathion/summarv.htm
Acquire Appropriate Management Assets
• Select appropriate mosquito management personnel: If personnel are hired directly by the public
mosquito control entity,the following experiences shared by mosquito control districts should be
considered:
o Turnover can be high due to temporary nature of job,and frequent re-licensing may be
needed.(All mosquito treatment personnel are required to pass the public health control
exam.)
o Some pay a fairly high salary to acquire mature workers who return every year.
o Where a lower salary is paid,incentive programs for second year returnees(mostly college
students and teachers)have been successful in getting employees to return.
Select application equipment appropriate for site size,habitats treated,and budget constraints
• Small Size Sites—Puddle size to 10 acres:Primarily the hand method(Cyclone Spreader)application
technique.Costs can vary but one eastern Washington district is able to cover 51 sites in a 23 mile
stream flood plain for a total cost of$8000 per year.
• Moderate Size Sites-10 square feet to 250 acres: Primarily Truck Based Application Technique:
Costs can vary from about$13 per acre and up. Some districts have variable rate tax structures such
as 10 cents/$1000 valuation for sagebrush areas,20 ce nts/$1000 valuation for wetland areas,and 30
cents/$1000 valuation for residential areas. The total annual budget for some of the larger operations
could be a million dollars or more.
• Large Size Sites-10 square feet to 250 acres: 2,500 to 10,000 acres-Primarily Aerial based
Application Technique: Costs can vary from about$0.32 per acre and higher. While this is the most
cost effective way to treat large acreages,the in itial outlay requires an aircraft equipped for spray
application. The total annual budget for a larg a scale operation could be a million dollars or more
Contracted Personnel and Equipment(Commercial applicators): Contracted personnel can be used for
all sizes of sites. However,commercial applicators have been hired mostly for large site aerial applications.
Costs can vary from one applicator to another and particul arly with time of year and even time of day. Most
commercial applicators have not had much experience in mosquito IPM management techniques. While they
may be competent in applying a product at a particular rate,they do not always understand the behavior
patterns and life cycles of the different species of mosquitoes. This ignorance can greatly degrade the
effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore,the public health entity should verify that the applicators they hire
have appropriate IPM training and experience in mosquito management,an appropriate public health category
on their license,a positive attitude towards following the hiring entity's IPM program,and an awareness of
the environmental issues surrounding mosquito abatement and their need to follow FIFRA labels and NPDES
permit regulations. The hiring entities should also be aware that if their contractor violates federal
regulations,such as CWA or ESA,the hiring entities may al so be found liable under a third party lawsuit(as
was the case in recent court case in New York over a c ontracted mosquito abatement program organized to
combat the West Nile virus).
20 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
B. What Constitutes an Emergency
An emergency may arise when communities have not prepared for mosquito control and an outbreak
occurs. In such cases,the responsible officials should immediately initiate an education and outreach
program that emphasizes habitat minimization and personal protection;begin conducting larvae
surveys;and secure the funding,permits and licenses needed for applying insecticides. Since
insecticides can be aerially applied,the use of fogging equipment would be needed only in extremely
rare cases where access is limited.
The use of any pesticide in water needs to be permitted under the Clean Water Act to protect the
applicator from enforcement liability. In the case of an emergency,the use of temephos and or
malathion may be authorized. Temephos and malathion are organophosphates that are conditionally
allowed for mosquito control in surface waters of the state only when one of the following two
conditions is met:
• As a result of consultation between the department s of Health and Ecology,in response to the
development of a human health emergency as dete rmined by the Washington State Department of
Health.
• As a result of consultation between the department s of Agriculture and Ecology,and then only in
response to the development of pesticide resistance within a population of mosquitoes.
Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals shall be a condition of such approval.
C. When Adulticides Fit Into An IPM Plan
Select triggers for the use of adulticide products: Adulticiding of residential areas and upland areas where
mosquitoes are migrating should be considered only wh en there is evidence of mosquito-borne epizootic
activity at a level suggesting high risk of human infection. The following are examples of this type of
evidence:high dead bird densities;high mosquito infection rates;multiple positive mosquito species
including bridge vectors;horse or mammal cases indicating escalating epizootic transmission,including
bridge vectors,horse or mammal cases,or a human case with evidence of epizootic activity.
Follow legal restrictions on the use of adulticide products(based on FIFRA and ESA regulations): Even
when the above evidence is present,direct application to streams and other surface waters such as wetlands,
rivers, lakes,ditches, etc. is prohibited by all adulticide labels(FIFRA)due to harm these products can do to
aquatic species. Special care needs to be taken near ESA listed streams which could result in"harm"or
"take"violations being assessed against the public entity if the product is sprayed into the water. The
Department of Ecology,under Clean Water Act authority,prohibits the use of adulticide products on such
habitats. It also prohibits such products fro m being directly applied to storm drains.
BMPs for adulticides:
1) Meteorological conditions:
• Check wind speed and direction before spraying an d be observant of all changes in direction
and speed during the application. Use appropriate wind indicators. Gauges are highly
recommended for ground applications and smoke for aerial applications.
• Check temperature at different elevations to decide if there is an inversion.
• Spray only when wind is away from sensitive sites.
• Dusk is the recommended time to spray when mosquitoes are out.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 21 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
2) Minimum wind conditions and temperature inversions:
• Air inversions can go from 50 feet to 600 feet.
• Inversions can be used to force the droplets down.
• Spray under the inversion and only when conditions will not allow the cloud to drift into the
stream.
3) Maximum wind: Do not spray in winds over 10 mph.
4) Fish-bearing stream spray buffers: Establish bu ffers that are outside the maximum equipment
spray swath with a minimum distance of 50 feet- 150 feet(depending on the skill of the operator)
or follow label buffer if it is greater.
The following is a table of mosquito adulticides,all ultra low volume(ULV)organophosphates that may be used
in terrestrial applications in Washington State.
Table 4. Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control
Typical Active a e se Residual
Products Ingredient Rate Use Cost Life Comments
Biomist& ULV 4 Effective,can't use
Kontrol Permethrin oz/acre Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours close to water.
No set-backs to
water. Approved for
MGK 5%, crop and pasture
Pyrenone ULV 1-4 applications.
25-5 P rethrin oz/acre Adult Control $1.20/oz 1 hour Expensive
Has not performed
well in some areas.
ULV 4 No setbacks to
Scourge Oesmethin oz/acre Adult Control $.58/oz 1-4 hours water.
Product of last resort
Fyfanon ULV rates due to impacts to
ULV JIVIalathion vary Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours nontar ets.
0.0012 lb— Tested and used in
0.0036 lbs a' the NW. No water
Anvil Sumithrin per acre Adult Control $.40/oz 1-4 hours precautions.
Biomist,
Kontrol,
Permanon
e,Aqua ULV rates 100 ft.set-back from
Reslin jPermethrin vary Adult control water
Not
recommend
ed for
Dibrom, ground ULV Approved over crop
Trumpet Naled juse. jAclult control I I land pasture.
Note: Organophosphate ULV products are formulated for ultra low volume applications that are highly
susceptible to drift due to extremely small particle sizes.
22 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
References Cited
Colorado Mosquito Control,Inc. Online at:
www.comosauitocontrol.coni/flood irrigation & mosquitoes.htm.
Lilja,Jack.2002. Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan,November 2002 Edition.Washington State
Department of Health. Online at:vrwNv.doh.wa. ov/ehp/ts/zoo/wnvhvnv.litnll.
O'Malley,Claudia C. 1995. Sevenways to a successful dipping career.Wing Beats, vol. 6(4):23-24.
American Mosquito Control Association,Nvww.mosquito.org/nub.lications.html.
Pratt,Harry D. and Moore,Chester G. 1993.Mosquitoes of Public Health Importance and Their Control.
U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,Caters for Disease Controland Prevention, Self-study
Course 3013-G: Vector-Borne Disease Control.
Von Grey,Ed. 2002. Draft Appropriate Mosquito Managment Strategies as a Rej)onse to West Nile Virus.
Washington State Department of Agriculture.
Whitworth,Terry.2002. Mosquito Management Policy for Residential Stormwater Ponds in King County,
Washington. King County Department of Natural Recoursesand Parks,Water and Land Recourses Division.
Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control 23 of 58
Washington State Department of Ecology
24 of 58 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control
Washington State Department of Ecology
„ ,,,0,ll„l�ll[ACAV1lal,V,cOI,lllc allllf,a Oc%,Vllu uaau al Ca,1cplal.- ,V r,G allU,tyJ LN 6a,u,aw ..vb„u v.. .... .+, . uv• .vvu_..� _v. .....� _'.._._�...-... ....-. y-- ---------- -_ -.-
mdmark Northwest Forest Plan ing three chairlifts,constructing upgraded, and new ones built. term stays,”Steel said.Crystal is much as$50.9 million.
nd its fe r-reac-ping aquatic con- seven new lifts,two surface tows The restaurant atop the 6,872- to become "the little mini-vaca-
ervation strategy come into and an aerial tram.As much as foot Summit House would be tion close to home."
lay. 11 acres of new parking would expanded and served by the tram He noted the resort is on a Continued on page 7,column 3
Mosquito766"hwfrol districtsgrow
10 states a ed for
y
takeover to become to fight West Nile virus in state
a Libertarian utopia By g mosquito con forming uittrol districts communi- ing .
� As a result, government offi-
ties can take action, including coming onto private cials expect greater pressure from
land against the owner's wishes. the public to control mosquitoes.
States with low populations and politics friendly g HThe Washingn Department of
ealth a nounced last week it
limited government are targeted by the Free State By DAN HANSEN more attention than Haworth has has applied for a statewide pollu-
D jest's supporters. The Spokesman-Review seen in his 23 years on the job. tant discharge permit for spray-
The new interest is driven by a ing mosquito-control pesticides
RITZVILLE, Adams County — fear of West Nile virus,a disease into water.
NICHOLAS K. GERANIOS ernment. They are Idaho, Mon- Tom Haworth knows every one of that can be spread from birds to Spokane County and others
Associated Press Writer tana, Alaska, Wyoming, North Adams County's 1,854 square humans by some mosquitoes, without mosquito-control dis-
Dakota, South Dakota, New miles.He knows every back road including nine of the 30-some tricts can piggyback on that per-
OEUR D'ALENE, Idaho — Hampshire,Maine,Delaware and from here to Othello. He knows species found in Washington. mit to attack mosquitoes on their
)ulands of invaders have their Vermont.Small states with a love every pond and ditch. The nation's first human case of own land and rights of way
s on Idaho. Or Montana. Or for big government, like Rhode Haworth knows the county's the virus was diagnosed in New But communities can take far
ry Hampshire. Island and Hawaii,were rejected. 15,000 residents—or,at least,he York City in 1999. Since then, it greater action—including going
he Free State Project hopes to When the number of registered knows what makes them curse, has spread westward,killing 284 onto private land against owners'
suade 20,000 advocates of lim- Free State supporters reaches swat and scratch. Americans and causing illness in wishes, in extreme cases — by
i government to move to one 5,000,likely by the end of the year, Because Haworth knows mos- 4,156 others,according to the U.S. forming mosquito control dis-
itly populated state and create they will vote on which state to quitoes: The anopheles, which Centers for Disease Control and tricts. The districts collect prop-
ibertarian utopia. target.Then supporters will have hibernate through winter to Prevention. erty taxes to pay for their work.
he idea by a Yale political sci- five years to move, with an ulti- annoy the first fishermen of Perhaps one in five people bit- There are at least 17 mosquito
:e student is gaining popular- mate goal of 20,000 going to the spring;the early hatching aedes; ten by a virus-carrying mosquito control districts in 12 Washington
as some 3,100 people around winning state. the culex,which thrive in irriga- will develop flulike symptoms, counties, according to state
country have climbed aboard. In their new home, the Free tion runoff; the various contain- according to the Washington Department of Revenue records.
.t's perfectly clear that people Staters will work to abolish laws er-breeders that can hatch by the Department of Health.About one But that number may grow
a believe in small government regulating drugs,gambling,pros- thousands from rainwater col- out of 150 will develop severe Concern about the virus
outnumbered by people who titution, guns, drinking and oth- lected in a hoof print or an over- symptoms, including encephali. prompted Island County com-
at to be taken care of by the er individual issues. They will turned Frisbee. tis, the sometimes fatal swelling missioners recently to consider
,ernment," said Elizabeth seek to privatize many govern- It's still early in the year for of the brain. asking voters to form a district to
Kinstry,33,of Hillsdale,Mich., ment functions, such as schools. mosquitoes, but Haworth, the As far as authorities know, no cover all of Whidbey and Camano
e president of the project. They will try to slash taxes for manager of the Adams County one has shown symptoms after islands.
lather than change the whole everything except public safety Mosquito Control District, is being bitten by a mosquito in Although the cost of the elec-
ion it makes sense for all of us and defense. already out,testing the water for Washington or Idaho. tion and constituents' worries
,aher in one place,"she said. The Free State Project is the mosquito larvae that could quick- But the virus is here: about their property rights led
he project has identified 10 brainchild of Jason Sorens,26,a ly become picnic-spoiling pests. researchers last year identified it commissioners to reject the issue,
ndidate" states, all with pop- doctoral candidate in political It's not just Haworth:Through- in a raven found dead in Pend "we reserve the right to take
tions below 1.5 million and out the Northwest and America, Oreille County, and in another
itics friendly to limited gov- Continued on page s,column 5 people are giving mosquitoes dead bird found in Western Wash- Continued on page 7 column 3
Commerce,Monday, April 28,2003
Mosquitos Seattle Daily Journal of 7
Continued from page 1
: $150 deposit + $15 another look" if West Nile virus mosquitoes and black flies and is STS REFURB SHMENT REQUESTED F7pm
0 out of state)from becomes a bigger problem, said
County Commissioner Bill Byrd. considered of "little or no risk" REPLACEMEN
by the Washington Department of ELECTRICAL IMPROVEME
Voters in Franklin County Ecology. Bid Date: April 30, 2003 at pm, May 8 at the approved a mosquito control dis- BTI is applied directly to waterders are to check in trict in November.It includes the by licensed applicators. Workers
)y city of Pasco. use backpack sprayers or a cup of
ient in this issue) "We know(West Nile virus)is in granules for small waters. riser
the state and I think probably by Thompson,whose district has a
fall,we will have an illness in the $920,000 budget, resorts to crop- TURNER CONSTRUCTION C
on State Veteran's community,"predicted Rick Da w- dusting airplanes when spraying 830 Fourth Ave S. #400
ckage No. 104 _ son, district chairman and envi big, shallow stretches of the Pot (206) 505-6600, FAX(206)505-6 01 orSeatt (2 6) 505-6701
low voltage, 1141 ronmental health supervisor for holes Reservoir. We are an equal opportunity employer and request sub-bids from minority ail, WA the Benton-Franklin Health Dis. When the larvae become pupa
t 10 am trict. (the final water-borne stage),mOS women business enterprises. Y and
Public health officials said they We are a member of the AGC of Washington.
Dept of General know of no other communities quito control districts use Petro-
WA leum-based "Pupacides." They #TU-RN-EC-C237D
M. A. Mortenson planning to form mosquito con- cause suffocation — not just of (S640583)
NE 29th Place, OR
trol districts anytime soon in mosquitoes, but of other aquatic SUB-BIDS REESTED F
7,425-895-9000,fax Eastern Washington or northern insects and some amphibians. HAGGET HALL LIFQUE SAFETY AND
rt Schwartz Idaho. And when the mosquitoes are
11 S Jackson
But a variety of local-govern- adults, districts sometimes use CONSERVATION UPGRADES
St., ment officials have attended mos- sprays that affect the nervous
206-223-5555, fax quito-control forums hosted by mosquitoes,as well as Bid Date:April 29, 2003 at 12 pm
t Highman ',systems of
experts in both states. other insects.
?rographics,1016 Carol Ramsay a Those "adulticides" can affect urner
e,WA 98134,206- y Washington animals and humans, as well —
:•6712 State University entomologist
who specializes in insect control, the household use of similar TURNER CONSTRUCTION COMP
ager said she's been called by several products is under review b the
00 deposit from Western Washington counties U.S. Environmental Protection 830 Fourth Ave S. #400 ANY
ae, WA 98134
seeking her advice.She expects to Agency. (206) 505-6600, FAX(206)505-6601 orl(2 6)505 6701
pillion get an increasing number of calls We choose to put emphasis on
We are an equal opportunity employer and request sub-bids from minority
Vo. 104:Provide as the weather turns warmer and the larvaciding part of mosquito and
nd low voltage the mosquito hatch starts i control versus the adulticide,' women business enterprises.
ng; fire alarm; the AGC Of earnest. Thompson said."It's cheapenr,eas' We area#TUb f Washington.
ations systems; Spokane County typically uses ier and safer." RNEC-RN
iy and cabling; pesticides only at one location— But mosquito control districts SUB-BIDS REQUESTED FOR (sB40584)
ntrol;CCT sur- a stormwater pond on the South resort to adulticides when every-
rical; start-up; Hill,said Tammie Williams,envi- thing else has failed to prevent KITSAP INDUSTRIAL PARK
ommissioning ronmental programs administra. swarms. BUILDING NO. 1
)rk. for for the county Engineer's Haworth said he and his six sea
m,May 1 at the Office. sonal employees— they're typi_ Bld Date: May 7
Y , 2003 at 12 pm
iger's jobsite This year, "we're prepared to do calls college students —
;oad,Retsil. more, if we find other areas that adulti spray
cide after dark, a couple of ��3•.
be accepted people complain about,"Williams nights a week. Among the loca-
te ` In AWN
said. That might include catch tions where they often work is on
contractors. basins and drainage swales, but
the outskirts of Othello and ��
this issue) :.
only if they're on county rights of Ritzville. 12100 Northu Wa
way Haworth considers the chemi p Y Bellevue, WA 98005
It's way too early for anyone to (425) 885-3314, FAX (425) 881-2903
ate veteran's panic, said Steve Main, environ- cols he uses safe, and
that We are an equal M opportunity I d com Website: www.lydig,com
No. 103 the state's new requirement@ Y 9•
mental health supervisor at the districts obtain a pollution-dis- &request bids&pre-bids contact from MWBE firms.
,and fire pro Spokane Regional Health Dis- charge permit for anything they "°.
le,Retsil,WA We are a member of the AGC of Wq,
trict. put in the water. """"°"' #LY-DI-GC*264JC
1 `It can't be assumed yet that 'We don't feel that with the
t of General (the virus)is everywhere until we (saaoss,)
get more test results back,"Main products we're using and the SUB-BIDS REQUESTED FOR
amount we're using that we're LUTHERAN ALLIANCE TO CREATE HOUSING
Mortenson said. polluting,"he said.
29th Place, Main and others said the best Besides,he and Thompson said, ANGLE
895-s000,fax control is 50 ears , Columbia Basin irri LAKE SENIOR HOUSING
prevention, such as y Subcontractors are urged to contact Jack Kuester S uth 1 8th Street,
for assistance
wartz eliminating water-filled contain- gation has made their work nec wttn Bidding procedures.The site address is:aoao south tsacn street,Searac,wq.
Jackson St., ers in suburban back yards — essary.
;23.5555, fax everything from clogged gutters BID DEADLINE IS: May 7, 2003 at 2 pm
"When I was growing u WALSH CO
hman to the wrinkles in plastic covers Moses Lake)there was an unwrit CONSTRUCTION CO
aphics,1016 over wood piles,swimming pools ten rule that you didn't go outside 98134,206- and barbecues. unless the wind was blowin " 400 N 34th St., #210 Seattle, WA 98103
Thompson and Haworth said Thompson said. g (206) 547-4008, FAX (206) 547-3804
they're already doing about all things are better now, owned busine business enterprises.Disadvantaged workers,as defined b Section Although thlri q opportunity employer and request Sub-bids from minority and women
Posit from they can to control mosquitoes in Thompson doubts humans will levels,will be encouraged to apply for work at this project.
their districts, so the great of ever win the war with mosqui- Residential Prevailing Wage Rate Schedule for residential work applies tooth 3 income
n West Nile virus isn't likely to toes.Like others who spend their Wage Rates are published in Project for residential
w with Project P
03: Install change their work. lives in the battle, he acknowl• s project.
Both primarily use an aquatic edges a grudging admiration for / laps.
'ain;Waste Plans are available for viewih�at: construction Office and at Construction
Ir; bidder- larvicide" with a name so long his foe. Data Plan Center�n Seattle;Construction Market Data in Kirkland;Construction Data
nearly everyone uses only its ini. "Sometimes," he said, "I think
systems;
tials:BTI. It attacks the larvae of they're almost as smart as us." Plan Center in Tacoma;Valley Plan Center,*Builders'Exchange in Everett.systems; #WALSHC*253BP>ing;med- (SB40471)
enta>d Crystal Mt, SUB-BIDS REQUESTED FROM
FALLINTERESTED FIRMS INCLUDING CERTIFIEDDBE,MBE,WBE,DISABLED&
Continued from page 1 ETERAN OWNED SUBCONTRACTORS&SUPPLIERS.
1 at the fall. Crystal officials want toSR 104 HOOD CANAL BRIDGEjobsite Foes: It's too bi expand the snowmaki FIT&tAHA RE
Tn
s' LF PLgCEAi.Awbe,ea"iw_iT*a-
_ =.-'env p. w... ..., ,..._
PERMIT NO: WAG—992000
Coverage Date:
Issuance Date: April 10, 2002
Effective Date: May 10,2002
Expiration Date: May 10, 2007
AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
WASTE DISCHARGE GENERAL PERMIT
State of Washington
Department of Ecology
Olympia,Washington 98504-7600
In compliance with the provisions of
Chapter 90.48 Revised Code of Washington as amended
and
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended
(The Clean Water Act)
Title 33 United States Code, Section 1251 et seq.
Until this permit expires, is modified or revoked,Permittees that have properly obtained coverage by
this permit are authorized to discharge to waters of the state in accordance with the special and general
conditions that follow.
Megan 'te, P.E.,Manager
Water Quality Program
Department of Ecology
Page 2 of 17
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY OF PERMIT REPORT SUBMITTALS................................................................4
PERMITCOVERAGE .................................................................................................................5
Cl. ACTIVITIES COVERED....................................................................................................5
C2. GEOGRAPHIC AREA COVERED....................................................................................5
C3. HOW CAN COVERAGE BE OBTAINED........................................................................5
SPECIALCONDITIONS.............................................................................................................6
S1. DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS............................................................................................6
A. Discharges................................................................................................................6
B. Temporary Water Quality Modification..................................................................7
S2. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS....................................................................................7
S3. REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS...........................................8
A. Annual Reporting.....................................................................................................8
B. Records Retention....................................................................................................8
C. Recording of Results................................................................................................9
D. Noncompliance Notification....................................................................................9
S4. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES/INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT.............9
S5. COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE............................................................................................10
PUBLIC NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES.............................................................................11
P1. PUBLIC NOTICE..............................................................................................................11
P2. POSTING REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................11
GENERAL CONDITIONS.........................................................................................................11
G1. DISCHARGE VIOLATIONS ...........................................................................................11
G2. PROPER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.............................................................12
G3. RIGHT OF ENTRY...........................................................................................................12
G4. NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE IN COVERED ACTIVITIES .......................................12
G5. REVOCATION OF COVERAGE.....................................................................................12
G6. GENERAL PERMIT MODIFICATION OR REVOCATION.........................................13
G7. REPORTING A CAUSE FOR REVOCATION OF COVERAGE ..................................13
G8. TRANSFER OF PERMIT COVERAGE...........................................................................13
G9. TOXIC POLLUTANTS.....................................................................................................14
G 10. OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF TITLE 40 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS.....14
G11. COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER LAWS AND STATUTES.............................................14
G 12. ADDITIONAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS........................................................14
G13. REMOVED SUBSTANCES .............................................................................................14
Page 3 of 17
G14. USE OF ACCREDITED LABORATORIES....................................................................14
G15. SIGNATORY REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................................15
G16. REQUESTS TO BE EXCLUDED FROM COVERAGE UNDER A GENERAL
PERMIT.............................................................................................................................15
G17. APPEALS..........................................................................................................................16
G18. DUTY TO REAPPLY.......................................................................................................16
G19. TERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL PERMITS...............................................................16
G20. TERMINATION OF COVERAGE UPON ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMITI6
G21. ENFORCEMENT..............................................................................................................16
G22. SEVERABILITY...............................................................................................................17
G23. PAYMENT OF FEES........................................................................................................17
Page 4 of 17
SUMMARY OF PERMIT REPORT SUBMITTALS
Refer to the Special and General Conditions of this permit for additional submittal requirements.
Permit Submittal Frequency First Submittal Date
Section
S2.A Annual monitoring Plan Yearly February 1, 2003
S3.13 Noncompliance Notification As necessary
S5 IPM Manual Once February 1, 2003
S3.A Annual Monitoring Report Yearly February 1, 2003
G15. Notice of Change in Authorization As necessary
G4. Permit Application for Substantive As necessary
Changes to the Discharge
G18. Application for Permit Renewal 1/permit cycle November 10,2006
G8 Notice of Permit Transfer As necessary
Page 5 of 17
PERMIT COVERAGE
C1.ACTIVITIES COVERED
This general permit shall cover all mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly
into surface waters of the state of Washington.Mosquito districts and other pesticide applicators
are required to be covered by the general permit for the following pre adult life stage pesticiding
activities:
1) Into waterbodies that are contiguous with rivers,creeks,and lakes,or
2) Into navigable waters,or
3) In other situations as determined by the Department.
C2. GEOGRAPHIC AREA COVERED
This general permit covers aquatic mosquito control activities anywhere in the entire state of
Washington. The specific areas where mosquito control activities are covered are described and
limited by each application for coverage.
C3.HOW CAN COVERAGE BE OBTAINED
1. For existing mosquito control districts and applicators with current programs requesting coverage:
Notify the Department by submitting a completed application for coverage no later than 90 days after
the issuance date of this general permit.Unless the Department responds in writing to the notification,
coverage of a discharger under this permit will commence on the effective date of the permit.
2. For new mosquito control districts and applicators that propose to begin activities which will result
in a discharge or potential discharge to waters of the state on or after the effective date of this
general permit:
a. Notify the Department by submission of a completed application form requesting coverage
under this permit at least 60 days prior to the planned activity that will result in the discharge to
waters of the state.
b. Publish twice in a local newspaper of general circulation a notice that an application for
coverage has been made pursuant to Section 173-226-130(5)WAC.This notice shall specify
the last day of the 30 day public comment period.
C. At the end of the 30 day comment period,the Department will accept the application and
review all comments prior to making a determination on whether to grant permit coverage.
d. The Department intends to notify new applicants by mail of their status concerning coverage
under this permit.If the applicant does not receive notification of the coverage decision from
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the Department,coverage under this permit will commence on the 31 st day following the
Department's acceptance of an application form.
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
S1. DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS
A. Discharaes
1. All discharges and activities authorized by this permit shall be consistent with the terms and
conditions of this permit.
2. Insecticide applications under this permit shall be for the control of pre-adult mosquitoes
only.
3. Beginning on the effective date of this permit and lasting through the expiration date,the
Permittee is authorized to discharge the listed aquatic insecticides and associated adjuvants
which are listed in this permit into surface waters of the state subject to complying with
FIFRA and in consideration of integrated pest management options.
4. Authorized pesticides are:
• Bacillus sphaericus
• Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti)
• Lagenidium giganteum
• Paraffinic white mineral oil
• Methoprene
• Monomolecular Surface films
5. The use of malathion or temephos in surface waters of the State shall be allowed only under
either of the following two conditions:
a. As a result of consultation between the Department of Agriculture and Department of
Ecology and then only in response to the development of pesticide resistance within a
population of mosquitoes. Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals shall be a
condition of such approval.
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b. As a result of consultation between the Department of Health and Department of Ecology
in response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the
Washington State Department of Health.
6. Other pesticides may be applied in the context of a research and development effort under the
jurisdiction of the Washington State Department of Agriculture through the issuance of a
Washington State Experimental Use Permit.
7. A state or local health officer, in agreement with the Department,may order temporary
suspension of permit conditions to protect public health in the event of a mosquito-borne
disease outbreak.
B. Temporary Water Quality Modification
The application of insecticides listed in this permit to control mosquitoes is allowed so long as
the conditions of this permit are satisfied and the transitory water quality impact is limited to the
minimum time necessary to accomplish the desired aquatic pest control objectives.
This temporary water quality modification is allowed throughout the permit term,but its effect
shall be temporary in a specific location,though locations where it is in effect may be
widespread throughout the state anywhere mosquitoes are subject to control and eradication.
S2. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
A. The Permittee shall develop and implement a monitoring plan for the application of pesticides
listed in S1A4. The objective of the monitoring plan is to determine pesticide persistence in a
variety of application sites and conditions. Data from EPA-approved persistence studies may be
included in the monitoring report but must be identified in the monitoring plan.
B. The Permittee shall select from one of the following two options to fulfill this monitoring
requirement:
1. The Permittee shall submit a plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide
application sites by February 1,2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen.
The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control
season.
2. The Permittee may participate in a group monitoring plan for monitoring a representative
sampling of pesticide application sites in lieu of an individual monitoring plan. The group
plan shall be submitted by February 1, 2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is
chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito
control season.
C. The permittee may request suspension of persistence monitoring after the 2003 mosquito control
season. Elimination of the persistence monitoring requirement may be granted by the
Department, in writing, if the permittee has demonstrated the range of persistence time of the
insecticides that it commonly uses in the situations within the mosquito control area.
Page 8 of 17
Additional monitoring may be performed to meet other needs.
Adverse weather conditions, lack of daylight and other relevant factors related to safety
considerations may alter the timing of monitoring but not preclude the requirement that a
minimum level of monitoring be performed. The burden of proof for establishing safety-
related alterations to the monitoring schedule shall rest with the Permittee(s).
D. Sampling and Analytical Procedures
Samples and measurements taken to meet the requirements of this permit shall be
representative of the volume and nature of the monitored parameters.
Sampling and analytical methods used to meet the monitoring requirements specified in this
permit shall conform to the latest revision of the Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for
the Analysis of Pollutants contained in 40 CFR Part 136 or to the latest revision of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(APHA),unless otherwise specified in
this permit or approved in writing by the Department of Ecology(Department). Methods for
parameters that have no corresponding sampling or analytical methods described in the above
mentioned protocols may be included in the annual monitoring plans.
S3. REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
The Permittee shall monitor and report in accordance with the following conditions. The
falsification of information submitted to the Department shall constitute a violation of the terms and
conditions of this permit.
A. Annual Reporting
Monitoring results shall be submitted annually. Monitoring results obtained during the
previous calendar year shall be reported and be received no later than February 1 of the year
following the completed monitoring period. The report shall be sent to the Aquatic Pesticides
Team,Water Quality Program, Department of Ecology,PO Box 47600, Olympia, Washington
98504-7600.
All laboratory reports providing data for organic and metal parameters shall include the
following information: sampling date, sample location, date of analysis,parameter name, CAS
number, analytical method/number,method detection limit(MDL), laboratory practical
quantitation limit(PQL), reporting units, and concentration detected.
Monitoring reports must be submitted annually whether or not monitoring was required. If
there was no discharge during a given monitoring period, submit the report with an explanation
of why no monitoring was performed.
B. Records Retention
The Permittee shall retain records of all monitoring information for a minimum of three (3)
years. Such information shall include all calibration and maintenance records and all original
Page 9 of 17
recordings for continuous monitoring instrumentation,copies of all reports required by this
permit,and records of all data used to complete the application for this permit.This period of
retention shall be extended during the course of any unresolved litigation regarding the
discharge of pollutants by the Permittee or when requested by the Director.
C. Recording of Results
For each measurement or sample taken,the Permittee shall record the following information:
(1)the date,exact place,method,and time of sampling or measurement;(2)the individual who
performed the sampling or measurement;(3)the dates the analyses were performed;(4)the
individual who performed the analyses;(5)the analytical techniques or methods used;and(6)
the results of all analyses.
D. Noncompliance Notification
In the event the Permittee is unable to comply with any of the terms and conditions of this
permit due to any cause,the Permittee shall:
1. Immediately take action to stop,contain,and clean up unauthorized discharges or
otherwise stop the noncompliance and correct the problem.
2. Immediately notify the Department of the failure to comply.
Compliance with these requirements does not relieve the Permittee from responsibility to
maintain continuous compliance with the terms and conditions of this permit or the resulting
liability for failure to comply.
S4. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES/INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
A. An Integrated Pest Management Plan(IPMP)shall be prepared and implemented by the
Permittee. The IPMP may include a decision tree outlining control options based on site and
infestation conditions.
1. In the IPMP,a hierarchy of preferred controls shall be developed. Pesticides that are
effective in controlling the mosquito population and are the least toxic to nontarget species
shall be used except in response to documented development of resistance or in a declared
public health emergency.
2. Following is the approved list of pesticide-based controls in the order of preference in
which they should be considered in the mosquito control plan:
• Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti)
• Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b)
• Methoprene Granular,Liquid,Pellet,or Briquet
Page 10 of 17
• Monomolecular Surface Films
• Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffinic white mineral oil shall not be used in waters of
the state unless:
a. The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk; or
b. The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific
treatment site; and
c. The waterbody is non-fish-bearing (consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife
concerning fish and wildlife).
3. In developing the IPM plan,the Permittee shall consult with local governments and State
and Federal agencies as needed.
B. Malathion and temephos shall be used only in response to a public health concern or
documented development of resistance to all less toxic control methods and in accordance with
S1
C. Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site
indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to
control mosquito populations.
D. Pesticide application practices shall be followed that minimize the potential for development of
pesticide resistance.
E. Spills of pesticides shall be promptly reported to the appropriate local and state authorities.
S5. COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE
The Permittee shall submit a copy of its Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)no later than
February 1, 2003. The IPMP shall be implemented in all aquatic pest control activities engaged in
by the Permittee. The Permittee shall adjust the IPMP in accordance with guidance from the
Department and resubmit the plan according to the direction of the Department no later than
January 1, 2004 or six months after written notification of a need for adjustment from the
Department, whichever occurs latest. The IPMP may be revised by the permittee if based on valid
reasons that promote the principles of IPM.
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PUBLIC NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES
P1. PUBLIC NOTICE
A. The applicator shall notify the public by direct residential mailing or by publishing a notice in a
local newspaper of general circulation (or nearest regional paper if a local paper does not exist)
for expected applications of insecticides that have a water use restriction.
B. This direct residential mailing or legal notice shall be published at least ten(10) days prior to
the first pesticide application of the season. This notice shall include:
1. The pesticide(s)to be used and its active ingredient(s);
2. The approximate date range of treatment;
3. The approximate location(s)to be treated;
4. The water use restrictions or precautions;
5. The posting procedure; and
6. The names and phone numbers of the applicator and the appropriate Ecology regional
office.
C. Notification to the public regarding mosquito control activities shall continue throughout the
treatment season. Notification may include methods other than notices in a newspaper.
P2. POSTING REQUIREMENTS
Notification shall be posted at all reasonable points of ingress and egress to the treatment areas
when insecticides with water use restrictions are applied to waterbodies which are used for water
supply, fish and shellfish harvesting, or water contact recreation.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
G1. DISCHARGE VIOLATIONS
The Permittee shall at all times be responsible for continuous compliance with the terms and
conditions of this general permit. The Permittee shall be responsible for compliance with any order,
directive, or penalty issued by the Department.
Page 12 of 17
G2. PROPER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
The Permittee shall at all times properly operate and maintain any facilities or systems of control to
achieve compliance with the terms and conditions of the general permit. Where design criteria have
been established,the Permittee shall not allow flows or waste loadings to exceed approved design
criteria or approved revisions thereto.
G3. RIGHT OF ENTRY
The Permittee shall allow an authorized representative of the Department,upon the presentation of
credentials and such other documents as may be required by law, at reasonable times:
A. To enter upon the Permittee's premises in which an effluent source(discharge) is located or in
which any records are required to be kept under the terms and conditions of this general permit;
B. To have access to and to copy at reasonable costs, any records required to be kept under terms
and conditions of the permit; and
C. To inspect any monitoring equipment or method of monitoring required in this general permit.
G4. NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE IN COVERED ACTIVITIES
The Permittee shall submit a new Application for Coverage to the Department when facility
expansions,production increases, or process modifications will (1)result in new or substantially
increased discharges of pollutants or a change in the nature of the discharge of pollutants or(2)
violate the terms and conditions of this general permit.
G5. REVOCATION OF COVERAGE
Pursuant to Chapter 43.21B RCW and Chapter 173-226 WAC,the Director may require any
discharger authorized by this general permit to apply for and obtain coverage under an individual
permit or another more specific and appropriate general permit. Cases where revocation of
coverage may be required include,but are not limited to the following:
A. Violation of any term or condition of this general permit.
B. Obtaining coverage under this general permit by misrepresentation or failure to disclose fully all
relevant facts.
C. A change in any condition that requires either a temporary or permanent reduction or
elimination of the permitted discharge.
D. Failure or refusal of the Permittee to allow entry as required in RCW 90.48.090.
E. A determination that the permitted activity endangers human health or the environment, or
significantly contributes to water quality standards violations.
Page 13 of 17
F. Nonpayment of permit fees or penalties assessed pursuant to RCW 90.48.465 and Chapter
173-224 WAC.
G. Failure of the Permittee to satisfy the public notice requirements of WAC 173-226-130(5),
when applicable.
Permittees who have their coverage revoked for cause according to WAC 173-226-240 may request
temporary coverage under this permit during the time an individual permit is being developed,
provided the request is made within 90 days from the time of revocation and is submitted along
with a complete individual permit application form.
G6. GENERAL PERMIT MODIFICATION OR REVOCATION
General permits may be modified, or revoked and reissued, in accordance with the provisions of
Chapter 43.21B RCW and Chapter 173-226 WAC. Grounds for modification or revocation and
reissuance include,but are not limited to,the following:
A. When a change that occurs in the technology or practices for control or abatement of pollutants
applicable to the category of dischargers covered under this general permit.
B. When effluent limitation guidelines or standards are promulgated pursuant to the FWPCA or
Chapter 90.48 RCW for the category of dischargers covered under this general permit.
C. When a water quality management plan containing requirements applicable to the category of
dischargers covered under this general permit is approved.
D. When information is obtained which indicates that cumulative effects on the environment from
dischargers covered under this general permit are unacceptable.
G7. REPORTING A CAUSE FOR REVOCATION OF COVERAGE
A Permittee who knows or has reason to believe that any activity has occurred or will occur which
would constitute cause for revocation under condition G7 or 40 CFR 122.62 shall report such
information to the Department so that a decision can be made on whether action to revoke coverage
under this general permit will be required. The Department may then require submission of a new
Application for Coverage under this or another general permit or an application for an individual
permit. Submission of a new application does not relieve the Permittee of the duty to comply with
all the terms and conditions of the existing general permit until the new application for coverage has
been approved.
G8. TRANSFER OF PERMIT COVERAGE
Coverage under this general permit is automatically transferred to a new discharger if:
Page 14 of 17
A. A written signed agreement between the old and new discharger containing a specific date for
transfer of permit responsibility and coverage is submitted to the Department;and
B. The Department does not notify the old and new discharger of its intent to revoke coverage
under the general permit. If this notice is not given,the transfer is effective on the date
specified in the written agreement between the old and new discharger.
G9.TOXIC POLLUTANTS
If any applicable toxic effluent standard or prohibition(including any schedule of compliance
specified in such effluent standard or prohibition)is established under section 307(a)of the Clean
Water Act for a toxic pollutant and that standard or prohibition is more stringent than any limitation
upon such pollutant in this general permit,the Department shall institute proceedings to modify or
revoke and reissue this general permit to conform to the new toxic effluent standard or prohibition.
G10. OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF TITLE 40 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
All other applicable requirements of 40 CFR 122.41 and 122.42 are incorporated in this general
permit by reference.
G11. COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER LAWS AND STATUTES
Nothing in the permit shall be construed as excusing the Permittee from compliance with any
applicable federal,state,or local statutes,ordinances,or regulations.
G12. ADDITIONAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
The Department may establish specific monitoring requirements in addition to those contained in
this general permit by administrative order or permit modification.
G13. REMOVED SUBSTANCES
Collected screenings,grit,solids,sludges,filter backwash,or other pollutants removed in the course
of treatment or pollution control of wastewaters shall not be resuspended or reintroduced to the
final effluent stream for discharge to state waters. Such removed substances shall be lawfully
disposed in an appropriate manner and shall comply with Chapter 173-303 WAC and Chapter
173-304 WAC.
G14. USE OF ACCREDITED LABORATORIES
All monitoring data,except for flow,temperature,settleable solids,total residual chlorine,
conductivity,pH,and internal process control parameters,shall be prepared by a laboratory
registered or accredited under the provisions of,Accreditation of Environmental Laboratories,
Chapter 173-50 WAC. Conductivity and pH shall be accredited if the laboratory must otherwise be
registered or accredited. Soils and hazardous waste data are exempted from this requirement
pending accreditation of laboratories for the analysis of these media by the Department.
Page 15 of 17
G15. SIGNATORY REQUIREMENTS
All applications, reports, or information submitted to the Department shall be signed and certified.
A. All permit applications shall be signed by either a responsible corporate officer of at least the
level of vice president of a corporation, a general partner of a partnership, the proprietor of a
sole proprietorship,responsible official, or ranking elected official.
B. All reports required by this permit and other information requested by the Department shall be
signed by a person described above or by a duly authorized representative of that person. A
person is a duly authorized representative only i£
1. The authorization is made in writing by a person described above and submitted to the
Department.
2. The authorization specifies either an individual or a position having responsibility for the
overall operation of a regulated facility, such as the position of plant manager,
superintendent,position of equivalent responsibility, or an individual or position having
overall responsibility for environmental matters. (A duly authorized representative may
thus be either a named individual or any individual occupying a named position.)
C. Changes to authorization. If an authorization under paragraph B.2. above is no longer accurate
because a different individual or position has responsibility for the overall operation of the
facility, a new authorization satisfying the requirements of paragraph B.2. above must be
submitted to the Department prior to or together with any reports, information, or applications
to be signed by an authorized representative.
D. Certification. Any person signing a document under this section shall make the following
certification:
I certify under penalty of law, that this document and all attachments were prepared under my
direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified personnel
properly gathered and evaluated the information submitted. Based on my inquiries of the person or
persons who manage the system, or those persons directly responsible for gathering information,the
information submitted is,to the best of my knowledge and belief, true, accurate and complete. I am
aware that there are significant penalties for submitting false information, including the possibility of
fines and imprisonment for knowing violations.
G16. REQUESTS TO BE EXCLUDED FROM COVERAGE UNDER A GENERAL PERMIT
Any discharger authorized by this general permit may request to be excluded from coverage under
this general permit by applying for an individual permit. The discharger shall submit to the
Director an application as described in WAC 173-220-040 or WAC 173-216-070, whichever is
applicable,with reasons supporting the request. The Director shall either issue an individual permit
or deny the request with a statement explaining the reason for the denial.
Page 16 of 17
G17. APPEALS
The terms and conditions of this general permit:
A. As they apply to the appropriate class of dischargers are subject to appeal within thirty(30)
days of issuance of this general permit in accordance with Chapter 43.21(B) RCW and Chapter
173-226 WAC; and
B. As they apply to an individual discharger are subject to appeal in accordance with Chapter
43.21(B)RCW within thirty(30) days of the effective date of coverage of that discharger.
Consideration of an appeal of general permit coverage of an individual discharger is limited to the
general permit's applicability or non-applicability to that discharger. Appeal of this general permit
coverage of an individual discharger shall not affect any other individual dischargers. If the terms
and conditions of this general permit are found to be inapplicable to any discharger(s),the matter
shall be remanded to the Department for consideration of issuance of an individual permit or
permits.
G18. DUTY TO REAPPLY
The Permittee shall reapply for coverage under this general permit at least one hundred and eighty
(180)days prior to the specified expiration date of this general permit. An expired general permit
continues in force and effect until a new general permit is issued or until the Department cancels it.
Only those facilities that reapply for coverage are covered under the continued permit.
G19. TERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL PERMITS
Any previously issued individual permit shall remain in effect until terminated in writing by the
Department, except that extension of an expired individual permit(pursuant to WAC 173-
220-180(5)) shall terminate upon coverage under this general permit.
G20. TERMINATION OF COVERAGE UPON ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT
When an individual permit is issued to a discharger otherwise subject to this general permit, the
coverage under this general permit for that Permittee is terminated on the effective date of the
individual permit.
G21. ENFORCEMENT
Any violation of the terms and conditions of this general permit,the state Water Pollution Control
Act, and the federal Clean Water Act, will be subject to the enforcement sanctions, direct and
indirect, as provided for in WAC 173-226-250.
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G22. SEVERABILITY
The provisions of this general permit are severable,and if any provision of this general permit,or
application of any provision of this general permit to any circumstance,is held invalid,the
application of such provision to other circumstances and the remainder of this general permit shall
not be affected thereby.
G23. PAYMENT OF FEES
The Permittee shall submit payment of fees associated with this permit as assessed by the
Department.
WNV Interagency Working Group 400 Yesler Way,3rd Floor May 20,2003
Meeting Minutes
Meeting attendees: Sharon Hopkins-PHSKC, Kim Moore-PHSKC,Jack Lilja-DOH,June Beleford-
PHSKC,Ann Peacock-IPM,Rick Sugg-SPU, Chas DeBolt-PHSCK,Laurie Clinton-KC Water&Land
Resources Div.,Tracy Dieckhoner-City of Seattle,Denise Andrews-SPU,Debbie Arima-DOT,Phyllis
Varner-City of Bellevue,Talon Swanson-DOT,Dan Willott-DNRP, Caren Adams-PHSKC,Alexis
Zoulas-Student UW, Chris Skilton-PHSKC,Carolyn Duncan-DNRP,Hilary Karasz-Dominguez-PHSKC,
Leo Griffin-DOT,and Bill Heaton-PHSKC.
Background
Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County,City of Seattle and other agencies involved in
West Nile virus(WNV)response in Seattle-King County to share information,coordinate activities, solve
problems, and develop consistent public messaging.
Membership: Persons participating should be those working hands-on with WNV response.
Membership is likely to expand and/or change over time depending on the impact of WNV in the region.
It is desirable to keep the number of participants small enough to be effective and efficient.
Washington State WNV Response—Jack Lilja,DOH
Washington State Department of Health(DOH)is trying to extend the CDC grant to continue
their West Nile Virus(WNV)activities. The positive WNV finding in 2002 created interest at the local,
state, and federal levels. In 2002 over 300 birds were collected during dead bird surveillance. This year
so far over 30 birds have been tested, and they have all tested negative for the WNV. The birds to focus
on for testing include crows,jays,ravens, and magpies because of their high susceptibility to and
mortality from WNV. This year DOH has contracted with the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic
Lab at WSU in Pullman for the WNV testing of dead birds. He hopes this will decrease the testing turn
around time to a week. The lab has had problems with quality control and some of the birds sent in for
testing have arrived to them in poor condition-nothing but maggots and feathers. Fresh birds only please!
For the sake of quality control,there should be only one person from each agency that sends the birds to
the lab to be tested. DOH is encouraging the counties to systematically send in birds for testing. Get a
good sampling of birds from around the county and keep track of where you are picking the birds up
from, and where the positive results are coming from.
Mosquito surveillance is vital for speciation so we can identify vector mosquito species,their
habitats,number of generations and life-spans. If there are a lot of positive bird results in an area,the
State will do mosquito testing to determine the vector species. DOH has contracted with two labs to do
mosquito speciation,the Army lab and a lab in Oregon. Agencies that are going to help with surveillance
include the Tribes,Department of Transportation(DOT),Department of Natural Resources and Parks
(DNRP), State Parks, and National Parks Service.
Veterinary surveillance for equine cases is coordinated through the Washington State Department
of Agriculture(WSDA)and Public Health. All horses that test positive for WNV should be reported
promptly to DOH by phone.
Human WNV surveillance is coordinated by DOH-Epi,Public Health Lab, and cases are reported
through DOH. Local public health departments report to DOH. DOH is doing an informational mailing
to 30,000 physicians in Washington about case reporting,etc. Up-to-date surveillance data is going to be
listed on the DOH website(horse/dead bird);not sure how human cases will be posted at the very least
the human cases will be updated weekly.
In April a NPDES permit was granted to DOH. This system will make it easier for local entities
to apply for a permit to do mosquito control. So far, 17 entities have applied for the NPDES permit under
DOH. The 17 applicants include counties,cities and 3 private landowners.
The DOH hotline will be updated and DOH is putting together a resource guide listing all WNV
contacts,mosquito control districts,etc. The website is going to be kept internal,but hard copies of the
information will be available. The DOH Communication Plan is almost done and will be shared with
LHJs. The communication plan contains how to talk to the press,messages to get out to the public,
sample press releases,and how to design posters. Also there may be a message-mapping document that
contains potential difficult questions from the press and public and answers to the questions. The
document will be in Q&A format.
DOH will be doing some training on mosquito surveillance. DOH has ordered more equipment
and they have been providing adult traps,dry ice,and mailing containers for those interested. The
training includes training in use of adult traps, larvae dipping, and shipping. Last year DOH could have
done 500 samples with 1,000 mosquitoes per sample. For now,DOH is not setting any limits on number
of mosquito samples to be speciated. DOH is stressing that people need to focus their mosquito
surveillance efforts to key areas of population densities,wetlands, and storm water ponds. The first year
of mosquito speciation mosquito species were found that were new to nine counties. Last year species
were found new to seven counties and one species was found that had not been previously known to exist
west of the Mississippi River. DOH did publish a report on mosquito surveillance in 2001.
King County Nile Virus Response Plan—Sharon Hopkins,PHSKC
The King County WNV Response Plan has three components Education, Surveillance, and
Control. The main role of Public Health—Seattle&King County(PHSKC)in WNV response is regional
coordination, outreach and education,and surveillance. Education consists of education of the public and
employees as well as providing technical support and advice to other city/county agencies. The main
messages include mosquito habitat reduction,personal protection,and realistic knowledge of risks.
Surveillance entails larvae surveillance and tracking mosquito nuisance complaints. PHSKC has an
internet database for reporting mosquito larvae dipping results and pesticide application usage. DNRP is
working with the WSDA to come up with a provision that allows for larvaciding in catchbasins,etc.when
the virus is present without having to first prove that larvae are present. Public Health is also involved in
dead bird,human and horse surveillance. In terms of control and management,Kathleen from Ecology is
doing enforcement with private citizens who put pesticides in water, etc. without a permit. Private
citizens must also get a NPDES Mosquito Control permit to treat waters of the State. They can get a
permit under DOH's NPDES permit. If Salmon habitat or Salmon are harmed,the citizen could be liable
for a third party lawsuit. As far as Ecology is concerned,the publicly available chemicals sold by places
such as Home Depot should only be used chemicals in a contained area such as a decorative pond.
Education of the Public,Employees, and the Media—Hilary Karasz-Dominguez,PIO PHSKC
Public Health has been getting a lot of inquiries for a county consistent message. DNRP,DOT,
King county and Snohomish county need to and are working together. PHSKC is talking about doing a
public service announcement(PSA)with Snohomish health district. PHSKC is developing an outreach
and education plan which targets vulnerable populations, seniors,and is locally focused. PHSKC is
maintaining its website and creating an insert for the WNV brochure that contains local information and
-2 -
contact numbers. When there is a human case of WNV PHSKC will update its video and a new taping
with CTV-Spotlight on Public Health.
Education of health care providers and human case surveillance—Chas DeBolt,PHSKC
The PHSKC Epidemiology hotline is(206)296-4949. Epi has assigned a disease investigator to
assist health care providers in assessing suspect cases and has put instructions for health care providers on
the website and is designing a provider packet of information. There are three manifestations of WNV no
symptoms,WNV fever and neurological symptoms. The only people being tested for WNV are those
with symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis. WNV season is from August to October but during this
time we naturally see community infections of meningitis and encephalitis that are due to other viruses.
There is no specific treatment for WNV,all that can be done is supportive care,so providers don't test for
WNV often enough. The system doesn't have the capacity to test for WNV fever,however there are
private labs that do WNV testing by physician referral.
Targeting Mosquito Control Activities—Dan Willott,DNRP
DNRP met with staff from the State and local health to discuss mosquito control. The result of
those conversations is the recommendation for use of limited mosquito control at storm water ponds
targeted near areas with higher risk populations. The criteria for larvaciding are, within'/2 mile of higher
risk population,no natural predators,larvae are present,and water is present. Dan showed slides: On
DNRP GIS map the red areas are for areas that have people 50 years or above in numbers of more than 40
persons per census block;purple stands for nursing homes;green the location of state parks;blue/gold is
the location of storm water ponds. Using this mapping method the number of ponds to potentially be
larvacided went from 700 to fewer than 200. Parks will doing larvaciding and dipping for DNR. Coleen
Galoach is the GIS contact and Victor is the KC-Roads GIS contact. Currently the County DNRP GIS
map does not reflect City of Seattle and Metro transit facilities. DNRP would like a letter from Public
Health saying that targeted proactive larvaciding is appropriate and that PH endorses their actions.
The reason DNRP is doing larvaciding is to reduce the mosquito populations and reduce the risk of WNV
infection to the vulnerable populations,it is not being done as a nuisance control activity. Jack Lilja
commented that a few new studies from around the country indicate lower rates of WNV when proactive
larvciding was performed.. DNRP will not be doing wetlands,sensitive areas,or areas that flow into
other waterways and creeks. If state or local health finds an area of multiple dead bird reports,DNRP
will consider larvaciding in storm water retention ponds in the area(1/4 or 1/2-mile radius).
Who is missing from these meetings?
The group would like someone from DNR/Fish and Wildlife to come and explain chemical
treatment procedures and introducing mosquito larvae predators to a habitat. Also communications
professionals should be at the table so they can solidify the message. From Parks-David Sizemore,
Bobby Wallace,Health and Safety Office,Zoo,regional,local jurisdictions,storm water managers group-
Denise Andrews.
What are the gaps and unresolved issues around WNV?
The WNV Working Group would like more guidance on triggers for larvaciding and guidance of
what to do when there are human and bird cases. The group decided that meeting once a month was
sufficient(except for a second meeting in early June). Interest was shown in having a King county email
list providing weekly or semi-monthly info on how many birds were tested,the results,and WNV
activities around the county.
• Next meeting is Tuesday June 3,2003 from 2:30 pm-4:30 pm,400 Yesler Way,P Floor
-3-
Why am I being harassed by crows in late spring and how
do I cope?
The period between June 1 and June 20 is the peak of the yearly period in
which nestling crows are reaching the point where they are ready (or not quite
ready but they don't know it) to leave the nest. Below is a primer on what is
happening in your local crow's nest during this time and how to cope when
things go amiss.
At age (-27-34 days): Nestlings perch on nest edge, spend a lot of time flapping their
wings and gradually begin perching and moving about in tree branches near(often
above) nest. At this stage we call them "branchers."They typically begin begging
aloud to be fed (a repetitive, insistent, distinctively pleading call—any mom will
recognize it immediately). This is a dangerous time as there is relatively little"safety
net' of branches around and below many nest trees in the city. A major misjudgment
(or several minor ones)by a healthy brancher or a poor jump by a weakling can put it
on the ground all too easily. Unless rescued (see below), any kid on the ground
downtown is typically a dead kid.
At age 31-37 days, depending on the nest site, A fledgling actually takes wing over
open ground. Again, this is a critical point, especially Downtown. For nests in wide
canopy trees or in tree clusters, this move is often delayed for a week, giving
fledgling ample time to gain strength and judgment. For those stuck with some
combination of low nest, narrow tree crown, a row of street trees or an isolated nest
tree, the risk goes WAY up. The young bird is instinctively capable of perfect, if
pedestrian, horizontal flight but judging distance or a landing is another matter. And
even if perfectly healthy, it is not yet strong enough to fly far or gain altitude sharply.
Healthy/lucky fledglings will make a short, quasi-horizontal flight into a near
neighbor tree where they will hang out for up to a day or so. They will then repeat
this move over several days near the nest tree, gradually gaining strength and
judgment. Flights rapidly become more frequent, stronger, and longer. Within a few
more days this first great hurdle is passed—the bird (now called a juvenile)is
successfully fledged and will spend the rest of the summer exploring the nearby
territory with its sibs, mooching from its parents and learning"the ropes" (like
avoiding cars, windows, gulls, etc). Unlucky or weak fledglings will quickly wind up
on the ground near the nest tree where most will perish.
What Happens when a late stage nestling or early stage fledgling
winds up on or near the ground? Panicked,protective crow parents and
seemingly persecuted, certainly puzzled, and often annoyed or even frightened human
pedestrians is what happens. You may have experienced this.
Occasionally, inexperienced parents with low nests may caw or even swoop at people
when their kids become"branchers"near the nest, but this is uncommon and short
lived if all goes well. More typically, frantic non-stop cawing from near the nest tree
and silent "dive-bombing"of passing humans from behind is a sign of a crow kid on
or very near the ground and lacking the wing strength to get back up. The closer a
person comes to the young bird's location, the more frantic the parents' cawing
becomes and the more likely and more daring the swooping becomes. There is
typically about a 10 day window during the late nestling-fledging stages when this
situation may occur. It rarely lasts more than a few days can be dealt with in two
ways.
1. For hapless humans trying to mind their own business: Raising an arm
straight above head (like the old "Black Power" salute) as they pass through
"critical area"will always keep dive bombing parents at an acceptable
distance. Without raised hand, the frantic parents will often come close
enough for people to feel the wind of their wings. Nevertheless many parent
crows will avoid so close an approach and most (alas not all) will avoid
actually making contact. Even for the most desperate parents, contact is nearly
always a slap with the feet—startling but harmless. Strikes with the beak do
occur(e.g., watch out for the exceptionally bold male at 6`h & Union)but are
very rare. Finally,I have found that for most folks, a simple explanation of the
reason for the crows'behavior produces a big change for the better in how
they deal with it. A sign posted near fledging time helps a lot.
2. For those willing to attempt to defuse the situation: put on a hat and if you
like, a pair of light gloves, locate, capture (a large towel can help here), and
check out the downed kid (e.g.can it flap both wings, is it obviously damaged
in some way).Then if it's old enough (well feathered and nearly as big as its
parents)jump-start it (i.e., gently toss it underhanded from the highest place
accessible)toward a nearby(-10-30 feet) well branched tree. Remember that
a healthy fledgling has little ability to gain altitude, but can fly reasonably
well (if not far)horizontally. Sometimes it takes two or three attempts to get
the bird to actually land in a tree and stay there. Sometimes jump-starting a
downed but seemingly healthy fledgling doesn't work,but often it does.
Place a smaller(younger)nestling or injured fledgling in the branches on the
ground in a less traveled area, preferably with good cover and let its parents
and nature resolve the issue. (or take it to PAWS, etc).
The parents will go absolutely crazy while you are pursuing &handling the
kid but as before will rarely make contact and will quickly calm down once
the kid is up and/or away from people, cars, dogs, and pussycats.
University of Washington Urban Crow Research Project
http://www.urbanecology.washington.edu/Crows/westnile.htm
Washington
Department of
FISH and
WILDLIFE
16018 Mill Creek Blvd*Mill Creek,WA 98012*(425)775-1311 * fax(425)338-1066
DRAFT-DO DISTRIBUTE TO PUBLIC OR OTHER
ENTITIES OUTSIDE THE MEETING ATTENDEES
INTRODUCTION
West Nile Virus
Originating from portions of Eastern Europe,Western Asia,Africa,and the Middle East the
West Nile Virus(WNV)is commonly found in birds,invertebrates and humans. In the United
States,WNV was first documented in 1999 when a large crow kill and subsequent human
outbreak occurred in New York City. Since 1999,the virus has spread rapidly across the nation
covering 44 states. Alaska,Arizona,Hawaii,Nevada,Oregon,and Utah are the only states that
WNV has not yet been detected in. Since 1999,approximately 4,000 cases of illness and 259
deaths have been attributed to WNV nationwide.
In Washington,the virus was first detected late last fall(2002)in four counties. A raven from
Pend Oreille County,a crow from Snohomish County,and two horses from Island and Whatcom
counties. By the fall of 2003,WNV is expected to have spread throughout the remaining areas of
the State. For more and updated information about WNV pleaser refer to the Washington State
Department of Health's web page(www.doh.wa.gov/).
Mosquito Control
With the expected spread of WNV throughout the remaining portions of Washington in 2003,
many state,county,and city governments are taking precautions to reduce the infection rate of
people,livestock,and pets. As mosquito season approaches the State Department of Health
(DOH)along with local governments will begin an intensive surveillance program aimed at
detecting the virus. Detecting the virus allows DOH and local officials to predict the spread of
WNV and identify areas of concern where mosquito control(i.e.,pesticides)may need to occur.
State and local governments are also educating residents on way to reduce the risk of contracting
WNV at home,which include reducing standing water(breeding habitat)and limiting activities
when mosquitoes are most active(dawn and dust). Insecticides(i.e.,Bti)will be a key
component in most local governments mosquito control plans.
During the fall of 2002,a few local governments inquired with the Washington Department of
Wildlife(WDFW)about the use of fish as biological control agents against mosquitoes in their
retention and detention ponds. Most of the requests were for the mosquito fish(Gambusia
affins),which is currently used in portions of south and central eastern Washington and through
out world for mosquito control. However,mosquito fish are non-native to Washington and pose
a threat to native fishes if introduction into state waters occurs. In many southern and
southwestern states,mosquito fish have negatively impacted(i.e.,predation,competition,
harassment)sport fish,native minnows,and amphibians,including,but not limited to largemouth
bass fry,Gila topminnow,least chub,and the Chiricahua leopard frog to name a few. Mosquito
fish introduced into waters in northern latitudes experience severe(near 100%)winter mortality,
which makes them low risk where they have been stocked in eastern Washington. The concern
in the northern Puget Sound region is that winters are milder compared to the eastside and
mosquito fish may not suffer heavy winter mortalities,especially with the development of cold
strain mosquito fish available on the market. If mosquito fish establish in local lakes or streams
through illegal stocking or migration native minnows,juvenile salmonids,and game fish may be
impacted.
NATIVE SPECIES AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS
Much of the justification for stocking mosquito fish has been because of their reputation as a
voracious consumer of mosquito larvae. In some areas this has proved to be the case,however,
many biologists feel that the same level of control can be achieved using native fishes.
Furthermore,these biologists also feel that if native fishes are available they should be selected
over mosquito fish. Native fishes pose a very low risk if they reach local lakes and streams.
Below are four native fishes that may be used to control mosquitoes in retention and detention
ponds.
Prickly Sculpin(Coitus asper):
Prickly sculpin are found in most coastal western Washington streams,rivers,and lakes.
Preferred water temperatures range from 50-64EF,but prickly sculpin may tolerate temperatures
as high as 82EF. Spawning occurs from February through June with peak activity in March and
April. Prickly sculpin mature at 2 years of age and live 5 to 7 years. Female sculpin lay from
700-4,000 eggs during spawning season depending on size. Prickly sculpin are active during
nighttime hours and primarily feed on insect larvae.
Olympic Mudminnow(Novumbra hubbst):
Olympic mudminnows are native to the west coast of the Olympic Peninsula from the Chehalis
to the Quinalt Rivers. However,in King County and introduced population o mudminnows
resides in Langlois Lake. Preferred water temperatures range from 32-72EF. Mudminnows can
survive in waters with near lethal levels of dissolved oxygen. Spawning occurs primarily in the
spring months when water temperatures are between 10-18EF. Mudminnows spawn in and
around aquatic vegetation. Males set up spawning territories and guard the nest until the eggs
hatch. Mud substrate is also important for spawning. Mudminnows are small ranging from 2-3.5
inches in length. Diet primarily consists of aquatic insects.
Three-Spine Stickleback(Gasteristeus aculeatus):
Three-Spine Stickleback is found in most Pacific Ocean coastal waters from Alaska to southern
California. Preferred water temperatures range from 30-86EF. Sticklebacks may spawn more
than once during the spawning season that occurs from April through September. Adults build
nests out of plant fragments and other debris over sand or mud substrate. Males guard the nest
until the eggs hatch,which can take only 7 days when water temperatures are around 66EF. In
Washington,most(90%)sticklebacks live one year,but a few(101/6)live to be 2 years of age.
Sticklebacks are described as voracious feeders taking prey taking food in both surface and
bottom areas. Diet primarily consists of aquatic insects.
Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):_
Originally,rainbow trout were found in most Puget Sound drainages,coastal streams,and
tributary drainages of the upper Columbia River. Through widespread introduction rainbow trout
can be found in many of Washington's lakes as well as streams. Rainbow trout generally prefer
cool water temperatures below 70EF with ample levels of dissolved oxygen(DO). If adequate
levels(36ppm)of DO exist rainbow trout can acclimate to water temperatures as high as 80EF.
Spawning occurs during the springtime from February through June. However,without the
presence of an inlet stream rainbow trout will not spawn is a lake or pond environment. In these
environments restocking every year or other year is necessary to maintain the population.
Rainbow trout(especially fry)feed primarily on aquatic insects. Fry planted at 2-3 inches in
length will grow to 6 to 10 inches in 14-18 months time. Rainbow trout mature at around 2 years
of age.
STRATEGY
Using native fishes,except perhaps rainbow trout,is not an immediate fix for mosquito control in
local retention and detention ponds,but rather a long-term solution. The intent of this plan is to
stock a few of these ponds with native fish in hopes they will reproduce and expand in numbers
over a couple years. Ponds with excess fish then become seed sources for other ponds..
Overtime,every pond that can sustain fish may hold native fishes for mosquito control and use of
insecticides could decrease substantially. The cost of maintaining such a program is likely less
expensive than purchasing and applying pesticides.
Given the limited amount of staff Region 4 has,local governments truly interested in using
native fishes for mosquito control should contact the appropriate area fish biologist as soon as
possible. Area fish biologist are willing to spend some time collecting native fishes during the
months of May,June,and early July. Furthermore,depending on the size and number of ponds a
local government has,it is likely that only a few(n#3)ponds will be stocked with fish. The
reasoning for stocking only a few ponds is that some local governments have as many as 60
retention or detention ponds and area biologists are not willing to spend time collecting fish for
each one. Secondly,they do not want to deplete native fish populations from local lakes and
streams.
Local governments who want to experiment with using native fishes for mosquito control should
follow the below guidelines.
Sculpin,Mudminnow,&Stickleback:
Local governments that want to use these species for their retention and detention ponds should
first contact the appropriate area fish biologist(listed below)and arrange for a site visit of the
ponds. If there are a large number of ponds that a local government oversees then only a handful
should be selected for a site visit. From this meeting the area fish biologist will determine
appropriate stocking levels,set collection dates,and help staff choose which species to use. The
area fish biologist will also fill out the necessary permit(Fish Transportation Application/Permit)
for moving fish from one location to another.
Once native fishes are stocked and establish it will be the local government's responsibility to
monitor,capture,and transfer fish from and to their ponds. The same permit mentioned above
will need to be submitted and approved prior to the transfer of fish.
Rainbow Trout:
Local governments that want to stock the majority of their retention and detention ponds or very
large ponds(320 acres)for more immediate mosquito control may opt to stock rainbow trout fry
(2-4 inches). If rainbow trout are preferred please note that ponds should be fairly deep(38 feet),
not exceed temperatures in the middle 70EF's for long periods of time(-2 months),and have
adequate levels of DO(36ppm). Installing aerators into large ponds may help keep DO levels
static during the summer months. The appropriate permitting for this option is,again,a Fish
Transportation Application/Permit,but check the box that reads fish stocking. The cost will be
$24.00,but will be offered as a blanket permit to cover several ponds at once. Stocking permits
may be obtained from regional offices or downloaded off the Internet at the WDFW's webpage
(www.wa.gov/wdfw/).
Trout fry may be purchased from a WDFW certified fish farm(listed included with permit)
nearest to you location. Fry are fairly inexpensive ranging in price from$0.15-0.25 for each fish
or around$150.00-250.00 per 1,000,excluding shipping costs. Rainbow trout should be stocked
around 200400 per surface acre. Fry will need to be planted every year or every other year to
replace those that die during the summer or winter months.
REGION 4 AREA FISH BIOLOGISTS
Chad Jackson
King,South Snohomish,&Island Counties
16018 Mill Creek Blvd.
Mill Creek,WA 98012-1296
(425)775-1311,ext. 1]3
Mark Downen
North Snohomish,Skagit,Whatcom,&San Juan Counties
16018 Mill Creek Blvd.
Mill Creek,WA 98012-1296
(360)466-4345,ext.267
Name Physical Location Mailing Address Phone Number Email Role in WNV
Response
Adams, Caren PHSKC-Renton 3001 NE 4` , Renton 98056 (206)205-1796 Caren.adamsAmetrokc.gov Communications-S.
King Co.
Andrews, Dexter Horton Bldg. 700 Fifth Ave, Ste. 4900, Seattle (206)684-4601 Denise.andrews(ai)seattle.gov WNV Coordinator
Denise 98104 SPU
Arima,Debbie 155 Monroe Way E,Renton 98055 (206)296-8138 Debbie.arima metrokc. ov Represents DOT
Beleford,June Wells Fargo Ctr, 12 Ih 999 Third Ave, Ste. 1200, Seattle (206)296-4788 June.beleford i,metrokc. og_v Community based
Floor 88104 team
Clinton,Laurie King Street Center 201 S. Jackson St, Ste. 600, Seattle (206) 296-1471 Laurie.clinton(a,metrokc.gov Livestock owner
98104 education and
outreach
DeBolt,Chas Wells Fargo Ctr. 9 999 Third Ave, Ste. 900, Seattle 98104 (206)205-5178 Chas.deboltAmetrokc.gov Human disease
Floor surveillance
Dieckhoner, Key Tower 2748 700 Fifth Ave#2748, Seattle 98104 (206)386-4595 Tracy.dieckhoner(a)seattle.gov WNV Coordinator
Tracy
Duncan, Carolyn King Street Center 201 S. Jackson St., Ste. 703, Seattle (206)296-8304 Carolyn.duncan@metrokc.gov Media relations
98104
Griffin,Leo RSD-TR-0100 155 Monroe Ave NE,Renton 98055 (206)296-8139 Leo.g iffin(a,metrokc.gov DOT-Road
Operations
Heaton, Bill Wells Fargo Ctr. 7th 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)205-4397 Bill.heaton(a,metrokc.gov PHSKC-
Floor education/surveillanc
e
Hopkins, Sharon Wells Fargo Ctr. 7` 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)296-4880 Sharon.hopkins anetrokc.gov PH Veterinarian
Floor
Karasz- Wells Fargo Ctr. 7` 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)296-4767 Hilarv.karasz- Media Relations
Dominguez, Floor domin uez cAmetrokc.goy
Hilary
Lila, Jack DOH-Olympia PO Box 47825, Olympia, WA 98504 (360)236-3366 Jack.lil'a&doh.wa.gov WNV Coordinator
Moore, Kim Wells Fargo Ctr. 7` 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)296-3998 Kimberly.moore&doh.wa.gov WNV Coordinator
Floor
Peacock, Ann Canal Place, Seattle 130 Nickerson St., Ste 100, Seattle (206)263-3088 Ann.peacock(a),metrokc.gov IPM
98109
Skilton, Chris Wells Fargo Ctr. 91 999 Third Ave, Ste. 900, Seattle 98104 (206)205-8609 Christopher.skiltonAmetrokc.g CD/Epi Human Cases
Floor ov
Sugg, Rick Cedar R. Watershed- (206)233-5023 Sugur(d)seattle.gov Entomologist-SPU
SPU
Swanson,Talon 11911 E Marginal Way S, Bldg. C, (206)684-2261 Talon.swanson(a),metrokc.goo
Tukwilla 98168
Varner,Phyllis 301 — 116` Ave SE, Bellevue 98009 (425)452-7683 Pvamer(a-)cibellevue.wa.us Represents city of
Bellevue
Willott, Dan King Street Center 201 S Jackson St., Ste. 600 Seattle (206)296.8173 Dan.willott a,metrokc.gov DNRP WNV
#600 98104 Coordinator
DIP COUNTS for MOSQUITO LARVAE
SURVEILLANCE in KING COUNTY
INSTRUCTIONS & DATA MANAGEMENT
PURPOSE: Dipping is used to indicate the presence or absence of mosquito activity in a body of water.
The average number of larvae in a series of dips is a rough indication of the degree of mosquito activity
in the water sampled.
As part of its West Nile virus(WNV)surveillance and control program, Public Health—Seattle&King
County is maintaining a database and mapping mosquito larval densities throughout King County. This
information will be compared to surveillance data and mapping of dead bird reports, mosquito complaint
reports, crows testing positive for WNV,equine cases, and human cases. In addition,demonstration of
mosquito activity is required by the State permit before larvaciding. Larval surveillance via dipping may
also be used to help determine the effectiveness of mosquito habitat reduction measures or of
larvaciding.
PROCEDURE: Dipping involves use of a standardized white plastic dipping cup (1.5 cup volume)affixed
to a long handle. The cup is dipped into the body of water to be sampled and the number of mosquito
larva on each dip counted and recorded. A minimum of 3 dips is suggested, but more may be counted
for larger bodies of water. Motion, shadows and noise may cause the larvae to scatter or dive, so the
water should be approached quietly and from a direction that will not cast a shadow onto the area to be
dipped. Training in the technique is available from Public Health staff. Please contact Kim Moore at
(206)296-3998 or by e-mail at kimberly.moore0metrokc.Qov.
In addition, larvae collected by dipping may be placed in a"mosquito breeder'and hatched for
submission to the WA Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health and Safety. The hatched
adults will be examined and classified as to mosquito species and number of females. Adult mosquitoes
can also be collected directly by using special mosquito traps. More information,submission forms,and
shipping information are available from 10 Marie Brauner at(360)236-3064 or by e-mail at
iomarie.braunerOdoh,wa.4ov.
DATA COLLECTION: Data collection forms for dip counts are part of this packet. They should be
photocopied as needed and used to record the location of the dipping, type of water sampled,the counts
and other relevant information. It is important to record the location using either GIS coordinates, parcel
number or accurate street address as the larval surveillance data will be mapped using GIS software.
DATA ENTRY&MANAGEMENT: A site has been set up on the King County Intranet at
http://badinov.metrokc.gov/website/wnv/Login.as . The username is wnvdata and the
password is password. This site allows agencies to directly enter data from the Dip Count form. Copies
of these instructions and the data collection form may also be printed from the site. Problems with the
Intranet site should be reported to Sharon Hopkins by e-mail at sharon.hopkins0metrokc.go v.
Agencies such as City governments unable to access the KC Intranet site may submit the hard copies of
their data collection forms to Public Health—Seattle&King County for data entry. Public Health will also
provided individualized reports to agencies conducting larval surveillance. Contact Kim Moore at(206)
296-3996 or by e-mail at kimberly,moore(&metrokc goy to arrange for data entry and data
retrieval services.
Public Health—Seattle&King County, Environmental Health Division, PH: (206)205-4394 FAX: 296-0189
West Nile Virus Data Form
Mosquito Larvae Count Form
Agency Name:
Facility Name:
Facility ID:
Data Collected By: First,last name
Date of Collection: (e.g., 111103)
Location of Sample: Record all that is available
GPS Coordinate:
Map Datum: WGS84-Lat and Long in decimal degrees upto
4-5 decimal places
Parcel Number:
Street Address:
City:
Type of Water Sampled: Check only one
r Storm water pond
r Catch basin/storm drain
r Wetland,woodland pond,marsh,swamp
r Natural Pond or Lake
Container(e.g.,tire,tire pile,trough,ornamental pond,
roof top catchment)
r' Other(Describe below)
Describe: If Type of Water Sampled is Other:
Mosquito Larvae Count: (3 dips suggested;more dips may be made for larger bodies of
water,-record larvae count for each dip)
Dip#1: �- Dip values should not exceed 3 digits
Dip#2:
_................_......:
Dip#3:
Dip#4:
1_
Dip#5:
Dip#6: �-
Dip#7: w
Dip#8: —
Dip#9: -
Dip#10:
Data Entered By: Writefirst and last names as used on email
http://badinov.metrokc.gov/website/wnv/mlcount_pr.asp 05/19/2003
West Nile Virus Data Form
Mosquito Larvae Count Form
Agency Name:
Facility Name:
Facility ID:
Data Collected By: First,last name
Date of Collection: (e.g., 111103)
Location of Sample: Record all that is available
GPS Coordinate:
Map Datum: WGS84-Lat and Long in decimal degrees upto
4-5 decimal places
Parcel Number:
Street Address:
City:
Type of Water Sampled: Check only one
(- Storm water pond
C Catch basin/storm drain
C Wetland,woodland pond,marsh,swamp
C Natural Pond or Lake
C Container(e.g.,tire,tire pile,trough,ornamental pond,
roof top catchment)
C Other(Describe below)
Describe: If Type of Water Sampled is Other:
Mosquito Larvae Count: (3 dips suggested;more dips may be made for larger bodies of
water;record larvae count for each dip)
Dip#1: �- Dip values should not exceed 3 digits
Dip#2: �—
Dip#3:
Dip#4: �-
Dip#5: �-
Dip#6: �r
Dip#7: F
Dip#8: �—
Dip#9: —
Dip#10: �-
Data Entered By: Writeftrst and last names as used on email
bttp:/fbadinov.metrokc.gov/website/wnv/mlcount_pr.asp 05/19/2003
Allen Quynn - DOH Referral - Mosquito Problem Pale 1
From: Ronald Straka
To: Allen Quynn
Date: 5/29/03 3:55PM
Subject: DOH Referral - Mosquito Problem
A resident in the Sunnydale Mobile Home Park was referred to me by the DOH regarding a complaint
dealing with a neighbors 100-gallon aquarium that has stagnet water with alge in it and is creating a
mosquito problem. The address of the lot that has the aquirium is:
375 Union Ave SE lot 101, Renton WA 98059. She said that the aquirum is producing mosquitos and they
are real bad at dusk. I explained the things she can do to protect herself and her kids from mosquitos and
the fact that we have not had any cases of WNV in King County. We could send a flyer to the resident or
at one time Lys was talking about including a flyer in a Utility Billing mailing to Renton Citizens. Otherwise
we could go out to the property owner and just provide the person with information regarding elimating
standing water on the property. I support the idea of the mailing, but it will probably generate a lot more
phone calls unfortunately. We have already seen an escalation of calls this week. My count is 5 calls so
far this week.
The person who filed the complaint was Shawna and her phone number is 425-254-9419. She didn't want
her neighbor to know that she was the one to call us and there is no need to call her back, unless you
need additional information.
CC: Lys Hornsby
Allen Quynn - Mosquito Complaint Referral from DOH Page 1
From: Ronald Straka
To: Allen Quynn
Date: 5/28/03 2:58PM
Subject: Mosquito Complaint Referral from DOH
Kim from the DOH 9296-3998 call to refer a complaint that they received from a citizen regarding
mosquito breeding habitat in their onsite R/D facility(?) near their residence. The citizen complaint
information is as follows:
Name: Don
Phone Number: 425-277-8749
Address: Lexington Heights Apts, 300 Vuemont PI NE Renton WA 98055
PID#: 1723059120
Please contact the customer and get the details of the complaint. You will probably need to explain our
WNV Response Plan and if the facility is a private facility, then we may have to refer the matter to whoever
is responsible for the facility's M&O. We would first need to know more information from the customer to
determine if it is a public or private matter. Let me know what you find out from the customer.
Thanks
CC: Lys Hornsby
Washington State Department of
W* Health Release
For Immediate Release: May 30, 2003 (03-096)
Contacts: Donn Moyer, Communications Office 360-236-4076
Tim Church, Communications Office 360-236-4077
Health departments investigate first suspected human case
of West Nile virus acquired in Washington state
Kennewick—A Franklin County man is being evaluated for suspected West Nile virus (WNV)
infection, based on the results of preliminary tests. The man became ill in mid-May,was treated
as an outpatient and is now recovering. The state Department of Health and the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) are running more tests,but if confirmed this would be the
first human case of this mosquito-borne disease acquired in Washington state.
"Many people are concerned about West Nile virus; rightfully,this case will create even more
concern," said Benton-Franklin Health Officer Dr. Larry Jecha. "We want to use this opportunity
to stress the importance of people protecting themselves from mosquito bites to prevent exposure
to West Nile virus and the importance of mosquito control districts to help reduce the risk of
mosquito transmitted disease. This virus can cause serious illness, but most people who are
infected have no symptoms or develop only mild symptoms such as headache, fever and body
aches."
WNV can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the
spinal cord and lining of the brain). Commercial tests for WNV are not specific, and can cross-
react with other closely related mosquitoes-borne viruses. Although the patient's preliminary test
results are positive for a mosquito borne-illness, confirmation of West Nile virus infection by the
CDC in Atlanta will take about two weeks.
"We've been preparing for West Nile virus in our state for some time, and we're not surprised to
have a suspected human case," said state Health Officer Dr. Maxine Hayes. "This is a reminder
that mosquito season is here and we should all take precautions to avoid mosquito bites."
The Department of Health West Nile virus Web site (www.doh.wa.gov/WNV) and toll-free
telephone line, 1-866-78VIRUS, provide information on avoiding the disease, including
--More--
WNV-Washington's first suspected human case
May 30,2003
Page 2
mosquito bite prevention and mosquito breeding habitat reduction strategies,as well as
information for health care providers on recognition and reporting suspected human WNV
infections.
The state Department of Health and local health departments are working together on monitoring
and testing dead birds to detect West Nile virus and track the disease.Dead birds are often the
first indicator that WNV has moved into a new area,as occurred last fall in Washington. State
and local health agencies also provide education on mosquito bite prevention and reducing
preferred mosquito-breeding sites around homes.
"Our West Nile virus surveillance project detected the disease in two birds and two horses in
Washington last year,which told us the virus was here.The patient in Franklin County is among
several suspected cases of human WNV infection being investigated in the United States,"said
Dr.Jo Hofmann,State Epidemiologist for Communicable Disease for the Washington
Department of Health.
Mosquitoes carrying WNV can transmit the disease to people,horses and birds.The statewide
WNV project monitors all three groups.The Department of Health and local health partners are
sending select dead birds to the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory(WADDL)
for testing.Horse testing is also being done at WADDL this year.
Additional information about West Nile virus surveillance in the Tri-Cities area is available from
the Benton-Franklin Health District,509-582-7761.
###
Visit the Washington Department of Health Web site at http://www.doh.wa.gov for a healthy dose of information.
Public Health
Seattle & King County
HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES.
Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer
West Nile Virus Contacts and Resources
Hotlines:
Public Health--SKC 206-205-3883
WA Dept.of Health 866-78VIRUS
Dead Bird Reports Public Health--SKC 206-205-4394* M-F 8-5
Mosquito Problems Public Health--SKC 206-205-4394 M-F 8-5
* number may be used for general questions
WNW Websites
Public Health--SKC www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile
WA Dept.of Health www.doh.wa. og v/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WNV.html
CDC Insect Repellent Info www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/insect reyellent.htm
Public Health staff:
Sharon Hopkins,Public Health Veterinarian 206-206-4880
Bill Heaton,Vector/Nuisance Supervisor 206-205-4397
Kim Moore,WNV Outreach Coordinator 206-296-3998
Hilary Karasz-Dominguez,Media Officer 206-296-4767
Human Health Questions 206-296-4774
State Health Department:
Jack Lilja,Jack.Lilja(aDOH.WA.GOV (360) 236-3366
(Environmental Health&Safety,Zoonotic Diseases Program)
Environmental Health Services Division
999 Third Avenue,Suite 700• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle King County
T(206)205-4394 F(206)296-0189-www.metrokc.gov/health Gregory).Nickels,Mayor ® eon Sims,Executive
MAY-20-2003 11:38 CITY OF RENTON PBPW 425 430 7241 P.02102
PlHealth �-
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98504-7845.
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will be sent to you as soon as new stock is available.
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WNV Interagency Working Group Meeting
May 20, 2003
400 Yesler Way, 3rd Floor 2:30-4:30 pm
A G E N D A
Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County, City of Seattle and other agencies
involved in West Nile virus (WNV) response in Seattle-King County to share information,
coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging.
1) Introductions
2) Goals for the Working Group (Sharon Hopkins, PHSKC)
3) WA State response in with emphasis on coordination of LHJ activities (Jack Lilja, DOH WNV
Coordinator)
4) Brief review of the King County WNV Response Plan; expectations for County agenices
(Sharon Hopkins, PHSKC)
5) Targeting mosquito control activities: KC DNRP presentation on use of GIS mapping and
criteria for selection of retention ponds for larvaciding (Dan Willott, DNRP)
6) Education of the public, employees and media (Hilary Karasz-Dominguez, PIO PHSKC)
7) Tracking larval surveillance and larvaciding activities in KC; demo of Intranet site and
distribution of data collection instructions &forms (Kim Moore, Sharon Hopkins)
8) Discuss/brainstorm interagency communication needs:
a) Frequency and format of meetings; setting meeting agendas
b) Who's missing? Identify other persons/agencies that should be represented
c) Frequency of e-mail communications; should we establish an e-mail newsletter?
d) What are the gaps? What policy issues are in need of attention? What are the technical
assistance needs?
e) Should we form subcommittees to address specific issues and report back to the group
and/or to develop specific trainings?
- Training for admin/front line staff answering questions from the public
- Training in conducting larval surveillance
- Issues around larvaciding
f) Is there a need to develop a resource list and/or clearinghouse of materials?
g) Assure that everyone has signed in and provided contact information
9) Set date for 2"d meeting—agenda to include a brief (N10 minute) overview of WNV-
related activities from each agency or organization participating in the WNV Working Group.
We would like to schedule the 2nd meeting for the week of June 2nd--Please
bring your calendars!
YESLER BUILDING
4
re
Y
� I ill
TERRACE YESLER
STREET WAY
DIRECTIONS TO: HIV/AIDS PROGRAM
Public Health —Seattle & King County
400 Yesler Way, 3`d Floor
Seattle, WA 98104
206.296.4649
Driving Directions:
From 1-5, take James Street Exit. Go west off the ramp, go west on James Street.
Turn left on Fifth Avenue and go south two blocks to Terrace Street.Yesler
Building is located at 5th and Terrace; the entrances are off Terrace Street. There
is metered parking on both sides of the Yesler Building as well as pay parking lots
close to the building. (Free parking for people with disabilities in the KC Garage)
Yesler Building Access:
The main entrance to the Yesler Building is on Terrace Street on the north side of the
building, between Fourth Avenue and Fifth Avenue. (Do not attempt to enter on the
Yesler Way side, which requires an employee key card).
The accessible entrance,which has an automated door, is on Terrace Street just to the
west of the main entrance. The Yesler Building is on a very steep hill, so those who
have mobility disabilities should approach it from Fifth Avenue if possible.
SX
,r
CA
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Yes w0
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4� •* st l I
I ° Vvas ingtc St.
49 W 4 J��
S.Mainst.
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cn LM
Y o� City of Renton
PLANNING/BUILDING/
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
Utility Systems - Fifth Floor
1055 South Grady Way Date: 5/20/2003
Renton, WA 98055
TO: Gary FROM: Allen Quynn
Washington State
Department of Health
Phone: ( ) Phone: (425) 430-7247
Fax Phone: (360) 664-2929 Fax Phone: (425) 430-7241
ISUBJECT. Forms Request I Number of pages including cover sheet 2
REMARKS: ❑ Original to ❑ Urgent ❑ Reply ❑ Please [ For your
be mailed ASAP Comment review
Gary:
Attached please find the request form for the two publications:
"Take the Bite Out of The Bug"
"Do you know what's biting you?"
Thanks.
Requestor's Number Date Received
Rea
�ac4ng Smt,0.yartrurtt d
Health
Department of Health
FORMS AND PUBLICATIONS REQUEST
NOTE: This is your Shipping Label-Use complete street address(UPS will not deliver to a P.O. Box).
Name/Requestor Telephone Date
'- 11Po Quvym q25- Y3v- 7Ag7 S��olo3
Name of Organization Cif of i2�+_0117 Internet E-mail Address
S /)i vi 51'vo q IV h n C'c;./� k/A•l/S
Shipping Address
to s Cyr l.✓� _
City State Zip
R e ofvh
Does Your Organization have a WIC Program? ❑Yes ® No
Forms or Publication Quantity Quantity Back
N�' Number Title Re uested Shipped Order
333-0,I� '-j/0I ,Ka The- $ifc Duf o Tlnc R 300
2 333—05-A 3 :wv 0o ( >n� U G-� 1 ,��'� ? 3 o v
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
INSTRUCTIONS: Please put the publications and forms you are requesting in numerical order by the
DOH number. Include both the form and pub number and the title. Order all items in each amounts.
Your order will be filled to the nearest packaged amount.
Requestor's name and telephone number must be filled in (in case we have questions about your
order.)
For orders that DO NOT involve a payment:Send this fully completed form to Department of Health,PO
Box 47845, Olympia, WA 98504-7845. Faxed orders are accepted at(360)664-2929. Telephone orders
are not accepted. Do not re-order items that are back ordered. They will be sent to you as soon as
new stock is available.
For orders that include payment:Send this fully completed form and check to DOH Revenue Section,
PO Box 1099, Olympia, WA 98507-1099.
If you have any questions, please contact the DOH Warehouse at (360) 586-9046.
A4 ■ Monday,May 19,2003 '
STATE www.kingcountyjournal.com(s)
u is e
a readyP01
o swaWest virus +
Nile actually only breeds iry
Redmond focuses small places,Heaton said,not
in open bodies of water likd
on informational, a retention ponds.
I _Z ��° King County is encouraging
preventative steps ' citizens to keep an eye on gars
dening materials, buckets,!
By Chris Winters
Journal Reporter trays for clay pots, tires, gut;
ters,even indentations in plan,
µ tic coverings for woodpiles'
REDMOND — Every morn-
ing Redmond Sharp walks his - said Carolyn Duncan,a spokes
_ I I � woman for the county sl
1 dog past the stormwater reten- ° • � Department of N a t u r a li
I tion pond on the northeast cor- Resources and Parks.
I
ner of 140th Avenue Northeast �z ,
and Northeast 80th Street. ' t ' z� r King County has had four
A retired administrator at �` xq� years to prepare for the arrivah
University Hospital,Sharp tries f k' of West Nile, so much of thel
•:°
i in developing,. 1 w work
to keep up on the latest med
initial o
5 r k response strategies has already,
z yes
1 ical news, and these days p " ,
i I exposed water plus summer �� � __" 1 been done elsewhere. We rd
+ p � , � �� h :. s °. r. using lessons learned in other
equals mosquitoes, and the �.;.. � F W b
� jurisdictions for what is not
possibility of the West Nile
considered a health emergency
!I virus. �� �` � �� at this time,"Duncan said.
While he said he may be
overblowin the issue to a cer- �° -;
„ # But just in case,the coun�
a I g � M °= ty is using census data and
tain extent, I think its a con- a
i 3:r g Geographic Informationl
I tern we have to reasonably
look at"he said.
" TM ` � ;� ' Services maps to identify,
, - .. a ;
I am a more mature citi- T- r ' A` potentially high risk areas,
.y such as places where they
zen," Sharp said. "And more p, go
# " are high densities of people
I mature citizens, if we have a "" kxr. fit! , �k
e 50—considered the
' over ag
�.4
West Nile epidemic would be �'" �� � ,� � 2 � r r r � � � �. s �`;�the ones hit hardest." ,;� F ;ti ,,;�� most susceptible group — o�
' -
The mosquito-borne West , ' � � homeless people. l
1 Nile virus was first found in And the county will likely,
North America in 1999 and has Maxwell Baimain/Journal identify several areas where
since spread to most U.S. Redmond Sharp worries that poorly built stormwater-retention ponds like this one in Redmond may be a breeding ground for mosquitos and the West Nile Virus. it will want to use larvicide
states. In rare cases it can on unhatched mosquito Ian_
cause a form of encephalitis "People see a dead bird and virus. The truth is that only limits, and probably just as tive measures, setting up vae, she said.
and be fatal. assume it's West Nile, but about eight or nine of the 50 many private ones, said Jon kiosks at public events like And this summer the coun'
There were 4,156 U.S. more often than not that's not species of mosquito in Spangler,Redmond's Natural Derby Days,for example.And ty will specifically study
instances of the virus in the case,"said Bill Heaton,the Washington can carry the Resources Division manager. it's not just ponds, but wet- some of its 700 stormwate;
humans,and 284 people died in supervisor for solid waste and virus, and stormwater ponds While some citizens have been lands,biofiltration swales and retention ponds in unincori
2002,according to the Centers vector nuisance programs—he are not necessarily the best of contacting the city about their even backyard debris that can porated King County to se
for Disease Control and calls it the"rats and garbage" breeding grounds,Heaton said. concerns about the ponds, be mosquito breeding grounds. just how fertile they are as
Prevention. programs—for Public Health— "They're the one the public Spangler said that based on He said the city would pre- breeding grounds for mosi
There have been no human Seattle&King County. focuses on because they are the relative rarity of West Nile fer not to use insecticides,but quitoes.
cases in Washington state, About 100 dead crows,con- so visible," Heaton said. But in Washington,he believes the will apply to the state for a
however,and only a handful of sidered a possible sign of West open or moving water are not risk of contracting it is quite permit to use them if it Chris Winters can bd
cases identified in birds and Nile,were evaluated by Public necessarily good habitat. low: becomes necessary. reached at chris.winters(a
horses, none of them in King Health last year, and none of There are about 100 public The city is focusing instead One particular species of kingcountgdour►ial.com or at
them tested positive for the ponds within the Redmond city on educational and preventa- mosquito that can carry West 425-453-4232. .
County. P
i
Tacomama usproaram Jail nurse enters guilty plea tour ed to keep anti b e ;
g
Lake ewar
The newsletter of the WLR Lake Stewardship program Vol. 10, No. 2 Spring 2003
Resources for Lakeside Living
Where Did You Get the Money to Do That?
Acres of undeveloped land along For lakeside communities,two
Beaver Lake are now protected, grants are especially worth noting: Splash Grants
Lyon Creek has been landscaped the aptly named WaterWorks and Small Change - Up to $2,000
Booster - $2,000-$5,000
with native vegetation and the Splash grants. The WaterWorks Competitive - $5,000-$15,000
noxious aquatic weed purple grant provides up to $50,000 in WaterWorks Grants
loosestrife is less evident than last funding for water quality and Small Change - Up to $2,000
j year at Lake Kathleen. How did water-dependent habitat projects. Booster - $2,00045,000
those communities do it? More Splash provides up to $15,000 in Competitive - $5,000-$50,000
importantly,how did they fund it? funding for water quality educa- Grant Exchange
Unknown to many community tlon projects. http://dnr.metrokc.govtwir/pi/grants.htm
members is the fact that the King
County Department of Natural
Resources and Parks administers become very efficient and easy
six different types of grants for the through the new Grant Exchange
sole purpose of helping residents Web site. This comprehensive
protect and improve their commu- online resource allows visitors to
nity through environmental stew- learn more about what grants are
ardship. Last year a total of 57 available,how to write a grant and
grants,approximately half of all who to contact for more informa-
applicants, were awarded. While tion. A grant resource fair and
individual grant projects varied Removing purple loosestrife workshops are being planned for
widely, the common theme was (above) improves lakeside habitat.
this summer and fall.
community support. Each grant is available in three So take a
categories: "small change," good look
"booster,"and"competitive." around. Is i
�What s Inside. . . ; p •�
Small change grants award up to there a noxious
New Staff................................2
$2,000 and booster grants award weed that
between $2,000 and $5,000; both needs to go?
Spring Lake Baffles Weeds...........2
categories have no application Would your - �•',I
deadline.The competitive rants community
r
Chinese Mystery Snail..............3 p g Y
fund projects between $5,000 and benefit from a
Rain Gauge Data......................4 $50,000 and are awarded twice a water quality
year; applications are due April 1 education
Upcoming Events......................4 � and August 1. program? Let --
Do grant applications and us help you with ideas and
West Nile Virus.........................5 deadlines sound intimidating? guide you through the process.
With help from Grant Coordinator Contact Beth Cullen (see next
Ask Dr.Lakenstein..........................6 �
Ken Pritchard, they're not. The page) at 206-263-6242 or
grant application process has beth.cullen@metrokc.gov. .
Introducin Washington and received her After four years away, she
g"' Bachelor of Arts in Environmental eagerly returned to the Northwest
Policy and Planning from Western where she joined a Snohomish
Washington University. environmental consulting firm. In
After college, Beth spent two March she accepted the position of
years with AmeriCorps,travelling Water Quality Planner with the
the country working on a variety of King County Department of
projects,including the Massa- Natural Resources and Parks.
chusetts Community Water Watch. "I'm really enjoying getting
It was in working with the out into the community again and
community on water quality issues meeting people," said Beth. If you
that she found her niche and chose have any lake questions, need
Beth Cullen, the Lake Steward- to pursue a Masters of Environ- assistance with special projects or
ship Program's newest staff mental Management at Yale have an idea to share, contact Beth
member, is a Seattle native who University's School of Forestry and Cullen at 206-263-6242 or
grew up blocks away from Lake Environmental Studies. beth.cullen@metrokc.gov.
Community Update
Spring Lake Community Battles Noxious Weeds
In the summer of 2001, residents of After the plan
the Spring Lake community (be- Spring Lake was approved by
tween Renton and Maple Valley) the Washington
became increasingly concerned State Department
about four species of noxious of Ecology
aquatic weeds that threatened to (DOE), King
degrade the habitat and recreational County submitted
;,�.° n � � :,.;o
value of their lake. �z a grant proposal
Lakeside residents contacted the for project funding.
King County Lake Stewardship �� Spring Lake
program staff for advice on how _ �� residents and
best to tackle the problem before the County staff are
weeds got out of control. excited to report
Last summer, our staff worked milfoil,purple loosestrife,fragrant that DOE has funded the grant
with the Spring Lake Community pond lily (white or pink flowers) proposal, and weed control begins
Club in a series and yellow flag iris. this summer. Congratulations to the
of meetings. The Club and Lake Stewardship Spring Lake community for their
Through this staff collaborated to develop an collaboration and stewardship
work, the Club Integrated Aquatic Vegetation efforts!
elected to Management Plan (IAVMP). The Noxious aquatic weeds are
develop a plan IAVMP will guide implementa- often a threat to lake health. To find
tion of the weed control project IV-, and apply for p J out more about controlling noxious
grant money to through a combination of herbi- weeds in your lake and resources
begin control cide treatments, manual removal available,contact Michael"Murph"
Milfoil efforts of four methods and ongoing monitoring Murphy at 206-296-8008 or
aquatic weeds: and spot control. michael-wlr.murphy@metrokc.gov.<
2
Lake Ecology
Have You Seen This Snail? It's a Chinese Mystery
nearby ponds and Snails in Wine Sauce),the lack of
lakes. The snails are information about the snail's hosting
offered in pet stores of parasites should make the would-
for controlling algal be gourmet pause before gathering
growth on the glass and cooking them.In their native
walls of aquariums habitat,they are known to harbor
and for reducing the parasites such as flukes and schisto-
accumulation of litter somes(the parasite group respon-
by their habit of sible for swimmer's itch around
� feeding on bottom here).Eating them is definitely not
. detritus. recommended until more is known.
p The Chinese Describing the impact these
The Chinese mystery snail's
mystery snail is snails have had on native species
greenish brown shell is placenext to a dime to show its size. popular with hobby- may prove a difficult task. Various
ists because their local lakes have been managed in
large size makes them the past for fish communities,
The Chinese mystery snail very conspicuous, as well as less sometimes with little known about
(Cipangopaludina malleata var likely to be eaten by pet fish(espe- the effects that management tech-
chinensis)was first documented in cially compared with much smaller niques might have on other animals
the Pacific Northwest more than native freshwater snail species). living in the water. For example,
forty years ago,but very little has Their size also makes them easy several lakes were treated with toxic
been written about its introduction to see in the shallow water of lakes. chemicals-such as rotenone to kill
nor have its impacts on native snails They appear to prefer the warmer off nuisance fish species,which
or ecosystems of local lakes been water near shorelines and can be could have also affected other
studied since then. The Chinese seen,when the water is clear, animal species. The introduction of
mystery snail was reported living in inching along the bottom looking the Chinese mystery snail might
Seattle's Green Lake in the 1960s, for food. have been into environments that
in addition to a lake in the San Juan In addition to their size,other were already under extreme stress.
Islands. identifying characteristics include If you see a snail in a King
Recently,it has been identified the smooth outside of the thin shell, County lake that looks like the one
in several other lakes in King its greenish-brown color, and a hard pictured here,please report it to the
County,including Wilderness, covering of the shell hole called the Lake Stewardship Program. This
Spring, Desire and Sawyer, leading operculum.The Japanese mystery will help us estimate the snail's
to questions about how widespread snail(Cipangopaludina japonica),a population and document the lakes
it may actually be in our region. similar species about which even where it has been located. Please
There are anecdotal reports as less is known, may also be present contact Sally Abella at
far back as 1892 that the snail was in some local lakes. It looks very 206-296-8382 or
offered for sale as a food item in similar,but can be distinguished by sally.abella@metrokc.gov.l�
Chinese markets in both San Fran- subtle differences in shell character-
cisco and Vancouver, BC. How- istics.
ever,it is equally likely that it was While they may be eaten rou-
introduced into our waters from tinely in some parts of Asia(one
hobby aquariums emptied into Web site offers a recipe for Mystery
3
Lake Monitors Report , , ► , ,,
Survey Says: No Significant Difference ; ` ` ►
in Dail vs. Weekly Rain Gauge Data ►` ` `� ► `
Y Y g �
From April to August 2002, Lake This finding suggests that Diane and Alden Chace;
Monitor volunteers from Angle volunteers might record precip- volunteers at Angle Lake, continued
Lake in SeaTac, Lake Kathleen itation weekly rather than daily in the comparison study through the
near Renton, and Lake Joy some cases. winter. In comparing the data from
northeast of Carnation,compared All three lakes participated in their two,gauges from September
two methods of measuring rainfall. the exercise from April through through March(the"wet season")
Each installed two rain gauges August(the region's "dry season"). we saw an even tighter correlation
side by side one for recording The results are summarized in the between the two, with the greatest
daily precipitation and one for charts below. Although the dif- difference being a mere 4mm
weekly accumulation. ference between the two methods (attributed to less evaporation from
Data from each gauge was then was sometimes as much as 10mm a the weekly rain gauge due to cooler
compared to identify whether or not week(possibly due to evaporation weather).
there was a significant difference in from the weekly gauge),statistical Special thanks to volunteers
the amount of rain collected using analysis showed the differences to Diane and Alden Chace, Bob and
the two methods. The results: be insignificant overall. This means Saris Charles, and Keith Lanan for
statistically,there is no significant that data gathered using either participating in the study.lk
difference. method can be compared.
Precipitation at Angle Lake Precipitation at Lake Kathleen Precipitation at Lake Joy
80 Angle precip 80 Kathleen precip ! 80 Joy precip
y=1.0775x I
W=0.9754 y-0.976x y=0.9835x
R�=0.9618 R=0.9215
60 _ 60 60
40 - qQ.i q0 1
y
20 • • 20 20
0 -- 0 0
0 20 daily 40 60 80 0 20 40 dal ly 60 80 100 0 20 daily 40 60 80
Upcoming Dig In! Volunteers needed for hands-on restoration projects.
p Cavanaugh Pond, Renton: May 3, &June 7. Cold Creek Natural Area,
Events Woodinville: June 14. Sammamish Releaf at Marymoor Park,Redmond:
May 24 &June 21. Red Town Meadow Project, Cougar Mountain:
May 24, June 28,July 26, August 23, September 27 & October 25.
Contact: Tina Miller, 206-296-2990.
Honey,I Shrunk the Lawn! Learn how to shrink your lawn and
replace it with a wildlife friendly,native plant landscape.Part of the
Natural Yard Care program. Federal Way: Mayl3; Kirkland: May 20;
Shoreline: June 17. Contact: Greg Rabourn, 206-296-1923.1
4
FYI File
West Nile Virus: What You Should Know
West Nile Virus Hotline However, horses are repellent. Inside your house,ensure
susceptible,there- that windows and door screens are
206-205-3883 fore, owners are secure.While you can not eliminate
West Nile Virus Online encouraged to all mosquito habitat,it is important
www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/ contact their veteri- to remember that not all mosquitoes
narian about possible are carriers of the virus.Please
immunization and report mosquito problems to Public
West Nile virus (WNV)has been control mosquitoes where possible. Health at 206-205-4394.
making headlines across the nation To assist WNV surveillance, DNRP is considering the use of
and raising questions in all of our residents should report finding dead a mosquito control method that
minds. Though health experts do crows,ravens,jays,magpies, and would apply natural larvicides in
not expect WNV to be a health raptors (eagles,hawks, and owls) limited and targeted areas. One
emergency in King County, know- by calling 206-205-4394. Since possible larvicide being considered
ing some basic information can be crows are particularly susceptible to is based on a variety of Bacillus
your best safeguard. Following are WNV,Public Health may retrieve thuringiensis israelensis(Bti),the
some basic facts and tips prepared and test dead crows for the virus on preferred control technique also
by Public Health-Seattle&King a selective basis. common in organic gardening.
County (Public Health) and the King County will not do aerial
King County Department of Natural application unless faced with a
Resources and Parks (DNRP). public health emergency,which is
More information is available online unlikely, and we know that wide-
or by calling the Hotline. spread chemical controls are not the
West Nile virus,previously answer.
found in Africa,West Asia and the ? I It is important to remember that
Middle East,was discovered in the Horses are susceptible to WNV. Wetlands reduce flooding,recharge
United States in 1999. WNV can groundwater,improve water quality
cause West Nile fever,a mild illness Reducing the opportunity for and support animal and plant
that occurs in about one in five mosquito bites is the easiest and best habitat. So even though wetlands
persons who are infected. In less precaution against WNV you can and lakes seem like obvious mos-
than one percent of persons infected take. You can do this by reducing quito breeding habitat,they also
Encephalitis and meningitis,more mosquito habitat and preparing your abound with natural predators of the
serious illnesses,can occur. home and yourself. mosquito and are critical to the
WNV can infect humans,birds, Mosquitoes will lay their eggs in health of our environment.
mosquitoes,horses and other still or standing water—even as little
animals but cannot be transmitted as a few ounces. So removing any J
j directly from person-to-person or standing water on your property and
from animal-to-person. Mosquito around your home significantly
bites transmit the virus to humans, reduces mosquito-breeding habitat.
but only if the mosquito has fed on Mosquitoes are most active and 1
an infected animal. WNV appears likely to bite at dusk and dawn. Tr� ` J
to be rare in dogs and cats, and While outdoors during these times Reduce standing water on your
chickens are resistant as well. wear long sleeve shirts, long pants, property by tipping out old tires,
a hat and consider wearing an insect planters, and other containers.
5
Ask Dr. Lakenstein
I live near a King County lake and quickly,draining several ways: of impervious surface and the types
keep hearing about how impervious directly into waterbodies like your of land use activities that surround
surfaces are negatively affecting the lake,to non-impervious surfaces your lake, as well as the natural
lake's water quality. Can you where it can infiltrate into the characteristics of the lake itself,can
explain what this means? ground, or to catchbasins that pipe contribute to water pollution.
Signed, the stormwater into the closest While impervious surfaces
Curious About Impervious waterbody. When heavy rainstorms typically increase with development
occur, this runoff can lead to tempo- and population growth, through
Dear Curious: rary flooding problems downstream analysis,improved technologies,
Impervious surfaces are areas that and headaches for homeowners. - and better use of land, its impact on
no longer allow water to naturally Runoff is also a major contribu- water quality can be decreased.
seep into the ground. For example, for to water pollu-
roads, sidewalks,patios,rooftops, tion. As water PRE-DEVELOPMENT POST-DEVELOPMENT
parking lots, and even compacted flows over impervi-
soil(and sometimes even turf)are ous surfaces it can
' 1
all considered impervious surfaces. collect other sub- p
Stormwater running off lots of stances like oil and '
impervious surface can create fertilizers,carrying
problems. these pollutants
When water can't sink into the directly into your
soil slowly, it flows above ground lake. The amount surface runoff surface runoff
O King County PRESORTED
sTaNDARD
Department of Natural Resources and Parks us POSTAGE
Water and Land Resources Division PAID
King Street Center SEATTLE,wA
201 South Jackson Street, Suite 600 - � ., Permit No. 6013
Seattle, WA 98104 w
RON STRAKA CITY OF RENTON
CITY OF RENTON UTILITY SYSTEMS
1055 S GRADY WAY
RENTON WA 98055
Lake Steward Spring 2003
Duplicate mailings?Change of name or address?
Call (206) 296-6519 or send mailing label, with the
correct address clearly marked, to the above address. Alternative formats
Please allow 6-8 weeks for changes. available upon request.
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