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Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Kim Moore,Health&Environmental Investigator Environmental Hazard Section 999 Third Ave.,Suite 700• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 T(206)296-3998 F(206)296-0189 kimberly.moore@metrokc.gov J U N I V E R S I T Y O F T WASHINGTON a,PjV4 lem'f i,3 Robert Reineke,Ph.D. S (L I A /2e--k- Research Scientist Division of Ecosystem Sciences/Urban Ecology Program COLLEGE OF FOREST RESOURCES 104 Winkenwerder Box 352100 Seattle,Washington 98 1 95-2 100 CROW PROJECT(CELL)206.250.9343 HOME 206.243.6955 picapica@u.washington.edu DIP COUNTS for MOSQUITO LARVAE SURVEILLANCE in KING COUNTY INSTRUCTIONS & DATA MANAGEMENT PURPOSE: Dipping is used to indicate the presence or absence of mosquito activity in a body of water. The average number of larvae in a series of dips is a rough indication of the degree of mosquito activity in the water sampled. As part of its West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance and control program, Public Health—Seattle & King County is maintaining a database and mapping mosquito larval densities throughout King County. This information will be compared to surveillance data and mapping of dead bird reports, mosquito complaint reports, crows testing positive for WNV, equine cases, and human cases. In addition, demonstration of mosquito activity is required by the State permit before larvaciding. Larval surveillance via dipping may also be used to help determine the effectiveness of mosquito habitat reduction measures or of larvaciding. PROCEDURE: Dipping involves use of a standardized white plastic dipping cup (1.5 cup volume) affixed to a long handle. The cup is dipped into the body of water to be sampled and the number of mosquito larva on each dip counted and recorded. A minimum of 3 dips is suggested, but more may be counted for larger bodies of water. Motion, shadows and noise may cause the larvae to scatter or dive, so the water should be approached quietly and from a direction that will not cast a shadow onto the area to be dipped. Training in the technique is available from Public Health staff. Please contact Kim Moore at (206)296-3998 or by e-mail at kimberiy,moore0metrokc,gov. In addition, larvae collected by dipping may be placed in a `mosquito breeder"and hatched for submission to the WA Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health and Safety. The hatched adults will be examined and classified as to mosquito species and number of females. Adult mosquitoes can also be collected directly by using special mosquito traps. More information, submission forms, and shipping information are available from 3o Marie Brauner at(360)236-3064 or by e-mail at jomarie.brauner0doh,wa,go v. DATA COLLECTION: Data collection forms for dip counts are part of this packet. They should be photocopied as needed and used to record the location of the dipping, type of water sampled, the counts and other relevant information. It is important to record the location using either GIS coordinates, parcel number or accurate street address as the larval surveillance data will be mapped using GIS software. DATA ENTRY & MANAGEMENT: A site has been set up on the King County Intranet at http://webtest/wnv/ . The username is wnvdata and the password is password. This site allows agencies to directly enter data from the Dip Count form. Copies of these instructions and the data collection form may also be printed from the site. Problems with the Intranet site should be reported to Sharon Hopkins bye-mail at sharon,hopkinsOmetrokc.gov. Agencies such as City governments unable to access the KC Intranet site may submit the hard copies of their data collection forms to Public Health—Seattle & King County for data entry. Public Health will also provided individualized reports to agencies conducting larval surveillance. Contact Kim Moore at(206) 296-3998 or by e-mail at kimber/y,mooreOmetrokc,gov to arrange for data entry and data retrieval services. Public Health—Seattle & King County, Environmental Health Division, PH: (206) 205-4394 FAX: 296-0189 West Nile Virus Data Form Page 1 of 2 King County - - West Nile Virus Home Page Mosquito Larvaciding Record Facility Info: Select Organization: Select an Organization Organization Name: Department Name: ISelect a Department Click here to add a new department name for an organization Facility ID: (optional) Data Collected By: Write first and last names as used on email First Name: Last Name: Date of Larvaciding: (e.g., 111103) Time of Larvaciding: (e.g., 13:30-Military time only) Weather Conditions: Check one only Dry * Raining Unusual Conditions(Describe below) Comment: If Weather Condition is unusual conditions: Location of Sample: Record all available GPS Coordinates: Map Datum: WGS84-Lat and Long in decimal degrees up to 4-5 decimal places Parcel Number: Street Address: City: Type of Water Sampled: Check only one Storm water pond 01 Catch basin/storm basin Wetland,woodland,marsh,swamp Natural Pond or Lake f Container(e.g.,tire,tire pile,trough, ornamental pond,roof top catchment) Other(Describe below) http://webtest/wnv/Mlarvaciding_frm.asp 04/02/2004 West Nile Virus Data Form Page 2 of 2 Describe: If Type of Water Sampled is Other: Product Applied: If Product Applied is more than one fill out another record (' Bti Bs Methoprene MMF Comments: Formulation Quantity: Briquettes(#): Pellets(#): Granules(lb.): Liquid (oz.of product): Data Entered By: Write first and last names as used on email First Name: Last Name: For more information please call (206) 296-4600 (voice/TDD). Updated: Tuesday, November 05, 2002 at 11:32 AM PDT Public Health Homepage I Safe Food I Safe Water Communicable Disease I STD I HIV I Birth/Death Records Public Health News Contact King County I Publc_Health I News Services I Comments Search Links to external sites do not constitute endorsements by King County. By visiting this and other King County web pages, you expressly agree to be bound by terms and conditions of the site. The details- http://webtest/wnv/mlarvaciding_frm.asp 04/02/2004 West Nile Virus Data Form Pagel of 2 King County 1r'^ u itq t •q: ..,, *..: p rs'iilyri .V, West Nile Virus Home Page Mosquito Larvae Count Form Facility Info: Select Organization: Select an Organization Organization Name: Department Name: Iselect a Department Click here to add a new department name for an organization Facility ID: (optional) Data Collected By: Write first and last names as used on email First Name: Last Name: Date of Collection: (e.g., 111103 Location of Sample: Record all that is available GPS Coordinates: Map Datum: WGS84-Lat and Long in decimal degrees up to 4-5 decimal places Parcel Number: —� Street Address: City: Type of Water Sampled: Check only one Storm water pond Catch basin/storm drain Wetland,woodland,marsh,swamp Natural Pond or Lake Container(e.g.,tire,tire pile,trough, ornamental pond,roof top catchment) Other(Describe below) Describe: If Type of Water Sampled is Other: (3 dips suggested;more dips may be made for Mosquito Larvae Count: larger bodies of water;record larvae count for each dip) Dip#l: F 7�i Dip values should not exceed 3 digits Dip#2: http://webtest/wnv/mlcount—frm.asp 04/02/2004 West Nile Virus Data Form Page 2 of 2 Dip#3: Dip#4: Dip#5: Dip#6: Dip#7: Dip#8: Dip#9: Dip#10: Data Entered By: Write first and last names as used on email First Name: Last Name: ��Subm�t;v For more information please call (206) 296-4600 (voice/TDD). Updated: Tuesday, November 05, 2002 at 11:32 AM PDT Public Health Homepage I Safe Food I Safe Water Communicable Disease I STD I HIV I Birth/Death Records Public Health News Contact King County Public-Health I News Services I Comments Search Links to external sites do not constitute endorsements by King County. By visiting this and other King County web pages, you expressly agree to be bound by terms and conditions of the site. The details. http://webtest/wnv/mlcount_frm.asp 04/02/2004 wmow �(h Press 06-30 2004 LEGAL NOTICE CITY OF ISSAQUAH City of Issaquah Public Notice The City of Issaquah, in response to health concerns related to mosquito transmitted illnesses is providing public of Issaquah of larvicide applications to water bodies on properties owned y the The City of Issaquah received a permit from the Washington State Department of Ecology to use larvicide applications on stormwater catch basins, detention ponds, and stormwater conveyance systems maintained by the City. More information about the West Nile Virus can be found at the Washington State i Department of Health's website, http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/ s• WNVhtml. n from June 2004 through r Testing of ponds with standing waters done monthly e- Noveer 2004. If mosquito lary mbae are found, larvicide treatments will be applied using the following larvicides: Product Active Ingredients Restrictions P. 4 q Bacillus thuringiensis Not for use in drinking water at A uabac reservoirs or receptacles. Bactimos israelensis(Bti) Vectobac Teknar ale, nber Bacillus s haericus Not for use in drinking water juah. VectoLex p reservoirs or receptacles WDG These products will be used to control mosquito larvae during the months of June IS through November 2004. on The pbly licensed City personnel e for mucts ianagingll be pwatered bodies on City owned or y within the department p this maintained property within City boundaries. All products will be used in a nt of Agriculture, ion. and Washington Department of Fish andth 'the label, iWildlifegton trestrictiote nsmeWhere appropriate ier. � an or required,notification will be posted at all reasonable points of ingress the treatment areas when applied to water bodies used for water contact egress to recreation. , Present their views concerning this public notice Any person wishing to p may contact: $ City of Issaquah Attn: Bill McGill PO Box 1307 Issaquah,WA 98027 MEET- 425-837-3010 HIGH- Email: billm@ciissaquah.wa.us that the The Washington State Department of Ecology Regional Office contact inal Plat information is: before 3190-160th Ave.SE at 11:00 Bellevue,WA 98008-5452 13th at 425-649-7000 sated at Published in the Issaquah Press June 30th,2004 VIssa sts of USE THIS COUPON !on 3.1 hder 4 Mail in your Classified Ad! eais diine: Monday, 3:00 P-M- + ad is $17.50 for one week. 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MT.RAINIER VIEW CONDOI A unique 4 acre forested get-away!Quality and Contemporary.3 Bed720,000 Fabulous 2 BR top floor end unit w/clas;� baths custom home!www.cbba.com/84do3 Dana Summers 206 321-3633 round corners,chair rail,maple cabinetry ----- ( ) bath off master,garage and extra pkg.wt+ V CUSTOM HM 3+ACRES Michelle McLaughlin(206)910-6349 Open Sun 1-4!NW Contemporary styling with vaulted windows and wrap'000 PROVIDENCE POINT 55+ 1 deck.Great room feel,entertainers floorplan.4Car Gar w/multi use space peck off living room allows above for bonus/shop/office/nanny oc.you chose!www.cbba-com/8731 You to sit and. Christinekipp.com(425)961-5325 !n condition-new walls,ceilings,paint,c" 1055sf,.75 Bt,2 BR.garage,storage. wwd, AT HOME IN THE COUNTRY! Tina Dunne(425)961-5313 Enchanting 2.49 acres;lawns,raised beds&sunfilled evergreen privacy.4br, THE BENSON 4 fireplaces!Close to I-90,excellent commute,upscale acre neighborhood. View the Olympic Mts.from your balcorry.2 wwwcbba.com/i14- Christine Kipp(425)961-5325 carpet.Tiled entry&built-in wall unit off livir airport,fwy&schools.Hurry!www,cbba.co Geralm Know—(425)961-4105 1 1 1 1 1 Start i your i i R a t 3 Photos of NORTH BEND$254,950-2br/2.5ba,2 story.New SAMMAMISH$659,900-Beave roof,furnace,Water htr,windows.Vaulted ceilings 2.25ba;68 ft priv waterfront,doc' large Wrap around deck.Flat wooded lot.Peter eled kit,B&B style mbr w/own frp Kakoczky 425-313-5900.www.johnlscott com/54496 yard.Nancy Gervais 425-829-472 SNOQUALMIE$349,900-2686 sq ft 4 br+super WwW.johnlscott com/55398 "f loft,private locale,bed/den w3/4 ba on the main lovers paradise!Private Shy PRIVACY ON THE PLATEAU acre,tr floor,2 car gar,mins to Seattle.Jen Manning studio,etc.Remodeled kitchen&bIIi 206-406-2004.WWW.iohnlscott com/57566 3.Kimberly Lester 425-427-9000. SNOQUALMIE$474,900-Connor built ex model WqL jc- nlscott com/59874 home,3 br,loft,formal liv&din rms,chef's ?q 029.7I2 acres.STOM C R craftsman,views, kitchen,corner lot,upgrades galore!Jen Manning granite,stainless appliances,gated 206 406 2004.www.johnlscott com/5A173 Kimberly Lester 425-427-9000. Www.iohnlscott com/51849 s x •A z f • ' ential DOWNTOWN ISSA UAH ,Q KLAHANIE$389,9g9 SNOQUALMIE RIDGE $274,000 Upgraded home in the PROV: Cory 2 bdrm/1 bth home on Willows w/new hdwds, $337,500 ,7 quiet cul-de-sac in dntwn paint, carpet, furnace. 3 Better th Iss. Lrg private level yd.All bdrms/den, Hardi Plank resale sppl included. #24071428. siding. #24083497. Lau Dave Paremski 425-392- White 425-392-6600 x278 6600/941-9096. n ANNUAL CONTRACT TASK ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT AGREEMENT #: AG-C-210 TASK#: EAPT-T03-001 CONSULTANT: Eden Advanced Pest Technoloizies PROJECT #: Surveillance of Mosquito Larval Sites The general provisions and clauses of the Agreement referenced above shall be in full force and effect for this Task Assignment. Location of Project: City WRIA 9 and WRIA 10 Storm Wet Ponds Maximum Amount Payable per this Task Assignment: $7,250.00 Completion Date: November 28, 2003 Scope of Work: Eden Advanced Pest Technologies (EDEN) will provide mosquito larval surveillance to provide an overview of mosquito breeding activity. Selection of larval monitoring sites will be determined in location and number so as to give an adequate assessment of emerging mosquito populations, especially mosquito species that are known vectors of West Nile virus. Larval collections will be accomplished by "dipping". Surveillance data will be updated in a timely manner. Adult mosquito monitoring will be performed in areas where larval collection will not be effective or in areas where tracking adult mosquito populations is deemed necessary. Adult monitoring will be done with CDC light traps and by observing landing counts. All surveillance will be performed in coordination with local authorities. Surveillance activities will be conducted monthly, June through October (more surveillance may be needed during period of warm wet weather depending on activity). Surveillance services will be performed at a cost of $1,450 per month. Approvals: Consultant Project Manager: Signature: Date.- Agency Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Mayor: Signature: Date: Note: If this task order is over $25,000 then it must go before the Public Works Committee and City Council for approval prior to the Mayor's signature. Page 1 of 1 4 ANNUAL CONTRACT TASK ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT AGREEMENT #: AG-C-210 TASK #: EAPT-T03-002 CONSULTANT: Eden Advanced Pest Technolollies PROJECT #: Larvicide Applications of Mosquito Larval Sites The general provisions and clauses of the Agreement referenced above shall be in full force and effect for this Task Assignment. Location of Project: City WRIA 9 and WRIA 10 Storm Wet Ponds Maximum Amount Payable per this Task Assignment: $7,600.00 Completion Date: November 28, 2003 Scope of Work: If predetermined thresholds of mosquito larvae are reached, the application of larvicides will be made to key breeding sites. Methoprene will be the material of choice, however, all materials will be approved by the local authority. Larvicide applications will be performed in conjunction with the surveillance as detailed in Task Order No. EAPT-T03-001. The Larvicide applications, if needed, will be performed anytime between June and October at a cost of$1,520 per month. All information on treatments will be kept in a database and these records will be sent to the contracting authority after each application cycle is completed. Approvals: Consultant Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Mayor: Signature: Date: Note: If this task order is over $25,000 then it must go before the Public Works Committee and City Council for approval prior to the Mayor's signature. Page 1 of 1 ANNUAL CONTRACT TASK ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT AGREEMENT #: AG-C-210 TASK #: EAPT-T03-003 CONSULTANT: Eden Advanced Pest Technologies PROJECT #: Surveillance and larvicide applications of Mosquito Larval Sites The general provisions and clauses of the Agreement referenced above shall be in full force and effect for this Task Assignment. Location of Project: Lloyds pit vault (856 square feet) Maximum Amount Payable per this Task Assignment: $750.00 Completion Date: October 31, 2003 Scope of Work: This task order is for the surveillance and larvicide applications, if needed, for the Lloyds pit vault (856 square feet). The surveillance and larvicide applications, if needed, will be performed anytime between June and October at a cost of $150 per month. All information on treatments will be kept in a database and these records will be sent to the contracting authority after each application cycle is completed. Approvals: Consultant Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Mayor: Signature: Date: Note: If this task order is over $25,000 then it must go before the Public Works Committee and City Council for approval prior to the Mayor's signature. Page 1 of 1 ANNUAL CONTRACT TASK ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT AGREEMENT #: AG-C-210 TASK #: EAPT-T03-004 CONSULTANT: Eden Advanced Pest Technologies PROJECT #: Purchase of 132 Ibs of Altosid Chemical: Methoprene The general provisions and clauses of the Agreement referenced above shall be in full force and effect for this Task Assignment. Location of Project: City WRIA 9 and WRIA 10 Storm Wet Ponds Maximum Amount Payable per this Task Assignment: $3,459.71 Completion Date: November 28, 2003 Scope of Work: Eden has purchased 132 pounds of the Altosid chemical: Methoprene for use as needed in the City WRIA 9 and WRIA 10 Storm Wet Ponds in accordance with the Annual Contract Tasks Numbers T03-002 and T03-003. This task is to compensate the Annual On-Call Consultant Agreement for this purchase. All information on treatments will be kept in a database and these records will be sent to the contracting authority after each application cycle is completed. Approvals: Consultant Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Project Manager: Signature: Date.- Agency Mayor: Signature: Date: Note: If this task order is over $25,000 then it must go before the Public Works Committee and City Council for approval prior to the Mayor's signature. Page 1 of 1 t 'r City of Auburn Mosquito Surveillance and Larvicide Field Data 2003 Field data by Eden Advanced Pest Technologies Count=# Dips divided by# Larvae. Based on 10 dips per acre of surface area. NA= No Activity Larvicide Quantity Facility# Name GPS Coordinates Date Time Count Treatment Lbs. 74 277th West N 47' 21.237 W122014.038 6/6/03 0900 NA No 0.0 7/8/03 0800 NA No 0.0 DOH Permit 47.35395 8/12/03 0800 0.4 Methoprene 0.2 Entry 122.23396 9/15/03 1630 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 0800 NA No 0.0 9 Glacier Park N 47' 20.976 W122° 14.090 6/6/03 0935 0.4 Methoprene 2.2 7/8/03 0830 0.1 No 0.0 DOH 47.34960 8/12/03 0830 0.6 Methoprene 2.2 122.23483 9/15/03 1650 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 0815 NA No 0.0 43 Opus N 47' 20.701 W122° 13.878 6/6/03 1010 0.06 No 0.0 7/8/03 0900 0.3 Methoprene 2.0 DOH 47.34501 8/12/03 0900 0.1 No 0.0 122.23130 9/15/03 1700 0.1 No 0.0 10/21/03 0830 NA No 0.0 27 277th East N 47' 21.182 W122° 13.875 6/6/03 1040 NA No 0.0 7/8/03 1000 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.35303 8/12/03 0915 NA No 0.0 122.23125 9/15/03 1730 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 0900 NA No 0.0 12 Race Track N 47' 20.396 W122° 14.314 6/6/03 1105 0.2 No 0.0 7/8/03 1045 0.4 Methoprene 1.0 DOH 47.33993 8/12/03 0945 NA No 0.0 122.23856 9/15/03 1800 0.3 Methoprene 2.0 10/21/03 0930 NA No 0.0 25 Lloyds Pit N. N 47' 19.311 W122° 15.367 6/6/03 1130 1.6 Methoprene 1.0 7/8/03 1200 1.4 Methoprene 1.0 DOH 47.32185 8/12/03 1000 NA No 0.0 122.25611 9/16/03 1700 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 0945 NA No 0.0 66 Lloyds Vault N470 19.325 W122° 15.563 6/6/03 1200 NA No 0.0 7/8/03 1230 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.32208 8/12/03 1030 NA No 0.0 122.25938 9/16/03 1730 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1000 NA No 0.0 36 Summer Field N 470 18.929 W122011.359 6/6/03 1315 0.5 Methoprene 0.5 7/8/03 1350 0.1 No 0.0 DOH 47.31548 8/12/03 1100 0.5 Methoprene 0.8 122.18931 9/16103 1750 0.1 No 0.0 10/21/03 1100 NA No 3.0 38 Royal Hills A N 47' 19.104 W122011.516 6/6/03 1405 NA No 0.0 7/8/03 1430 0.3 Methoprene 0.5 DOH 47.31840 8/12/03 1130 NA No 0.0 122.19193 9/16/03 1820 0.1 No 0.0 10/21/03 1130 NA No 0.0 37 Royal Hills B N 47' 19.196 W122° 11.544 6/6/03 1430 NA No 0.0 7/8/03 1500 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.31993 8/12/03 1200 NA No 0.0 122.19240 9/16/03 1850 0.3 Mehoprene 0.6 10/21/03 1200 NA No 0.0 39 Campus Rim N 470 19.053 W122° 11.381 6/6/03 1450 NA No 0.0 7/8/03 1530 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.31755 8/12/03 1215 NA No 0.0 122.18968 9/17/03 1300 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1220 NA No 0.0 35 Eagle Run N 47' 19.173 W122011.372 6/6/03 1520 0.6 Methoprene 0.25 7/8/03 1600 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.31955 8/12/03 1230 NA No 0.0 122.18953 9/17/03 1330 0.4 Methoprene 0.25 10/21/03 1300 NA No 0.0 45 Glen Kara N 47' 19.765 W122012.464 6/6/03 1605 NA No 0.0 7/8/03 1630 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.32941 8/12/03 1330 NA No 0.0 122.20773 9/17/03 1350 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1320 NA No 0.0 7 Velvet Square N 47' 17.452 W122012.652 6/6/03 1630 NA No 0.0 7/14/03 1200 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.29086 8/12/03 1415 NA No 0.0 122.21086 9/17/03 1410 0.1 No 0.0 10/21/03 1345 NA No 0.0 21 River Walk N N 47' 16.978 W122012.232 6/6/03 1700 0.4 Methopren 0.5 7/14/03 1300 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.28296 8/12/03 1500 NA No 0.0 122.20386 9/17/03 1440 0.3 Methopren 0.5 10/21/03 1400 NA No 0.0 33 Webster Place N 47' 19.073 W122011.541 6/10/03 0800 NA No 0.0 7/14/03 1330 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.31788 8/12/03 1530 0.3 Methoprene 1.0 122.19235 9/17/03 1500 0.2 No 0.0 10/21/03 1445 NA No 0.0 4 Lakeland Hills N 47° 16.081 Mill Pond W122o 13.228 6/10/03 0850 NA No 0.0 7/14/03 1345 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.26801 8/12/03 1545 NA No 0.0 122.22046 9/17/03 1530 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1500 NA No 0.0 26 East Point N 47' 15.197 W122012.138 6/10/03 0930 NA No 0.0 7/14/03 1430 0.3 Methoprene 0.9 DOH 47.25328 8/12/03 1600 NA No 0.0 122.20230 9/17/03 1600 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1516 NA No 0.0 69 Lake Taps N 470 14.674 Parkway E2 W1220 13.172 6/10/03 1015 NA No 0.0 7/14/03 1515 NA No 0.0 DOH 47.24456 8/12/03 1615 NA No 0.0 122.21953 9/17/03 1615 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1530 NA No 0.0 70 Lake Taps N 47° 14.756 Parkway East W1220 13.569 6/10/03 1045 NA No 0.0 7/14/03 1600 NA No 0.0 DOH N47.24593 8/12/03 1630 0.4 Methoprene 1.3 W122.22615 9/17/03 1700 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1545 NA No 0.0 55 Trillium Pond N 47' 15.020 W122014.098 6/10/03 1130 NA No 0.0 7/14/03 1630 NA No 0.0 DOH N47.25033 8/12/03 1700 NA No 0.0 W122.23496 9/17/03 1730 NA No 0.0 10/21/03 1600 NA No 0.0 AGREEMENT FOR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AG-C-210 THIS AGREEMENT made and entered into by and between the CITY OF AUBURN, a Municipal Corporation in King County, Washington,hereinafter referred to as "CITY" and with, Eden Advanced Pest Technologies, a corporation whose address is 3425 Stoll Road SE Olympia WA 98501, hereinafter referred to as "EDEN". In consideration of the covenants and conditions of this Agreement, the parties hereby agree as follows: 1. SCOPE OF WORK. EDEN, on a project basis, will be given individual task assignments (see example Exhibit A) for monitoring and possible treatment of mosquito larval sites. These task assignments will describe the work to be completed, completion dates and compensation amount. An approved task assignment shall be required between EDEN and the CITY prior to commencing any work for any individual task. EDEN's services shall include services as described in Exhibit B. 2. TERM. EDEN shall be available on an on-call basis to provide monitoring and possible treatment of mosquito larval sites described in the above section 1 to the CITY throughout the 2003 calendar year. Monitoring and possible treatment of mosquito larval sites assignments shall commence when individual task assignments are approved between EDEN and the CITY and upon EDEN providing a certificate of Insurance to the CITY. The established completion time shall not be extended because of any delays attributable to EDEN, but may be extended by the CITY in the event of a delay attributable to the CITY, or because of unavoidable delays caused by an act of GOD or governmental actions or other conditions beyond the control of EDEN. A prior supplemental Agreement issued by the CITY is required to extend the established completion time. 3. COMPENSATION. --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 1 of 9 EDEN shall be paid by the CITY for completed services rendered under the approved individual task assignments. Such payment shall be full compensation for work performed or services rendered and for all labor, materials, supplies, equipment and incidentals necessary to complete the work. EDEN shall submit an itemized bill to the CITY prior to payment. Compensation shall include all of EDEN's expenses including, but not limited to, overhead, profit and direct non-salary costs and shall not exceed that amount shown on each approved individual task assignment for monitoring and possible treatment of mosquito larval sites under this contract. The total amount of the Agreement is not to exceed $24,500.00. In the event services are required beyond those specified in the Scope of Work, and not included in the compensation listed in this Agreement, a contract modification shall be negotiated and approved by the CITY prior to any effort being expended on such services. 4. RESPONSIBILITY OF EDEN. EDEN shall be responsible for the professional quality, technical accuracy,timely completion and the coordination of all studies, analysis, designs, drawings, specifications, reports and other services performed by EDEN under this Agreement. EDEN shall, without additional compensation, correct or revise any errors, omissions or other deficiencies in its plans, designs, drawings, specifications, reports and other services required. EDEN shall perform its services to conform to generally accepted professional pest control and environmental standards and the requirements of the CITY. Any approval by the CITY under this Agreement shall not in any way relieve EDEN of responsibility for the technical accuracy and adequacy of its services. Except as otherwise provided herein, neither the CITY'S review, approval or acceptance of, nor payment for, any of the services shall be construed to operate as a waiver of any rights under this Agreement or of any cause of action arising out of the performance of this Agreement to the full extent of the law. 5. INDEMNIFICATION/HOLD HARMLESS. --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 2 of 9 EDEN shall indemnify and hold the CITY and its officers and employees harmless from and shall process and defend at its own expense all claims, demands, or suits at law or equity arising in whole or in part from EDEN's negligence or breach of any of its obligations under this Agreement; provided that nothing herein shall require EDEN to indemnify the CITY against and hold harmless the CITY from claims, demands or suits based solely upon the conduct of the CITY, their agents, officers and employees and provided further that if the claims or suits are caused by or result from the concurrent negligence of(a) EDEN's agents or employees and (b) the CITY, their agents, officers and employees, this indemnity provision with respect to (1) claims or suits based upon such negligence, (2)the costs to the CITY of defending such claims and suits, etc. shall be valid and enforceable only to the extent of EDEN's negligence or the negligence of EDEN's agents or employees. The provisions of this section shall survive the expiration or termination of this Agreement. Except as expressly provided herein Eden shall incur no liability by reason of the City's choice to have the mosquito control work done where there is no negligence on the part of Eden. 6. INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR/ASSIGNMENT. The parties agree and understand that EDEN is an independent contractor and not the agent or employee of the CITY and that no liability shall attach to the CITY by reason of entering into this Agreement except as otherwise provided herein. The parties agree that this Agreement may not be assigned in whole or in part without the written consent of the CITY. 7. INSURANCE. EDEN shall procure and maintain for the duration of this Agreement, commercial general liability insurance against claims for injuries to persons or damage to property which may arise from or in conjunction with services provided to the CITY by EDEN, its agents, employees or subcontractors, under this Agreement. EDEN agrees to provide commercial general liability insurance and shall maintain liability limits of no less then ONE MILLION DOLLARS --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 3 of 9 ($1,000,000) per occurrence and TWO MILLION DOLLARS ($2,000,000) general aggregate. EDEN shall also provide and maintain automobile liability coverage in the minimum liability limits of ONE MILLION DOLLARS ($1,000,000) per accident for bodily injury and property damage. The general liability coverage shall also provide that the CITY, its officers, employees and agents are to be covered as additional insured as respects: Liability arising out of the services or responsibilities performed by or under obligation of EDEN under the terms of this Agreement, by EDEN, its employees, agents and subcontractors. Both the general liability and automobile liability coverage shall provide that EDEN's insurance coverage shall be primary insurance as respects the CITY, its officials, employees and agents. Any insurance or self insurance maintained by the CITY, its officials, employees or agents shall be excess to EDEN's insurance and shall not contribute with it. Each insurance policy required by this section of the Agreement shall be endorsed to state that coverage shall not be suspended, voided, or canceled except when thirty (30) days prior written notice has been given to the CITY by certified mail return receipt requested. All insurance shall be obtained from an insurance company authorized to do business in the State of Washington. EDEN agrees to provide copies of the certificates of insurance to the CITY specifying the coverage required by this section within 14 days of the execution of this Agreement. The CITY reserves the right to require that complete, certified copies of all required insurance policies be submitted to the CITY at any time. The CITY will pay no progress payments under Section 3 until EDEN has fully complied with this section. 8. NONDISCRIMINATION. EDEN may not discriminate regarding any services or activities to which this Agreement may apply directly or through contractual, hiring, or other arrangements on the grounds of race, --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 4 of 9 color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, or where there is the presence of any sensory, mental or physical handicap. 9. OWNERSHIP OF RECORDS AND DOCUMENTS. EDEN agrees that any and all drawings, computer discs, documents, records, books, specifications, reports, estimates, summaries and such other information and materials as EDEN may have accumulated, prepared or obtained as part of providing services under the terms of this Agreement by EDEN, shall belong to and shall remain the property of the CITY OF AUBURN. In addition, EDEN agrees to maintain all books and records relating to its operation and concerning this Agreement for a period of six (6) years following the date that this Agreement is expired or otherwise terminated. EDEN further agrees that the CITY may inspect any and all documents held by EDEN and relating to this Agreement upon good cause at any reasonable time within the six (6) year period. EDEN also agrees to provide to the CITY, at the CITY'S request, the originals of all drawings, documents, and items specified in this Section and information compiled in providing services to the CITY under the terms of this Agreement. 10. CERTIFICATION REGARDING DEBARMENT, SUSPENSION,AND OTHER RESPONSIBILITY MATTERS-PRIMARY COVERED TRANSACTIONS. The prospective primary participant certifies to the best of its knowledge and belief, that it and its principals: (a) Are not presently debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, declared ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from covered transactions by any federal department or agency; (b) Have not within a three-year period preceding this proposal been convicted of or had a civil judgment rendered against them for commission or fraud or a criminal offense in connection with obtaining, attempting to obtain, or performing a public (federal, state, or local)transaction or contract under a public transaction; violation of federal --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 5 of 9 or state antitrust statues or commission of embezzlement, theft, forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false statements, or receiving stolen property; (c) Are not presently indicted for or otherwise criminally or civilly charged by a governmental entity (federal, state, or local) with commission of any of the offenses enumerated in paragraph"(b)" of this certification; and (d) Have not within a three-year period preceding this application/proposal had one or more public transactions (federal, state, or local)terminated for cause or default. Where the prospective primary participant is unable to certify to any of the statements in this certification, such prospective participant shall attach an explanation to this proposal. 11. TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement may be terminated by either party upon twenty(20) days written notice to the other party, and based upon any cause. In the event of termination due to the fault of other(s) than EDEN, EDEN shall be paid by the CITY for services performed to the date of termination. Upon receipt of a termination notice under the above paragraph, EDEN shall (1)promptly discontinue all services affected as directed by the written notice, and (2) deliver to the CITY all data, drawings, specifications, reports, estimates, summaries, and such other information and materials as EDEN may have accumulated, prepared or obtained in performing this Agreement, whether completed or in process. 12. GENERAL PROVISIONS. 12.1. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws, regulations and ordinances of the City of Auburn, the State of Washington, King County, and where applicable, Federal laws. 12.2. All claims, disputes and other matters in question arising out of, or relating to, this Agreement or the breach hereof, except with respect to claims which have been waived, will be --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 6 of 9 decided by a court of competent jurisdiction in King County, Washington. Pending final decision of a dispute hereunder, EDEN and the CITY shall proceed diligently with the performance of the services and obligations herein. 12.3. In the event that any dispute or conflict arises between the parties while this Agreement is in effect, EDEN agrees that, notwithstanding such dispute or conflict, EDEN shall continue to make a good faith effort to cooperate and continue work toward successful completion of assigned duties and responsibilities. 12.4. The CITY and EDEN respectively bind themselves, their partners, successors, assigns, and legal representatives to the other party to this Agreement with respect to all covenants to this Agreement. 12.5. This Agreement represents the entire and integrated Agreement between the CITY and EDEN and supersedes all prior negotiations, representations or agreements either oral or written. This Agreement may be amended only by written instrument signed by both the CITY and EDEN. 12.6. Should it become necessary to enforce any term or obligation of this Agreement, then all costs of enforcement including reasonable attorneys fees and expenses and court costs shall be paid to the substantially prevailing party. 12.7. EDEN agrees to comply with all local, state and federal laws applicable to its performance as of the date of this Agreement. 12.8. If any provision of this Agreement is invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions shall remain in force and effect. 12.9. This Agreement shall be administered by Elmer Bensinger, on behalf of EDEN, and by the Mayor of the CITY, or designee, on behalf of the CITY. Any written notices required by the terms of this Agreement shall be served on or mailed to the following addresses: --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 7 of 9 City of Auburn Eden Advanced Pest Technologies Attn: Bill Scheder Attn: Elmer Bensinger 25 W Main Street 3425 Stoll Road SE Auburn WA 98001 Olympia WA 98501 Phone: 253.288.3138 Phone: 1.800.401.9935 Fax: 253.931.3053 Cell: 360.507.1014 E-mail: bschede@ci.auburn.wa.us Fax: 360.438.1663 E-mail: bensinger@centurytel.net 12.10. All notices or communications permitted or required to be given under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be delivered in person or deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid. Any such delivery shall be deemed to have been duly given if mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested, and addressed to the address for the party set forth in 12.9, or if to such other person designated by a party to receive such notice. It is provided, however, that mailing such notices or communications by certified mail, return receipt requested is an option, not a requirement, unless specifically demanded or otherwise agreed. Any party may change his, her, or its address by giving notice in writing, stating his, her, or its new address, to any other party, all pursuant to the procedure set forth in this section of the Agreement. 12.11. This Agreement may be executed in multiple counterparts, each of which shall be one and the same Agreement and shall become effective when one or more counterparts have been signed by each of the parties and delivered to the other party. 12.12. EDEN shall have and maintain a current Commercial Pesticide Applicator Company License. EDEN shall also provide the CITY with current copies of the Commercial Pesticide Applicator Company License listing the Company Employed Commercial Operators. --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 8 of 9 CITY OF AUBURN Peter B Lewis, Mayor Date ATTEST: Danielle E. Daskam, City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: Daniel B. Heid, City Attorney EDEN ADVANCED PEST TECHNOLOGIES BY: Title: Federal Tax ID # File: H:\CONSULTANTS\AGREEMENTS\2003\AGC210 AGREEMENT.DOC --------------------------------------------- Agreement for Professional Services AG-C-210 March 18,2004 Page 9 of 9 EXHIBIT A SAMPLE ANNUAL CONTRACT TASK ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT AGREEMENT #: AG-C-129 TASK#: CLS-T03-001 CONSULTANT: Certified Land Services PROJECT #: Public Parking Lot The general provisions and clauses of the Agreement referenced above shall be in full force and effect for this Task Assignment. Location of Project: A Street NW Maximum Amount Payable per this Task Assignment: $5,000.00 Completion Date: August 1, 2003 Scope of Work: Assist the City of Auburn in the acquisition of three single-family homes that are located on three separate lots that are contiguous to each other. The purpose of the purchase is for the construction of a municipal parking lot. The consultant will assist us in the process of the acquisition, which could include condemnation of the property, and if required, assistance in any relocation of the existing tenants. Approvals Consultant Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Project Manager: Signature: Date: Agency Mayor: Signature: Date: Note: If this task order is over$25,000 then it must go before the Public Works Committee and City Council for approval prior to the Mayor's signature. cc: Engineering Aide Page 1 of 1 EXHIBIT B PROPOSED EDEN SERVICES Eden Advanced Pest Technologies (EDEN) will provide mosquito larval surveillance to provide an overview of mosquito breeding activity. Selection of larval monitoring sites will be determined in location and number so as to give an adequate assessment of emerging mosquito populations, especially mosquito species that are known vectors of West Nile virus. Larval collections will be accomplished by "dipping". Surveillance data will be updated in a timely manner. Adult mosquito monitoring will be performed in areas where larval collection will not be effective or in areas where tracking adult mosquito populations is deemed necessary. Adult monitoring will be done with CDC light traps and by observing landing counts. All surveillance will be performed in coordination with local authorities. Surveillance activities will be conducted monthly, May through October (more surveillance may be needed during period of warm wet weather depending on activity). Surveillance services will be performed at a cost of $1,450 per month or $8,700 for the season. If predetermined thresholds of mosquito larvae are reached, the application of larvicides will be made to key breeding sites. Methoprene will be the material of choice, however, all materials will be approved by the local authority. Larvicide applications will be performed in conjunction with the surveillance described above at an additional cost of $1,520 per month or $9,120 for the season ($2,970 per month for the combined services). Surveillance and larval treatments for additional ponds can be added to this agreement for $150 per month for ponds up to one acre (add $50 per pond for each additional acre of surface area). If it is deemed necessary to treat storm drain catch basins, applications of methoprene will be made at a cost of $6 per catch basin. Applications may remain effective for up to 150 days. Local authority will specify number and grids to be treated. Localized applications for adult mosquitoes can be performed as deemed necessary by local authorities. Applications will be made with ULV backpack apparatus using approved materials to quickly knock down adult populations. Adulticide applications will be performed at a cost of $285 per hour (one hour minimum). Applications will be performed by a Certified Commercial Operator. Eden Advanced Pest Management will conduct ground based ULV applications in order to suppress adult mosquitoes. These treatments will be conducted to protect man and domestic animals from harassment and diseases that mosquitoes can carry. These services are part of an Integrated Mosquito Management program and compliment the other efforts being performed to reduce the spread of West Nile Virus. Page 1 of l Ground based ULV treatments will be conducted in coordination with the City and will be part of a larger Integrated Mosquito Management program. Applications will be made with the ElectraMist EM-4000. This is the state of the industry electric ULV application unity, which permits the tracking of routes, treated with a GPS based unity. All information on treatments will be kept in a database and these records will be sent to the contracting authority after each application cycle is completed (one weekly). Adulticiding services will be performed at a cost of$46.00 per street mile. Treatment grids and specific street routes will be determined and agreed upon prior to application. All applicable provisions and specifications of this proposal will be agreed upon by both parties before any applications of adulticides are made. All applications will be made in accordance to Federal, State and local laws governing the proper use of adulticides for mosquito control. This will be done to protect the interests of both parties and provide a concise format for conducting applications of adulticides to control adult mosquitoes. In order to conduct these operations in the correct manner Eden Advanced Pest Technologies will follow Best Management Practices (BMP's) approved by the Washington State Department of Agriculture. These BMP's were issued to guard against the inappropriate use of adulticides and to provide a margin of safety while using these products to suppress adult mosquitoes. In the event of a wide area public health emergency caused by West Nile Virus or another disease transmitted by mosquitoes, it may be necessary to expand coverage in certain areas by making aerial applications. These types of services are not offered by Eden Advanced Pest Technologies. EDEN Responsibility 1. Ground based ULV application systems 2. Calibration of equipment and swath width checks 3. Recording equipment for applications 4. List of approved insecticides for use in urban and rural areas 5. Responsibility for Insecticides 6. Insurance 7. Wage determination for treatment by the linear mile CITY Responsibility 1. Notification of public intent to spray for adult mosquito control 2. Maps, information, and briefings about progress in other areas of the IMM program 3. Site inspections and data collected about adult mosquitoes to help optimize treatments for adults 4. Hold Harmless agreement 5. Payment system for work completed Page 2 of 2 CONSULTANT INVOICES Consultant invoices should contain the following information: • On consultant letterhead. • A cover letter stating the status of each task. This should include items completed, percent completed during the billing period and completion along with funding status. • Internal invoice number and/or sequential numeric number (i.e.: progress payment# 10). • Invoice date. • Period of time invoice covers. • Consultant Agreement # (i.e.: AG-C-115). • Project number(s) listed (i.e.: PR562). • City's project manager listed. • The hour(s) per person broken down by task(s) (attach timesheets, spreadsheet detailing timesheets, or some other form of proof) along with type of work done (i.e.: design, right-of-way, or construction) or task order number. • Direct salary (base salaries) • Indirect salary (benefits) • Direct non-salary (i.e.: mileage, reproduction fees (i.e.: printing, copying), communication fees (i.e.: telephone), supplies, computer charges, subconsultants), indirect non-salary (overhead). The City does not pay for consultant meals unless part of a task requires travel outside of the greater Seattle, Tacoma, and Everett area. These costs are to be broken down and backup information is to be attached to invoice. Project managers are to inform consultants as to what is required for break down information and if backup information is to be attached. Break out the same for subconsultant charges. • Previous and remaining base contract amounts left in each task and total contract— total authorized amount (bottom line figure). Add amendments to this base contract amount for total authorized amount. • Percentage of work completed to date compared to total amount of work (if required by the project manager). • Status of Management Reserve Fund (MRF) (i.e.- a certain task) until we can get an amendment in place. • Invoices for previous year are due by January 15cn • For grant/special funded projects there might be other special information needed, reference the LAG manual. SAMPLE INVOICE City of Auburn Invoice#: 5222 25 West Main Progress Payment#: 2 Auburn WA 98001 Invoice Date: February 10, 2002 Attn: Scott Nutter(Project Engineer) Project Name: Thomas Nelson Farm Agency Agreement#: AG-C-010 Project#: PR562 Engineering Services performed during the period of: January 2002 SAMPLE ENGINEERING, INC. Personnel Hours Hourly Rate Amount Mike Jones, Principal in Charge 1 $125.00 $125.00 Carla Maker, Architect 5 $ 72.00 $144.00 Joe Smith Word Processing 10 $ 48.00 $480.00 Consultant Personnel Sub Total: $749.00 Expenses (see attached documentation)Charges Multiplier Total Mileage ($0.345/mile): 20 miles x 1.1 $ 7.59 Communications: $30.00 x 1.1 $33.00 Printing: $29.00 x 1.1 $31.90 Consultant Expenses Sub Total: $72.49 Consultant Total: $821.49 SUB CONSULTANTS Subconsultant(see attached documentation) Hours Hourly Rate Amount ABC ENVIRONMENTAL, INC., Civil Engineer 10 $100.00 $1,000.00 ELECTRICAL CONSULTING, Electrical Engineer 5 $100.00 $ 500.00 MECHANICAL SOLUTIONS, Mechanical Engineer 10 $100.00 $1,000.00 MRF* MOVING COMPANY, Moving Consultant 2 $100.00 $ 100.00 Subconsultant Sub Total: $2,600.00 x 1.1 Multiplier: $ 260.00 Subconsultant Total. $2,860.00 - ---------------------.._..-..-----------.-.....-.-..-..-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.......................... TOTAL DUE THIS INVOICE $3,681.49 CONTRACT BREAKDOWN Amount Prior This Total Invoiced % % Amount Task Authorized Invoiced Invoice To Date Expended Completed Remaining Original Contract $22,000.00 $1,025.00 $2,681.49 $3,706.49 20% 25% $18,293.51 ..............................—..---.._........... - ---._...__...._......__.....__................................................_.........__....._.__........---- —---- ._...__._.... --._..__..._......_..... MRF* $2,500.00 $0.00 $1,000.00 $1,000.00 40% 45% $1,500.00 TOTAL $24,500.00 $1,025.00 $3,681.49 $4,706.49 $19,793.51 Note: MRF=Management Reserve Fund * Received a written authorization of MRF on 1/10/01 for Mechanical Engineer task in the amount of$2,000.00. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Water Quality Program iFiL`4.v � 'x Y 1 4 «6µ 4 �r WASHIN6T0N STATE D E P A H T M E N T O F E C O L O G Y Draft Update February 5, 2004 Publication 03-10-023 OW %04 Printed on Recycled Paper Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Water Quality Program Draft Update February 5, 2004 Publication 03-10-023 For additional copies of this document contact: Department of Ecology Publications Distribution Center P.O. Box 47600 Olympia, WA 98504-7600 Telephone: (360) 407-7472 If you need this publication in an alternate format,please contact us at 360-407-6404. Call TTY(for the speech and hearing impaired) at 711 or 1-800-833-6388. Table of Contents Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 BMPsfor Mosquito Control................................................................................................1 I. Minimize Mosquito Breeding Sites and Utilize Personal Protection Measures 1 Il. Monitor for Mosquito Populations and Disease 5 III. Establish Targeted Density of Mosquito Populations 9 IV. Mosquito Control Treatments 10 Appendices A. State Listed Species Restricted Areas B. Insect Repellent Use and Safety C. Response to Public Comments A mosquito control handbook will be developed for informational purposes only. The Handbook has no legal relevance to the NPDES General Permit or the BMPs. Mosquito Handbook Table of Contents 1. Mosquito Management Entities 2. Mosquito Life Cycle and Biology 3. Surveillance and Dipping IPM Flow Charts for Mosquito Control in Diverse Environments Resource Manual Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control i Washington State Department of Ecology Tables Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control Facilities................................................................................................................... 7 Table 2. Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State ............. 8 Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control ............................ 13 Table 4. Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control .................................... 16 Introduction On April 10,2002,the Washington State Department of Ecology(Ecology)issued NPDES General Permit No. WAG-992000,covering mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly into surface waters of the state. Under the permit,the use of insecticides for mosquito control in water is allowed when the effects are temporary and confined to a specific location,though locations where insecticides are used may be widespread throughout the state. Applications of insecticides are subject to compliance with Federal Insecticide,Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) labels,the Washington Pesticide Control Act(15.58 RCW), the Washington Pesticide Application Act(17.21 RCW),the General Pesticide Rules (WAC 16-228), the Worker Protection Standard( AC 16-233),a number of pesticide and/or county specific regulations, monitoring/reporting requirements, and approved best management practices(BMPs)that include integrated pest management options. When adopted by a mosquito control entity,these BMPs for Mosquito Control satisfy that NPDES Permit No. 992000,Condition S4 requirement. These Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control were developed through a collaborative effort of representatives from Washington and Oregon based mosquito control districts,Washington State counties, Washington State University,mosquito control insecticide industry and the state departments of Health, Agriculture, Fish and Wildlife,Transportation and Ecology. Our appreciation goes out to the many mosquito control experts and others who took the time to review the draft and offer their expertise and suggestions. Mosquito control entities in Washington State that wish to develop their own BMPS may do so,but they must be approved by Ecology. An approvable integrated pest management(IPM)program for mosquitoes must involve natural resource scientists when planning control measures that could harm delicate ecosystems and include all the features of IPM as defined in Washington State law RCW 17.15.010(as adapted to mosquito management): 1) Minimize mosquito breeding and feeding sites. 2) Monitor mosquito populations and disease. 3) Establish the targeted densities of mosquito populations based on community factors of health,public safety, economic and aesthetic thresholds. 4) Treat mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that may include biological,cultural,mechanical,microbial,biochemical and chemical control methods and that consider human health, ecological impact,feasibility,and cost effectiveness. 5) Evaluate the effects and efficacy of pest treatments. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control I. Minimize Mosquito Breeding Sites and Utilize Personal Protective Measures Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote Action threshold: The presence or even the suspected presence of mosquitoes(any species) in an area identified for control efforts triggers minimization efforts in the early spring and summer. The mean development time from egg hatch to pupation takes 5 to 10 days at temperatures near 25'C(77°F)(Pratt and Moore, 1993). However, "eggs of certain species can hatch in water as cold as 45'F"(Lilja,2002,p. 24). Minimization actions are most effective in the early spring and continued through fall on an as-needed basis. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 1 Washington State Department of Ecology Rationale: Minimizing man-made breeding sites in the targeted area of control and personal protection, especially for those with compromised immune systems, are the best defenses against getting bitten by mosquitoes,giving the best protection for the least cost. Minimum BMP Response: 1. Provide information to those in the area of control on eliminating artificially-created mosquito breeding sites,use of biological controls,use of repellents and on protecting animals of concern. Local and state environmental health departments have a variety of informational brochures. See http:/lwww.doh.wa.cov/ehpits/Zooi'WNV/'WNV.html for links. 2. Take appropriate minimization actions. 3. If possible,obtain resources to enable effective responses. Minimization Actions Eliminate Artificial Breeding Sites around Homes and Offices ➢ Empty or turn over anything that holds standing water—old tires,buckets,wheelbarrows,plastic covers,and toys. Do not let water stagnate for more than seven days. ➢ Change water in birdbaths, fountains,wading pools,and animal troughs weekly. ➢ When practical,drill holes in the bottoms of containers that are left outdoors. ➢ Clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not in use and be aware that mosquitoes can breed in the water that collects on swimming pool covers. ➢ Consider aerating ornamental pools and use landscaping to eliminate standing water;mosquitoes can potentially breed in any stagnant puddle that lasts more than four days. ➢ Recycle unused containers—bottles,cans,and buckets that may collect water. ➢ Make sure roof gutters drain properly,and clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall. ➢ Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. ➢ Keep all ornamental shrubs and bushes trimmed and pruned to open them up to light and air flow. This will not only give mosquitoes fewer places to hide,but will promote growth and vigor in the plants. Use Appropriate Bio-controls ➢ Stock water gardens that have no surface inlet or outlet with mosquito-eating fish(i.e., goldfish,mud minnow, stickleback, and perch). Tadpoles,dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers,and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. For more information,see http://www.wdf-vv.wa.gov/factslits/westiiilevii-us.htin. ➢ Native vegetation and nest boxes can help attract mosquito-eating birds and bats.However,property owners should avoid introducing non-native fish or wildlife in an attempt to control mosquitoes. While it is permissible to release some fish commonly available in pet stores into small,contained backyard pools and ponds,non-native fish should not be released into open or partially contained waters that may occasionally flood into natural water bodies. Some non-native species,including so- called mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis,can be major pests when introduced outside their natural range. Gambusia are aggressive and have been known to feed on eggs,larvae and juvenile native fish and amphibians. Because of these negative impacts on native species, Gambusia is a regulated species in Washington State, and may not be introduced without a fish stocking permit issued by WDFW. ➢ Under WDFW policy,transfer/stocking permits may only be issued to organized mosquito control districts,the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,and local or state health departments;permits may not be issued to private individuals. To protect the Olympic mudminnow,a state sensitive species, Page 2 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Gambusia stocking is prohibited in Clallam,Jefferson,Kitsap,Grays Harbor,Mason and Thurston and portions of Lewis County that drain into the Chehalis river. For information on fish stocking permits contact the WDFW regional office in your area. ➢ Consider applying selective bio-pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti),B. sphaericus or methoprene in the spring to control specific sources identified by surveys and targeted at likely amplifying and bridge vector species(also see p. 11). Personal Protective Measures ➢ Make sure window and door screens are "bug tight." Repair or replace if needed. ➢ Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most active. ➢ Wear a long sleeve shirt, long pants and a hat when going into mosquito-infested areas such as wetlands or woods. ➢ Use mosquito repellant when necessary,and carefully follow directions on the label. For extensive repellent information from the Centers for Disease Control see Appendix B: Insect Repellent Use and Safety ➢ Areas frequented by the public, such as parks, zoos,outdoor concert areas,and wildlife reserves should consider making repellents available. Protect Animals of Concern ➢ To protect your horses and other equines,talk to your veterinarian about the West Nile virus vaccine. The vaccine requires two doses three to six weeks apart, and immunity may not be achieved until up to six weeks after the second dose. An annual booster should be given a few weeks to a month prior to the start of the mosquito season in your area. ➢ Veterinarians should be consulted if you have concerns about your household pets or other animals. Repellents may be used in some instances. ➢ Thoroughly clean livestock watering troughs weekly. ➢ For more information see: ht!p://www.athis.usda.Lrov%Ipa"issues-wnv-prv.htm] and/or http:/.'www.cdc.,aovi'ncidod/dvbid!"westnileibi.rds&mammais.htm New Construction and Storm Drains As new facilities are being designed, consideration should be given to reducing mosquito habitat as much as possible. ➢ When considering a drainage or water treatment facility for mosquito control,the first consideration should be whether the problem could be reduced by physical modification or repair without compromising the facility's function. Physical modifications should be designed by an engineer and reviewed by the local government to insure they meet applicable design requirements. A possible design modification may include scarifying the pond bottom where it is no longer infiltrating as originally designed,providing slope to the bottom of the drainage facility or enhancing infiltration by some other method. Eliminating low spots that collect small amounts of standing water and altering excessive overgrown vegetation may also be options. Alterations of slopes or repairs to a facility should not involve a reduction in the water retention or carrying capacity of the facility. As an example, soil should not be added to fill low spots. Instead, low spots should be graded flat such that the carrying capacity is not reduced. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 3 Washington State Department of Ecology Sprinklers and Irrigation Systems Over-watering and poor irrigation practices are common producers of mosquitoes around the home,in parks,in irrigated fields, and on golf courses. Report standing water to appropriate maintenance personnel. ➢ Irrigated lands are among the highest producers of mosquito breeding sites in Washington State. High numbers of mosquitoes can develop in standing water as a result of flood irrigation. The actions below can help eliminate mosquito breeding sites by using physical controls(Colorado,2002;Pratt and Moore 1993). 1) Minimize standing water in fields so that it does not lie fallow for more than four days by improving drainage channels and grading. 2) Tail waters should not be allowed to accumulate for more than four days at the end of the field. 3) Keep excessive overgrown vegetation out of ditches to promote more rapid drainage,but retain ground cover to prevent soil loss. 4) Have ditches repaired to reduce seepage to the extent practicable(elevated water tables can produce unintended standing water in fields). Modification or repairs to a ditch should not reduce the carrying capacity. 5) Minimize flood and rill irrigation practices to the extent practicable. 6) Avoid over-watering. Foster Healthy Wetlands Do NOT drain or fill wetlands. The chance of mosquito'outbreaks" increases in wetland and stream ecosystems that have been changed or tampered with. In disturbed systems the predators of mosquito larvae are often excluded while the mosquitoes thrive. Thus,draining wetlands and removing greenbelts will not eliminate mosquitoes. In fact, such actions could actually increase the mosquito population if their natural predators are destroyed. The draining of wetlands will still leave behind many small puddles or wet depressions that are prime habitat for mosquitoes. Wetlands perform at least three classes of functions:hydrologic functions(i.e.,flood peak reduction, shoreline stabilization,or groundwater exchange),water quality improvement(sediment accretion,filtration or nutrient uptake),and food-chain support(structural and species diversity components of habitat for plants and animals,including threatened endangered and sensitive species). Many wetlands recharge ground water critical for local drinking water supplies and prevent streams from drying up during the summer. Given the critical functions wetlands perform,Ecology does not condone draining wetlands as a method for mosquito control. Since most predation on mosquitoes occurs when they are larvae,the best mosquito control is often to target the larvae,either by fostering predators native to the area of control(amphibian larvae, aquatic salamanders, small fish)or by applying selective larvicides such as l3ti. (Tom Hruby,Ecology Wetland Specialist,personal communication 2/26/03 and 1/16/04). Page 4 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology II. Monitor Mosquito Populations and Disease Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low; areas with limited or sporadic WNV epizootic activity in birds and/or mosquitoes. Action threshold: The presence of vector or nuisance mosquitoes suspected or confirmed in the area. Rationale: Base-line data on mosquito populations and mosquito-borne disease will help target educational efforts and are essential to control efforts,should they become necessary. Minimum BMP Response: Obtain and track avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine surveillance in the area of control. Further quantify epizootic activity by inventorying mosquito habitats,and trapping and testing for vector mosquitoes. Consider targeted insecticide control if surveillance indicates high potential for human risk to increase. Monitoring Strategies for landowners of private property and contracted licensed applicators ➢ Contact your local health department for information about birds,horses, and humans found to test positive for West Nile virus or other mosquito-borne diseases in your area of control. ➢ Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes,by species if possible. These are those sites for mosquito rearing that cannot be eliminated by following preventative measures such as container emptying,proper pond maintenance,and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the habitat(species)encountered. The following Northwest mosquito habitats and control issues have been identified in the Mosquito-borne Response Plan developed by the Department of Health(Li1ja,2002). Vectors in specific regions have not all been identified. Contact your local health department for the latest mosquito vector information. Floodwater: Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus develop in large numbers along the borders of the Columbia and other rivers and create important mosquito problems in this region. The larvae hatch in the spring or early summer when the streams overflow areas such as willow and cottonwood swales where the eggs have been laid. The eggs of these species are dormant when temperatures remain below 45-50°F. Partial dormancy of the eggs may continue until sometime in June so that only some of the eggs are hatched by floods occurring in April or May. In some seasons,the larger rivers may rise,recede, and rise again to cover the same egg beds and produce an additional hatch. In other seasons,two or three successive rises may occur,each of which is higher than the last. Females that emerge in the first hatch may lay eggs that will hatch in the second or third rises of the river. Most of the eggs are laid between the 10 and 20 foot levels,and some of the eggs that are not flooded during a series of low flood crest years remain viable for as long as four years. Large Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus breeding areas have been managed efficiently by controlling water levels above dams such as the Bonneville Dam. Dikes have prevented flooding in other areas. Clearing of brush has been of value in some locations. However,control of the major section of these types of breeding areas must often be accomplished with insecticide applications. Irrigation Water: Breeding places for several mosquito species are provided by irrigation water. Aedes dorsalis,A. vexans, Ochlerotatus melanimon, and Ochlerotatus nigromaculis are among the most important species that may develop when water is applied and stands for a week or 10 days. Other species such as Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, and Anopheles freeborni may be produced if water remains for a week or ten days. Tremendous numbers of mosquitoes breed in many areas where uncontrolled irrigation is practiced. Applications of insecticides are effective but are not substitutes for proper grading. Elimination of standing water is effective in preventing development of mosquitoes. Application of insecticides may be necessary for breeding places that cannot be drained. See Sprinklers and Irrigation Systems in Section I above. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 5 Washington State Department of Ecology Tidal Waters: Aedes dorsalis is the only species that can breed in large numbers in both fresh and salt water in the Northwest. The larvae develop in some coastal areas where potholes are filled by the higher tides or where water levels fluctuate in permanent or semi-permanent pools. Leveling,drainage, or similar practices are effective in preventing breeding,but such areas must be properly maintained. Insecticide control may be necessary where these methods are inadequate or ineffective. Ochlerotatus togoi has also been found in coastal areas including San Juan,Island, Skagit, Kitsap, and Mason counties. Larvae of this species have been found in pools of pure seawater along rocky shorelines. Snow Water: In many high mountain meadows and also at lower levels,mosquitoes breed in pools caused by snow melt. Development may require several weeks at higher elevations. Aedes communis,A. cinereus, Ochlerotatus hexodontus, O.fitchii,and O. increpitus are the most common species found in these locations. Usually there is only one generation per year,but the large numbers that may be produced are a severe annoyance to those who are working or seeking recreation in these areas. Elimination of breeding areas by drainage or maintenance of constant water levels is practical in some situations. Insecticide applications might have to be made by hand or by plane because of inaccessibility to heavy ground equipment. Permanent Waters,Ponds and Artificial Containers: The mosquitoes that lay their eggs on the water are usually found where water is present continuously during the season or at least for several days. Such locations include natural permanent ponds,including still waters along the borders of lakes and rivers sheltered from wave action and currents with some degree of vegetation, log ponds,tree holes, semi- permanent ponds and wetlands of various types, and artificial containers. Culex tarsalis, C.pipiens, C.peus, Anopheles freeborni,A.punctipennis, Culiseta incidens, and C. inornata are commonly found in such places. C. tarsalis and C.pipiens develop in large numbers in log ponds. C.pipiens also develops in large numbers in sewer drains,catch basins,and water left in artificial containers. Coquillettidia perturbans are found in permanent water in wetlands, swamps,and marshes that have emergent or floating vegetation. Insecticides are often used effectively to control most of these species,except those breeding in artificial containers that can be emptied. Larvae of C.perturbans are difficult to control because they are attached to the roots of plants. Insecticide granules are sometimes applied,but eliminating host plants may be the most useful procedure to control this species. Consult with your local WDFW office before removing plants on WDFW- managed lands or in ecologically sensitive areas. Stormwater: In response to the anticipated arrival of West Nile virus in King County,King County Water and Land Resources developed recommendations for dealing with the mosquito control at County drainage facilities. The study(Whitworth,2002)identified the four basic habitats preferred by mosquitoes,the types of mosquitoes associated with the habitat type, and the WNV vector mosquito species that prefers each habitat type. Table I summarizes this information. Page 6 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control Facilities Habitat Type Facility type Vector Species Permanent Water Year round wet ponds Anopheles punctipennis Larger Regional Ponds Wet Bioswales Marshes&Wetlands Wet Bioswales Aedes cinereus Some Regional Facilities Coquilletidia preturbans Temporary or Flood Water Temporary Wet Ponds Aedes vexans Dry Bioswales Culiseta inomata Retention/Detention Ponds Open Ditches Artificial Containers/Tree Holes Catch Basins Ochlerotatus japonicus Underground Tanks/Vaults Culex pipiens Discarded containers&Tires Culex tarsalis Culiseta inomata Table 2 summarizes biological information of vector mosquitoes found in Washington State. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 7 Washington State Department of Ecology Table 2. Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State Day or Species es Night Range Generations S Preferred Habitat Breeding Comments Spe Biter per Year Aggress Does not One-eggs A woodland species: semi- Hatches in the early ive travel far hatch at permanent bogs & swamps, spring. Larvae found Aedes during from different wetlands, wet bioswales & among dense aquatic cinereus day 1habitat times floodwaters vegetation. Any temporary water body like ditches, puddles, Eggs may lie domant 3+ Day & containers, pools & yrs, hatches in ditches, Aedes vexans Ni ht 20+ miles Many floodwater. still water. Prefers algae-laden, cool Springs and creeks pools on edges of slow connected to stormwater flowing rivers and Anopheles Stays near ponds, bioswales and streams. Has entirely uncti ennis Night habitat. One wetlands. dark palpi. One, but Strong hatchlings do Needs thick growth of fliers, not complete aquatic vegetation. Night - enters development Permanent marshes, Remains below the water often homes until the wetlands, temporary wet surface attached to roots Coquilletidia comes and lit following ponds, dry bioswales & and stems. Hatchlings returbans to lights jareas. spring. open ditches. emerge in spring. Found around water with high organic content, as in Proliferate in in artificial Usually catch basins & sewer containers. Lays eggs in migrates effuent ponds, tree holes, clusters of 50 to 400. only short artificial containers & Larval and pupal stages Culex pipien s Night distances. Many manholes. take 8 -10 days. Larvae develop from spring to fall in waters w/ Enters Any fresh water, artificial high organic material. buildings containers, & agricultural Eggs laid in rafts of 100 - Culex tarsa/is Night after dark. Many and irrigated areas 150 & hatch w/in 48 hrs. Breeds throughout spring and summer in cold Cold water - associated with water, females may glacial runoff and sunlit appear during warm waters, does not like hot winter breaks. Usually Culiseta Dawn & Stays near weather. Found at all feeds on livestock, not inornata Dusk Ihabitat. Many elevations. people. Artificial containers, catch Ochlerotatus Day & basins, undergound tanks Larvae are found in 'a onicus Ni ht Not known Many and vaults & tree holes artifical containers. *New information has come in on Ochlerotatus canadensis that adults live for several months in woodland pools by melting snow or rain. They feed on a large range of mammals,birds,and reptiles. Page 8 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Additional Monitoring for Public and Specialty Targeted Areas of Control ➢ Conduct ongoing mosquito larvae surveillance,including studying habitats by air,aerial photographs and topographic maps,and evaluating larval populations. ➢ Monitor and track data from mosquito traps,biting counts,complaints,and reports from the public. ➢ Keep seasonal records concurrent with weather data to predict mosquito larval occurrence and adult flights. ➢ Consider using sentinel chicken flocks for surveillance(See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Epidemic/Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention and Control,page 10, llttp:i";'Nt-ww.cdc.Qov-ncidod,dvbidiwestnile/resourceslwnv- guidelines-auC-2003.,df) ➢ Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes. These would be those sites that cannot be eliminated by preventative measures such as emptying containers,proper pond maintenance, and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. These habitats can be identified by aerial photo assessments,topographic maps,and satellite imagery where available. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the particular species that live in specific habitats. ➢ Agricultural site maps should include hay,pasture,circle irrigation, orchards, and rill irrigated field crops. An important land use that has caused problems to mosquito control districts in the past is flood irrigated pastures where the water stays on more than five to seven days. Note: Detailed information on mosquito surveillance is available from Washington State Department of Health, available online at www.doh.wa. o p.%is%Zoo NVNV/Ak7AA.rbovi.ra]RespPlan.pdf and http:,'-`www.doh.wa..�ov ehp/ts'Zoo..i'WNV;-�VestNileVirusSurN..pdf III.Establish Targeted Densities for Mosquito Populations Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low; areas with confirmation of epizootic WNV in birds before August; a horse human case,or sustained WNV activity in birds and/or mosquitoes. Action threshold: The presence(positive identification)of any vector mosquitoes in the area triggers activities to reduce their presence. Since people with compromised immune systems are likely to be the most vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases,the areas of their exposure should be a priority. Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area,control treatments are warranted,especially around high risk populations. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive,every effort should be made to educate those at risk of exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures. BMP Minimum Response: Analyze disease activity data,i.e.,avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis,equine encephalitis and mosquito surveillance information in the area of control. Set targeted densities with special consideration being given for segments of the population most vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases such as the elderly. If needed,enhance human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic activity, such as mosquito trapping and testing. Establish Targeted Mosquito Densities for all Areas of Control To establish the targeted density of mosquito populations review information on incidences of avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis, and equine encephalitis for your area(the Department of Health or your local health department can provide this information). Conduct entomologic survey(inventory habitats and map mosquito populations). Using surveillance information and input from the people in the control area, establish the targeted density of mosquito populations based on the level of control desired by those in the area of control,public safety, and funding. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 9 Washington State Department of Ecology ➢ Demarcate no-spray zones on maps. This may include areas such as schools,hospitals,fish farms, wildlife refuges,the homes of individuals who are on chemically sensitive registers,and crops grown under a certified organic program. Other crop sites that do not have a tolerance for the mosquito control products used should also be listed. If the control entity is not a mosquito control district organized under RCW 17.28,then individual residences where the occupants do not want to be treated should be identified as no-spray zones. ➢ Individual homeowners and businesses determine targeted mosquito populations densities based on the level of control desired and factors of risk and cost. Mosquito control agents must consult with their sponsors to determine targeted mosquito densities. ➢ Once the targeted density has been established,continue larvae surveys to find density response to habitat minimization efforts and need for larvicide treatments. IV. Mosquito Control Treatments Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Low to moderate Action threshold: The positive identification of vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger activities to reduce their presence. Once minimization strategies have been taken, larvae surveys(i.e. dipping)can indicate the effectiveness of those efforts and the need for further action. General Permit Condition S4.2.0 states that the targeted density of larvae is 1 per three dips to commence larviciding unless vector mosquitoes are in the area and the probable breeding sites are inaccessible. This level is a minimum;mosquito control agents may want to set the targeted density at a higher level due to cost and risk factors. Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area,control treatments are warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive,every effort should be made to educate those at risk of exposure about minimizing breeding habitat and personal protection measures. Minimum BMP Response: Treat mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that consider biological,cultural,mechanical,and microbial,biochemical,chemical control methods. Evaluate methods for effectiveness of control,human health and ecological impacts,feasibility,and cost effectiveness. Use an Integrated Pest Management(IPNb Approach for all Areas of Control Ideally,an IPM program considers all available control actions,including no action,and evaluates the interaction among various control practices,cultural practices,weather, and habitat structure. An ecologically-based IPM strategy relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that are compatible with or disrupts these factors as little as possible. When biological ,biochemical or chemical treatment is needed, select treatments based on the species of mosquitoes found in larva pools,the age of larva,breeding habitat,density of larval populations and temperature. Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 1 per 3 dips and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations,or unless dead birds, infected horses,or adult mosquito surveys indicate the presence of vector mosquitoes when larvae counts cannot be made due to their inaccessibility. In these cases beginning control methods such as larviciding may be desirable or even necessary without the larvae dips. However,just because a dead bird is found which tests positive for WNV in an area does not mean that the vector mosquitoes are breeding in the nearest storm drain. Those in the business of controlling mosquitoes will have to know the breeding sites and species of vectors in the area to perform effective mosquito control. Fish and game specialists and natural resources biologists(WDFW)must be notified of planned control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be harmed by mosquito control practices(i.e. aerial Page 10 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology applications over wildlife refuges). Other resource management agencies(i.e.,National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service)may need to be consulted to determine when and where operations may harm ecosystems critical to threatened or endangered species,as well as appropriate treatments in these situations. Biological Controls Natural Waters WDFW has several concerns with stocking biological mosquito predators in natural waters. Along with the introduction of non-native fish,the transfer of fish diseases from one location to another,even among native populations,can cause disease outbreaks. That is why all movement and stocking of fish requires a permit from WDFW,whether the fish are native or not. Due to the inability to test live fish without killing them,the transportation of fish from one watershed to another requires disease testing (usually on the adults at spawning,or by sacrificing a number of young fish)and verification that the remaining fish are reared on disease-free water. In addition,any non-native fish stocking currently needs to go through SEPA review prior to approval. The laws in Washington State are designed specifically to prevent this type of "Johnny Apple-seeding"from occurring. For more information,please contact your nearest Regional Office of the Department of Fish and Wildlife. Ponds or impoundments with no inlets or outlets Biological methods may include stocking species such as the Three-Spined Stickleback(Gasterosterous aculeatus)which is native to Washington State and known to be an effective predator of mosquitoes. Mud minnow,perch tadpoles, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. Guppies,goldfish,and other fish commonly sold in pet stores are exempt from permitting by Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)and may be suitable for smaller ponds,horse troughs, and ornamental pools. However,before planting any of these exempt fish,consult with WDFW. Some of these fish,such as goldfish,may have severe ecological impacts on ponds and lakes. Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis)have been used for mosquito control in virtually every state because of the adult's ability to consume large amounts of mosquito larvae. These warmwater fish rarely exceed 2.5 inches and prefer shallow water. They tend to flourish in almost any environment, including well discharges, cisterns,water tanks,potholes,rain barrels, and open septic tanks. Gambusia have been known to dramatically reduce and even eliminate mosquito larvae. WDFW suggests that the use of Gambusia be integrated into an overall mosquito control plan rather than used as an exclusive solution to mosquito abatement. Permits must be obtained from WDFW for use of Gambusia as a mosquito control measure. Microbial,Biochemical and Conventional Chemical Controls Applications of insecticides to water must be made by individuals licensed by the Washington State Department of Agriculture and permitted by the Department of Ecology's Water Quality Program. Information on WSDA license requirements is online at: htgp://pep.wsu.edu or call WSDA toll-free at(877) 301-4555.Permitting information is available from Ecology's website at www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wg/pesticides/index.html or call (800)917-0043. Select product controls by comparing the species and targeted life stage of mosquitoes,the breeding habitat, density of larval populations and temperature with the efficacy of the products,nontarget impacts,resistance management,and costs. For example,while Bacillus products are effective on early instars they do not control older larva. Methoprene can be used on older larval stages and for situations where it is too late to use either Bacillus or methoprene(i.e.,pupa),or a monomolecular film might be used. Some Bacillus products do not have residual characteristics when temperatures are high,and larval populations can grow at the rate of an instar a day. In this situation the larva may be in the late third to fourth instar stage before an application of Bacillus can be made. Always consult product labels for specific information on efficacy and use. Product Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 11 Washington State Department of Ecology Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS)provide additional information such as protocols or measures to be taken for accidental releases and other pertinent product information. The following is the approved list of larvicides that may be considered for mosquito control operations. Consult with Federal, State and local agencies as needed. 1. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti) 2. Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b) 3. Methoprene_Granular,Liquid,Pellet,or Briquet(Restricted on state listed species sites— see Appendix A). 4. Monomolecular Surface Films(Restricted on state listed species sites—see Appendix A). 5. Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffinic white mineral oil is restricted on state listed species sites—see Appendix A and shall not be used in waters of the state unless: a.The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk; or b.The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific treatment site;and c.The waterbody is non-fish-bearing(when uncertain,consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife concerning fish and wildlife)and has no inlet or outlet. 6. Temephos may not be used in lakes, streams,wetlands or the littoral zone of water bodies. The use of temephos shall be allowed only in highly-polluted water(i.e.tire piles)or waters with high organic content(i.e.manure holding ponds and pastures with no surface water runoff),or under either of the two following conditions: a. As a result of consultation between the Departments of Agriculture and of Ecology in response to the development of pesticide resistance or ineffectiveness within a population of mosquitoes. When temephos is applied to areas draining to surface waters monitoring of persistence and residues are a condition of the approval. Temephos must be rotated with one or more of the approved alternatives with a different mode of action to minimize the development of resistance. b. As a result of consultation between the Department of Health and Department of Ecology in response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. 7. Terrestrially applied insecticides are NOT regulated under federal or state water pollution control laws and are not subject to NPDES permit conditions or requirements. A variety of adulticides are regulated for use by WSDA in Washington State. Table 4 lists some of these products. However,in Washington State all applications of insecticides over water must be permitted under a Clean Water Act(NPDES)permit. Page 12 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Larvae Control -`- Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Permit Target roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Restrictions on Pests on 2003 cost Comments Restrictions Use" Label estimates Aquabac, (Bti)Bacillus 0.25 to 2 Hand sprayer,ground Not for None. Mosquito Bactimos, thuringiensis pints/acre sprayer or sprinkler potable larvae Vectobac and israelensis or up to 10 cans. water. Teknar Ibs/acre @ Effective 1 -30 days Minimal non- $24/gal. depending on dietary and Granules formulation. dermal risk to infants and $1.65/Ib Broad spectrum,except children.' Coquilletidia Vectol-ex Bacillus 0.5 to 1.5 Granules are mixed with Not for None. Larval WDG sphaericus Ibs/acre water and sprayed. potable control in (H-5a5b) $4.65/lb Effective for 1-4 weeks, water. water with depending on the Essentially high organic species of mosquito nontoxic to content. larvae,weather,water humans3 quality and exact form of the granules. Effective on Culex spp. Less effective against other species. Methoprene: Restricted on Altosid liquid 3 to 4 Use hand and ground Not for Horn fly, Active oz./acre sprayers. potable state listed specie mosquito ingredient is water. Does sites—see larvae, a growth $226/gal Effective for a few days not pose Appendix A. cigarette hormone unless specially formulated for slow risks beetle, mimic that human tobacco does not release. health moth,sciarid allow the It is not persistent fly,flea mosquito because it degrades larvae, larvae to rapidly in water. mealy bug mature. The briquettes are used and spider in areas needed for mite. longer term residual Altosid pellets Methoprene 2.5-10 control such as ponded Ibs/acre areas of standing water, $24/lb areas where flood waters may make it Altosid XR Methoprene 1 briquette impossible to use Bti. 100-200 sq ft.$2.70 @ Rates increase with Altosid Methoprene 1 briquette/ deeper water. briquet 100 sq ft. $.90 @ Altosid XR-G is a sand Altosid XR-G Methoprene 5-20 lbs/ac formulation,good for pastures or marshes $8.48/lb with thick vegetation. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 13 Washington State Department of Ecology Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Permit Target roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Restrictions on Pests on 2003 cost Comments Restrictions Use** Label estimates Monomolecul 0.2 to 1.0 Sprayed by hand or Okay for Restricted on Larval, pupal ground equipment. Film A ni ue MMF ar surface gal/acre potable state listed specie and midge 9 q remains active for 10-14 film water, sites—see control. Arosurf MSF @$30/gal. days on floodwaters, Poly(oxy-1,2- livestock, Appendix A. brackish waters and Adult female pha-etha diyl)A/ ponds. It is susceptible backyard mosquitoes. isoo to wind breaking the ponds, pool sooctadecy/- covers. hydroxy surface tension and could be rendered No risk to ineffective at winds human above 10 mph and in health very choppy water. Adult females are killed by entrapping and drowning when they contact the surface to lay their a gs. Golden Bear Petroleum 3 to 5 Liquid formulations are No risk to May not be Larval and Oil distillate oils gal/acre sprayed by hand or human applied to fish- pupal control Bonide Oil prevent the ground equipment. health.3 bearing waters or larvae from $5-8/gal Persists for 12—15 on state listed obtaining oxygen hours,then evaporates. specie sites—see through the Less expense--kills Appendix A. surface film pupae stages Abate temephos 0.5 to 1.5 Sprayed liquid. Breaks Not for Highly restricted Mosquito oz/acre down within a few days potable use—see permit larvae, $2.00/oz in standing water, water. condition 1A.5. midge, shallow ponds, Poses low punkie gnat, swamps, marshes,and risk to human and sandfly intertidal zones. health. High larvae in Temephos is applied dosages,like non-potable most commonly by other OPs*, water. helicopter but can be can over- applied by backpack stimulate the sprayers,fixed-wing nervous aircraft,and right-of-way system, sprayers in either liquid causing nausea, or granular form. dizziness,& confusion.3 Malathion malathion 8 oz/acre,; Labeled for use in Harmful by Can only be used Aphids, 8EC cost NA intermittent flooded swallowing, under an leafhoppers; areas,stagnant water inhalation or agreement grasshopper and temporary rain skin contact.8 between Ecology s,spider pools. and Health in the mites, bugs, event of a beetles, disease outbreak. moths, worms,flies, mosquitoes and mosquito larvae *OPs are organophophates **Restrictions can be waived in the event of a threat to human heath as determined by state and local health departments. Page 14 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology When Adulticides Fit into a Mosquito Control Plan Terrestrially applied products are NOT regulated under federal or state water pollution control laws and are not subject to NPDES permit conditions or requirements when applied to terrestrial sites. In Washington State applications of adulticides, even if they are labeled for use over water. i.e., streams, wetlands, rivers, lakes, ditches, etc, must be permitted under a Clean Water Act permit. Select triggers for the use of adulticide products: Some mosquito control districts recommend using light traps to monitor for mosquitoes. For example,Adams County MD recommends that counts of 8 to 12 mosquitoes caught in 12 hours or a 3 adult mosquito landing count per minute in a residential area triggers the need to adulticide(Thomas Haworth,personal communication,November 7,2003). Some applicators recommend adulticiding residential areas and upland areas where mosquitoes are migrating only when there is evidence of mosquito-borne epizootic activity at a level suggesting high risk of human infection. The following are examples of this type of evidence:high dead bird densities;high mosquito infection rates;multiple positive mosquito species including bridge vectors; horse or mammal cases indicating escalating epizootic transmission,including bridge vectors,horse or mammal cases,or a human case with evidence of epizootic activity. Reducing vector densities below transmission threshold usually requires multiple ULV applications. Therefore,triggers should take into account this latency effect so that human transmission is not proceeding prior to or during operations. This presupposes identifying increasing human risk at least 2 weeks before human cases might present. Trigger design and implementation should reflect this need for preemptive adulticiding. BMPs for adulticides: 1) Meteorological conditions: • Record wind speed and direction before spraying and be observant of all changes in direction and speed during the application. Use appropriate wind indicators. Gauges are highly recommended for ground applications and smoke for aerial applications. • For aerial applications,check temperature at different elevations to decide if there is an inversion. • Spray only when wind is away from sensitive sites. • Usually dusk or dawn is the recommended time to spray when mosquitoes are out. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 15 Washington State Department of Ecology 2) Do not spray in winds over 10 mph. 3) Follow label buffers. The following table gives a sample of mosquito adulticides that may be used in terrestrial applications in Washington State. Labels are available from http://Liicol.cahe.wsti.edu/. Table 4. Common Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control Typical Active a e se Residual Products Ingredient Rate Use Cost Life Comments Biomist& Kontrol, Permanone ULV 4 Effective, 100 ft set- Aqua Reslin Permethrin oz/acre Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours back from water. No set-backs to Pyrenone water. Approved for 25-5 Public crop and pasture Health ULV 1-4 applications. Insecticide Pyrethrin oz/acre Adult Control $1.20/oz 1 hour Expensive Has not performed well in some areas. ULV 4 No setbacks to Scourge Resmethin oz/acre Adult Control $.58/oz 1-4 hours water. Fyfanon ULV rates Very highly toxic to ULV IMalathion vary Adult Control $.24/oz 124 hours nontar ets. 0.0012 lb— Tested and used in 0.0036 lbs ai the NW. No water Anvil Sumithrin per acre Adult Control $.40/oz 1-4 hours precautions. Not recommend No set-backs to ed for water. Approved for Dibrom, ground ULV crop and pasture Trumpet Naled use. Adult control a lications. What Constitutes an Emergency or a Heath Threat? Health emergencies and heath threats are declared by local health departments in consultation with Washington State Department of Health. If an emergency is declared and the following steps haven't already been taken,the responsible officials should immediately initiate actions that emphasizes habitat minimization and personal protection; they should then begin conducting larval surveys and secure the funding,permits and licenses needed for applying insecticides. Insecticides may be applied to waters in an emergency once an application has been submitted but before permit coverage is granted: ➢ As a result of consultation between the departments of Health and Ecology, in response to the development of a human health emergency or threat as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. ➢ As a result of consultation between the departments of Agriculture and Ecology,and then only in response to the development of pesticide resistance or ineffectiveness within a Page 16 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology population of mosquitoes. Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals may be a condition of such approval. For practical purposes,once an outbreak is underway, larval surveys/control and habitat minimization measures will have little immediate effect. At this point,personal protective measures and large-scale adulticiding may provide the only means to reduce human/vector contact and further spread of the disease beyond those already infected. References Cited Colorado Mosquito Control,Inc. Online at: www.comosquitoconti•ol.com/flood irrigation & mosguitoes.hhn. Lilja,Jack.2002. Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan,November 2002 Edition.Washington State Department of Health. Online at:www.doh.wa. og v/ehpi"ts./zoo/wnv!wnv.html. O'Malley,Claudia C. 1995. Seven ways to a successful dipping career. Wing Beats, vol. 6(4): 23-24. American Mosquito Control Association, www.mosquito.ora/publications.ht nl. Pratt,Harry D. and Moore,Chester G. 1993. Mosquitoes of Public Health Importance and Their Control. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Self-study Course 3013-G: Vector-Borne Disease Control. Von Grey,Ed. 2002. Draft Appropriate Mosquito Management Strategies as a Response to West Nile Virus. Washington State Department of Agriculture. Whitworth, Terry.2002. Mosquito Management Policy for Residential Stormwater Ponds in King County, Washington. King County Department of Natural Recourses and Parks,Water and Land Recourses Division. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 17 Washington State Department of Ecology Appendix A. State Listed Species Restricted Areas Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page A-I Washington State Department of Ecology Appendix A. State Listed Species Restricted Areas Basis of Restrictions Ecology's Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)General Permit No.WAG- 992000 Condition S4 3 states,"In developing the IPM plan,the Permittee shall consult with local governments and State and Federal agencies as needed." Ecology took the lead developing an IPM plan to assist many local governments and others performing mosquito control operations who were suddenly in the business of mosquito control due to the spread of the West Nile virus. As the permit required,Ecology consulted with the Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)in spring 2003 during this process. As a result the WDFW identified wildlife species that it considered most vulnerable to certain mosquito control larvacides, identified the primary areas occupied by these species, and requested that pesticide applications be restricted in these areas. These areas,along with areas identified as habitat for federal and state listed fish species were compiled into a document called Insert A and listed as areas where larvicides containing monomolecular surface films,methoprene,petroleum distillates, malathion and temephos were not allowed for use. Larvicides containing Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti)and Bacillus sphaericus(BS)were allowed for use due to their extreme low toxicity to non-target species. Unfortunately,the recommendations for restrictions were given to Ecology after the mosquito spray season had begun and in the interest of having a permit pathway in place for applicators for the 2003 spray season Ecology listed the recommendations as Insert A and opened them for public review after the season was over. The restrictions in Insert A have been considerably revised as a result of a more thorough review initiated the fall of 2003. Significantly,the restrictions on the use of methoprene in waters containing federal and state listed salmon have been lifted to allow monitoring for effects. The restrictions for state listed species that are still recommended by WDFW are listed here and a map of those areas is provided. Restrictions specific to larvicide active ingredients are also noted on Table 3. Criteria Used for the Restrictions The criteria WDFW used for denoting species as vulnerable were: 1)State species of concern(i.e.listed as state endangered,threatened,sensitive, or candidate), 2)Current range and distribution of the species was highly localized,and 3)The species inhabited freshwater wetlands during most of the mosquito control treatment period. Six species initially met those criteria: northern leopard frog(Rana pipiens),Oregon spotted frog(Rana pretiosa),western toad(Bufo boreas),western pond turtle(Clemmys marmorata),American white pelican(Pelecanus erythrorhynchos),and one butterfly,the Yuma skipper(Ochlodes yuma). WDFW identified areas occupied by the two extant populations of northern leopard frog;two, extant,western Washington populations of Oregon spotted frog;western toad breeding ponds(for western Washington only);the three remaining western pond turtle populations;the single American white pelican breeding colony; and the one known Washington Yuma skipper population. Based on the review of published literature,expert advice,and the vulnerability of these rare and endangered animals and their freshwater invertebrate food resources WDFW requested that if mosquito control is deemed necessary in the areas WDFW described in April 2003,that it be restricted to the use of Bacillus products. Aerial Applications Page A-2 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology An exception to the WDFW request regarding the use of certain larvicides was made for the single American white pelican breeding colony. The colony resides on islands and along the shores of the Columbia River, south of the confluence of the Snake River, in Walla and Benton counties. While bio-chemicals such as methoprene were not deemed toxic for the pelican breeding colony,the method of aerial application was believed to be unacceptably disturbing for their successful breeding. It was agreed that aerial applications would not be made on the pelican breeding areas,whereas less obtrusive methods of mosquito control were acceptable near these sites. Discussions among several WDFW habitat biologist found that aerial applications of larvicides also disturbed work being done by biologists in a few wildlife refuge areas around the state. It was therefore agreed that operators making aerial applications over wildlife refuges would notify the appropriate regional WDFW office of their scheduled aerial applications at least 24 hours prior to spraying. The notification can be made by phone or fax. Area of Impact Only a few populations of northern leopard frog, Oregon spotted frog,western toad,western pond turtle, and Yuma skipper remain in Washington. The total area occupied by these species in rivers, lakes,ponds, and wetlands is tiny,comprising of portions of 117 sections(<O.18%of Washington State). The areas identified for northern leopard frog(36 Sections)and western pond turtle(13 Sections)are owned or managed by WDFW. A prudent,risk-adverse approach is warranted with vulnerable threatened and endangered species. The following areas are restricted to the use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b)only. Sections added January 22,2004 are in bold: 1)Grant County,north of Moses Lake,within the Crab Creek watershed: T21N R27E Sections 1, 12,and 13;T21N R28E Sections 7, 17, 18, 19,28,29,30, 31, 32, and 33. 2)Grant County,south and west of Moses Lake and south of Interstate-90,the northern portion of the Potholes: T19N R27E Sections 29,30,33,34,35, and 36;T19N R28E Sections 31 and 32; T18N R27E Sections 1, 2, 3,4, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, 17; T18N R28E Sections 5,6,7,8, 17,and 18. 3)Grant County,area within and near the Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park wetlands: T24N R27E and 28E. 4)Kitsap County: lakes,ponds, and wetlands located in T22N R I W Sections 1,2, 10, 11, and 12. 5)Klickitat County,west of the Klickitat River, all waters in T3N R12E Sections 28,29, 32,and 33. 6)Mason County,on the Kitsap Peninsula: lakes,ponds,and wetlands located in T23N R2W Sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,22, and 23. 7)Pierce and Kitsap counties,Carney Lake, located in T22N R1 W. 8)Pierce,Thurston,and Lewis counties, within the Nisqually River watershed: Alder Lake(or Alder Lake Reservoir), located in townships: T15N R4E and 5E. 9)Pierce County, south of Tacoma, Chambers Creek and associated waters in T20N R2E Sections 26 and 27. . 10) Skamania County,east of Carson,all waters in T3N R8E Sections 23, 24, 25,26, and 36; T3N R9E Sections 30 and 31. 11)Thurston County,west of Yelm: lakes,ponds,and wetlands located in T17N RI Sections 8,9, 16,and 21. 12)Thurston County, south of Olympia and east of Interstate-5,within the Black River watershed,the Beaver Creek drainage, located in T16N R2W Sections 9, 10, 11,and 12;T16N R I W Section 7. 13)Thurston County, south of Olympia and west of Interstate-5,within the Black River watershed: Black River proper from south of Black Lake to the Chehalis River Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page A-3 Washington State Department of Ecology confluence,and the following tributaries, Stony Creek,Dempsey Creek, Salmon Creek,and Blooms Ditch.Legal description as follows for these sensitive areas: T17N R3W Sections 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,23,24,25,35,and 36;T17N R2W Sections 7, 18, 19,and 30;T16N R3W Sections 2, 11, 14, 19,20,21,22,23,30,and 31;T16N R4W Sections 25,26,27, 31,32,33,34,35,and 36. Page A-4 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology DCLTULAS '}U�M3 Ir f AS GRMTJW r -�- `- _ J' garr n - WALL CrAgm i ' t�'ib4741'37 � ',-�-• r. Rests eied Wildli a Areas from the Washington DepT iiPFish and Wildlve Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page A-5 Washington State Department of Ecology APPENDIX B Insect Repellent Use and Safety From the Center for Disease Control Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page B-1 Washington State Department of Ecology Page B-2 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology APPENDIX B Insect Repellent Use and Safety From the Center for Disease Control Q.Is DEET safe? A.Yes,products containing DEET are very safe when used according to the directions. Because DEET is so widely used,a great deal of testing has been done. When manufacturers seek registration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)for products such as DEET,laboratory testing regarding both short-term and long-term health effects must be tamed out. Over the long history of DEET use,very few confirmed incidents of toxic reactions to DEET have occurred when the product is used properly. (From the National Pesticide Information Center[NPIC],EPA re-registration eligibility decision. See epic.of-st.edu,'faetsheetsiDEl T�,eit.pf. Insect Repellents and Sunscreen Q. Can I use an insect repellent containing DEET and sunscreen at the same time? A.Yes. People can and should use both sunscreen and DEET when they are outdoors to protect their health. Follow the instructions on the package for proper application of each product. Apply sunscreen first,followed by repellant containing DEET. To protect from sun exposure and insect bites,you can also wear long sleeves and long pants. You can also apply insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin to your clothing,rather than directly to your skin. Q. Has CDC changed its recommendations for use of DEET and sunscreen? A.No. Based on available research,CDC believes it is safe to use both products at the same time. Follow the instructions on the package for proper application of each product. Apply sunscreen first,then insect repellent containing DEET,to be sure that each product works as specified. Q. Should I use a combination sunscreen/DEET-based insect repellent? A. Because the instructions for safe use of DEET and safe use of sunscreen are different,CDC does not recommend using products that combine DEET with sunscreen. In most situations,DEET does not need to be reapplied as frequently as sunscreen. DEET is very safe when applied correctly. The rare adverse reactions to DEET have generally occurred in situations where people do not follow the product instructions. Sunscreen often requires frequent reapplication, so using a combined product is not recommended. You do not need to reapply insect repellent every time you reapply sunscreen. Follow the instructions on the package for each product to get the best results. Q. I heard about a study saying that there may be some type of interaction between repellents containing DEET and sunscreen.Is this true? A. There has been attention to a study concerning the chemicals in DEET and sunscreen presented at a scientific meeting. This is an in vitro study,which means that it is a laboratory study that did not include human or animal testing. The goal of the study was to examine absorption of these chemicals,and it did Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page B-3 Washington State Department of Ecology not evaluate or make conclusions about health effects related to this issue. The study authors stated that further evaluation of the interaction of these chemicals should be conducted. The study has not yet been published(as of July 2003). Evaluation by the EPA,which regulates products such as DEET,indicates that it is safe to use insect repellents containing DEET and sunscreen at the same time. CDC recommends using two separate products because sunscreen requires frequent applications while DEET should be used sparingly. Follow the directions on the package for each product, and consult your physician or pharmacist if you have questions. CDC's recommendations for the safe use of insect repellents on children and adults remain unchanged. Insect Repellent Use Q. Why should I use insect repellent? A. Insect repellents help people reduce their exposure to mosquito bites that may carry potentially serious viruses such as West Nile virus,and allow them to continue to play and work outdoors. Q. When should I use mosquito repellent? A.Apply repellent when you are going to be outdoors and will be at risk for getting bitten by mosquitoes. Q. What time of day should I wear mosquito repellent? A. Many of the mosquitoes that carry the West Nile virus are especially likely to bite around dusk and dawn. If you are outdoors around these times of the day,it is important to apply repellent. In many parts of the country,there are mosquitoes that also bite during the day,and these mosquitoes have also been found to carry the West Nile virus. The safest decision is to apply repellent whenever you are outdoors. Q.How often should repellent be reapplied? A. Follow the directions on the product you are using in order to determine how frequently you need to reapply repellent. Sweating,perspiration or getting wet may mean that you need to re-apply repellent more frequently. If you are not being bitten, it is not necessary to re-apply repellent. Repellents containing a higher concentration of active ingredient(such as DEET)provide longer-lasting protection. Q. Should I wear repellent while I am indoors? A. Probably not. If mosquitoes are biting you while you are indoors,there are probably better ways to prevent these bites instead of wearing repellent all the time. Check window and door screens for holes that may be allowing mosquitoes inside. If your house or apartment does not have screens,a quick solution may be to staple or tack screening(available from a hardware store)across the windows. In some areas community programs can help older citizens or others who need assistance. Q. How does mosquito repellent work? A. Female mosquitoes bite people and animals because they need the protein found in blood to help develop their eggs.Mosquitoes are attracted to people by skin odors and carbon dioxide from breath. Many repellents contain a chemical,N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide(DEET),which repels the mosquito, making the person unattractive for feeding. DEET does not kill mosquitoes;it just makes them unable to locate us. Repellents are effective only at short distances from the treated surface, so you may still see mosquitoes flying nearby.As long as you are not getting bitten,there is no reason to apply more DEET. Q. Which mosquito repellent works the best? A. The most effective repellents contain DEET(N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide),which is an ingredient used to repel pests like mosquitoes and ticks. DEET has been tested against a variety of biting insects and has Page B-4 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology been shown to be very effective. The more DEET a repellent contains the longer time it can protect you from mosquito bites. A higher percentage of DEET in a repellent does not mean that your protection is better just that it will last longer.DEET concentrations higher than 50 percent do not increase the length of protection. Q. How does the percentage of DEET in a product relate to the amount of protection it gives? A. Based on a recent study: • A product containing 23.8percent DEET provided an average of 5 hours of protection from mosquito bites. • A product containing 20 percent DEET provided almost four hours of protection • A product with 6.65 percent DEET provided almost two hours of protection • Products with 4.75 percent DEET and 2 percent soybean oil were both able to provide roughly one and a half hours of protection. Choose a repellent that provides protection for the amount of time that you will be outdoors. A higher percentage of DEET should be used if you will be outdoors for several hours while a lower percentage of DEET can be used if time outdoors will be limited. You can also re-apply a product if you are outdoors for a longer time than expected and start to be bitten by mosquitoes. (For more information, see Table 1: Fradin and Day,2002. See Publications page.) Q. Why does CDC recommend using DEET? A. DEET is the most effective and best-studied insect repellent available. (Fradin, 1998). Studies using humans and mosquitoes report that only products containing DEET offer long-lasting protection after a single application.(Fradin and Day,2002. See Publications page.) Q. Are non-DEET repellents effective(e.g. Skin-So-Soft,plant-based repellents)? A. Some non-DEET repellent products which are intended to be applied directly to skin also provide some protection from mosquito bites. However, studies have suggested that other products do not offer the same level of protection, or that protection does not last as long as products containing DEET. A soybean-oil-based product has been shown to provide protection for a period of time similar to a product with a low concentration of DEET(4.75%)(Fradin and Day,2002. See Publications page.). People should choose a repellent that they will be likely to use consistently and that will provide sufficient protection for the amount of time that they will be spending outdoors. Product labels often indicate the length of time that protection that can be expected from a product. Persons who are concerned about using DEET may wish to consult their health care provider for advice. The National Pesticide Information Center(NPIC)can also provide information through a toll-free number, 1-800-858- 7378 or noic.orst.edu. Q. I'm confused.Which products contain "DEET"? A. Most insect repellents that are available in stores are labeled with the chemical name for DEET. Look for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or, sometimes,N,N-diethly-3-methylbenamide. Choose a repellent that offers appropriate protection for the amount of time you will be outdoors. A higher percentage of DEET should be used if you will be outdoors for several hours while a lower percentage of DEET can be used if time outdoors will be limited. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page B-5 Washington State Department of Ecology Using Repellents Safely Q. What are some general considerations to remember in order to use products containing DEET safely? A. Always follow the recommendations appearing on the product label. • Use enough repellent to cover exposed skin or clothing. Don't apply repellent to skin that is under clothing. Heavy application is not necessary to achieve protection. • Do not apply repellent to cuts,wounds,or irritated skin. • After returning indoors,wash treated skin with soap and water. • Do not spray aerosol or pump products in enclosed areas. • Do not apply aerosol or pump products directly to your face. Spray your hands and then rub them carefully over the face,avoiding eyes and mouth. Q. How should products containing DEET be used on children? A. No definitive studies exist in the scientific literature about what concentration of DEET is safe for children. No serious illness has been linked to the use of DEET in children when used according the product recommendations. The American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP)Committee on Environmental Health has recently updated their recommendation for use of DEET products on children,citing: "Insect repellents containing DEET(N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide,also known as N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) with a concentration of 10 percent appear to be as safe as products with a concentration of 30 percent when used according to the directions on the product labels." The AAP and other experts suggest that it is acceptable to apply repellent with low concentrations of DEET to infants over two months old. Other guidelines cite that it is acceptable to use repellents containing DEET on children over two years of age. Repellent products that do not contain DEET are not likely to offer the same degree of protection from mosquito bites as products containing DEET. Non-DEET repellents have not necessarily been as thoroughly studied as DEET, and may not be safer for use on children. Parents should choose the type and concentration of repellent to be used by taking into account the amount of time that a child will be outdoors,exposure to mosquitoes,and the risk of mosquito- transmitted disease in the area. Persons who are concerned about using DEET or other products on children may wish to consult their health care provider for advice. The National Pesticide Information Center(NPIC)can also provide information through a toll-free number, 1-800-858-7378 or npic.orst.edu. Always follow the recommendations appearing on the product label when using repellent.. • When using repellent on a child, apply it to your own hands and then rub them on your child. Avoid children's eyes and mouth and use it sparingly around their ears. • Do not apply repellent to children's hands. (Children may tend to put their hands in their mouths.) • Do not allow young children to apply insect repellent to themselves;have an adult do it for them. Keep repellents out of reach of children. • Do not apply repellent to skin under clothing. If repellent is applied to clothing,wash treated clothing before wearing again. Using repellents on the skin is not the only way to avoid mosquito bites. Children and adults can wear clothing with long pants and long sleeves while outdoors. DEET or other repellents such as permethrin Page B-6 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology can also be applied to clothing(don't use permethrin on skin),as mosquitoes may bite through thin fabric. Mosquito netting can be used over infant carriers. Finally,it may be possible to reduce the number of mosquitoes in the area by getting rid of containers with standing water that provide breeding places for the mosquitoes. Q. Is DEET safe for pregnant or nursing women? A. There are no reported adverse events following use of repellents containing DEET in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Q. Are there any risks due to using repellents containing DEET? A. Use of these products may cause skin reactions in rare cases. If you suspect a reaction to this product, discontinue use,wash the treated skin,and call your local poison control center. There is a new national number to reach a Poison Control Center near you: 1-800-222-1222. If you go to a doctor,take the product with you. Cases of serious reactions to products containing DEET have been related to misuse of the product, such as swallowing,using over broken skin, and using for multiple days without washing skin in between use,for example. Always follow the instructions on the product label. More information Q. Where can I get more information about repellents? A. For more information about using repellents safely please consult the EPA Web site: http:/;www.epa. oviVesticide5,'citizensiinsectm.htm or consult the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC),which is cooperatively sponsored by Oregon State University and the U.S. EPA.NPIC can be reached at:npiic.orst.edu or 1-800-858-7378. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page B-7 Washington State Department of Ecology Page B-8 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Aquatic Mosquito Control Permit Application Information & Update J \ WNV Cities Training, April 6, 2004--Mercer Island Community Center A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit is required when applying larvicides to the surface waters of the State to control mosquito larvae. Obtain a permit directly though your local Department of Ecology Regional Office or obtain permit coverage through the Department of Health. DOH does not charge a permit fee and the statewide SEPA review has been conducted on behalf of potential entities seeking permit coverage. Apply for permit coverage through DOH by going to www.doh.wa.gov/wnv and selecting the"Permit For: Aquatic Mosquito Control" link under the Site Directory. Follow the education, surveillance, notification, and reporting requirements of the permit and best management practices for mosquito control. Permit Application Updates: 1. Licensed pest control businesses can now get permit coverage through DOH and contract with private landowners, businesses, etc. to apply larvicides (if needed) to their water bodies. In other words, entities with water bodies within their jurisdiction now have the option to have the licensed pest control business obtain permit coverage for them and be the ones responsible for following the conditions of the permit and best management practices for mosquito control. Allowing pest control businesses permit coverage is intended to make the permit process more efficient and allow for a quick response to a mosquito problem. 2. An end of the year(mosquito season) reporting form has been created in the online application. After entering your"Actual" larvicide records for the season, click on the "Print Your Official Year End Larvicide Report" link in Section W and this will create a final report to be printed, signed, and mailed in to the Department of Health to fulfill the reporting requirement under the permit. Department of Health's NPDES mosquito control permit contact: Ben Hamilton (360) 236-3364 P.O. Box 47825 Benjamin.Hamilton@,doh.wa.gov Olympia, WA 98504 WNV King County Interagency Work Group Meeting September 28, 2004 Renton City Hall, Room 511 1:00-3:00 pm AGENDA Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County agencies, agencies from Cities in King County, and other agencies involved in West Nile Virus (WNV) response in King County to share information, coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging. 1) Welcome & Introductions (Dr. Sharon Hopkins, Public Health) ./ 2) West Nile Virus Surveillance Statistics Update (Dr. Sharon Hopkins/Kim Moore, Public Health) 3) West Nile Virus, "The Human Experience" (Dr. Amy Bode, Public Health) V 4) Agency/City current WNV activities, issues, (All) successes 5) Next Steps (Dr. Sharon Hopkins, Public Health) CDC: West Nile CDC: West Nile Virus - Statistics, Surveillance, and Control >pf Maps 2004 Page 1 of 1 Close Window 2004 West Nile Virus Activity in the United States (reported to CDC as of September 24, 2004*) - Iedicatm hunon disWsa caw(s). , hAm,arwnal or mosquito Info[lions. WA VT NH HA Rl CT N3 DE MD DC E AK WYM a HI Pa orb Rico *Currently, West Nile virus maps are updated twice weekly to reflect surveillance reports released by state and local health departments to CDC's ArboNET system for public distribution. Map shows the distribution of avian, animal, or mosquito infection occurring during 2004 with number of human cases if any, by state. If West Nile virus infection is reported to CDC from any area of a state, that entire state is shaded. Data table: s of September 24, 2004 avian or animal WNV infections have been reported to CDC ArboNET from the following states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Puerto Rico. Human cases have been reported in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Maps detailing county-level human, mosquito, veterinary, avian and sentinel data are published each week on he collaborative USGS/CDC West Nile virus web site: http_J/westni_I_ema�s.usgs.c�ovf http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control04Maps PrinterFriendly.htm 9/27/2004 West Nile Virus Season Surveillance Statistics as of 9/24/04 United States Human Count Cases 1656 Deaths 53 WNV cases by clinical syndrome Count Neuroinvasive 593 36% Fever 662 40% Un-specified 401 24% Washington State Cases 0 Deaths 0 WNV Testing Animal Count Birds 323 Sentinel Chicken Flocks NA Horses 17 (an additional 12 horses tested negative, but did not have county of residence info.) Mosquito pools species identified 606 King County Human Count Cases 0 Deaths 0 WNV Testing Animal Count Humans NA Birds 100 (birds sent in for testing, not test results received from the lab Horses 2 Mosquito pools species identified NA • Median age of patients was 51 years of age, range 1 month - 99 years of age. Page 1 of 2 r i r Legend F66*0 Too R@VA W Ddb�� Source: Cumulative Dead Bird Infections by County, as of September 24,2004 U.S.Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey BLOOD DONORS: 143 presumptive WN viremic blood donors (PVDs)have been reported to ArboNET in 2004. Of these, 51 (36%)were reported from California; 37(26%)from Arizona; 15 from Texas; 12 from New Mexico; five from Colorado; four from Georgia; three each from Florida, Oklahoma, and South Dakota;two each from Missouri and Wisconsin; and one each from Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota,Nebraska,North Dakota, and Pennsylvania. Of the 143 PVDs,three persons aged 35, 69, and 77 years subsequently had neuroinvasive illness,and 32 persons(median age: 55 years; range: 17-73 years) subsequently had West Nile fever. BIRDS: 4,188 dead corvids and 987 other dead birds with WNV infection have been reported from 44 states and New York City. HORSES: from 34 states. Three SQUIRRELS with WNV infection were reported from Arizona. Five DOGS from Nevada and New Mexico Six unidentified animal species with WNV infection were reported from Arizona, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Nevada. WNV seroconversions have been reported in 799 SENTINEL CHICKEN flocks from 13 states(Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana,Nebraska,Nevada, Pennsylvania, South Dakota,and Utah) and in seven WILD HATCHLING BIRDS from Missouri and Ohio. Three seropositive SENTINEL HORSES were reported from Puerto Rico.A total of 5,707 WNV-positive mosquito pools have been reported from 34 states and New York City. *Source: ProMED-mail Id: 20040925.2648 (they credited Star-Bulletin Homepage,Fri 24 Sep 2004,byline Mary Vorsino, submitted by David Duffy[edited Page 2 of 2 r ARTHROPOD BORNE VIRUSES . NOTa virus family West Nile Virus: • Transmitted by arthropod An Arthropod Borne Virus New to feeding North America • N 550 viruses • —100 cause human disease —35 in North America ARTHROPOD BORNE VIRUSES West Nile Virus (WNV) Complex amplification cycles Flavivirus family • Species-specific amplifying • Japanese encephalitis (JE) serogroup hosts and vectors (10 viruses) • Result of complex • Primarily bird — mosquito— bird cycle meteorological and other • Six human pathogens: Japanese ecologic conditions Encephalitis, WNV, Usutu, Kunjin, St. Louis encephalitis, Murray Valley • Restricted geographic range encephalitis WNV WNV 1937: West Nile District, Uganda Humans/ non-human mammals .Isolated incidental hosts 1937-95: Africa, Mid-East, Southern & Eastern Remo te/y related to other human Europe, West&Central Asia flavivirus pathogens .WN fever • Yellow fever • Encephalitis in horses • dengue 1996-2003: North America, Romania, Israel, Russia • hepatitis C viruses .WN neuroinvasive disease •Encephalitis in horses 1 WNV WNV 2002-2003 2002-2003 • New clinical manifestations: . New transmission modes: •Acute flaccid paralysis .Transfusion •Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis .Transplantation •Guillain Barre syndrome . Breast milk •Optic neuritis .Transplacental West Nile virus: North America amplification cycle Enzootic(Maintenance/Amplification) WNV Epidemiology TUTP- Amplifying hosts West Nile virus:Approximate geographic range as of 1998 ' e °� �e" o W.t Nile Vi—Adwily 1999West Nile Virus Activitv 2 w R n , • West Nile Virus Activity West NYe Virus Activity - 2000r 2001 d rf 1 Js, hi y�' West W.Vim.ANHy West Nile Virus ACOviry � ............... � zeau carer 2002 2003 WNV neuroinvasive disease Encephalitis 1%infections Meningitis b Meningoencephalitis ' Myelitis(AFP) Increased risk with age and other illnesse Reportable condition ar Clinical overview 3 r m , West Nile fever No obvious nervous system involvement 10-30%infections Fever,rash,headache,muscle and joint pain Rarely hepatitis,pancreatitis,myocarditis Not a reportable condition Without symptoms Not reportable condition 70-90%infections Life-long immunity Potential problem for blood banking and organ donation z Schematic of rates of West Nile infection, fever and encephalitis by Follow-up of WN fever: 2002 age ■ 331 patients reported to Illinois West Nile fever West Nile encephalitis Department of Health with WN fever. . 98 patients enrolled and surveyed. . 31 reported hospitalization. West Nile virus infection Age . 47 reported fatigue for at least one month. Follow-up of WN fever: 2002 WNV-associated acute flaccid . Most patients reported headache, paralysis (AFP): 2003 muscle pain/weakness, neck pain,joint ■ 3 counties in northern CO pain, difficulty concentrating for at (combined pop. 750,000) - least a week. 1 State-based surveillance, . 89 had to reduce activities. from MDs and hospitals . WNV infection; . 89 took more than a week to get back limb/respiratory to normal. weakness developing in w "-= . 62 took more than a month to get first 48 hours of illness back to normal. ■ Neurologic assessment . 3-month follow-up 4 WNV-associated AFP, 2003 WNV-associated AFP, 2003 ■ 32 patients identified with"acute flaccid ■ Admitted with multiple alternative paralysis" diagnoses (e.g.,stroke) • 18 men ■ Recognition may limit unnecessary • Median age: 56 yrs(range 15-84 yrs) diagnostic procedures, treatment • 26 with no prior medical conditions ■ "Poliomyelitis"in —12% of WNND cases ■ 3 distinct presentations: ■ Clinical hallmarks: ."Poliomyelitis" 27 ■Onset during acute infection .Asymmetric weakness ■Guillain-Barre syndrome 4 ■ No sensory deficits . Brachial plexitis 1 .Characteristic cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities WNV-associated AFP, 2003 WNV AFP: Respiratory failure . 12 AFP patients with acute respiratory ■ In "poliomyelitis cases,"damage seemed failure requiring intubation localized to spinal anterior horn cells. ■ 11 of 27 with"poliomyelitis" • Asymmetric weakness without sensory loss ■ 1 of 4 with GBS • Electromyography in 14/Neuroimaging in 3 . 5 additional patients with neuromuscular • Among "poliomyelitis"cases, 11 also had respiratory weakness, but not intubated facial nerve palsy. . Slurred speech and difficulty swallowing • Little or no improvement in weakness in the short-term. on presentation for medical care highly predictive of subsequent respiratory failure 3-Month Follow-up 3-Month Follow-up ■ 27 of 32 seen again . "Poliomyelitis"(N=27) ■ 2 lost to follow-up; 3 deaths(all ■3 deaths respiratory) .2 lost to follow-up ■ 3 of 4 with Guillain Barre: improved. ■7 with minimal or no improvement . 1 with brachial plexitis: no . 15 patients with some improvement improvement but little deficit in strength . "Poliomyelitis"(N=27) . Of 12 respiratory patients: ■ 3 deaths deaths 5 all "poliomyelitis") . 2 lost to follow-up . ( poliomyelitis ) ■7 with minimal or no improvement ■Median duration of intubation: 66 ■ 15 patients with some improvement in days strength 5 AGENDA West Nile Virus King County Interagency Work Group Meeting Tuesday, August 24, 2004, 1-3pm Renton City Hall, Room 511 1. Welcome & Introductions Sharon Hopkins/Kim Moore, Public Health 2. West Nile Virus Surveillance Statistics Sharon Hopkins/Kim Moore, Public Health 3. University of Washington Research Bob Reineke, University of Washington 4. City/Agency current WNV activities, successes, issues, or problems 5. Outbreak in Maricopa County, AZ Sharon Hopkins, Public Health 6. New WNV Educational Materials West Nile Virus Season Surveillance Statistics as of 8/18/04 United States Human Count Cases 703 Deaths 20 WNV cases by clinical Vndrome Count %) Neuroinvasive 267 (38%) Fever 265 (38%) Un-specified 171 (24%) Washington State Cases 0 Deaths 0 WNV Testing Animal Count Birds 205 Sentinel Chicken Flocks N/A Horses 13 Mosquito pools species identified 270 King County Human Count Cases 0 Deaths 0 WNV Testing Animal Count Humans 2 Birds 62 Horses 1 Mosquito pools species identified 58 Close Window 2004 West Nile Virus Activity in the United States (reported to CDC as of August 19, 2004*) ®Indicates human disease case(s). Avian,animal or mosquito infections. WA ❑VT ME MT OR ID NH ' MA ❑ • ❑ • IN RI KS CT OK TN C N-1 ❑ • S GA DE AK MD DC Puerto Rico WV� �HI 0 *Currently, WNV maps are updated weekly to reflect surveillance reports released by state and local health departments to the CDC Arbonet system for public distribution. Map shows the distribution of avian, animal, or mosquito infection occurring during 2004 with number of human cases if any, by state. If West Nile virus infection is reported to CDC Arbonet in any area of a state, that entire state is shaded accordingly. Maps detailing county-level human, mosquito, veterinary, avian and sentinel data are published each week on the collaborative USGS/CDC West Nile virus web site: http- lwestnilemaps.usgs.gov/ Data table: Indicates avian or animal infection reported to CDC ArboNET for public distribution as of August 19, 2004 from the following states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Human cases have been reported in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlO4Maps_PnnterFriendly.htm 8/23/2004 le, Ne, .I astom CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES NUMBER: 04-50 DATE: August 20, 2004 FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE CONTACT: Ken August http://www.dhs.ca.gov o s (916) 440-7660 ��00 STATE HEALTH OFFICER ANNOUNCES WEST NILE VIRUS HAS SPREAD TO 48 OF CALIFORNIA'S 58 COUNTIES SACRAMENTO—West Nile virus (WNV) has been detected in seven more counties and the number of Californians who have tested positive for the virus has climbed to 249, including a Los Angeles County man who died last week, State Public Health Officer Dr. Richard Joseph Jackson announced today. The number of deaths in California from WNV infections is now six. "Even though West Nile virus has not been detected yet in all 58 counties, the evidence shows that it is widespread in California and we all need to be vigilant about avoiding mosquito bites," Jackson said. "In addition to personal protection, I encourage all Californians to eliminate sources of standing water in their yards that support mosquito breeding and avoid mosquito- infested areas at dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active." A Merced County man tested positive for the virus this week, which was the first evidence of the virus in that county. In addition, tests of dead birds this week confirmed that WNV has spread to Madera, Napa, Nevada, Siskiyou and Trinity counties. The virus was also detected for the first time in Colusa County after a horse tested positive. Of the six Californians who have died from WNV infections, three were from Los Angeles County, two from San Bernardino County and one from Orange County. WNV infections were reported in the following counties: San Bernardino, 96; Los Angeles, 81; Riverside, 51; Orange, eight; Kern, four; Fresno, two; and one each in Butte, Imperial, Lassen, Merced, Tulare, Ventura and Yolo. WNV human infections also were reported for the first time this week in Butte and Lassen counties. WNV has also infected 122 horses, of which 60 have died. Since horses are susceptible to WNV and a vaccine for horses is available, horse owners are advised to contact their veterinarians about timely vaccinations. Most individuals who are infected with WNV will not experience any illness. Up to 20 percent of infected individuals will have only mild to moderate symptoms, such as fever, headache and body aches. Less than 1 percent of individuals will develop serious neurologic illness such as encephalitis and meningitis. The elderly and those with lowered immune systems are more susceptible to serious illness. WNV is generally transmitted to humans and animals through a mosquito bite. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. Individuals can reduce their risk of mosquito-borne diseases by taking these precautions: -more- t -2- ➢ Avoid spending time outside when mosquitoes are most active, especially at dawn and the first two hours after sunset. ➢ When outdoors, wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts. ➢ Apply insect repellant containing DEET according to label instructions. ➢ Make sure that doors and windows have tight-fitting screens. Repair or replace screens that have tears or holes. ➢ Eliminate all sources of standing water, which can support mosquito breeding. ➢ Contact your local mosquito and vector control agency if there is a significant mosquito problem where you live or work, especially if you know of abandoned swimming pools or spas. The state's current interagency surveillance system for WNV includes testing of dead birds, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, horses and people. Jackson asked the public to assist in the extensive monitoring effort for the virus by reporting any crows, ravens, magpies and jays that have been dead for less than 48 hours. Reporting can be done online by visiting the West Nile virus Web site at http://www.westnile.ca.gov/. Individuals should take note of the bird's location and condition before calling for further instructions, including assistance with identifying the type of bird found. Birds with signs of decomposition or maggot infestation are not acceptable for testing. While there is no evidence that people can get WNV from handling live or dead infected birds, individuals should not attempt to catch or handle them. If the local agency is unable to pick up the bird, individuals should use gloves, a shovel or newspaper to put it in a plastic bag and place it in the trash. Priority for bird testing is being given to those areas where WNV has not yet been detected. For the year to date, WNV has been found in 1,726 dead birds, 616 "pools" of mosquitoes and 263 sentinel chickens. The current surveillance program to monitor for WNV in California has been established by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) in collaboration with the University of California, Davis, California Department of Food and Agriculture, local mosquito and vector control districts, local health departments and other state and local agencies. For more information about WNV in California or to report dead birds online, visit CDHS' Web site at httr)://www.westnile.ca.gov/. -000- Njewi , s- Re- lease CsK�+a CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES NUMBER: 03-62 DATE: August 20, 2003 FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE CONTAC Ken August http: //www.dhs .ca-gov or (916) 440-7660 ;;2-aD WEST NILE VIRUS DETECTED IN IMPERIAL COUNTY SACRAMENTO -The first evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) in California this year has been found in mosquitoes collected in Imperial County near the Salton Sea, State Health Director Diana M. Bonta, R.N., Dr.P.H., announced today. Several flocks of sentinel chickens from the same region are also likely positive for WNV based on preliminary testing. The testing of mosquitoes and sentinel chickens are part of the state's surveillance system for WNV and other mosquito-borne viruses. The blood tests indicate that the chickens, which are kept in flocks outdoors, were bitten by mosquitoes infected with WNV or a closely related virus, Bonta said. The mosquitoes were collected by the University of California at Davis and the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District through a collaborative surveillance project. They were tested at the University of California arbovirus diagnostic laboratory in Davis, which is working in partnership with the California Department of Health Services (CDHS). "California's surveillance system is working," Bonta said. "As West Nile Virus has moved westward across the nation, we have been preparing for its arrival." Nationwide, WNV has been linked to a total of 715 illnesses and 14 deaths this year. In California, there have been no reported illnesses involving locally acquired WNV. Last week the state reported its first imported case of the virus in an Alameda County woman who had been bitten by an infected mosquito while visiting Colorado. The woman is suffering from acute flaccid paralysis, a rare neurologic syndrome, which is characterized by severe muscle weakness in her legs. Last year, California's first reported human case of WNV was recorded in Los Angeles County. The woman fully recovered. Further WNV activity was not detected despite extensive monitoring for the virus. In the United States, more than 4,000 human cases of West Nile infection were reported last year, including 277 deaths. Since it was first detected in the United States in New York in 1999, WNV has been found in 44 states and the District of Columbia. Most individuals who are infected with WNV will not experience any illness. Others will have only mild symptoms, such as fever, headache and body aches. Less than 1 percent of individuals, primarily the elderly and those with lowered immune systems, will develop serious illness such as encephalitis and meningitis. WNV is transmitted to humans and animals through a mosquito bite. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. Human-to-human transmission of WNV generally does not occur. However, human WNV infection was associated with blood transfusions and organ transplants in 2002. -more- -2- "With the arrival of West Nile Virus in California, it is more important than ever for Californians to protect themselves from mosquitoes," Bonta said. Individuals can reduce their risk of mosquito-borne diseases by taking these precautions: ? Avoid spending time outside when mosquitoes are most active, especially at dawn and dusk. ? When outdoors, wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts. ? Apply insect repellent according to label instructions. ? Make sure that doors and windows have tight fitting screens. Repair or replace screens that have tears or holes. ? Eliminate all sources of standing water on your property that can support mosquito breeding. ? Contact your local mosquito and vector control agency if there is a significant mosquito problem where you live or work. The comprehensive surveillance program to monitor for WNV in California has been established by CDHS in collaboration with the University of California, Davis, California Department of Food and Agriculture, local mosquito and vector control districts and other state and local agencies. The program includes testing suspect cases in humans and horses, capturing and testing mosquitoes, testing sentinel chickens and evaluating dead birds. Approximately 200 flocks of sentinel chickens at sites throughout the state are tested every two weeks for the presence of the virus. The public can become part of the state's monitoring effort for WNV by reporting any crows, ravens, magpies,jays, sparrows and finches that may have been dead for less than 48 hours to a special CDHS toll-free line: 877-WNV-BIRD. Individuals should take note of the bird's location and its condition before calling for further instructions, including assistance with identifying the type of bird found. The bird should show no signs of decomposition or maggot infestation. The tissue of dead birds is tested for the presence of WNV. The virus was most often identified first in dead birds, especially crows, in other regions of the country. While there is no evidence that people can get the virus from handling live or dead infected birds, individuals should not attempt to catch or handle them. Since horses are susceptible to WNV and a vaccine is available for horses, horse owners are advised to contact their veterinarians about timely vaccinations. For information about WNV or to report dead birds, visit the Web site: http://www.westnile.ca.gov/. -000- I JACKSON COUNTY Oregon Home Board Of Commissioners Departments Visitors Residents Bus search West Nile Virus Arrives in Jackson County �[advanced search] [sitemap] � �enfl� Q Subscribe to our Site August 20, 2004 Back On Friday morning, the Jackson County Health Department was notified that a jay picked up in the Rogue River Highway area near Savage Rapids Medtbrd.OR - - close to the Josephine County line tested positive for West Nile Virus. Toriq�Y�gC4�, W1L.g41n H1:73 OF 123•C This is not unexpected as 4 birds tested positive in Siskiyou County this LOW OF 114•C Monday Au�uat23,2ooa week, and the disease activity has steadily progressed northward through Hwnldity :97% California this summer. West Nile activity has also been observed in BaronMeer 29.88 was_ S. from tr,esw Malhuer County Oregon along the Idaho border. Oregon was the last state in the continental U.S. to have West Nile activity. Jackson County Vector Control has had an ongoing surveillance program for West Nile and other mosquito borne diseases. They routinely sample mosquitoes and dead birds and have 4 flocks of chickens that are used as "sentinels" for mosquito borne diseases such as West Nile. With the arrival of West Nile,it is even more important to reduce mosquito-breeding opportunities and to protect ourselves and our families from mosquito bites. Click here to learn more about what you can do to protect yourself. West Nile is spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. Most infected people will show little or no signs of disease. About 1 in 5 infected may show signs of West Nile fever which is characterized as a fairly sudden onset of fever typically associated with headache, body aches,loss of appetite, fatigue and sometimes nausea and vomiting. The fever syndrome usually lasts 3 to 6 days. The incubation period is usually 3-14 days. Rarely,infected individuals may develop neuro invasive disease that can be severe or may cause death. This is especially of concern to those who are immunocompromised or the elderly. To prevent being bitten by mosquitoes, cover up and use DEET insect repellants during periods of mosquito activity. It is important to follow the instructions on the label, especially when applying to children. Also make sure doors are left closed and all open windows are effectively screened. More information and links may be obtained by going to our West Nile Virus website, or call the toll free State information line at (866) 703-4636. Contacts: Dr.Jim Shames - Health Officer (541) 774-8209 http://www.co.jackson.or.us/News.asp?NewsID=493 8/23/2004 Eugene Papineau—Manager Jackson County Vector Control (541) 779- 6460 Gary Stevens —Program Manager Jackson County Environmental Health (541) 774-8206 Dr. Emilio DeBess - DMV DHS State Public Health Veterinarian (503) 731-4024 Printer friendly version If you have questions regarding the site, please contact the webmaster. Terms of Use I Built using Project A's Site-in a-Box_©2004 http://www.co.jackson.or.us/News.asp?NewslD=493 8/23/2004 cny Bad I Bath Sq.Ft Wealty 3bd 2ba s3DG t:o • zIcentrakrom Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week Critics assail state, county on West Nile Epidemic blamed on slow response West Nile primer Kerry Fehr-Snyder W Another West Nile death in The Arizona Republic Maricopa County; Aug. 12, 2004 12:00 AM commissioners approve new funds to fight disease •Mosquito'assassins'seek Reinforcements to fight West Nile virus are on their more firepower way, but one question remains: Is it too little, too late? 04 County short on resources to use new mosquito foggers Maricopa County and its Public Health and •Surprise boosts efforts to Environmental Services departments are responsible inform vs.W. Nile iW One family claims West for fighting the disease outbreak in the Valley. Nile spraying making them sick The state health department has taken a secondary •State will ramp up West Nile role. fogging •20,000 Arizonans have Both agencies expected that this year,the second contracted West Nile since the virus was detected,could be devastating. •Some fear West Nile fogging •County health target:Green Now,Arizona leads the nation for human cases of pools West Nile. •West Nile victims young and old fighting pain,fatigue And with several more months to go before the •Keep backyard free of , standing water to prevent mosquitoes hibernate for the winter, some critics say West Nile the county and state haven't done enough to stem the .West Nile epidemic heading epidemic. southeast •Valley residents told to fight Consider: mosquitoes •West Nile virus facts •Maricopa County establishes •The backlog of mosquito complaints topped more West Nile hotline than 1,000 and ran about three weeks behind until •Centers for Disease Control only recently. on West Nile •Health information about West Nile •More about mosquitos and •Staff resources were never shifted from inspecting West Nile restaurants and other public facilities to investigate green pools, despite assurances from the state Department of Health Services that the county would not be penalized for postponing those routine inspections. •The hotline to report mosquitoes,dead birds and standing water operates only from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. and doesn't tell callers it no longer wants dead birds. •The original Web site contained 2-week-old information about the number of humans infected with the virus and omitted the number of victims who had died of it. •The Environmental Services Department doesn't keep a computerized list of areas it has fogged with pesticides nor could it tell residents where it would fog in coming days until pressured last week to develop a 72-hour plan. htip://www.azcentra1.com/php-bin/cl1cktrack/print.php?referee http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 s •The initial budget for mosquito control increased only by about half despite the dire predictions for the second year of the epidemic. Slow response? All told,the shortcomings have led to an epidemic of disease that didn't have to be, said Tim Kurberski, an infectious-disease doctor in Phoenix and president of the Arizona Infectious Disease Society. "The time to have done something was two to three weeks ago," said Kurberski,who has treated 27 patients with encephalitis, meningitis and poliolike paralysis since the outbreak began in May. "They didn't work fast enough.They work 8(a.m.)to 5(p.m.). Once you started to see the numbers of cases rise,that's when you have to leave your desk, start doing shoe-leather epidemiology and go out to these neighborhoods,see where the cases are and do something." The extra reinforcements, Kurberski said, are good, but he added, "By the time they get up and going,the epidemic is going to be over." Kurberski has worked in Fiji and other far corners of the globe where mosquito- borne malaria, dengue fever and other diseases rage. He said county and state health officials botched the prevention message before the Fourth of July weekend by not warning fireworks watchers to wear mosquito repellent or avoid the outdoors after dusk when mosquitoes are active. But Dr. Jonathan Weisbuch, director of the county health department, disagreed. "I think we started early with a lot of good information to the public,"he said. "We met with the Board of Supervisors in March or early April and presented what we thought at the time was a very adequate and expansive program for West Nile virus." The plan included fogging and treating mosquito-breeding sites with larvicide, but the county couldn't work fast enough. County officials had to go back to the supervisors and request$1 million in emergency funding in late June. But even that boost couldn't keep up with the number of adult mosquitoes spreading the virus. Last week, county officials approved spending an additional$2.1 million to fog up to 45,000 acres a night,trap more mosquitoes for testing and increase a public-education campaign. "What we did not perceive was that we'd be in a position on the 1 st of July of having more cases than any place in the country,"Weisbuch said. 'This whole thing is taking place in slow motion. Only when you ran the camera back, in retrospect,then we began seeing we needed to do something dramatic.We began realizing what we were doing was just staying with the epidemic, not squashing it." As of Monday, 274 individuals have been sickened by the virus and three have died. Although the number is small compared with last year's Colorado epidemic, in which 3,000 people were sickened and nearly 60 died, public health officials note that comparisons are misleading because cases of the more mild West Nile virus fever were counted there.They estimate the actual number of infections in Arizona at 30,000. 'Fight the bite' In addition to extra county resources,the state is receiving$750,000 in emergency aid from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to"fight the bite,"as the federal public-education campaign urges.The money will be funneled to counties and tribal governments in Arizona that need more supplies, equipment and temporary workers to combat the virus. So far,the virus has been primarily a problem for Maricopa County.Of the 274 cases in the state, 260 have been in the county.There have been six cases in Final County, five in Mohave County and one each in Apache, Graham and Navajo http://w�vw.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/pnnt.pbp?referer--http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 counties. Dr. Elizabeth MacNeill,chief medical officer for the Pima County Health Department, said she is unable to explain why her county hasn't had any West Nile cases while Maricopa County has been hit so hard. "Some of it, I think, has to do with bad luck,"she said. "Some of it also may have to do with more flood irrigation up there,and that may cause more places for mosquitoes." She predicted that the summer won't end without Pima County getting some cases. "I don't think we're going to come out unscathed,"she said. "But I think it won't be to the severity that Maricopa has experienced." The distribution of cases is not surprising, considering Maricopa County is the largest in the state,with 9,000 square miles and about 3.5 million residents. But its size, combined with the growing number of infections, prompted the CDC two weeks ago to recommend county health officials begin nighttime aerial pesticide spraying with low-flying airplanes to kill adult mosquitoes spreading the virus. County officials rejected that advice, saying they believe they can cover much of the 1.2 million acres targeted for spraying with trucks that fog neighborhoods with pesticides. Whether the stepped-up fogging curbs the epidemic is difficult to predict. "I don't know if it's too little or not, but it certainly is late,"said Sandy Bahr, conservation director for the Grand Canyon chapter of the Sierra Club. "They (county officials)still seem focused on the spraying,which is a less effective method than getting the information out to people. "They really should hammer on the good-neighbor stuff. They're trying to throw money at it after the horse has already left the bam." 'Complicated question' The question of whether enough has been done to stem the rising tide of West Nile virus infections is"a very,very complicated question,"said Doug Campos-Outcalt, associate chairman of family and community medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine's Phoenix campus. Campos-Outcalt,former medical director for the Maricopa County Department of Public Health and a former deputy director at the Arizona Department of Health Services,has been doing a literature search on how the outbreak has played out in other states since being detected in New York City in 1999. "What's pretty well established is that if you rely on the public to eliminate these sources of standing water and breeding sites, it doesn't work very well,"he said. Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.pbp?referer--http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 A anentralcom Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week West Nile infections subsiding 13 new cases last week West Nile primer Kerry Fehr-Snyder •Awash with abandoned The Arizona Republic pools,Phoenix is West Nile Aug. 20, 2004 12:00 AM epicenter •Red Cross screenings find donors with West Nile Nobody is ready to declare an end to this year's West •County health target:Green Nile virus outbreak in Arizona, but the number of new Pools infections is slowing. •West Nile victims young and old fighting pain,fatigue Health officials reported Thursday that 13 more •Keep backyard free of people have been infected with the disease in the standing water to prevent West Nile past week, bringing the total number of human cases •DEET does job,but requires to 294-the majority of whom developed brain- caution swelling encephalitis, meningitis or polio-like •Valley residents told to fight paralysis. That's up from 281 cases last Thursday, mosquitoes and marks a slower increase than in the past when •Some fear West Nile fogging about 30 new cases were reported each week. •West Nile virus facts •Maricopa County establishes "To me, it looks like a trend,that it's on a downward West Nile hotline move,"said Will Humble, bureau chief of •Centers for Disease Control epidemiology and disease control at the Arizona on West Nile Department of Health Services. "Three weeks now, -Health information about West Nile we've had a pretty moderate increase." •More about mosquitos and West Nile Biweekly case counts reflect a two-to three-week lag because of the disease's incubation period and reporting delays.That makes some public health officials wary about saying the end is near. "1 don't want to give the community the sense that the epidemic is over,"said Dr. Jonathan Weisbuch, director of the Maricopa County Department of Public Health. "Nature bats last in the bottom of the 9th(inning),"he added, referring to monsoon storms that could create standing water for new generations of breeding mosquitoes. The mosquito infection rate has fallen by half in the past few weeks, said Al Brown, director of the Maricopa County Environmental Services Department. But the new rate is 10 to 20 mosquitoes per 1,000,still above the threshold for an epidemic.The minimum infection rate for a potential human outbreak is five. "I don't really want to say it's a trend, everyone wants to say that, but the results after a few weeks will be far more meaningful,"he said. The county recently tripled the number of mosquito traps and is adding more trucks with pesticide fogging equipment.They expect to have 24 trucks on the road starting today. Foggers are spraying up to 16,000 acres per night,weather and time permitting, but are aiming for 45,000 acres per night. The county has bought so many foggers that it has depleted the stock of at least one supplier. http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referer=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 "They're making them(foggers)as fast as they can,"Brown said. "It wouldn't surprise me if California is trying to get all of them now.We probably beat them to the punch at least with these suppliers." On Wednesday,the Arizona Department of Transportation donated its fogger to the county.The state agency is responsible for mosquito control efforts along the freeways. Additional fogging trucks and temporary staff to drive them are courtesy of county taxpayers who are spending an additional$3.1 million to fight the epidemic,which state officials estimate has infected as many as 30,000 Arizonans. The bulk of human infections,279,has been in Maricopa County,followed by Pinal County with seven and Mohave County with five. Mohave County health officials are becoming so concerned that they are now also considering ground-based fogging,which hasn't been done since the late 1980s, .and aerial spraying to kill mosquitoes spreading the virus. "The state(health department)considers us the second-most at risk for West Nile right now,"said Patty Mead,director of the Mohave County Department of Public Health. Craig Levy,manager of the vector-borne and zoonotic diseases program at the state health department, said much of that county's risk stems from its proximity to the Colorado River and a large wildlife refuge area.The rate of infected mosquitoes in one sample taken from Mohave County hit 43 per 1,000 mosquitoes. Arizona still leads the nation for reported West Nile cases.The state is followed by California(162 cases)and Colorado(122). Health officials remind residents to wear insect repellant,eliminate sources of standing water and avoid being outdoors at dawn and dusk. Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referer—http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 Bashas' weekly specials Supermarkets auentralcom Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week Mosquito 'assassins' seek more firepower Kerry Fehr-Snyder The Arizona Republic West Nile primer Aug. 5, 2004 12:00 AM •Awash with abandoned pools, Phoenix is West Nile In the black of night,while most people sleep and epicenter mosquitoes buzz outside, a small army of trucks 'Red Cross screenings find donors with West Nile wages war on the West Nile virus. •County health target: Green pools "We are assassins of mosquitoes,"said Dr. Jonathan •West Nile victims young and Weisbuch, director of the Maricopa County old fighting pain,fatigue Department of Public Health. •Keep backyard free of standing water to prevent Now, Maricopa County wants to increase its army and West Nile launch a broader assault against the mosquito-borne 'DEET does job,but requires epidemic. caution •Valley residents told to fight Public health officials will ask the county Board of mosquitoes Supervisors today for$1.6 million to double the 'Some fear West Nile fogging •West Nile virus facts number of employees who spray chemicals and triple •Maricopa County establishes the number of fogging trucks cruising neighborhood West Nile hotline streets.The meeting is scheduled for 9 a.m. at 201 •Centers for Disease Control W. Jefferson St. on West Nile •Health information about In addition to the extra staff and trucks,the proposal West Nile includes increasing the number of mosquito traps to •More about mosquitos and 200 from 20 to find more infected insects.The plan West Nile calls for training volunteers on how and where to place the traps and to disburse additional"larvacide"in areas with mosquitoes. If approved, the increased arsenal is expected to be ready in two weeks. Decades of fogging County officials have been using ground-based fogging trucks for at least 20 years to spray neighborhoods with a type of pyrethroid, a synthetic chemical related to chrysanthemums.Originally,the loggers were deployed to fight an outbreak of mosquito-borne St. Louis encephalitis. Fogging also is used to battle Western equine encephalitis. Both diseases are still present in the county. County officials were unable Wednesday to provide a list of neighborhoods that already have been fogged. Last month,they established a hotline,(602)372-3000, for residents to call and learn which areas are scheduled for fogging each night. To pinpoint areas to spray,county officials use carbon dioxide traps with dry ice to catch mosquitoes.The insects are sorted by species and gender at the Arizona Department of Health Services and then ground into a paste by the state health lab to test for viruses. "The mosquitoes,they find their victim by exhaled air. That way they know there's something there with blood,"said Will Humble, bureau chief for disease control at the state health department. "So the CO{-2)is in the traps to simulate an animal with http://www.azcentral.com/pbp-bin/clicktrack/pnnt.php?referee=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 blood." Determining'hot spots' The state health department receives about 50 traps a day from the 15 counties in the state and others running surveillance programs to detect the mosquitoes.The lab tests about 125 samples a week.Test results are generally done within a few days of submission and given to county officials so they can treat"hot spots"with larvacide and fogging. "The idea is once they're positive and you know the virus is established,you know you need to up your abatement activities,"Humble said."But you still don't know about everywhere because there's lots of little microenvironments to consider." Foggers are being deployed virtually every night,except in areas where a storm is expected.Winds and rain can wash away the pesticide,which must make direct contact to kill mosquitoes.Those that successfully dodge the mist survive. Eight areas within Maricopa County were scheduled to be fogged Wednesday night, weather and time permitting.They were in north Phoenix,south Phoenix,central Phoenix,Laveen, Glendale,Tempe, Chandler and Gilbert. So far,the trucks have sprayed 162,000 acres. Five years ago,when the West Nile virus was first detected in this country, in the New York City area,the county typically sprayed 25,000 acres a year. However,officials estimate they need to fog about 1.2 million acres this year to reduce the mosquito population,which is fueling the West Nile epidemic. Nearly 250 residents had been infected and two had died as of Monday,but health officials say several others are in hospital intensive-care units and not expected to live. The additional staff and equipment requested would allow Vector Control officers to fog about 45,000 acres each night. Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referer=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 : y.� anentralcom Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week Target: Green pools Inspectors airn to clean up mosquito-breeding grounds West Nile primer •Awash with abandoned Kerry Fehr-Snyder pools,Phoenix is West Nile The Arizona Republic epicenter •Red Cross screenings find Jul. 29, 2004 08:10 PM donors with West Nile •County health target:Green Restaurant inspectors by day, "green pool" pools investigators by late afternoon. •West Nile victims young and old fighting pain,fatigue With record numbers of residents snitching off their 'Keep backyard free neighbors for possibly breeding disease-carrying standing water to prevent West Nile mosquitoes, inspectors at the Maricopa County •DEET does job,but requires Environmental Services Department are working caution overtime investigating residential swimming pools. •Valley residents told to fight mosquitoes "My shift ends at 3:30, but I think of this as my own •Some fear West Nile fogging town, my own neighborhood,"said Bob Oskolaee,a •West Nile virus facts county environmental health specialist. "If I don't do it, 'Maricopa County establishes who will?" West Nile hotline •Centers for Disease Control Oskolaee has volunteered to pull extra duty for the on West Nile past two weeks. •Health information about West Nile •More about mosquitos and Three hours into his overtime shift on Monday, he West Nile was 4-for-4 in finding problem pools that can breed thousands of West Nile virus-spreading mosquitoes. And the fourth pool ranked a 10 on Oskolaee's unofficial "nasty"meter,where 10 is a stagnant, algae-filled body of neglected water loaded with mosquito larvae nearly ready to become adult mosquitoes and fly away and bite people. "It's a 10-plus,"he said after getting a closer look,which was difficult because the owner wasn't home. Oskolaee had to climb a ladder in a neighbor's yard to pitch larvae-eating, charcoallike briquettes into the stagnant pool, located in an upscale Mesa neighborhood near Dobson and Warner roads. For Oskolaee and more than two dozen other inspectors, investigations of green pool complaints follow an eight-hour day of making sure restaurants meet the food code and public pools have the right amount of chemicals and safety equipment, among other things. The extra inspectors checking residential pools are needed as the debilitating and potentially lethal West Nile virus epidemic widens its reach. Maricopa County is ground zero for the virus,which sickened 232 Arizonans as of Thursday.Two of them have died. Although no one knows for sure, the Maricopa County Environmental Services Department estimates that about 25 percent of its mosquito complaints stem from abandoned or poorly maintained swimming pools. http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/pr'nt.php?referee=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 A single bad pool can breed 10,000 to 100,000 mosquitoes each day,said Will Humble, bureau chief for disease control at the Arizona Department of Health Services. "And there's a lot of green pools around,"he said. Neighbors concerned about the prospect of becoming the next blood meal for mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus can lodge complaints anonymously with the Maricopa County Environmental Services Department.Complaints are coming in at a rate of about 200 per day, and even with restaurant inspectors,other sanitarians and employees from the county's flood-control district,the backlog of complaints stands at about 300, said John Townsend,the department's vector-control manager. Mosquitoes need as few as five days to become adults, so time is of the essence for killing the pests in hopes of stopping the West Nile virus epidemic. A neighbor worried that the pool that Oskolaee deemed a"10-plus"on the nasty meter was breeding mosquitoes.The white larvae floating on the water's surface indicated it was. It didn't surprise Oskolaee,despite the pool's location in an affluent Mesa neighborhood. "The beauty of this job is you never know what you're going to find,"he said. Inspectors also never know whether residents will be home or cooperate when they come knocking. But the state health department recently invoked an emergency measure that gives inspectors authority to treat a pool suspected of breeding mosquitoes without consent from the property owner. No one was home when Oskolaee knocked on the front door of the house with the mosquito-breeding pool.The back gate was locked,giving him no way to inspect and treat the pool. A neighbor on the west side at first agreed to let Oskolaee climb her fence to gain access to the property. But someone else in the house came out and chased him off,yelling, 'That's it.That's enough,guys." Neighbors on the east side were more cooperative,allowing Oskolaee to climb a fence and pitch the larvicide into the pool. Another neighbor, Mike Bowerman, said he was unaware of the problem pool but was concerned after learning it was a breeding ground for mosquitoes. "We know of one other in the neighborhood that we keep an eye on.We worry about mosquitoes-with the West Nile virus,even more so,"he said. Oskolaee left notices at each of the four houses with problem pools.Although a judge makes the final determination,each homeowner could face a fine of$750 a day. Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referer=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 bong - h-j to e, at `,Uw In tea now aru Reatt�rTrae ie E e i e to -ari c t in '?O T cs, using ne_e�i�ar�ocu sea:-cn row • i a '' Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week West Nile victims young and old fighting pain, fatigue Kerry Fehr-Snyder The Arizona Republic West Nile primer Jul. 16, 2004 12:00 AM •Awash with abandoned pools, Phoenix is West Nile One shuffles around with a walker and is too tired epicenter •Red Cross screenings find even to talk on the telephone.Another takes all donors with West Nile morning to get ready for work and then manages only •County health target: Green a few hours a day at the office. Still another pools seemingly has aged decades. •West Nile victims young and old fighting pain,fatigue These victims of West Nile virus didn't die-, they just •Keep backyard free of felt like they wanted to. standing water to prevent West Nile As of Thursday,the number of people in Arizona •DEET does job, but requires sickened by the virus had ballooned to 114, up from caution 67 last week.The state still leads the nation for the •Valley residents told to fight virus.The majority of them live in Maricopa County. mosquitoes •Some fear West Nile fogging •West Nile virus facts The wide range of victims proves that the mosquito- •Maricopa County establishes borne virus doesn't discriminate: It infects the weak, West Nile hotline the strong, the young,the old, the middle-aged. •Centers for Disease Control on West Nile "You will see it run the gamut,"said Dr. Bob England, •Health information about state epidemiologist at the Arizona Department of West Nile Health Services. "We often speak of diseases for •More about mosquitos and which certain folks are at higher risk.That doesn't West Nile mean that it doesn't happen to other people." The faces of the West Nile virus range from a 3-month-old boy to an 87-year-old woman.The median age of those infected: 52. Although the majority of individuals who contract the virus barely notice they are sick, about 20 percent of them develop West Nile fever. They are the ones who end up in the hospital and,for the most part, are the ones counted in the growing number of state-confirmed cases.They complain of a wide range of symptoms,from fatigue to splitting headaches to permanent muscle damage and pain. Here are some examples: John Wertz, 65, Phoenix, 19th Avenue and Bell Road.He lies in a hospital bed at John C. Lincoln West Nile virus facts Hospital-Deer Valley, listless, barely able to move •Mosquitoes transmit the virus by his legs, haltingly answering questions about his feeding on infected birds,then illness. biting humans. "I'm basically just coping at this point,"Wertz said. •The disease is not spread person to person. •It takes three to 14 days to begin "Tired,of course,weak,"he added, speaking in experiencing symptoms of the short hand. disease. Then he deferred all questions to his wife of 42 •Symptoms range from a few years,Sharon, reasoning, "You'll get a faster days to several weeks. http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referer=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 answer from her." •Severe forms of the disease may A retired computer systems analyst,John became lead to encephalitis or meningitis, sick over the Fourth of July weekend,his wife swelling of the brain and spinal explained. He likely was infected a few weeks cord. earlier but doesn't remember being bitten by a .Permanent paralysis and long- mosquito. term neurological effects are Sharon recalled mosquitoes inside their home. possible in some cases. She had been sick with a headache, stiff neck and •Less than 1 percent of extreme fatigue a few weeks earlier and now says individuals infected with the virus she believes she,too,was infected with the virus. die. She recovered and plans to be tested today to know for sure. •There is no vaccine or approved treatment for the disease. John's illness began with a fever, headache, body ache, a rash. He was so weak that it took two Source:U.S. Centers for Disease people to walk him from the house to the car, Control and Prevention taking a break halfway between,so that Sharon West Nile Virus symptoms could get him to the emergency room.At the The majority of West Nile victims hospital, he was met with a gurney. don't report symptoms.But about 20 percent of them will have any "He's a brilliant,brilliant man,"she said. "To see of the following: him hunt to put words together is petrifying. •Fever "People don't really know how debilitating this can •Headache be." •Fatigue •Body aches Doctors originally believed Wertz had contracted 'Skin rash viral meningitis,which is highly contagious.They 'Neck stiffness tested him for valley fever,tuberculosis and a 'Muscle weakness non-venereal form of herpes. •Disorientation •Tremors Dr.Tim Kuberski, an infectious-disease doctor, •Paralysis suspected West Nile virus and began treating Source:U.S. Centers for Disease John with the same anti-viral medication, Control and Prevention interferon alpha,that he uses for patients infected with Hepatitis C. W Victim describes symptoms "The faster they recuperate,the better they do,"Kuberski said,referring to lasting muscle and nerve damage that can come with the disease. John,who has been hospitalized for a week, has begun using a walker but still faces two weeks of rehabilitation before he can return home. Bob Heidrich,38, Phoenix, Northern and Seventh avenues.Heidrich woke up one Friday four weeks ago covered with a rash from head to toe. It wasn't itchy,and he thought it was a heat rash. He went to work at his mortgage company. By Monday,he never made it out of bed. "I woke up with a fever, a really, really bad headache.A migraine. Stiffness of the neck, but the rash was gone." The next day, he went to the doctor's office and was tested for West Nile virus.The results weren't immediately available,and the mystery illness had him feeling worse the following day. By Wednesday night, he agreed to let his wife, Pamela,take him to the emergency room of John C.Lincoln Hospital-North Mountain. He was dehydrated,so nurses began an IV drip with fluids.They also gave him antibiotics and several pain medications. He was kept in the intensive-care unit for more than two days and hospitalized for a total of seven days. "My memory's kind of fuzzy,"he said. Bob underwent a battery of tests, including three spinal taps. "The first two were really, really painful,"he said."I cried." He left the hospital with an IV still in his arm. His discharge papers list meningitis and encephalitis.A nurse visited him at home for the next five days.The underlying cause:West Nile virus. http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referee=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 Symptoms linger and include neck stiffness, hand tremors, short-term memory loss, dizziness, difficulty writing, loss of appetite. Bob,who is normally active and healthy, doesn't know how he contracted the virus. His yard is irrigated, but he doesn't recall any standing water where mosquitoes might breed. Both Bob and Pamela said they were surprised by the illness. "You hear West Nile, a mosquito bites you,you get sick,you get over it," Pamela said. "He seems to be getting better every day, but it's really slow. He goes to work for two hours, but it takes him all morning to take a shower. If he didn't have to go to work, he wouldn't." Bob and Pamela now avoid the outdoors and wear insect repellant any time they are outside. Pamela, a dental hygienist, is using Bob's experience to remind others of the dangers of West Nile virus. "They think I'm crazy,"she said. "But I say, 'Oh, my God,why do you want to go through this?'There are new cases every day, people are dying, you can't not go out, but you can protect yourself." Paul Johnson, 45, Phoenix, Seventh Street and Bell Road. The former Phoenix mayor, commonly referred to as the"boy mayor"for his youthful looks,thought he was getting the flu three weeks ago. His back ached, his stomach hurt, he had a splitting headache, he was nauseated, dizzy and unable to sleep. Plus an odd rash covered his chest. "To be honest, I thought since I had just turned 45 1 was falling apart,"he said. "I felt like there was a crowbar in my head splitting it open." Johnson went to his doctor,who happens to his neighbor and a close friend. She immediately suspected West Nile virus and ordered a blood test. "I was certainly surprised that he had it, but he had all the symptoms,"Dr. Janice Johnston said. Johnson,who develops real estate projects and manages commercial building,was able to work while fighting the virus,even though doctors said he developed brain- swelling encephalitis and meningitis, swelling around the brain. But even today, he says his back and head still ache. "It's a funny virus,"he said. "It kicks your butt;there's no doubt about it." Although the experience persuaded Johnson's doctor to limit time spent outdoors, she isn't wearing insect repellant. Neither is Johnson. "No offense, but who wears mosquito repellent,"he said."When people smell.it, it's not mistaken for good cologne." Medical experts aren't sure but believe that people infected with the virus develop antibodies that prevent them from becoming ill again. Gary Bixby, 68,Anthem, north of Phoenix.An avid golfer, Bixby used to golf at the Arizona Traditions Golf Club twice a week.Today, he's too weak to hold the telephone handset. He refuses visitors. He's unable to walk without a walker.And now he's battling depression. Doctors say he has permanent nerve damage in one leg and could suffer other lasting problems. "He's feeling a little better, but he was really hit hard by this,"said his wife,Ann. Problems began in early June after the Bixbys moved from 109th Avenue and Beardsley Road in Peoria to Anthem, north of Phoenix.They moved on a Wednesday. By Friday, Gary was flat on his back. http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referee=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 His temperature spiked to 103 degrees. "It just hit so fast, it was scary,"Ann said. She took him to the doctor the following Monday. He was diagnosed with the flu and given a prescription for an antibiotic to prevent a secondary, bacterial infection. It didn't help.Two days later, Gary was spiking a fever again,and his wife took him to an urgent-care facility. It ordered chest X-rays, suspecting pneumonia.The next day,Ann took him to the emergency room at John C. Lincoln-Deer Valley. He was admitted, again because doctors thought he had pneumonia.When Ann left that night, Gary was talking and joking with everyone.The next morning when she called his room, he didn't answer. After a second attempt, a doctor in the room answered and told Ann that her husband had taken a turn for the worse. "He didn't know who he was,where he was; he was so out of it,it was unbelievable,"she said. An infectious-disease doctor and neurologist were now on the case.Tests revealed Gary had meningitis. He was hospitalized for 10 days. It wasn't until he was released and home that the couple received a call from the hospital confirming Gary had contracted West Nile virus. "We were very surprised,"Ann said. The couple are stumped about how Gary contracted the disease but suspect he was bitten while golfing by a mosquito carrying the virus. "For someone who's as active and young as he is, it just blew our minds that he became ill so quickly,"Ann said. Gary never wore mosquito repellent while golfing, but"all of our golfer friends are now, believe you me,"Ann said. A retired insurance executive,Gary is struggling to regain his strength. "He's lucky to move from one room to another,"Ann said. Henrietta Goldstein, 84, Phoenix, Moon Valley area. "Honey, I hate to bother you,but it's 102 1/2." Those were the last coherent words Goldstein said to her daughter,Carol Tracy,for three weeks. It was 5 a.m.,and Goldstein was referring to her low-grade temperature,which she had been running for about a week. Tracy rushed her mother to the emergency room at John C. Lincoln Hospital-North Mountain.She was admitted to the intensive-care unit for three days. "She went from being 84, looking 64, acting 44 to seeming like she was 184,"Tracy said. Goldstein had a rash"that looked like leprosy,"was dizzy and began hallucinating, her daughter said. "She'd say,'I hurt, I hurt, I'm so dizzy.'She'd swat at things in front of her because she was seeing bugs everywhere and spots." .Every time Goldstein saw another doctor, she'd ask, "Am I going to live?"Tracy said. "It could have gone either way." Tracy repeatedly insisted that the medical staff test her mother for the West Nile virus. Finally,the hospital discharged her with a diagnosis of"fever of unknown origin." Tracy took her mother to a doctor at CIGNA Healthcare who ordered a blood test. The results:West Nile virus. "You have to be an advocate,"Tracy said, adding that the ordeal was infuriating. "We cower in front of these medical gods,and we're paying the bills." Goldstein is still weak,walks with a walker and takes pain medication. http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/clicktrack/print.php?referer=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 'This is a woman who was in great health,feeling great all the time,taking nothing but vitamins,"Tracy said. "If I had a worst enemy, I wouldn't wish this on them. I'm sorry,"she added,getting teary. Jim Van Dyke,62, Phoenix, Encanto Park area.His niece was getting married in Iowa,and Van Dyke wasn't feeling well. "Aches,pains, headache,a little off.By the time I hit Omaha, I was really starting to feel bad,"he recalled. His wife,Vicky,called her sister,who arranged for Jim to see a doctor in the small town of Sac City.Jim was running a fever of 101.The next day,it topped 103. The couple headed to the emergency room of the local hospital,and Jim was admitted. "They had no idea what I had,"he said. Jim,dean of applied programs at Rio Salado Community College,suggested doctors test him for West Nile virus,which had never been detected in Iowa.They agreed and sent his blood to a local university medical center because they didn't have the testing capability at the small Iowa hospital. After three days of hospitalization,Jim was taken by ambulance to the medical center at the University of Nebraska. Four days into the illness,doctors still classified him with a"fever of unknown origin." It wasn't until Jim returned to Phoenix in early June that he learned of his diagnosis: West Nile virus. "My mild case turned into a moderate case very quickly,"he said. Jim fully recovered but uses insect repellant and insists anyone who visits do the same. "It's a lot cheaper to buy DEET than to fight this thing,"he said. Email this article Click to send Print this article Click to print Most popular pages Today I This Week http://www.azcentral.com/php-bin/cl i cktrack/print.php?referer=http://www.azcentral.com/... 8/23/2004 V o1U11L1Uc13 I. k m' w� mission to JIM MACMILIAN/AP In a tight election, and three others were injured by a roadside bomb they want to make were sure people know d 11 injured in clashes between insurgents and U.S.forces.In en nin FaIragis SEE ASkilled S ' es from the 2nd Battalion,Sth Marine Regiment;patrolnin Ramada,Iraq.One Marine was killed s t U.S.Mann fr every vote coup And Iraq's interim prime minister warned he is running out of patience over a standoff f with insurgents yesterday,and hospital officials said seven.more people were killed a l after an explosion at a hotel. 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BY TOM PAULSON firmed as infecting more than 2,200 peop of their windows with arms exter calls for an P_I reporter Because most of those infected don't of the virus—but not for lack of looking• ed and middle fingers raised. ill or show symptoms,the actual number of sign And to make it abundantly cl unusual in on is people infected nationwide is likely much Public-health officials here have been thought of Peterson horses that show `,ghat they summit over lain it,but Wash gt testing blood donors, 04 sign he helc Nobody can explain year as the only greater. toms of the disease, about 500 dead the BushlCheney threat of flu almost certain to end they The virus attacks the central nervous SYMP �— the corner of Aurora Avenue Nc pandemic state in the contiguous United States appar tem and,according to some experts,app SEE VIRUS,A13 ently free of West Nile virus• to cause lasting neurological damage in a SEE A13 `It's very bizarre,"said Dr.Jo Hofmann; M time s Maybe e it Bottling up AY'S WEATHER e TOD a love showers.High 55.68 Q share the Light rain,then heavier sh presidency t the p Y Comics E4,5 The American worker's dependence on E4,5 If Gene Amondson gets a few hundred technology can lead to social isolation and Crosswords quixotic campaign to be U.S. people, Editorial BT votes in his q barracudalike dealings with other E2 president,he'll be happy.But what would Horoscope says a leadership coach at Yahoo! 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VFROMAI ' ( route. birds (crows mostly, but also mag- But Washingtonians themsely pies, ravens, raptors and Stellet's West Nile virus has been found in humans in most states this year.Only Washington, added.sometimes travel to the virus, s} days)and more than 40,000 mosqui Alaska and Hawaii have escaped without a single case being found in an species.toes collected from random pools;of y p "We did have four people to water. positive for West Nile this year,but a "None of our indicators show KEY: ®Humans infected Only non-humans infected No infections of them were infected elsewhere presence of the virus," said Tom Hofmann said. Gibbs,director of West Nile environ- wn Nobody fell seriously ill,she no mental surveillance for the health de- vred, and most were identified as it partment. NH fected when they donated blood. That's especially odd,Gibbs said, because the virus was found in a few P-1 reporter Tom Paulson birds and horses in Snohomish Coun- NJ can be reached at 206-448-8318 ty in 2002. or tompaulson@seattlepi.com "I can't explain it,"he said. "No- body can." Dr. Roger Nasci, a West Nile ex- pert at the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's infectious disease laboratory in Fort Collins,Co- ®ran lo., said Washington may have AK ®a Th dodged a bullet this year,but the vi- o 00 oe W e . rus will show up eventually. ®Mo "This is a pretty hot virus in HI DC birds,"said Nasci,and birds can co ®� v- 0 er a lot of ground rapidly. Northern Source:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention latitudes may help by making for sEATFLE POST-INTELIIGENCER shorter bouts of mosquito activity,he West Nile got here,Nasci said.But we because of the cool weather's sup- said, but it won't prevent invasion. now have a much more robust system pression of mosquito activity. Saskatchewan already has West Nile, of ill surveance,he said,that may help Because the virus needs mosqui- Nasci noted. nip a budding outbreak. toes to travel from infected birds to West Nile is now one of the most The search for West Nile in hu- human, Hofmann said, it's "highly broadly distributed viruses in the mans continues all year, but Gibbs unlikely"that anyone in Washington world,"he said. It remains unknown how We st will stop the animal testing this week will become infected through this Vile virus came to the United States ind what allowed it to become estat ished rather than flare up and go -sway—as often happens when other exotic bugs land on our shores. Thanks to West Nile, many pub- ic-health officials have reawakened ` o the value of tracking animal dis ases as an early warning system.' West Nile is just one of many t. zoonotic" diseases — illnesses that , B repassed from animals to humans, : ither by a biting insect or by some 1 1 I ther means of exposure. 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Monorails are still swift,still quiet,still the cheapest form of rapid found on the Librar WNV Interagency Working Group Meeting June 27,2003 400 Yesler Way,3rd Floor 10:30-12:00 pm AGENDA Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County, City of Seattle and other agencies involved in West Nile Virus(WNV)response in Seattle-King County to share information, coordinate activities,solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging. 1) Announcements 2) Review of the minutes from the last meeting/any corrections or additions?(Sharon Hopkins, PHSKC) 3) Status of Department of Natural Resources and Parks Larvaciding(Dan Willott,DNRP) 4) Larvaciding Media Event Wednesday,July 2,2003 (Sharon Hopkins&Dan Willott,DNRP) 5) Larvaciding phased response(Jack Lilja,DOH) 6) Translation of West Nile Virus Materials(Hilary Karasz-Domingues,PHSKC) 7) Education of landowners and Pest Control Operators about responsible mosquito control methods(Kim Moore,PHSKC) 8) Set date for next meeting Name Physical Location Mailing Address Phone Number Email Role in WNV Response Adams, Caren PHSKC-Renton 3001 NE 4` , Renton 98056 (206)205-1706 Caren.adams(&metrokc.gov Communications-S. King Co. Andrews, Dexter Horton Bldg. 700 Fifth Ave, Ste. 4900, Seattle (206) 684-4601 Denise.andrews(&seattle.gov WNV Coordinator Denise 98104 SPU Arima, Debbie 155 Monroe Way E, Renton 98055 (206)296-8138 Debbie.arima&nietrokc. =oy Represents DOT Beleford,June Wells Fargo Ctr. 12"' 999 Third Ave, Ste. 1200, Seattle (206) 296-4788 June.belefordL�metrokc.gov Community based Floor 88104 team Clinton, Laurie King Street Center 201 S. Jackson St, Ste. 600, Seattle (206)296-1471 Laurie.clinton@metrokc.go Livestock owner 98104 education and outreach DeBolt, Chas Wells Fargo Ctr. 9" 999 Third Ave, Ste. 900, Seattle 98104 (206)205-5178 Chas.debolt(&metrokc.gov Human disease Floor surveillance Dieckhoner, Key Tower 2748 700 Fifth Ave#2748, Seattle 98104 (206) 386-4595 Tracy.dieckhoner@seattle.gov WNV Coordinator Tracy Duncan, Carolyn King Street Center 201 S. Jackson St., Ste. 703, Seattle (206) 296-8304 Carolyn.duncan(c-metrokc.gov Media relations 98104 Griffin, Leo RSD-TR-0100 155 Monroe Ave NE, Renton 98055 (206)296-8139 Leo. riffin&metrokc.gov DOT-Road Operations Heaton, Bill Wells Fargo Ctr. 7t" 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)205-4397 Bill.heaton(dmetrokc.gov PHSKC- Floor education/surveillanc e Hopkins, Sharon Wells Fargo Ctr. T 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)296-4880 Sharon.hopkinsAmetrokc.gov PH Veterinarian Floor Karasz- Wells Fargo Ctr. 7" 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)296-4767 Hilary.karasz- Media Relations Dominguez, Floor domin uezAmetrokc. ov Hilary Lila,Jack DOH-Olympia PO Box 47825, Olympia, WA 98504 (360)236-3366 Jack.lil'aAdoh.wa.gov WNV Coordinator Moore, Kim Wells Fargo Ctr. 7'' 999 Third Ave, Ste. 700, Seattle 98104 (206)296-3998 Kimberly.moore@doh.wa.gov WNV Coordinator Floor Peacock, Ann Canal Place, Seattle 130 Nickerson St., Ste 100, Seattle (206)263-3088 Ann.peacockAmetrokc.gov IPM 98109 Quynn, Allen Renton 1055 S. Grady Way, Renton, WA (425)430-7247 Aquynnkcirenton.wa.us City of Renton 98025 Sizemore, David Renton City Hall 3005 NE 4` , Renton, WA 98056 (206)205-7549 David.sizemore rnetrokc.gov KC Parks Skilton, Chris Wells Fargo Ctr. 9` 999 Third Ave, Ste. 900, Seattle 98104 (206)205-8609 Christopher.skilton(&metrokc.g CD/Epi Human Cases Floor ov Sugg,Rick Cedar R. Watershed- (206)233-5023 Sug r u,seattle.gov Entomologist-SPU SPU Swanson,Talon 11911 E Marginal Way S,Bldg. C, (206)684-2261 Talon.swanson(a)metrokc.gov Tukwilla 98168 Varner, Phyllis 301 — 116` Ave SE, Bellevue 98009 (425)452-7683 PvarnerCi),cibellevue.wa.us Represents city of Bellevue Willott,Dan King Street Center 201 S Jackson St., Ste. 600 Seattle (206)296.8173 Dan.willott(n-,metrokc. ov DNRP WNV #600 98104 Coordinator r WNV Interagency Working Group 400 Yesler Way, 3�`' Floor June 3, 2003 Mr Rn, Meeting Minutes Meeting attendees: Sharon Hopkins-PHSKC, Kim Moore-PHSKC, Ann Peacock-IPM,Rick Sugg-SPU, Chas DeBolt-PHSKC, Tracy Dieckhoner-City of Seattle, Denise Andrews-SPU,Debbie Arima-DOT, Phyllis Varner-City of Bellevue, Caren Adams-PHSKC, Hilary Karasz-Dominguez-PHSKC, David Sizemore-KC Parks, and Allen Quynn-City of Renton. Background Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County, City of Seattle and other agencies involved in West Nile virus (WNV)response in Seattle-King County to share information, coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging. Membership: Persons participating should be those working hands-on with WNV response. Membership is likely to expand and/or change over time depending on the impact of WNV in the region. It is desirable to keep the number of participants small enough to be effective and efficient. Announcements We discussed U.S. WNV surveillance data as of May 30, 2003. In King County we have collected 24 birds, we have the test results back from the lab for 17 birds and they all tested negative. There have been no horse cases or suspected human cases. Public Health is getting an increased amount of calls regarding dead birds and people are reporting a lot of crow harassment due to crow nesting behavior and parents protecting young crows. Then, we had a discussion where the entomologist mentioned the term speciation is the identification of the origin of new species; we should be saying species identification when we refer to identifying mosquito samples. Upcoming events: June 41h Mosquito/larvae surveillance training; June 18`h WNV Workshop-Tacoma- Pierce County Health Department and June 9`h& 11`h WNV Phone training for frontline staff. Using Natural Mosquito Control Methods Using natural control methods is not really feasible because wildlife biologists have to go out and collect the different types of fish for use. Then it takes a season for the fish to breed enough to have an impact on the mosquito population. Also we don't have high enough numbers of the type of fish needed and some ponds are not a suitable habitat for fish. Chad Jackson from Fish and Wildlife thinks bti is safe for ponds and not harmful to wildlife/environment. However a permit is needed to larvacide. To add natural mosquito predators to a pond you need a permit from Fish and Wildlife. For horse troughs and decorative ponds people can use goldfish and tadpoles as mosquito control measures. However, once winter arrives and the fish are no longer needed it is not permissible to release the goldfish into natural waterways because here gold fish can grow larger and have an impact on the natural ecosystem of the waterway. Agency Reports Bellevue-Phyllis Varner: Relies on PHSKC for health issues and guidance for response plan development. City staff deals with habitat complaints and even inspects private storm drains. They even give advice on how landowners can 1 i address the problem. Forty percent of property in Bellevue is under some type of public ownership. Currently staff is receiving two calls per week and two emails regarding WNV. Bellevue has a draft response plan that has two categories,universal activities and selective activities. Universal contains education, outreach, employee protection, surveillance, structural design and or regulatory changes,and habitat reduction. Selective activities include use of mosquito larvae predators, use of aquatic pesticides, and forming of mosquito control districts. They also have a city coordination team to develop a consistent message among agencies and implement the response plan. The city has a webpage that is linked to PHSKC's WNV webpage. Bellevue now has a NPDES permit through the Washington State Department of Health in case the need for larvaciding arises. The spill response team will handle any illegal larvaciding or pesticide use cases. Bellevue would like guidance on adulticiding; use of natural predators-is it a long-term option, criteria for larvaciding,and phased response. There are funding issues because in Bellevue WNV is considered a low risk and a public health issue, so it is not for the city to address. City of Bellevue utilities department is surrveiling their 75 stormwater ponds and seeing if routine maintenance will prevent the need for larvaciding. They are also putting nets over catchbasins and eliminating sump pumps(to keep the water flowing)around some senior centers. Next, some stormwater ponds around senior centers are being vactored once a week. Would like to know the risks of bti/bs/methoprene. Side note: Methoprene can harm other species. If you do monthly aquatic treatment you are likely to miss a life cycle, every two weeks is probably sufficient. For mosquito larvae in cooler area the developmental time is prolonged. When the temperature is in the mid 80s the larvae developmental time is 4-7 days. KC Parks-David Sizemore: KC Parks is making their own employees aware of WNV and BMPs(best management practices), and cleaning gutters. Staff are fielding the mosquito control complaints in parks and many Parks personnel already have pest control licenses. They are still trying to get more staff licensed. Parks will be doing some sampling, although, it will mostly be in stormwater retention ponds. Parks is planning to do limited larvaciding under the county permit,they have two venders they are using, Grover Ellis and H&M. Bti and bs have a shelf life, and they are live bacteria so we have to be careful of temperature and light conditions in which the bacteria are stored. IPM decided that they are not going to larvacide in critical areas and wetlands probably fall under that category. Parks is interested in learning about criteria for larvaciding and larvaciding in sensitive areas. Renton—Allen Quynn: The city of Renton is monitoring the occurrences of WNV. Renton is also providing education and outreach in which they are updating their website, Grady Grapevine,Renton Reporter, and have created a WNV brochure that they are putting in their utilities billing notices. Inspectors are going out to all city departments to inspect the properties and see if maintenance needs to be modified. The parks department is doing planning and each agency is supposed to give a report. They are applying for an aquatic pest control permit. Phase 2 - when there is an incident of WNV in King County,Renton will look to PHSKC for guidance. For now the risk of WNV is low so they don't want to over react. For now Renton is doing a limited Page 2 of 3 r amount of proactive larvaciding. They are treating 16 ponds and vaults,the rest are owned by private parties or developers. Renton does have an existing program to adulticide for nuisance problems. In one instance pest control operators determined that adult mosquitoes were being blown from far away. The hills were treated with biomist-permadone, they use this chemical once per week until August on wooded slopes on edge of valley on east and west side. Adulticiding can be done with backpack apparatuses. Renton is also looking at alternative pest management. Unresolved issues include NPDES permit,money, looking for guidance from PHSKC on when to larvacide. Seattle—Tracy Dieckhoner: City of Seattle has a very detailed response plan that is consistent with IPM (integrated pest management). They have a communications lead in each department and a central communications department. The city of Seattle is stressing personal protection, employee protection and directing people to the public health website. Seattle is monitoring county surveillance activities. Seattle has held train the trainer tramings on how to reduce mosquito habitat. Ron Sims sent an email out to all employees about WNV. The risk management staff,environmental attorneys and labor attorneys are all very involved in WNV efforts. The city of Seattle has forms people fill out when they detect mosquito problems. During the summer one week after a rain event occurs crews are sent out to sweep down the area. There are seven prioritizing factors when deciding whether or not to larvacide. All requests to larvacide have to go through a central office(Tracy Dieckhoner's office). King County Roads—Debbie Arima: KC Roads has a 3 pronged approach that includes outreach, surveillance, and treatment. KC Roads has a 24 hour complaint line and they are interested in training for staff who are on 24/7 so they know how to refer phone calls and when and how often do we want them to call PHSKC. KC Roads has many ditches that are not flowing any more. They can re-grade ditches to all one level (historical level)but re-grading permits take 3 days to months. KC Roads needs a coordinated communication approach, they would like to know the party line. Roads does have a 7 person environmental staff but they are not planning to do any mosquito larvae dipping. However, if PHSKC is having a mosquito problem in an area and Roads is out there,they are willing to get some larvae samples for PHSKC. KC Roads would like some direction from us on how and when to do a phased approach in response to WNV. Roads is already vactoring,their treatment of choice is to vactor. Is treatment of catchbasins useful? Someone at roads was informed that Chicago treated 70,000 catchbasins and it had no effect. There are also employee protection issues and liability issues. A question to be answered is what signage is needed to denote that larvaciding is being done at a particular location. Also when vactoring a catchbasin,the catchbasin's contents are being taken back to a decant station. Is this transferring the mosquito problem from one area to another(the decant station)? Does roads need to consider treating decant stations? Page 3 of 3 WNV Interagency Working Group NIeeting June 27, 2003 400 Yesler Way,3 `' Floor 10:30-12:00 pm AGENDA Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County, City of Seattle and other agencies involved in West Nile Virus(WNV)response in Seattle-King County to share information, coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging. 1) Announcements 2) Review of the minutes from the last meeting/any corrections or additions?(Sharon Hopkins, PHSKC) Ki'r s tvi.* 3) Status of Department of Natural Resources and Parks Larvaciding(Dan Willott, DNRP) 4) Larvaciding Media Event Wednesday, July 2, 2003 (Sharon Hopkins& Dan Willott, DNR.P) 5) Larvaciding phased response(Jack Lilja, DOH) 6) Translation of West Nile Virus Materials(Hilary Karasz-Domingues, PHSKC) 7) Education of landowners and Pest Control Operators about responsible mosquito control methods(Kim Moore, PHSKC) 8) Set date for next meeting With the confirmed arrival of West Nile Virus in Western Washington, King County is taking precautions to reduce the number of mosquitoes at certain county-maintained stormwater ponds. Although West Nile is not a health emergency here,managers are using lessons learned in other states as a model for preventative measures at stormwater ponds. County stormwater ponds within a half-mile of areas with high concentrations of people over the age of 50 will be treated with an environmentally harmless, natural bacterium that kills mosquito larvae before they develop into adults. Although most people contracting West Nile Virus experience no symptoms, adults over at 50 at most at risk. Crews will test for the presence of mosquito larvae in 200 county stormwater ponds during the next week and apply Bti if larvae are found. Granules of the bacterium will be applied in shallow grassy areas of the pond where mosquitoes breed. Bti is a species of soil bacterium that is ingested by mosquito larvae. It produces a toxin that crystallizes the larval gut, resulting in death. Culix Pipien(common northern house mosquito) and Culex tarsalis mosquitoes are the most likely carriers of the virus. State and county health officials recommended preventative measures after a study last summer found these species of mosquitoes at county-maintained ponds. Census data and GIS mapping identified ponds in areas where more than 1000 people per square mile are over the age of 50. The best protection from West Nile Virus is reducing mosquito habitat and preventing mosquito bites. The mosquitoes like to breed in small containers of stagnant water, which is why it is important that people monitor for larvae in things like bird baths and flower pot trays in their yards. Open bodies of water and natural wetlands have natural predators to mosquitoes. (A majority of stormwater ponds in King County are privately owned and maintained. DO WE WANT THIS SENTENCE?) (need to add infor about a permit from Ecology and caution that people shouldn't apply to water) (need statement on first case in Western Washington and arrival of West Nile in US) Public Health Seattle-King County is monitoring the ---(add info about crow deaths) King County's agriculture program staff have worked with local livestock owners and veterinaries about the importance of inoculating animals against the virus. (Add hotline, Web site.) DRAFT Phased Response Guidelines Phase 1 • Active mosquito season (April thru October) • No positive surveillance findings Recommended Response • Inventory and map habitat • Conduct dead bird and mosquito surveillance • Encourage reporting of mosquito activity • Passive human and horse case surveillance • Public education emphasizing source reduction • Conside�larviciding in historical problem areas or at new sources e'JA,, - identified as having vector species Phase 2 • Positive birds, sentinel flocks or mosquito pools Recommended Response • Continue Phase I activity • Surveillance in areas of positive findings to identify sources and species • Expand surveillance in adjacent areas • Expand larval control to include positive area and adjacent areas • Public education emphasizing personal protection Phase 3 • Initial confirmation of horse or human case • Multiple positive birds • Increased dead bird densities • Increased sentinel flock conversions or positive mosquito pools Recommended Response • Response as in phase 2, plus • Expand public information to include TV, radio and written media emphasizing personal protection, use of repellents • Risk communication about adult mosquito control Phase 4 • Escalating epizootic in horses and birds and multiple human cases • Conditions favoring continued transmission (weather, abundant adult mosquitoes, etc.) Recommended Response • Response as in Phase 3, plus • Intensify public information focused on personal protection and persons over 50 • Consider adult mosquito control based on established criteria Aden Quynn - RE: Treatment of Ponds Page 1 From: "Willott, Dan" <Dan.Willott@M ETROKC.GOV> To: 'Allen Quynn' <aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us> Date: 7/14/03 10:29AM Subject: RE: Treatment of Ponds �(� — �9CJ— 7-3 Alan, We maintain most residential and regional ponds. The private property owner is responsible for maintaining commercial ponds, but we do the maintenance inspection of them and send a letter identifying the maintenance needs on their facilities ( they are required to maintain the facilities in order to get a SWM Fee discount.) We are not planning on doing mosquito surveillance or larviciding on the commercial facilities. As far as treatment, we are doing surveillance and treatment of ponds which meet the criteria of being within 1/2 mile of population densities over the age of 50 greater than 1000/sq mile and over the age of 50 greater than 40/ census block, or within 1/2 mile of an active park (ball fields etc.), or 1/2 mile of a nursing home facility. Since we own most of the residential facilities ( and the NPDES permit goes to the owner), a homeowners association would need a special use permit to do any additional maintenance which includes appling larvicide. I am in the process of setting up a procedure for a special use permit which would allow developers and home owner associations to apply larvicide to ponds that do not meet the age/density criteria. Hope this helps. Dan -----Original Message----- From: Allen Quynn [mailto:aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us] Sent: Monday, July 14, 2003 9:36 AM To: dan.willott@metrokc.gov Subject: Treatment of Ponds Dan; I have just a couple of questions regarding the County's Mosquito larviciding Program. 1. Is the County responsible for maintenance and operation of all commercial and residential stormwater management facilities located in the County? This includes regional facilities as well as those located in residential developments. 2. For those that you maintain, is the County responsible for treating those facilities for mosquitoes or is it the responsibility of the home owners association? Thanks, Allen Allen Quynn - RE: Treatment of Ponds Page 2 CC: "Duncan, Carolyn" <Carolyn.Duncan@METROKC.GOV>, "Harris, Logan" <Logan.Harris@METROKC.GOV> J West Nile Virus Arrives in King Cou Sept mber., West Nile Virus Interagency Work Group--Table Top Exercise September 5,2003 Public Health-Seattle&King County Objectives Using Phased Responsi guidelift& identify alert levels & responses • Understand responsibilities of each agency with respect to the 3 components of WNV plan (surveillance,education,control) • Develop& modify plans and procedures as needed "Ground Rules" "MI • Respect others/no wrong answers • Give realistic responses indicative of your agency's preparedness & plan • Continually ask, "Does our plan, procedures or checklist provide guidance with this issue?" 1 Scenario September 4,2003: Publij Health' weekly report to the KC l ecutii —In KC, WNV testing of 100 dead birds and 17 ill horses, all Negative —84 mosquito samples analyzed indicates vector species present throughout KC To date, CDC reports Z267 human cases, 910 equine cases,and 4,222 WNV+dead birds from 44 states What is the WNV Alert Level? Scenario Continued September 8,2003 • Tom Gibbs of DOH receives a call from National Wildlife Lab in Wisconsin advising us that birds#WADB200330719 and 0721 are WNV+ • Tom determines birds were submitted from King County and calls Sharon Hopkins at Public Health-SKC to report findings 2 Scenario Continued • Sharon talks to Kim Moore k Public Health-SKC who checks the log of birds submitted for WNV and finds .... —Bird#0719 was submitted by staff from Kelsey Creek Park in Bellevue on 8/25 —Bird#0721 was submitted by a citizen of the city of Lake Forest Park on 8/28 What is the WNV Alert Level? i� RESPONSE Public ITealth--SKC • What are the initial WA Dept of Health (DOH)actions after notifying Public Health-SKC? 3 Notification & Communications • Who does Public Health-SIC contact in Bellevue? • Who does Public Health contact in Lake Forest Park? • What are Public Health's actions in the first several days? Some background info... CITY of. ELLEVUE • Kelsey Creek Park is a sprawling f50 acres of forest and wetland habitat,plus a farm.in central Bellevue. There are trails to explore,a children's play area and a barnyard full of farm animals to get acquainted with. The park is open dawn to dusk every day of the year. Free. • The Harvest Days Festival at Kelsey Creek is Sept. 13- 14 and is the Park's most popular event. It is expected to draw thousands of visitors including organized tours from several senior centers. Describe your agency's response CITY oBELL TRUE • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control -1 Some background info... !CITY of LAKE FO&ST PA , • Public Health-SKC notifies UP officials that the positive crow was submitted by a citizen living on NE 204th Street at 55th Ave NE • A quick check of the map reveals this location is on the border with the city of Kenmore and just 1/4 mile south of the Snohomish County boundary Describe your agency's response CITY of LAKE FOREST PARK • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control Scenario • September 15,2003 at 9 at: Universi Wilospital in Seattle notifie Public Hea — SKC that a 68 year old King County resident has been hospitalized with fever and encephalitis. PCR tests for WNV are positive. The patient is in serious condition. • Is this a confirmed case? Should it be made public now? Or are confirmatory tests at CDC needed? 5 Scenario, con't September 15, l 1:30 am: 'ublic Health staff interview the attendiAX physician..' • Patient lives in a rural area on Vashon Island,works in downtown Seattle,and reported vacationing in Colorado August 16-22 • Symptoms of illness began suddenly on Sept. 12 and medical care was sought the next day • Patient reported numerous mosquito bites sustained the evening of Sept 5th while attending the George Benson jazz concert at Marymoor Park Scenario, con't September 15,2003 at 2:310 pm: DO If notify Public Health-SKC th4 3 more o. crows and 2 horses have tested WNV+ • A check of the log reveals the birds were submitted from Renton.Burien,and Issaquah • An interview with horse's veterinarian reveals the horses are both from a stable in May Valley in unincorporated King Co. One horse has died. The Plot Thickens... • September 17,2003 : Haing been notified Oiy Public Health that the crol he submit tested WNV+,the Issaquah citizen calls the Issaquah Press to report that the dead crow was from a ditch along a County road adjacent to the Metro Park&Ride in Issaquah. The citizen had seen the West Nile warning signs posted in the May Valley south of Issaquah and is alarmed. The Press runs the story with a picture of the sign and the wetland pond at the Park&Ride lot. 6 ii y- atttt Mwxwtl DANGER! HEALTH HAZARD West Nile virus and Japanese Encephalitis area. The King County DRNP(Dept.of Natural Resources and Parks) and King county DDES(Dept.of Development and Environmental Semis)has appropriated this area for artificial re mosquito habitat. limp The CDC(Center for Disease Control in Atlanta GA)has determined certain mosquito species to be known carriers of WN Virus and Japanese Encephalitis.These species are currently present and thrive in local wetlands and storm water retention/detention ponds. STRONG CAUTION ADVISED WALKING,BIKING OR IN OPEN VEHICLES. Questions,concerns about this and all other mosquito preserves should be directed to: King County Executive Ron Sims(206)296-4040 KC Director of Public Health Dr.Alonzo Plough(206)296-1480 ID DNRP Director Pam Bissonette(206)296-6500 Director Stpohan P Warden Scenario, con'1 i • Call volumes to city and county agencies triple or quadruple. Citizens want information about West Nile virus. Many irate citizens demand action against mosquitoes. What is the WNV Alert Level? Describe your agency's response COUNTY DN • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control • *Department of Natural Resources and Parts Describe your agency's response COUNTY DOT* • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control • *Department of Transportation S Describe your agency's response .� METROITRUVT i • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control Describe your agency's response CITIES of BURIEN, RENTO_�V, ISSA QUA H, VAS • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control Describe your agency's response CITY of SEATTLE • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control 9 West Nile Season is nt over yet... • In 2002 in Washington Slate, -Oct 2nd: DOH press release on WNV+raven from Newport,WA -Oct 23rd: DOH press release on WNV+crow from Snohomish Co.--crow was collected on 10/6 -Nov 15th: Seattle PI coverage of Island Co.horse with confirmed WNV--horse's illness began in early Oct --BE PREPARED! 10 WNV Interagency Working Group 400 Yesler Way, 3rd Floor July 30, 2003 Meeting Minutes Meeting attendees: Sharon Hopkins-PHSKC,Kim Moore-PHSKC,Hilary Karasz-Dominguez-PHSKC, Phyllis Varner-City of Bellevue,David Sizemore-KC Parks,Leo Griffin-DOT, Jack Lilja-DOH, Chas DeBolt-PHSKC,Jeff Duchin-PHSCK and Debbie Arima-DOT. Background Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County,City of Seattle and other agencies involved in West Nile virus(WNV)response in Seattle-King County to share information, coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging. Membership: Persons participating should be those working hands-on with WNV response. Membership is likely to expand and/or change over time depending on the impact of WNV in the region. It is desirable to keep the number of participants small enough to be effective and efficient. Announcements Incident command structure is going well. To date there has not been any positive WNV findings in King County. Proceedings The WNV outbreak timeline was discussed. Before WNV came to the USA in 1999 it traveled through Uganda, Israel,France, South Africa,Central and South America. Since 1999 it has progressed westward across the USA. Last year two birds and two horses tested positive for WNV in Washington State. Case Summary 2002 Year Humans Horses 2002 4,156 254 15,270 5,000 2001 66 9 470 156 2000 21 2 60 23 1999 62 7 25 8 * ()indicates number of deaths. ** The horse death rate also includes horses euthanized. Once a horse reaches the encephalitis stage there is a much higher mortality rate(50%). Mosquito surveillance includes larvae sampling, larvae dip counts, adult trapping, species identification, testing mosquito pools, and responding to mosquito complaints from citizens. Equine WNV surveillance includes tracking by veterinarians,WADDL(Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab) at WSU is testing horse specimens for WNV. Human surveillance includes investigating cases, serosurveys, and blood product screening. Health care providers are supposed to coordinate with PH-CD/Epi in sending in the appropriate samples for any adults with aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis. Healthcare providers are aware,but compliance depends on visibility of the issue. If the patient is not hospitalized the sample goes to a commercial lab for WNV testing. If the patient is hospitalized then a sample goes to the state PH lab. If it is a commercial lab,the result is not confirmed by the state unless it is a usual circumstance or unusual mode of transmission. The test used tests for current incidence of WNV,not past exposure to the virus. The test tests for presence of antibodies to the virus. As of July 1, 2003 blood banks in Washington will be screening the blood supply. This is because it is thought that WNV can be transmitted through blood products. As of 7/28/03 EH division of PHSKC has received approximately 2,000 dead bird reports. PHSKC is doing bird mapping and exploring statistical analysis. There have been 17 batches of mosquitoes sent into the state lab, we have the results for 3 mosquito pools. So far they have all been vector mosquito species. As of 7/29/03 PHSKC has sent in 73 birds for WNV testing (as compared to 9 birds in the same time period last year). As of 7/2/03 the lab results are 49 birds negative for WNV. As of 7/29/03 there are no known human or equine cases of WNV in King County. This year in Washington 391 birds has been sent to the lab (WADDL) for testing. The birds are from 34 of the 39 counties. DOH says the 500 bird limit came from last year's grant moneys, so keep sending the birds in for testing. If we exceed the number of birds tested by too much the state can go through a lab in Madison Wisconsin for free WNV bird testing. So far 17 people have been tested for WNV. All persons were negative for WNV. The person from Benton-Franklin County had SLE. Nineteen of the 39 counties have sent in mosquito samples for species identification. It is hard to predict what WNV is going to look like in Washington. Speculated outlook for Washington based on prior years experience is in late July early August begin to see birds test positive for WNV, in August and September would expect to se equine cases,human cases could appear in late August and September. CDC Telebriefing: WNV activity is increasing in 2003. As of July 15`h, 32 states have reported WNV in mosquitoes,birds or mammals as compared to 20 states in 2002. The blood supply is safer because nationwide screening of the blood supply began July ls`. The FDA approved an improved and faster diagnostic test for WNV on July 8`h. Grants have been awarded for development of human vaccines and immune therapies. Next, Sharon Hopkins and SweeMay Tang presented a PowerPoint presentation on WNV surveillance and avian mortality. It was asked if birds have a higher death rate during certain times of the year. The answer is no,we notice them more during mating season; and young crows have a higher mortality rate and more accidents when they are learning to fly. For the presentation the mortality model developed in NY was used. The model used avian mortality data and census data to do cluster analysis. Relevant information to be included in avian mortality analysis database includes population density, age groups, location of vulnerable populations, environmental conditions, adult vector mosquito prevalence,potential mosquito breeding ground, and spatial and temporal distribution of infected equine and mosquito cases. Phased Response Guidelines—Jack Lilja,DOH The revised phase response guidelines have 4 alert levels. The latest version is easier to use and each level can stand alone now. Later more information is going to be added on considerations for adulticiding and how to larvacide most effectively. Many counties are developing their own WNV response plans. The Phased Response Guidelines document is still considered"a work in progress". It was stated that some would like to see alert level designated by county, alert levels might even be useful on the sub- county level. Currently, the DOH positive WNV surveillance finding process includes notification of adjacent counties. DOH thinks the call on what alert level the county is in should be made by that county's health department. DOH is willing to lend assistance to the counties in deciding what alert level they are in. It was stressed that larvaciding is not an emergency response measure. Larval counts of 0.3- 5.0 larvae per dip are the national standards. The county needs to decide which standard we are going to use. At the time you start to see mosquito larvae and demonstrate larvae counts in targeted areas, larvaciding should begin (June, July, and August). Page 2 of 3 1 Federal legislation on mosquito control has been passed. In FY2003 $100 million was made available by the feds. for governmental grants pertaining to assessment, surveillance, and control efforts. Up to $100,000 is available for political sub-units on the local level. Assessment grants go up to $10,000 for LHJs and political sub-units. Not sure who is eligible to apply for this grant, at a minimum it is state and county entities,DOH will get back to inquirers on that issue. In Washington we need to document what mosquito species have been found where. In order to get money from the federal government it has to be established that there is a mosquito problem. Agency Larvaciding/Surveillance Updates DNRP: DNRP used census data and mapped facilities to narrow the field down from 700 to approximately 300 ponds for surveillance. So far they have looked at 283 ponds. Currently 204 ponds were dry and 79 had standing water. Of the 79 wet ponds,49 of them had no mosquito larvae. Many of the ponds had lots of critters and natural mosquito predators. DNRP did larvacide 26 ponds. Of the 26 ponds larvacided the average larval count has been 2.6. In 12 of the ponds that were not treated the average larval count was 0.17 which is below the NPDES permit threshold of 0.3. In the stormwater section there is an emergency overflow subsection. There are 35 structures, 31 structures have larvae in them. Some structures are 4 to 8 feet in diameter concrete structures, 20 are pillbox shaped, 6 ft wide by 4 ft long. These structures are wet but staff can't physically access them to do sampling. If WNV were present they would larvacide them but since WNV hasn't been detected they are currently not larvaciding. In one Federal Way neighborhood larvae were found in a stormwater pond but not in the natural ponds. Most of the time the agent of choice is bs, however on control structures DNRP uses bti. Currently,DNRP is not posting signs telling the public they are larvaciding, the NPDES permit regulations state that signage is only necessary if the place is used for public recreation. Auburn: Auburn is treating 5 out of 21 ponds for mosquitoes. The initial treatment was done in June and so far, a repeat treatment was only needed in one pond in July. KC Roads: Mosquito larvae were found in 3/4 catchbasins. They vactored the ponds and the fourth one had tadpoles in it. Most of the ponds were dry; others had mosquito predators in them. Using map overlays only one pond(out of 40 possible ponds)was found in an at risk area. The pond identified is wet so the pond is undergoing routine surveillance. KC Roads is responsible for over 30,000 catchbasisns so,it is impossible to sample all of them. Currently they are only sampling the catchbasins they receive complaints about. All the catchbasins collect into the stream system. It was stated that it is a gray area on whether or not to use bti/bs in the catchbasins because of concerns about the stream system. KC Roads has many open drainage ditches. Other: At county council level there was talk about a mosquito control district in KC. New mosquito control districts have formed in eastern Washington. As a whole we need to emphasize personal protection and mosquito habitat reduction. In terms of outreach and education at PHSKC we have a WNV video, completed a PSA,then the PSA is going to be sent to TV and radio stations. If money permits we intend to get the PSA translated. PHSKC's WNV fact sheet has been translated into Vietnamese, Spanish, and Ukrainian. Translating the fact sheet into three more languages,Korean, Cambodian and Chinease are in the works. The RHOs and other PH agency people are going to distribute the materials to non-English speaking populations. An article in the DOH WNV newsletter states that there is a legal challenge to the state aquatic mosquito control permit,but for now it is business as usual until otherwise told. Page 3 of 3 M05nde puedo averiguar ma's VIRUS DEL NILO OCCIDENTAZQue es el virus ZQuien esta en riesgo? sobre el virus del Nilo Occidental? del Nilo Occidental? ?*.Sabe El riesgo de contraer el virus del Nilo Salud Humana El virus del Nilo Occidental es una Occidental es muy bajo, sin embargo, Departamento de Salud enfermedad rave. Puede afectar a erso- cualquier persona se puede infectar. Las del Estado de Washington g P www.doh.wa.gov/wnv nas, caballos, pajaros y a otros animales. personas mayores de 50 anos tienen Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n En 1999, el virus del Nilo Occidental el riesgo mas alto de contraer la de Enfermedades aparecio por primera vez en los Estados enfermedad gravemente. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm usted Unidos en la Ciudad de Nueva York. Desde Uso y seguridad de los repelentes de insectos esa vez, se ha propagado rapidamente por Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n todo el pais. En 2002, se encontro el virus de Enfermedades por primera vez en los pajaros y caballos www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ en Washin ton. insect_repellent.htm g que Trabajadores en lugares al exterior Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n t a* de Enfermedades www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html te es Aves, equinos y otros ganados Departamento de Agricultura del Estado de Washington picando . www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ Como se propaga? Kuales son los sintomas? WNVdefault.htm , Departamento de Agricultura de los Casi siem re el virus del Nilo Occidental Muchas personas infectadas con el virus Estados Unidos P www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/wnv.html se propaga a las personas por la picadura del Nilo Occidental no se enferman. Lineas de informaci6n de un mosquito infectado, y a su vez, los Aproximadamente 1 de 5 personas mosquitos se infectan des ues de infectadas tiene sintomas leves, tales como Numero para el area de Olympia - q P 360-236-3980 f alimentarse de pajaros que portan el virus. fiebre, dolor de cabeza y dolor de cuerpo y Numero de llamadas gratuitas t El virus del Nilo Occidental no se propaga menos personas aun, aproximadamente 1 de Washington 1-866-78VIRUS por contacto directo con personas o de 150 infectadas tienen sintomas mas Numero de llamadas gratuitas CDC(TTY) - ` animales infectados. A medida que graves. Los sintomas graves pueden incluir 1-866-874-2646 sepamos mas sobre el virus del Nilo dolor de cabeza, fiebre altar rigidez del Occidental podremos descubrir otras vias cuello, estupor, desorientacion, temblores, ��'He�M1'a=hington State Department of , alth de infeccion. Para mayor informacion, convulsiones, debilidad muscular, paralisis li visite los sitios de salud de la red Internet y coma. Si usted tiene alguno de estos DOH Pub 333-052 5/2003 Spanish Parcialmente financiado por Los Centros para el control que se indican al reverso. sintomas, pongase en contacto con su y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humans de los Estados Unidos. proveedor de salud. Para personas con discapacitadas,este documento se encuentra disponible en otros formatos,a solicitud. Por favor llame al telefono 1-800-525-0127. •• • • • ZQue estan haciendo at Como puedo proteger a mi famiilia? ZQue debo hacer si encuentro respecto las instituciones de un pajaro muerto? salud ublica en el estado de No existe una vacuna humana para el virus del Nilo Occidental. El mejor modo de protegerse p es evitar los mosquitos.Tome las siguientes acciones para evitar las picaduras de mosquitos y El virus del Nilo Occidental infecta a Washington? ciertos pajaros salvajes. Los cuervos, reducir los lugares donde los mosquitos podrian crecer y reproducirse alrededor de su casa. Los departamentos de salud estatales y arrendajos, cornejas y urracas tienden a locales: enfermarse y morir con la infecci6n. Una • Controlan el virus del Nilo Occidental mayor cantidad de pajaros muertos podria Evite las picaduras de mosquitos No les de un hogar a los mosquitos ser un indicio de que el virus del Nilo atrapando e identificando mosquitos. f �segurese de que las ventanas y puertas r Vacie todo to que tenga agua estancada: Occidental esta en su comunidad. Usted • Rastrean la cantidad de informer de pajaros muertos. tengan mallas milimetricas a prueba de Mantas viejas,balder, cubiertas plasticas, puede a dar informando sobre corne 1as y insectos." Repare o cambie las mallas macetas y juguetes. otros pajaros muertos al programa de salud • Recolectan especies especificas de pajaros danadas. ambiental del departamento de salud local. muertos para pruebas r Cambie el agua de las pilas para pajaros, Vea el directorio telef6nico en la secci6n de de laboratorio. r Si es posible, permanezca en el interior fuentes, piscinas para ninos y bebederos Salud y Gobierno del Condado. Algunos • Notifican a los proveedores de salud para durante el anochecer y el crepusculo, que de animales, por to menos dos veces por pajaros muertos seran examinados para que busquen e informen sobre sintomas es cuando los mosquitos estan mas semana. controlar el virus del Nilo Occidental. en pacientes. activos. r Recicle los envases no utilizados que Aunque no hay evidencia actual de que • Notifican a los veterinarios para que M, Use camisas de mangas largas,pantalones podrian contener agua: tales como usted pueda contraer el virus del Nilo busquen e informen sobre caballos y largos y sombrero cuando vaya por botellas, latas y baldes. Occidental al manejar pajaros muertos, otros animales que tengan senales del lugares infestados de mosquitos,por evite el contacto con las manos virus del Nilo Occidental. ejemplo los bosques o tierras humedas. r Aseg irese de que las canaletas de los desprotegidas. Use guantes o bolsas • Distribuyen informaci6n sobre el virus y techos drenen adecuadamente y limpie plasticas dobles para poner al animal sobre c6mo controlar a los mosquitos. r Use repelente contra mosquitos cuando las canaletas atascadas en la primavera y q muerto en la basura. sea necesario. Lea la etiqueta y siga las el otono. Estos esfuerzos estan destinados a instrucciones cuidadosamente.Tenga identificar el virus del Nilo Occidental cuidado especial al usar repelente en los Repare ar que g exteriores y aspersores i Cual es un repelente eficaz antes de que haya un brote. Los ninos. para reg que goteen. contra los mosquitos? funcionarios de salud publica alertaran Los repelentes que contienen DEET son los a las comunidades sobre las medidas que mas eficaces. Los productos con DEET tomaran para controlar al virus del Nilo ZPuede afectar a mis mascotas E!l virus del Nilo Occidental? vienen en lociones, cremas, gels, aerosoles Occidental. y toallitas humedas. Vea la etiqueta para El virus del Nilo Occidental puede causar enfermedades graves en los caballos y los burros. ver el nombre quimico de DEET: Para ver las ultimas noticias sobre Aunque la mayoria de los caballos no se enferman, aproximadamente 1 de 3 caballos que se N, N-dietil-m-toluamida. enferme morira. Para proteger a sus caballos, pregunte a su veterinario sobre la vacuna para el virus del Nilo Occidental caballos contra el virus del Nilo Occidental. Siga los mismos pasos para reducir los lugares Los productos que contienen DEET se en Washington, visite donde los mosquitos puedan vivir y reproducirse cerca de los pastizales de caballos y graneros. deben utilizar en forma apropiada. Lea y OI1.WQ_go v/wn Es raro que el virus del Nilo Occidental cause enfermedad en los perros, los gatos y otros siga las instrucciones de la etiqueta.Nunca ----"- animales. use repelentes en exceso. Aden uynn - DOH NPDES_2003 Use.xls Page 1 Entity Name extended coverage Entity Type Mosquito Larvicide under DOH's NPDES permit Control Used in 2003 City of Arlington City no City of Auburn City yes City of Bellevue City no City of Bothell City no City of Burien City yes City of Burlington City yes City of Covington City yes City of Edgewood City no City of Everett City yes City of Kenmore City no City of Lake Forest Park City yes City of Lakewood City no City of Marysville City yes City of Mercer Island City yes City of Mount Vernon City no City of Mountlake Terrace City no City of Mukilteo City no City of Orting City no City of Renton City 110 Alien CDuynn -DOH NPDES 2003 Use.xls Page 2 j City of Spokane City yes City of Stanwood City yes City of Tacoma City no City of University Place City no Grays Harbor County County no Island County Public Works County no King County County yes Kitsap County County no Kittitas County County no Lewis County County no Snohomish County Public Works County no Spokane County County yes Walla Walla County Public Works County no Whatcom County County no Adams County Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes District District Camano Island Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes Dist. One District Clark County Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes District District Franklin County Mosquito Control Mosquito Control no District District Grant Co. Mosquito District Two Mosquito Control yes District Grant County Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes District#1 District Alien uynp - DOH NPDES 2003 Use.xls Page 3 Leavenworth Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes District District Skamania County Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes District District Touchet-Lowden Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes District District Yakima County Mosquito Control Mosquito Control yes District District Northwest Trek Other government yes Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium Other government yes SeaTac Airport/Port of Seattle Other government yes Achilles USA Private yes Aron Property Private yes Boeing Company-Everett Plant Private no Columbia Foods Inc. Private no Costco Everett Private yes Equity Office Private yes Fairway Greens Private yes Garden Grove Homeowners Private yes Association Hays Property Private no Intrawest Golf-Trilogy at Redmond Private no Ridge Inverness Home Owners Association Private yes Issaquah Highlands Private yes M K Property Services Private yes Allen Quynn DOH NPDES_2003 Use.xIs 2 Page 4's Nestle Regional Training Center Private yes North Shore Christian Church Private no Parkway Village Assisted Living Private yes Redmond Ridge Private yes River Run Ranch Private yes Snohomish Cascade at the Highlands Private yes Somerset Park Private yes Stoneman Property Private yes University Village Private yes Washington Potato Company Private yes Wolanek Property Private no Everett School District School District no Lake Washington School District School District yes Lakewood School District No. 306 School District yes Washington State Department of State yes Transportation Washington State University State yes Town of Fairfield Town yes Total Entities: 76 No = 29 Yes = 47 Page 1 of 4 NOTE : If you would like to apply for an individual coverage you must call your local Ecology office to obtain a copy of the permit application. This site only provides an application for coverage under the Washington State Department of Health's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit. Application Instructions for Coverage under the Washington State Department of Health's General Permit to Discharge Aquatic Pesticides Associated with the control of MOSQUITO LARVAE Introduction This is an instruction document for the preparation of an application for extension of coverage under the Washington State Department of Health's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)General Permit for discharges associated with the control of mosquito larva in Washington State. Health's NPDES General Permit applies to discharges to lakes,rivers, streams,riparian areas,ponds,estuaries,tidelands, ditches, and wetlands. Once coverage is extended it does not terminate until the permit expires on May 10, 2007,unless coverage is terminated for cause. Submitting this application does not guarantee automatic coverage under Health's NPDES permit. Coverage is contingent on receiving an acceptance letter from Health . Who Must Apply Local, state,or federal agencies,districts,private applicators,or individuals that plan to make applications of aquatic pesticides to surface waters of the state for mosquito larvae control. When to Apply Once your signed application is received by Health expect a seven-day turn around time before your coverage letter is issued. Where to Apply Mail the signed application to the following address: Washington State Department of Health P.O. Box 47825 Olympia, WA 98504-7825 Attention: Ben Hamilton Fees There is no application or permit fee. Completing the Application for Coverage The Application for Coverage is an official document committing the permittee to compliance with the requirements of Health's General Permit for mosquito larvae control in aquatic situations. It should be completed accurately, completely and legibly and signed by the responsible official and the applicator. LINE BY LINE INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE APPLICATION FOR COVERAGE If you are creating a new application for mosquito control, select the link, Create Application for Mosquito Control General Permit,on Ecology's Water Quality Aquatic Pest Application Page. If you are returning to continue working on an application that was not completed earlier or updating your end of the season actual results, fill in your user name and password to access your application. ©_Clicking on this symbol will bring up a context sensitive help screen. http://apps.ecy.wa.gov/AquaticPestApp/Mos_GenInfo.asp?AppCat_CD=M 4/22/2003 Page 2 of 4 Section I - Entity Seeking Coverage Provide the name of the entity (may be a mosquito control district,governmental agency, individual,or other)that is sponsoring the larvicide application. Check the appropriate box that describes the entity. Section II-Mailing and Contact Information Provide the name, address,telephone number and e-mail address of the person who is charged with overseeing compliance with permit requirements. The acceptance of coverage, a copy of the NPDES permit for mosquito larvae control, and all other correspondence will be sent to the mailing address provided. Section III—Applicator Information Provide the name, address,telephone number and e-mail address of the licensed applicator (or principal applicator)that will be responsible for the proposed larvicide treatments. Include the UBI number if applicable. Special Note: If more than one applicator is to be used, leave this section blank and include the applicator's name, license number and expiration date on a separate attachment when mailing in your signed application. Select"CONTINUE to the next section"and the Continue button to go to the next section or select"SAVE the current section and go to the END of the application" and the Continue button if you would like to come back and finish your application later. You will be prompted to create a user name and password so you can get back into your unfinished application at another time (within one week). Section IV—Water Body,Location & Chemical Information Special Note: Clicking on the TIMING WINDOWS FOR FISH link will display a document that contains information about using Paraffinic white mineral oils, Malathion and/or Temephos. Special Note: If you have more than one water body within a single WMA, they can be grouped together for the initial Estimate. e.g. All surface ponds within a cities WRIA can be grouped together for the initial application Estimate. At the end of the season, every surface pond that did receive larviciding must be updated under the Actual results on your application. • Check Estimate for the estimated location and amount of larvicide that may need to be used to treat mosquito larvae(enter this amount when first applying for coverage). • Check Actual for the actual location and amount of larvicide that was used to treat the mosquito larvae (enter the actual amount when reporting back at the end of the season). • Waterbody: Provide the common name of the water body that you proposed to treat. Types of water bodies include: lake, wetland, irrigation canal, drainage ditch, pond, reservoir, river, stream and slough. • WRIA: For the treatment location, select the corresponding Watershed Resource Inventory Area(WRIA) from the pull down list. For clarification of which WRIA covers your application site see bitp://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/303d/1998/1998 by wrias.html or http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/wrias/index.html for more detailed individual WRIA maps. • Latitude and Longitude:Enter decimal Latitude and Longitude for the water body with a least four decimal places. This is not required for the estimate but must be updated for actual results at the end of the season. Valid values range from approximately 45.50000 to 49.00000 for Latitude and 116.87500 to 124.87500 for Longitude. • Larvicide: Select the larvicide from the drop down menu.The larvicides listed are the only ones allowed under the NPDES permit. Please note that oils,temephos and malathion have restricted use under this General Permit. Consult the Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control document for further clarification. • EPA Registration Number: Enter the EPA registration number of the larvicide that you selected. This is not required for the estimate but must be updated for the end of the year's actual results. • DATE Applied/Sprayed : List the estimated date(s)the application will be made. This does not have to http://apps.ecy.wa.gov/AquaticPestApp/Mos_Genlnfo.asp?AppCat_CD=M 4/22/2003 • Page 3 of 4 be a single date but can be a range of dates(e.g. April 30, 2003—October 15,2003). Updating the actual date(s)or date ranges must be done when reporting back at the end of the season. . Amount: Enter the amount of larvicide that you are planning to use. The actual quantity applied must be updated at the end of the season(the actual quantity applied and the submission of spray records is due by February 1 St). The default unit amount is gallons. If you are using a granular larvicide, report the amount in pounds. • Acres: Provide an estimate of the number of acres that you are proposing to treat. The actual amount of acreage can be updated,when reporting back at the end of the season. To ADD the Entry: Select ADD when the water body, location,and chemical information has been entered. This creates a table at the bottom of the screen called"Current Values for the Application"and clears the fields in Section IV. You can then add another water body, location, and chemical information for additional sites that may need treatment for mosquito larvae. The table that is created after you have added the information can be updated(UPD)or deleted(DEL). This is where you would come at the end of the season to update locations and the amount of larvicide used according to the spray records. Select"CONTINUE to the next section"and the Continue button to go to the next section or select"SAVE the current section and go to the END of the application"and the Continue button if you would like to come back and finish your application later. You will be prompted to create a user name and password so you can return to finish your application later(within a week). Section V-Regulatory Status (Applicator Information Only) Provide applicator license number,expiration date,renewal and aquatic endorsement status. Special Note: If more than one applicator is to be used, leave this section blank and include the applicator's name, license number and expiration date on a separate attachment when mailing in your signed application. Select"CONTINUE to the next section"and the Continue button to go to the next section or select"SAVE the current section and go to the END of the application"and the Continue button if you would like to come back and finish your application later. You will be prompted to create a user name and password so you can get back into your unfinished application at another time(within one week). Section VI—Best Management Practices(BMP's)Employed to Reduce Pollutants A copy of Ecology's Best Management Practices plan is available at mosquitocontr-bmpsfinal.pdf. Check the appropriate box. If your own specific plan is selected,please enter the name of the plan and mail the plan with your signed application. Select"CONTINUE to the next section"and the Continue button to go to the next section or select"SAVE the current section and go to the END of the application"and the Continue button if you would like to come back and finish your application later. You will be prompted to create a user name and password so you can get back into your unfinished application at another time(within one week). Section VII—Obligations of Entity and Applicator in Consideration of Coverage under Health's NPDES Permit Read this section carefully. By signing and submitting this application,you agree to comply with-the provisions of this section. You may print a copy of the NPDES permit for Aquatic Mosquito Larvae Control at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/pesticides/final pesticide permits/noxious/noxious index.html. Read and review this permit before signing and submitting this application to Health. Section VIH-Certification http://apps.ecy.wa.gov/AquaticPestApp/Mos_Genlnfo.asp?AppCat_CD=M 4/22/2003 • Page 4 of 4 The entity seeking coverage must sign and submit this application after printing it out. If only one applicator was indicated,they must sign this application. Final Step You may select"SAVE the UNCOMPLETED application and finish later"(within one week) or select the "SAVE the COMPLETED application"and click the Continue button to display your completed application If you choose the"SAVE the UNCOMPLETED application and finish later"option you will be requested to create a USERNAME and PASSWORD that will allow you to login and finish the application later(within one week). The same USERNAME and PASSWORD that you entered will allow you to enter and update information at the end of the reporting season. If you choose the"SAVE the COMPLETED application"option you will be shown a page with a "Display Your Completed Application" link as well as links to other parts of the application. Choosing the "Display Your Completed Application" will open another browser session and validate your application for missing data. It is strongly suggested that all the fields be filled in and to go to the sections,close the validation browser session and click on the appropriate section link. When you decide to print the completed application select the CONTINUE button that appears after the validation section and when the completed application is displayed, you may use the browser's PRINT button to print your application. All Application Forms Read the NPDES permit to ensure that you will be able to comply with all permit conditions. 1. Sign and date the application. 2. Send the signed and completed application form to: Washington State Department of Health Pest Program P. O. Box 47825 Olympia, WA 98504-7825 Attention: Ben Hamilton NOTE : If you would like to apply for an individual coverage you must call your local Ecology office to obtain a copy of the permit application. This site only provides an application for coverage under the Washington State Department of Health's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit. TO PRINT THIS PAGE, CLICK ON THE PRINTER BUTTON ON YOUR BROWSER. BEGIN DATA ENTRY http://apps.ecy.wa.gov/AquaticPestApp/Mos_Genlnfo.asp?AppCat_CD=M 4/22/2003 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Water Quality Program W A S H I N G T 0 N S T A T E O E P A H T M E N T 0 E E C O L O G Y RECEIVED JUL 2 6 2004 May 2004 CITY OF RENTON Publication 03-10-023 revised UTILITY SYSTEMS i�l� Printed on Recycled Paper Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Water Quality Program • May 2004 Publication 03-10-023 revised • For additional copies of this document contact: • Department of Ecology Publications Distribution Center P.O. Box 47600 Olympia, WA 98504-7600 Telephone: (360) 407-7472 Headquarters (Lacey) 360-407-6000 If you are speech or hearing impaired, call 711 or 1-800-833-6388 for TTY Pegionai WMatcom Pend Office San Juar� rei€€ location Skagit 'y Okanagan 1 Islan �-.. rt�1� est5 Central Ferry Stevens 425-649-700t 5 7 y � Cla€lam Snohomish --j Chelan Jefferson spokere % ♦ae�vue Douglas Lincoln Spokane Grays 4, wns Eastern Harbor a$0 KftfFtas Grant 509-329- 400 Pierce Adams Whitman hurston South es adfe 60.40711, b Yakim Frank)€n arfiold ahk€akum VV Yak€ma Iumbi f I Cowlitz Skamanis Benton Walla h v Walla Clark I Klickltat If you need this publication in an alternate format,please contact us at 360-407-6404. Call TTY(for the speech and hearing impaired) at 711 or 1-800-833-6388. • f Cont ents ents t Tableof Contents.................................................................................................................i Tables...................................................................................................................................ii Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control..............................................................3 I. Minimize Mosquito Breeding Sites and Utilize Personal Protective Measures.......... 3 1I. Monitor Mosquito Populations and Disease.............................................................. 6 III. Establish Targeted Densities for Mosquito Populations .......................................... 11 1V. Mosquito Control Treatments................................................................................ 12 Appendix A: State Listed Species Restricted Areas.........................................................A-1 Appendix B: Insect Repellant Use and Safety..................................................................B-1 Appendix C: Response to Publlic Comments...................................................................C-1 • • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control i Washington State Department of Ecology Tables Table 1. Disease Vector Mosquito Species Associated With Drainage Control Facilities ....9 Table 2. Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State ..............................10 Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Control...............................................16 Table 4. Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control.......................................................19 • • Page ii Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Introduction On April 10,2002,the Washington State Department of Ecology(Ecology) issued NPDES General Permit No.WAG-992000,covering mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly into surface waters of the state. Under the permit,the use of insecticides for mosquito control in water is allowed when the effects are temporary and confined to a specific location,though locations where insecticides are used may be widespread throughout the state. Applications of insecticides are subject to compliance with the Federal Insecticide,Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)labels, the Washim;ton Pesticide Control Act(15.58 RCW),the Washington Pesticide Application Act(17.21 RCW),the General Pesticide Rules(WAC 16-228),the Worker Protection Standard ff,AC 16-233),a number of pesticide and/or counh-specific regulations, monitoring/reporting requirements,and approved best management practices (BMPs) that include integrated pest management options. When adopted by a mosquito control entity,these BMPs for Mosquito Control satisfy that NPDES Permit No. 992000,Condition S4 requirement. These Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control were developed through a collaborative effort of representatives from Washington and Oregon based mosquito control districts, Washington State counties,Washington State University,mosquito control insecticide industry and the state departments of Health,Agriculture,Fish and Wildlife,Transportation and Ecology. Our appreciation goes out to the many mosquito control experts and others who took the time to review the draft and offer their expertise and suggestions. • Mosquito control entities in Washington State that wish to develop their own BMPS may do so,but they must be approved by Ecology. An approvable integrated pest management(IPM)program for mosquitoes must involve natural resource scientists when planning control measures that could harm delicate ecosystems and include all the features of IPM as defined in Washington State law RCW 17.15.010(as adapted to mosquito management): 1) Minimize mosquito breeding and feeding sites. 2) Monitor mosquito populations and disease. 3) Establish the targeted densities of mosquito populations based on community factors of health,public safety,economic and aesthetic thresholds. 4) Treat mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that may include biological,cultural,mechanical,microbial,biochemical and chemical control methods and that consider human health,ecological impact,feasibility,and cost effectiveness. 5) Evaluate the effects and efficacy of pest treatments. • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 1 Washington State Department of Ecology • • • Page 2 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control I. Minimize Mosquito Breeding Sites and Utilize Personal Protective Measures Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote Action threshold: The presence or even the suspected presence of mosquitoes (any species)in an area identified for control efforts triggers minimization efforts in the early spring and summer. The mean development time from egg hatch to pupation takes 5 to 10 days at temperatures near 250 C (77'F)(Pratt and Moore,1993). However, "eggs of certain species can hatch in water as cold as 450 F" (Li1ja,2002,p. 24). Minimization actions are most effective in the early spring and continued through fall on an as-needed basis. Rationale: Minimizing man-made breeding sites in the targeted area of control and personal protection,especially for those with compromised immune systems,are the best defenses against getting bitten by mosquitoes, giving the best protection for the least cost. Minimum BMP Response: 1. Provide information to those in the area of control on eliminating artificially created mosquito breeding sites,use of biological controls(including bio-larvicides),use of repellents,and on protecting animals of concern. Local and state environmental health departments have a variety of informational brochures. See h!4-)://-$',T,A,w.doh.wa.gov/ehl2/ts/`Zoo/WN'V/WNV.html for links. 2. Take appropriate minimization actions. • 3. If possible,obtain resources to enable effective responses. Minimization Actions Eliminate Artificial Breeding Sites around Homes and Offices ➢ Empty or turn over anything that holds standing water—old tires,buckets,wheelbarrows, plastic covers,and toys. Do not let water stagnate for more than seven days. ➢ Change water in birdbaths,fountains,wading pools,and animal troughs weekly. ➢ When practical,drill holes in the bottoms of containers that are left outdoors. ➢ Clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not in use and be aware that mosquitoes can breed in the water that collects on swimming pool covers. ➢ Consider aerating ornamental pools and use landscaping to eliminate standing water; mosquitoes can potentially breed in any stagnant puddle that lasts more than four days. ➢ Recycle unused containers—bottles,cans,and buckets that may collect water. ➢ Make sure roof gutters drain properly,and clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall. ➢ Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. ➢ Keep all ornamental shrubs and bushes trimmed and pruned to open them up to light and air flow.This will not only give mosquitoes fewer places to hide,but will promote growth and vigor in the plants. • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 3 Washington State Department of Ecology Use Appropriate Bio-controls • ➢ Stock water gardens tliat have no surface inlet or outlet with mosquito-eating fish(i.e., goldfish, mud minnow,stickleback,and perch). Tadpoles,dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers,and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. For more information,see httla://Nn-rw.wdi,w,.w a.gov/factsi-iis/westi«ievi?',l s.s?tFzZ. ➢ Native vegetation and nest boxes can help attract mosquito-eating birds and bats.However, property owners should avoid introducing non-native fish or wildlife in an attempt to control mosquitoes. While it is permissible to release some fish commonly available in pet stores into small,contained backyard pools and ponds,non-native fish should not be released into open or partially contained waters that may occasionally flood into natural water bodies.Some non-native species,including so-called mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, can be major pests when introduced outside their natural range. Gambusia are aggressive and have been known to feed on eggs,larvae and juvenile native fish and amphibians. Because of these negative impacts on native species, Gambusia is a regulated species in Washington State,and may not be introduced without a fish stocking permit issued by WDFW. ➢ Under WDFW policy,transfer/stocking permits may only be issued to organized mosquito control districts,the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,and local or state health departments; permits may not be issued to private individuals. To protect the Olympic mud minnow,a state sensitive species, Gambusia stocking is prohibited in Clallam,Jefferson,Kitsap,Grays Harbor,Mason,Thurston, and portions of Lewis County that drain into the Chehalis river. For information on fish stocking permits contact the WDFW regional office in your area. • ➢ Selective bio-pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti),B. sphaericus or methoprene are very effective preemptive controls when applied in the spring to specific sources identified by surveys. Amplifying and bridge vector species should be targeted (also see p. 11.). Personal Protective Measures ➢ Make sure window and door screens are"bug tight." Repair or replace if needed. ➢ Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most active. ➢ Wear a long sleeve shirt,long pants and a hat when going into mosquito-infested areas such as wetlands or woods. ➢ Use mosquito repellant when necessary,and carefully follow directions on the label. For extensive repellent information from the Centers for Disease Control see Appendix B: Insect Repellent Use and Safety ➢ Areas frequented by the public,such as parks,zoos, outdoor concert areas,and wildlife reserves should consider making repellents available. Protect Animals of Concern ➢ To protect your horses and other equines,talk to your veterinarian about the West Nile virus vaccine.The vaccine requires two doses three to six weeks apart,and immunity may • Page 4 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • not be achieved until up to six weeks after the second dose. An annual booster should be given a few weeks to a month prior to the start of the mosquito season in your area. ➢ Veterinarians should be consulted if you have concerns about your household pets or other animals. Repellents may be used in some instances. ➢ Thoroughly clean livestock watering troughs weekly. ➢ For more information see: http://w-,N w.aphis.usda. ov/lpa/issues wnv/prv.htmi and/or http://j�,T,�n-�v.ccic.gov/ncidod/dv'Sid/ewes t;file/1-)irds&-maminals.htii-i New Construction and Storm Drains As new facilities are being designed, consideration should be given to reducing mosquito habitat as much as possible. When considering a drainage or water treatment facility for mosquito control, the first consideration should be whether the problem could be reduced by physical modification or repair without compromising the facility's function. Physical modifications should be designed by an engineer and reviewed by the local government to insure they meet applicable design requirements. A possible design modification may include scarifying the pond bottom where it is no longer infiltrating as originally designed, providing slope to the bottom of the drainage facility or enhancing infiltration by some other method. Eliminating low spots that collect small • amounts of standing water and altering excessive overgrown vegetation may also be options. Alterations of slopes or repairs to a facility should not involve a reduction in the water retention or carrying capacity of the facility. As an example, soil should not be added to fill low spots. Instead, low spots should be graded flat such that the carrying capacity is not reduced. Sprinklers and Irrigation Systems Over-watering and poor irrigation practices are common producers of mosquitoes around the home,in parks,in irrigated fields,and on golf courses. Report standing water to appropriate maintenance personnel. ➢ Irrigated lands are among the highest producers of mosquito breeding sites in Washington State. High numbers of mosquitoes can develop in standing water as a result of flood irrigation. The actions below can help eliminate mosquito breeding sites by using physical controls (Colorado,2002;Pratt and Moore 1993). 1) Minimize standing water in fields so that it does not he fallow for more than four days by improving drainage channels and grading. 2) Tail waters should not be allowed to accumulate for more than four days at the end of the field. 3) Keep excessive overgrown vegetation out of ditches to promote more rapid drainage,but retain ground cover to prevent soil loss. • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 5 Washington State Department of Ecology 4) Have ditches repaired to reduce seepage to the extent practicable(elevated water . tables can produce unintended standing water in fields). Modification or repairs to a ditch should not reduce the carrying capacity. 5) Minimize flood and rill irrigation practices to the extent practicable. 6) Avoid over-watering. Foster Healthy Wetlands Do NOT drain or fill wetlands. The chance of mosquito "outbreaks" increases in wetland and stream ecosystems that have been changed or tampered with. In disturbed systems,the predators of mosquito larvae are often excluded while the mosquitoes thrive. Thus, draining wetlands and removing greenbelts will not eliminate mosquitoes. In fact,such actions could actually increase the mosquito population if their natural predators are destroyed. The draining of wetlands will still leave behind many small puddles or wet depressions that are prime habitat for mosquitoes. Wetlands perform at least three classes of functions:hydrologic functions(i.e.,flood peak reduction, shoreline stabilization,or groundwater exchange),water quality improvement(sediment accretion, filtration or nutrient uptake),and food-chain support(structural and species diversity components of habitat for plants and animals,including threatened endangered and sensitive species). Many wetlands recharge ground water critical for local drinking water supplies and prevent streams from drying up during the summer. Given the critical functions wetlands perform,Ecology does not condone draining wetlands as a method for mosquito control. Since most predation on mosquitoes occurs when they are larvae,the best mosquito control is often to target the larvae,either by • fostering predators native to the area of control(amphibian larvae,aquatic salamanders,small fish) or by applying selective larvicides such as Bti. (Tom Hruby,Ecology Wetland Specialist,personal communication 2/26/03 and 1/16/04). II. Monitor Mosquito Populations and Disease Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low;areas with limited or sporadic WNV epizootic activity in birds and/or mosquitoes. Action Threshold. The presence of vector or nuisance mosquitoes suspected or confirmed in the area. Rationale. Base-line data on mosquito populations and mosquito-borne disease will help target educational efforts and are essential to control efforts,should they become necessary. Minimum BMP Response. Obtain and track avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis,and equine surveillance in the area of control. Further quantify epizootic activity by inventorying mosquito habitats,and trapping and testing for vector mosquitoes. Consider targeted insecticide control if surveillance indicates high potential for human risk to increase. Monitoring Strategies for Landowners of Private Property and Contracted Licensed Applicators ➢ Contact your local health department for information about birds,horses,and humans found to test positive for West Nile virus or other mosquito-borne diseases in your area of control. • Page 6 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • ➢ Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes,by species if possible. These are those sites for mosquito rearing that cannot be eliminated by following preventative measures such as container emptying,proper pond maintenance,and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the habitat(species)encountered. The following northwest mosquito habitats and control issues have been identified in the Mosquito-Borne Response Plan developed by the Department of Health(Li1ja,2002). Vectors in specific regions have not all been identified. Contact your local health department for the latest mosquito vector information. Floodwater.: Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus develop in large numbers along the borders of the Columbia and other rivers and create important mosquito problems in this region. The larvae hatch in the spring or early summer when the streams overflow areas such as willow and cottonwood swales where the eggs have been laid. The eggs of these species are dormant when temperatures remain below 45-50'F. Partial dormancy of the eggs may continue until sometime in June so that only some of the eggs are hatched by floods occurring in April or May. In some seasons,the larger rivers may rise,recede,and rise again to cover the same egg beds and produce an additional hatch. In other seasons,two or three successive rises may occur,each of which is higher than the last. Females that emerge in the first hatch may lay eggs that will hatch in the second or third rises of the river. Most of the eggs are laid between the 10 and 20 foot levels,and some of the eggs that are not flooded during a series of low flood crest years remain viable for as • long as four years. Large Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus breeding areas have been managed efficiently by controlling water levels above dams such as the Bonneville Dam. Dikes have prevented flooding in other areas. Clearing of brush has been of value in some locations. However,control of the major section of these types of breeding areas must often be accomplished with insecticide applications. Irrigation Water: Breeding places for several mosquito species are provided by irrigation water. Aedes dorsalis,A. vexans, Ochlerotatus melanimon,and Ochlerotatus nigromaculis are among the most important species that may develop when water is applied and stands for a week or ten days. Other species such as Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, and Anopheles freeborni may also be produced. Tremendous numbers of mosquitoes breed in many areas where uncontrolled irrigation is practiced. Applications of insecticides are effective but are not substitutes for proper grading. Elimination of standing water is effective in preventing development of mosquitoes. Application of insecticides may be necessary for breeding places that cannot be drained. See Sprinklers and Irrigation Systems in Section I above. Tidal Waters: Aedes dorsalis is the only species that can breed in large numbers in both fresh and salt water in the Northwest. The larvae develop in some coastal areas where potholes are filled by the higher tides or where water levels fluctuate in permanent or semi-permanent pools. Leveling, drainage,or similar practices are effective in preventing breeding,but such areas must be properly maintained. Insecticide control may be necessary where these methods are inadequate or ineffective. Ochlerotatus togoi has also been found in coastal areas including San Juan,Island, Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 7 Washington State Department of Ecology Skagit,Kitsap, and Mason counties. Larvae of this species have been found in pools of pure • seawater along rocky shorelines. Snow Water: In many high mountain meadows and also at lower levels,mosquitoes breed in pools caused by snow melt. Development may require several weeks at higher elevations. Aedes communis,A. cinereus, Ochlerotatus hexodontus, O.fitchii,and O. increpitus are the most common species found in these locations. Usually there is only one generation per year,but the large numbers that may be produced are a severe annoyance to those who are working or seeking recreation in these areas. Elimination of breeding areas by drainage or maintenance of constant water levels is practical in some situations. Insecticide applications might have to be made by hand or by plane because of inaccessibility to heavy ground equipment. Permanent Waters,Ponds and Artificial Containers: The mosquitoes that lay their eggs on the water are usually found where water is present continuously during the season or at least for several days. Such locations include natural permanent ponds,including still waters along the borders of lakes and rivers sheltered from wave action and currents with some degree of vegetation,log ponds,tree holes,semi-permanent ponds and wetlands of various types,and artificial containers. Culex tarsalis, C. pipiens, C. peus,Anopheles freeborni,A. punctipennis, Culiseta incidens, and C. inornata are commonly found in such places. C. tarsalis and C. pipiens develop in large numbers in log ponds. C. pipiens also develops in large numbers in sewer drains,catch basins, and water left in artificial containers. Coquillettidia perturbans are found in permanent water in wetlands,swamps,and marshes that have emergent or floating vegetation. Insecticides are often used effectively to control most of these species,except those breeding in artificial containers that can be emptied. Larvae of C. perturbans are difficult to control because they are attached to the • roots of plants. Insecticide granules are sometimes applied,but eliminating host plants may be the most useful procedure to control this species. Consult with your local WDFW office before removing plants on WDFW-managed lands or in ecologically sensitive areas. Stormwater: In response to the anticipated arrival of West Nile virus in King County, King County Water and Land Resources developed recommendations for dealing with the mosquito control at County drainage facilities. The study(Whitworth, 2002) identified the four basic habitats preferred by mosquitoes, the types of mosquitoes associated with the habitat type, and the WNV vector mosquito species that prefers each habitat type. Table 1 summarizes this information. Page 8 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Table 1. Disease Vector Mos uito Species Associated With Drainage Control Facilities Habitat Type Facility type Vector Species Permanent Water Year round wet ponds Anopheles punctipennis Larger Regional Ponds Wet Bioswales Marshes&Wetlands Wet Bioswales Aedes cinereus Some Regional Facilities Coquilletidia perturbans Temporary or Flood Water Temporary Wet Ponds Aedes vexans Dry Bioswales Culiseta inomata Retention/Detention Ponds Open Ditches Artificial Containers 1 Tree Holes Catch Basins Ochlerotatus japonicas Underground Tanks/Vaults Culex pipiens Discarded containers&Tires Culex tarsalis C-Uiseta inomata Table 2 summarizes biological information of vector mosquitoes found in Washington State. • • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 9 Washington State Department of Ecology Table 2. Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes in Washington State • Mosquito Day or Generations Species Night Range Per Year Preferred Habitat Breeding Comments Biter Aggress Does not One-eggs A woodland species: semi- Hatches in the early ive travel far hatch at permanent bogs & swamps, spring. Larvae found Aedes during from different wetlands, wet bioswaies & among dense aquatic cinereus day habitat times floodwaters vegetation. Any temporary water body like ditches, puddles, Eggs may lie domant 3+ Day & containers, pools & yrs, hatches in ditches, Aedes vexans Night 20+ miles Many floodwater. still water. Prefers algae-laden, cool Springs and creeks pools on edges of slow connected to stormwater flowing rivers and Anopheles Stays near ponds, bioswales and streams. Has entirely uncti ennis Night habitat. One wetlands. dark palpi. One, but Strong hatchlings do Needs thick growth of fliers, not complete aquatic vegetation. Night - enters development Permanent marshes, Remains below the water often homes until the wetlands, temporary wet surface attached to roots Coquilletidia comes and lit following ponds, dry bioswales & and stems. Hatchlings erturbans to lights jareas. spring. o en ditches. emerge inspring. Found around water with high organic content, as in Proliferate in in artificial Usually catch basins & sewer containers. Lays eggs in migrates effuent ponds, tree holes, clusters of 50 to 400. only short artificial containers & Larval and pupal stages Culex pi ien s Night distances. Many manholes. take 8 -10 days. Larvae develop from spring to fall in waters w/ Enters Any fresh water, artificial high organic material. buildings containers, & agricultural Eggs laid in rafts of 100 - Culex tarsa/is Night after dark. Many and irrigated areas 150 & hatch w/in 48 hrs. Breeds throughout spring and summer in cold Cold water- associated with water, females may glacial runoff and sunlit appear during warm waters, does not like hot winter breaks. Usually Culiseta Dawn & Stays near weather. Found at all feeds on livestock, not inornata Dusk Ihabitat. Many elevations. people. Artificial containers, catch Och/erotatus Day& basins, undergound tanks Larvae are found in "a onicus Night Not known Many and vaults & tree holes artifical containers. *New information has come in on Ochlerotatus canadensis that adults live for several months in woodland pools by melting snow or rain. They feed on a large range of mammals,birds,and reptiles. • Page 10 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Additional Monitoring for Public and Specialty Targeted Areas of Control ➢ Conduct ongoing mosquito larvae surveillance,including studying habitats by air,aerial photographs and topographic maps, and evaluating larval populations. ➢ Monitor and track data from mosquito traps,biting counts,complaints,and reports from the public. ➢ Keep seasonal records concurrent with weather data to predict mosquito larval occurrence and adult flights. ➢ Consider using sentinel chicken flocks for surveillance (See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Epidemic/Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance,Prevention and Control,page 10, http://Nvww cdc.I;ov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/t,,-nv-guidelines-apZ 2003.pdo ➢ Accurately map and identify rearing areas for mosquitoes. These would be those sites that cannot be eliminated by preventative measures such as emptying containers,proper pond maintenance,and eliminating excess standing water by using appropriate irrigation BMPs. These habitats can be identified by aerial photo assessments,topographic maps,and satellite imagery where available. This is important because appropriate treatment measures are contingent on the particular species that live in specific habitats. ➢ Agricultural site maps should include hay,pasture,circle irrigation,orchards,and rill irrigated field crops. An important land use that has caused problems to mosquito control districts in the past is flood irrigated pastures where the water stays on more than five to seven days. • Note: Detailed information on mosquito surveillance is available from Washington State Department of Health,available online at %-v,.-w doh.wa. og r/ehp/ts/Zoo/L,VNV/WAArboviralResl2PIan.pdf and ht!p://-.-.,,A,w.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/W'N-\7/WestNileVirusSurv.pdf III.Establish Targeted Densities for Mosquito Populations Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low;areas with confirmation of epizootic WNV in birds before August;a horse/human case,or sustained WNV activity in birds and/or mosquitoes. Action threshold: The presence (positive identification)of any vector mosquitoes in the area triggers activities to reduce their presence. Since people with compromised immune systems are likely to be the most vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases,the areas of their exposure should be a priority. Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area,control treatments are warranted,especially around high risk populations. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive, every effort should be made to educate those at risk of exposure about minimizing habitat and personal protection measures. BMP Minimum Response: Analyze disease activity data,i.e.,avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis,equine encephalitis and mosquito surveillance information in the area of control. Set targeted densities with special consideration being given for segments of the • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 11 Washington State Department of Ecology population most vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases such as the elderly. If needed,enhance • human surveillance and activities to further quantify epizootic activity,such as mosquito trapping and testing. Establish Targeted Mosquito Densities for All Areas of Control To establish the targeted density of mosquito populations review information on incidences of avian mortality,human encephalitis/meningitis,and equine encephalitis for your area(the Department of Health or your local health department can provide this information). Conduct entomologic survey(inventory habitats and map mosquito populations). Using surveillance information and input from the people in the control area,establish the targeted density of mosquito populations based on the level of control desired by those in the area of control,public safety,and funding. ➢ Demarcate no-spray zones on maps. This may include areas such as schools,hospitals,fish farms,wildlife refuges,ecologically sensitive areas,the homes of individuals who are on chemically sensitive registers,and crops grown under a certified organic program. Other crop sites that do not have a tolerance for the mosquito control products used should also be listed. If the control entity is not a mosquito control district organized under RCW 17.28, then individual residences where the occupants do not want to be treated should be identified as no-spray zones. ➢ Individual homeowners and businesses determine targeted mosquito population densities based on the level of control desired and factors of risk and cost. Mosquito control agents • must consult with their sponsors to determine targeted mosquito densities. Once the targeted density has been established,continue larvae surveys to find density response to habitat minimization efforts and need for larvicide treatments. IV. Mosquito Control Treatments Risk Assessment: Probability of outbreak in humans:Low to moderate Action Threshold: The positive identification of vector mosquitoes in the area may trigger activities to reduce their presence. Once minimization strategies have been taken,larvae surveys (i.e. dipping)can indicate the effectiveness of those efforts and the need for further action. General Permit Condition S4.2.0 states that the targeted density of larvae is 1 per three dips to commence larviciding unless vector mosquitoes are in the area and the probable breeding sites are inaccessible. This level is a minimum;mosquito control agents may want to set the targeted density at a higher level due to cost and risk factors. Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes have been positively identified in an area,control treatments are warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive,every effort should be made to educate those at risk of exposure about minimizing breeding habitat and personal protection measures. Minimum BMP Response:Treat mosquitoes to reduce populations below the targeted threshold using strategies that consider biological,cultural,mechanical,and microbial,biochemical,chemical control methods. Evaluate methods for effectiveness of control,human health and ecological impacts,feasibility,and cost effectiveness. • Page 12 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Use an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Approach for All Areas of Control Ideally,an IPM program considers all available control actions,including no action,and evaluates the interaction among various control practices,cultural practices,weather,and habitat structure. An ecologically-based IPM strategy relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that are compatible with or disrupts these factors as little as possible. When biological, biochemical or chemical treatment is needed,select treatments based on the species of mosquitoes found in larva pools,the age of larva,breeding habitat,density of larval populations and temperature. Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 1 per 3 dips and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations,or unless dead birds,infected horses,or adult mosquito surveys indicate the presence of vector mosquitoes when larvae counts cannot be made due to their inaccessibility. In these cases beginning control methods such as larviciding may be desirable or even necessary without the larvae dips. However,just because a dead bird is found which tests positive for WNV in an area does not mean that the vector mosquitoes are breeding in the nearest storm drain. Those in the business of controlling mosquitoes will have to know the breeding sites and species of vectors in the area to perform effective mosquito control. Natural resources biologists(e.g.,WDFW) must be notified of planned control measures whenever delicate(easily impacted)ecosystems could be harmed by mosquito control practices. Other resource management agencies (e.g.,National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S.Fish and Wildlife • Service) should be consulted to determine when and where operations may harm ecosystems critical to threatened or endangered species,as well as appropriate treatments in these situations. Biological Controls Natural Waters: WDFW has several concerns with stocking biological mosquito predators in natural waters. Along with the introduction of non-native fish,the transfer of fish diseases from one location to another,even among native populations,can cause disease outbreaks. That is why all movement and stocking of fish requires a permit from WDFW,whether the fish are native or not. Due to the inability to test live fish without killing them,the transportation of fish from one watershed to another requires disease testing(usually on the adults at spawning,or by sacrificing a number of young fish)and verification that the remaining fish are reared on disease-free water. In addition,any non-native fish stocking currently needs to go through SEPA review prior to approval. The laws in Washington State are designed specifically to prevent this type of"Johnny Apple-seeding" from occurring. For more information,please contact your nearest Regional Office of the Department of Fish and Wildlife. Ponds or Impoundments with No Inlets or Outlets: Biological methods may include stocking species such as the Three-Spined Stickleback(Gasterosterous aculeatus)which is native to Washington State and known to be an effective predator of mosquitoes. Mud minnow,perch tadpoles,dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. Guppies,goldfish,and other fish commonly sold in pet stores are exempt from permitting by Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)and may be suitable for • smaller ponds with no inlet or outlet,horse troughs,and ornamental pools. However,before Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 13 Washington State Department of Ecology planting any of these exempt fish,consult with WDFW. Some of these fish,such as goldfish,may • have severe ecological impacts on ponds and lakes. Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis)have been used for mosquito control in virtually every state because of the adult's ability to consume large amounts of mosquito larvae. These warm water fish rarely exceed 2.5 inches and prefer shallow water. They tend to flourish in almost any environment,including well discharges,cisterns,water tanks,potholes,rain barrels,and open septic tanks. Gambusia have been known to dramatically reduce and even eliminate mosquito larvae. WDFW suggests that the use of Gambusia be integrated into an overall mosquito control plan rather than used as an exclusive solution to mosquito abatement. Permits must be obtained from WDFW for use of Gambusia as a mosquito control measure. Microbial,Biochemical and Conventional Chemical Controls Applications of insecticides to water must be made by individuals licensed by the Washington State Department of Agriculture and permitted by the Department of Ecology's Water Quality Program. Information on WSDA license requirements is online at:http://pep.wsu.edu or call WSDA toll-free at(877)301-4555.Permitting information is available from Ecology's website at www.ecv.wa.gov/progiams/`wq/`12esticides/index.htul or can (800) 917-0043. Select product controls by comparing the species and targeted life stage of mosquitoes,the breeding habitat,density of larval populations,and temperature with the efficacy of the products,nontarget impacts,resistance management,and costs. For example,while Bacillus products are effective on early instars they do not control older larva. Methoprene can be used on older larval stages (i.e.' • pupa),and for situations where it is too late to use either Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis or Bacillus sphaericus,a monomolecular film might be used. Some Bacillus products do not have residual characteristics when temperatures are high,and larval populations can grow at the rate of an instar a day. In this situation the larva may be in the late third to fourth instar stage before an application of Bacillus can be made. Always consult product labels for specific information on efficacy and use. Product Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS)provide additional information such as protocols or measures to be taken for accidental releases and other pertinent product information. The following is the approved list of larvicides that may be considered for mosquito control operations.Consult with federal,state and local agencies as needed. 1. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) 2. Bacillus sphaericus (H-5a5b) 3. Methoprene Granular,Liquid,Pellet,or Briquet(Restricted on state listed species sites -see Appendix A). 4. Monomolecular Surface Films (Restricted on state listed species sites-see Appendix A). 5. Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffinic white mineral oil is restricted on state listed species sites-see Appendix A and shall not be used in waters of the state unless: a.The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk;or • Page 14 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • b.The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific treatment site;and c. The water body is non-fish-bearing(when uncertain,consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife concerning fish and wildlife)and has no inlet or outlet. 6. Temephos may not be used in lakes,streams,wetlands or the littoral zone of water bodies. The use of temephos shall be allowed only in highly-polluted water (i.e. tire piles) or waters with high organic content(i.e. manure holding ponds and pastures with no surface water runoff),or under either of the two following conditions: a. As a result of consultation between the Departments of Agriculture and of Ecology in response to the development of pesticide resistance or ineffectiveness within a population of mosquitoes. When temephos is applied to areas draining to surface waters monitoring of persistence and residues are a condition of the approval. Temephos must be rotated with one or more of the approved alternatives with a different mode of action to minimize the development of resistance. b. As a result of consultation between the Department of Health and Department of Ecology in response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. 7. Terrestrially applied insecticides are NOT regulated under federal or state water pollution control laws and are not subject to NPDES permit conditions or requirements. A variety of adulticides are regulated for use by WSDA in Washington State. Table 4 lists some of these products. However,in Washington State all applications of insecticides over water must be permitted under a Clean Water Act (NPDES) • permit. • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 15 Washington State Department of Ecology Table 3. Permitted Insecticides Used For Mosquito Larvae Control • Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Permit Target roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Restrictions on Pests on 2003 cost Comments Restrictions Use" Label estimates Aquabac, (Bti)Bacillus 0.25 to 2 Hand sprayer,ground Not for None. Mosquito Bactimos, thuringiensis pints/acre sprayer or sprinkler potable larvae Vectobac and israelensis or up to 10 cans. water. Teknar Ibs/acre @ Effective 1 -30 days Minimal non- $24/gal. dietary and depending on Granules formulation. dermal risk to $1.65/lb infants and Broad spectrum,except children. Coquilleddia Vectol-ex Bacillus 0.5 to 1.5 Granules are mixed with Not for None. Larval WDG sphaericus Ibs/acre water and sprayed. potable control in (H-5a5b) $4.65/lb Effective for 1-4 weeks, water. water with depending on the Essentially high organic species of mosquito nontoxic to content. larvae,weather,water humans. quality and exact form of the granules. Effective on Culex spp. Less effective against other species. Altosid liquid Methoprene: Restricted on • 3-4 oz./acre Use hand and ground Not for mosquito Active sprayers. potable state listed specie larvae*" ingredient is $226/gal water. Does sites—see a growth Effective for a few days Appendix A. hormone unless specially not pose formulated for slow risks to mimic that human does not release. health. allow the It is not persistent mosquito because it degrades larvae to rapidly in water. mature. The briquettes are used _ in areas needed for Altosid pellets Methoprene 2.5-t0 longer term residual ce ibs/acre ntral such as ponded areas of standing water, $24/lb areas where flood waters may make it Altosid XR Methoprene 1 briquette impossible to use Bti. $2.70 @ 100-200 sq ft. Rates increase with deeper water, Altosid Methoprene 1 briquette/ briquet $.90 @100 sq ft. Altosid XR-G is a sand formulation,good for - pastures or marshes Altosid XR-G Methoprene 5-20 Ibs/ac with thick vegetation. $8.48/lb • Page 16 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Typical Active Label Use Application Method(s) Human Permit Target roducts Ingredient Rate and Persistence and Health Restrictions on Pests on 2003 cost Comments Restrictions Use— Label estimates Sprayed by hand or M 0.2 to 1.q Okay for Restricted an Larval,pupal onomolecul ground equipment.Film Agnique MMF remains active for 10-14 ar surface gal/acre potable state listed specie and midge film water, sites-w see control. Ct�$30lgal. days on floodwaters, Arosurf MSF Poly(oxy-1,2- livestock, Appendix A. brackish waters and Adult female ethanediyl)At backyard ponds.Susceptible to mosquitoes. pha- ponds, pool isooctadecyt- wind breaking Rendered ered surface covers. hydroxy tension. R ineffective at winds No risk to above 10 mph and in human very choppy water. health. Adult females are killed by entrapping and drowning when they contact the surface to la their a s. Golden Bear Petroleum 3 to 5 Liquid formulations are No risk to May not be Larval and Oil distillate oils gal/acre sprayed by hand or human applied to fish- pupal Bonide Oil prevent the larvae from $5-81ga1 ground equipment. health. bearing waters or control. Persists for 12—15 on state listed obtaining hours,then evaporates, specie sites--see oxygen through the Less expense--kills Appendix A. surface film pupae stages Abate temephos 0.5 to 1.5 Sprayed liquid.Breaks Not for Highly restricted Mosquito • oz/acre down within a few days potable use—see permit larvae, $2 00/oa in standing water, water. condition 1A.5_ midge, shallow ponds, Poses low punkie gnat, swamps,marshes,and risk to human and sandfly intertidal zones. health. High larvae in Temephos is applied dosages,like non-potable most commonly by other OPs`, water. helicopter but can be can over- applied by backpack stimulate the sprayers,fixed-wing nervous aircraft,and right-of-way system, sprayers in either liquid causing or granular form nausea, dizziness,& confusion. Malathion malathion 8 ozacre, Labeled for use in Harmful"by Can only be used Aphids, 8EC cost NA intermittent flooded swallowing, under an leafhoppers,i, areas,stagnant water° inhalation or agreement grasshopper and temporary rain skin contact. between Ecology s,spider pools. and Health in the mites, bugs, event of a beetles, disease outbreak. moths, worms,flies, , mosquitoes, &larvae-._. *OPs are organophosphates **Restrictions can be waived in the event of a threat to human heath as determined by state and local health departments(see p. 16). ***EPA's 2001 Methoprene R.E.D.Fact Sheet states that methoprene"has activity against a variety of insect species,including horn flies,mosquitoes,beetles,tobacco moths,sciarid fly,fleas(eggs and larvae),fire ants,pharaoh ants,midge flies and Indian meal • moths." However,no effectiveness is claimed against these insects at the dose label rate for mosquito larvae control. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 17 Washington State Department of Ecology When Adulticides Fit into a Mosquito Control Plan • Terrestrially applied products are NOT regulated under federal or state water pollution control laws and are NOT subject to NPDES permit conditions or requirements when applied to terrestrial sites. However,adulticiding is often an integral component of an integrated pest management approach to mosquito control. In some instances,adulticiding can reduce or eliminate the need to heavily apply larvicides,can be used effectively with less environmental impact to non-targets,and can be cost- effective. Select triggers for the use of adulticide products:Some mosquito control districts recommend using light traps to monitor for mosquitoes. For example,Adams County MD recommends that counts of 8 to 12 mosquitoes caught in 12 hours or a 3 adult mosquito landing count per minute in a residential area triggers the need to adulticide (Thomas Haworth,personal communication, November 7,2003). Some applicators recommend adulticiding residential areas and upland areas where mosquitoes are migrating only when there is evidence of mosquito-borne epizootic activity at a level suggesting high risk of human infection. The following are examples of this type of evidence:high dead bird densities;high mosquito infection rates;multiple positive mosquito species including bridge vectors;horse or mammal cases indicating escalating epizootic transmission,including bridge vectors,horse or mammal cases,or a human case with evidence of epizootic activity. Reducing vector densities below transmission threshold usually requires multiple ULV applications. Therefore,triggers should take into account this latency effect so that human transmission is not proceeding prior to or during operations. This presupposes identifying • increasing human risk at least 2 weeks before human cases might present. Trigger design and implementation should reflect this need for preemptive adulticiding. BMPs for Adulticides: 1) Meteorological conditions: • Record wind speed and direction before spraying and be observant of all changes in direction and speed during the application. Use appropriate wind indicators. Gauges are highly recommended for ground applications and smoke for aerial applications. • For aerial applications,check temperature at different elevations to decide if there is an inversion. • Spray only when wind is away from sensitive sites. 2) Do not spray in winds over 10 mph. 3) Follow label buffers. The following table gives a sample of mosquito adulticides that may be used in terrestrial applications in Washington State. Labels are available from httfi://yicol.cahe.wsu.edu/. • Page 18 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Table 4. Common Insecticides Used for Adult Mosquito Control Typical Active Label Use Residual Products Ingredient Rate Use Cost Life Comments Biomist& Kontrol, Permanone ULV 4 Effective, 100 ft set- Aqua Reslin Permethrin oz/acre Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours back from water. No set-backs to Pyrenone water. Approved for 25-5 Public crop and pasture Health ULV 1-4 applications. Insecticide Pyrethrin oz/acre Adult Control $1.20/oz 1 hour Expensive Has not performed well in some areas. ULV 4 No setbacks to Scourge Resmethin oz/acre Adult Control $.58/oz 1-4 hours water. Fyfanon ULV rates Very highly toxic to ULV Imalathion vary Adult Control $.24/oz 24 hours nontar ets. 0.0012 lb— Tested and used in 0.00361bs ai the NW. No water Anvil Sumithrin per acre Adult Control $.40/oz 1-4 hours precautions. Not • recommend No set-backs to ed for water. Approved for Dibrom, ground ULV crop and pasture Trumpet Naled use. Adult control applications. What Constitutes an Emergency or a Health Threat. Health emergencies and health threats are declared by local health departments in consultation with Washington State Department of Health. A health officer should consider demographics, population densities and species of mosquitoes,proximity of positive identifications of mosquito- borne disease,and local tolerances for pesticide applications and disease outbreaks when assessing risk. Permitted insecticides may be applied to waters as conditioned by their FIFRA labels(including methoprene in restricted areas)once an application has been submitted but before permit coverage is granted as a result of consultation between departments of Health and Ecology,in response to a human health emergency or threat as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. If an emergency is declared or a threat is determined,and mosquito control actions haven't already been taken,the responsible officials should immediately initiate actions to minimize mosquito breeding habitat and educate at risk populations about personal protection(see p.2);they should then begin conducting larval surveys and secure the funding,permits and licenses needed for applying insecticides. For practical purposes, once an outbreak is underway,larval surveys and • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page 19 Washington State Department of Ecology other control and habitat minimization measures will have little immediate effect. At this point, • personal protective measures and large-scale adulticiding may provide the only means to reduce human/vector contact and further spread of the disease beyond those already infected. References Cited Colorado Mosquito Control,Inc. Online at: ww-�Nt.coinosquitoeontrol.com/flood irrigation &_mosquitoes.htm. Lilja,Jack. 2002. Mosquito-Borne Disease Response Plan, November 2002 Edition.Washington State Department of Health.Online at: w-vvw.doli.wa. o�v/ehp/ts/zoo/wnv/wnv.htTn1. O'Malley,Claudia C. 1995. Seven Ways to a Successful Dipping Career. Wing Beats,vol.6(4): 23-24. American Mosquito Control Association,wwza.mostauito.org/pubhcations.html. Pratt,Harry D. and Moore,Chester G. 1993. Mosquitoes of Public Health Importance and Their Control. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Self- study Course 3013-G:Vector-Borne Disease Control. Von Grey,Ed.2002. Draft Appropriate Mosquito Management Strategies as a Response to West Nile Virus.Washington State Department of Agriculture. Whitworth,Terry.2002. Mosquito Management Policy for Residential Stormwater Ponds in King County, Washington. King County Department of Natural Recourses and Parks,Water and Land Recourses • Division. i • Page 20 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Appendix A State Listed Species Restricted Areas Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page A-1 Washington State Department of Ecology • • • Page A-2 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Appendix A State Listed Species Restricted Areas Basis of Restrictions Ecology's Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)General Permit No.WAG-992000 Condition S4 3 states,"In developing the IPM plan,the permittee shall consult with local governments and state and federal agencies as needed." Ecology took the lead developing an IPM plan to assist many local governments and others performing mosquito control operations who were suddenly in the business of mosquito control due to the spread of the West Nile virus. As the permit required,Ecology consulted with the Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)in spring 2003 during this process. As a result,the WDFW identified wildlife species that it considered most vulnerable to certain mosquito control larvacides,identified the primary areas occupied by these species,and requested that pesticide applications be restricted in these areas. These areas,along with areas identified as habitat for federal and state listed fish species were compiled into a document called Insert A and listed as areas where larvicides containing monomolecular surface films, methoprene,petroleum distillates,malathion and temephos were not allowed for use. Larvicides containing Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)and Bacillus sphaericus (BS)were allowed for use due to their low toxicity to non-target species. Unfortunately,the recommendations for restrictions were given to Ecology after the mosquito • spray season had begun and in the interest of having a permit pathway in place for applicators for the 2003 spray season Ecology listed the recommendations as Insert A and opened them for public review after the season was over. The restrictions in Insert A have been considerably revised as a result of a more thorough review initiated the fall of 2003. Significantly,the restrictions on the use of methoprene in waters containing federal and state listed salmon have been lifted to allow monitoring for effects. The restrictions for state listed species that are still recommended by WDFW are listed here and a map of those areas is provided. Restrictions specific to larvicide active ingredients are also noted on Table 3. Criteria Used for the Restrictions The criteria WDFW used for denoting species as vulnerable were: 1) State species of concern(i.e.,listed as state endangered,threatened,sensitive,or candidate). 2) Current range and distribution of the species was highly localized. 3)The species inhabited freshwater wetlands during most of the mosquito control treatment period. Six species initially met those criteria:northern leopard frog(Rana pipiens),Oregon spotted frog(Rana pretiosa), western toad(Bufo boreas),western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata),American white pelican(Pelecanus erythrorhynchos),and one butterfly,the Yuma skipper(Ochlodes Yuma). WDFW identified areas occupied by the two extant populations of northern leopard frog;two extant western •Washington populations of Oregon spotted frog;western toad breeding ponds(for western Washington only);the Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page A-3 Washington State Department of Ecology three remaining western pond turtle populations;the single American white pelican breeding colony; and the known Washington Yuma skipper population. Based on the review of published literature,expert advice,and the vulnerability of these rare and endangered animals and their freshwater invertebrate food resources WDFW requested that if mosquito control is deemed necessary in the areas WDFW described in April 2003,that it be restricted to the use of Bacillus products. Aerial Applications An exception to the WDFW request regarding the use of certain larvicides was made for the single American white pelican breeding colony. The colony resides on islands and along the shores of the Columbia River,south of the confluence of the Snake River,in Walla and Benton counties. While bio-chemicals such as methoprene were not of concern for the pelican breeding colony,the method of aerial application was believed to be unacceptably disturbing for their successful breeding. It was agreed that aerial applications would not be made on the pelican breeding areas,whereas less obtrusive methods of mosquito control were acceptable near these sites. Discussions among several WDFW biologists found that aerial applications of larvicides disturbed work being done in a few wildlife refuge areas around the state. It was therefore agreed that operators making aerial applications over wildlife refuges should notify the appropriate regional WDFW office of their scheduled aerial applications at least 24 hours prior to spraying. The notification can be made by phone or fax. Area of Impact Only a few populations of northern leopard frog,Oregon spotted frog,western toad,western pond turtle,and • Yuma skipper remain in Washington. The total area occupied by these species in rivers,lakes,ponds,and wetlands is tiny,comprising of portions of 117 sections (<0.18% of Washington State). The areas identified for northern leopard frog(36 Sections)and western pond turtle (13 Sections)are owned or managed by WDFW. A prudent,risk-adverse approach is warranted with vulnerable threatened and endangered species. The following areas are restricted to the use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b) only. Sections added January 22,2004 are in bold: 1) Grant County,north of Moses Lake,within the Crab Creek watershed:T21N R27E Sections 1,12,and 13;T21N R28E Sections 7,17,18,19,28,29,30,31,32,and 33. 2) Grant County,south and west of Moses Lake and south of Interstate-90,the northern portion of the Potholes:T19N R27E Sections 33,34,35,and 36;T19N R28E Sections 31 and 32,29,30;T18N R27E Sections 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,and 16,17;T18N R28E Sections 5,6,7,8,17,and 18. 3) Grant County,area within and near the Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park wetlands: T24N R27E and 28E. 4) Kitsap County: lakes,ponds,and wetlands located in T22-N R1W Sections 1,2,10,11,and 12. 5) Klickitat County,west of the Klickitat River,all waters in T3N R12E Sections 28,29,32,and 33. 6) Mason County,on the Kitsap Peninsula:lakes,ponds,and wetlands located in T23N R2W Sections 11,12,13,14,15,22,and 23. 7) Pierce and Kitsap counties,Carney Lake,located in T22N R1W. • Page A-4 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • 8) Pierce,Thurston,and Lewis counties,within the Nisqually River watershed: Alder Lake(or Alder Lake Reservoir),located in townships:T15N R4E and 5E. 9) Pierce County,south of Tacoma,Chambers Creek and associated waters in T20N R2E Sections 26 and 27. 10) Skamania County,east of Carson,all waters in T3N R8E Sections 23,24,25,26,and 36;T3N R9E Sections 30 and 31. 11)Thurston County,west of Yelm:lakes,ponds,and wetlands located in T17N R1E Sections 8,9, 16,and 21. 12)Thurston County,south of Olympia and east of Interstate-5,within the Black River watershed,the Beaver Creek drainage,located in T16N R2W Sections 9,10,11,and 12;T16N R1 W Section 7. 13) Thurston County,south of Olympia and west of Interstate-5,within the Black River watershed:Black River proper from south of Black Lake to the Chehalis Riverconfluence,and the following tributaries,Stony Creek,Dempsey Creek,SalmonCreek, and Blooms Ditch. Legal description as follows for these sensitive areas: T17N R3W Sections 10,11,12,13, 14,15,23,24, 25,35,and 36;T17N R2W Sections 7,18,19,and 30;T16N R3W Sections 2,11,14,19,20,21,22, 23,30,and31;T16N R4W Sections 25,26,27,31,32,33,34,35,and 36. I • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Page A-5 Washington State Department of Ecology f JN BMW .: .�. .- t r `tY sk 5as a4aa ReNtricted Wil llife A fh the Wa in ton Dept of Fish and Wilal fe • Page A-6 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Appendix B Insect Repellent Use and Safety From the Center for Disease Control i Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control B-1 Washington State Department of Ecology • • i B-2 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Appendix B Insect Repellent Use and Safety From the Center for Disease Control Q.Is DEET safe? A.Yes,products containing DEET are very safe when used according to the directions. Because DEET is so widely used,a great deal of testing has been done. When manufacturers seek registration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)for products such as DEET, laboratory testing regarding both short-term and long-term health effects must be carried out. Over the long history of DEET use,very few confirmed incidents of toxic reactions to DEET have occurred when the product is used properly. (From the National Pesticide Information Center [NPIC],EPA re-registration eligibility decision.See nL)ic.orst.edu/factsheets/DEETgen.pdf. Insect Repellents and Sunscreen Q.Can I use an insect repellent containing DEET and sunscreen at the same time? A.Yes. People can and should use both sunscreen and DEET when they are outdoors to protect • their health. Follow the instructions on the package for proper application of each product. Apply sunscreen first,followed by repellant containing DEET. To protect from sun exposure and insect bites,you can also wear long sleeves and long pants. You can also apply insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin to your clothing,rather than directly to your skin. Q.Has CDC changed its recommendations for use of DEET and sunscreen? A.No. Based on available research,CDC believes it is safe to use both products at the same time. Follow the instructions on the package for proper application of each product. Apply sunscreen first,then insect repellent containing DEET,to be sure that each product works as specified. Q. Should I use a combination sunscreenMEET-based insect repellent? A. Because the instructions for safe use of DEET and safe use of sunscreen are different,CDC does not recommend using products that combine DEET with sunscreen. In most situations,DEET does not need to be reapplied as frequently as sunscreen. DEET is very safe when applied correctly. The rare adverse reactions to DEET have generally occurred in situations where people do not follow the product instructions. Sunscreen often requires frequent reapplication,so using a combined product is not recommended. You do not need to reapply insect repellent every time you reapply sunscreen. Follow the instructions on the package for each product to get the best results. • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control B-3 Washington State Department of Ecology Q. I heard about a study saying that there may be some type of interaction between sorepellents containing DEET and sunscreen. Is this true? A.There has been attention to a study concerning the chemicals in DEET and sunscreen presented at a scientific meeting. This is an in vitro study,which means that it is a laboratory study that did not include human or animal testing. The goal of the study was to examine absorption of these chemicals,and it did not evaluate or make conclusions about health effects related to this issue. The study authors stated that further evaluation of the interaction of these chemicals should be conducted. The study has not yet been published (as of July 2003). Evaluation by the EPA,which regulates products such as DEET,indicates that it is safe to use insect repellents containing DEET and sunscreen at the same time.CDC recommends using two separate products because sunscreen requires frequent applications while DEET should be used sparingly. Follow the directions on the package for each product,and consult your physician or pharmacist if you have questions. CDC's recommendations for the safe use of insect repellents on children and adults remain unchanged. Insect Repellent Use Q. Why should I use insect repellent? A. Insect repellents help people reduce their exposure to mosquito bites that may carry potentially serious viruses such as West Nile virus,and allow them to continue to play and work outdoors. Q. When should I use mosquito repellent? • A.Apply repellent when you are going to be outdoors and will be at risk for getting bitten by mosquitoes. Q. What time of day should I wear mosquito repellent? A. Many of the mosquitoes that carry the West Nile virus are especially likely to bite around dusk and dawn. If you are outdoors around these times of the day,it is important to apply repellent. In many parts of the country,there are mosquitoes that also bite during the day,and these mosquitoes have also been found to carry the West Nile virus. The safest decision is to apply repellent whenever you are outdoors. Q.How often should repellent be reapplied? A. Follow the directions on the product you are using in order to determine how frequently you need to reapply repellent. Sweating,perspiration or getting wet may mean that you need to re-apply repellent more frequently. If you are not being bitten,it is not necessary to re-apply repellent. Repellents containing a higher concentration of active ingredient(such as DEET) provide longer-lasting protection. Q. Should I wear repellent while I am indoors? A. Probably not. If mosquitoes are biting you while you are indoors,there are probably better ways to prevent these bites instead of wearing repellent all the time. Check window and door screens for holes that may be allowing mosquitoes inside. If your house or apartment does not have screens,a quick solution may be to staple or tack screening(available from a hardware • B4 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • store) across the windows. In some areas community programs can help older citizens or others who need assistance. Q. How does mosquito repellent work? A. Female mosquitoes bite people and animals because they need the protein found in blood to help develop their eggs. Mosquitoes are attracted to people by skin odors and carbon dioxide from breath. Many repellents contain a chemical,N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET),which repels the mosquito,making the person unattractive for feeding. DEET does not kill mosquitoes;it just makes them unable to locate us. Repellents are effective only at short distances from the treated surface,so you may still see mosquitoes flying nearby. As long as you are not getting bitten,there is no reason to apply more DEET. Q. Which mosquito repellent works the best? A. The most effective repellents contain DEET(N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide),which is an ingredient used to repel pests like mosquitoes and ticks. DEET has been tested against a variety of biting insects and has been shown to be very effective. The more DEET a repellent contains the longer time it can protect you from mosquito bites. A higher percentage of DEET in a repellent does not mean that your protection is better—just that it will last longer. DEET concentrations higher than 50 percent do not increase the length of protection. Q. How does the percentage of DEET in a product relate to the amount of protection it gives? A. Based on a recent study: • A product containing 23.8 percent DEET provided an average of five hours of protection from mosquito bites. • A product containing 20 percent DEET provided almost four hours of protection • A product with 6.65 percent DEET provided almost two hours of protection • Products with 4.75 percent DEET and 2 percent soybean oil were both able to provide roughly one and a half hours of protection. Choose a repellent that provides protection for the amount of time that you will be outdoors. A higher percentage of DEET should be used if you will be outdoors for several hours while a lower percentage of DEET can be used if time outdoors will be limited. You can also re-apply a product if you are outdoors for a longer time than expected and start to be bitten by mosquitoes. (For more information,see Table 1:Fradin and Day,2002.See Publications page.) Q. Why does CDC recommend using DEET? A. DEET is the most effective and best-studied insect repellent available. (Fradin,1998). Studies using humans and mosquitoes report that only products containing DEET offer long- lasting protection after a single application.(Fradin and Day,2002.See Publications page.) Q. Are non-DEET repellents effective (e.g. Skin-So-Soft,plant-based repellents)? A. Some non-DEET repellent products which are intended to be applied directly to skin also provide some protection from mosquito bites. However,studies have suggested that other products do not offer the same level of protection,or that protection does not last as long as • products containing DEET. A soybean-oil-based product has been shown to provide protection Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control B-5 Washington State Department of Ecology for a period of time similar to a product with a low concentration of DEET (4.75%) (Fradin and • Day,2002.See Publications page.). People should choose a repellent that they will be likely to use consistently and that will provide sufficient protection for the amount of time that they will be spending outdoors. Product labels often indicate the length of time that protection that can be expected from a product. Persons who are concerned about using DEET may wish to consult their health care provider for advice.The National Pesticide Information Center(NPIC)can also provide information through a toll-free number,1-800-858-7378 or pic.orst.edu. Q. I'm confused.Which products contain"DEET"? A. Most insect repellents that are available in stores are labeled with the chemical name for DEET. Look for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or,sometimes,N,N-diethly-3-methylbenamide. Choose a repellent that offers appropriate protection for the amount of time you will be outdoors. A higher percentage of DEET should be used if you will be outdoors for several hours while a lower percentage of DEET can be used if time outdoors will be limited. Using Repellents Safely Q. What are some general considerations to remember in order to use products containing DEET safely? A. Always follow the recommendations appearing on the product label. • Use enough repellent to cover exposed skin or clothing. Don't apply repellent to skin • that is under clothing. Heavy application is not necessary to achieve protection. • Do not apply repellent to cuts,wounds,or irritated skin. • After returning indoors,wash treated skin with soap and water. • Do not spray aerosol or pump products in enclosed areas. • Do not apply aerosol or pump products directly to your face. Spray your hands and then rub them carefully over the face,avoiding eyes and mouth. Q. How should products containing DEET be used on children? A. No definitive studies exist in the scientific literature about what concentration of DEET is safe for children. No serious illness has been linked to the use of DEET in children when used according the product recommendations. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Environmental Health has recently updated their recommendation for use of DEET products on children,citing: "Insect repellents containing DEET(N,N-diethyl-m- toluamide,also known as N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide)with a concentration of 10 percent appear to be as safe as products with a concentration of 30 percent when used according to the directions on the product labels." The AAP and other experts suggest that it is acceptable to apply repellent with low concentrations of DEET to infants over two months old. Other guidelines cite that it is acceptable to use repellents containing DEET on children over two years of age. • B-6 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology Repellent products that do not contain DEET are not likely to offer the same degree of protection from mosquito bites as products containing DEET. Non-DEET repellents have not necessarily been as thoroughly studied as DEET,and may not be safer for use on children. Parents should choose the type and concentration of repellent to be used by taking into account the amount of time that a child will be outdoors,exposure to mosquitoes,and the risk of mosquito-transmitted disease in the area. Persons who are concerned about using DEET or other products on children may wish to consult their health care provider for advice. The National Pesticide Information Center(NPIC)can also provide information through a toll-free number,1-800-858-7378 or inpic.orst.edu. Always follow the recommendations appearing on the product label when using repellent. • When using repellent on a child,apply it to your own hands and then rub them on your child. Avoid children's eyes and mouth and use it sparingly around their ears. • Do not apply repellent to children's hands. (Children may tend to put their hands in their mouths.) • Do not allow young children to apply insect repellent to themselves;have an adult do it for them. Keep repellents out of reach of children. • Do not apply repellent to skin under clothing. If repellent is applied to clothing,wash treated clothing before wearing again. Using repellents on the skin is not the only way to avoid mosquito bites. Children and adults can wear clothing with long pants and long sleeves while outdoors. DEET or other repellents such as permethrin can also be applied to clothing(do not use permethrin on skin),as mosquitoes may bite through thin fabric. Mosquito netting can be used over infant carriers. Finally,it may be possible to reduce the number of mosquitoes in the area by getting rid of containers with standing water that provide breeding places for the mosquitoes. Q. Is DEET safe for pregnant or nursing women? A. There are no reported adverse events following use of repellents containing DEET in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Q. Are there any risks due to using repellents containing DEET? A. Use of these products may cause skin reactions in rare cases. If you suspect a reaction to this product,discontinue use,wash the treated skin,and call your local poison control center. There is a new national number to reach a Poison Control Center near you: 1-800-222-1222. If you go to a doctor,take the product with you. Cases of serious reactions to products containing DEET have been related to misuse of the product,such as swallowing,using over broken skin,and using for multiple days without washing skin in between use,for example. Always follow the instructions on the product label. • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control B-7 Washington State Department of Ecology More information Q. Where can I get more information about repellents? A. For more information about using repellents safely please consult the EPA Web site: htty�:/ /www.epa.go /pesticides/citizens/insectrp.htm or consult the National Pesticide Information Center(NPIC),which is cooperatively sponsored by Oregon State University and the U.S.EPA. NPIC can be reached at:znpic.orst.edu or 1-800-858-7378. • i • B-8 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Appendix C Response to Public Comments Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-1 Washington State Department of Ecology • • • C-2 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL GENERAL PERMIT RESPONSE TO COMMENTS RECEIVED DURING THE PUBLIC COMMENT PERIOD FOR GENERAL NPDES PERMIT WAG-992000 MODIFICATION AND j THE BEST MANAGEMNT PRACTICES FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL This appendix contains Ecology's response to comments to the Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit WAG-992000 Modification and changes to the Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control (BMP) document received during a public review period from December 15,2003,to March 25,2004. Prior to the formal public review period the Departments of Health and Fish&Wildlife,many mosquito control districts,local governments,mosquito control product manufacturers and other interested parties worked with Ecology to revise the statewide permit and BMPs to make them more pertinent and usable for those conducting mosquito control efforts in the field. Meetings were held October 14 and 15 in Moses Lake,on October 21 in Lacey,and again on March 5 in Olympia,at the Washington State Department of Agriculture. As a result,Ecology received many informal comments and suggestions that were incorporated into the proposed modifications. Formal comments received during the public comment period pertain to wetlands,the use of •methoprene and other mosquito control products,thresholds for larviciding(including preemptive methods of control),adulticiding,dipping requirements,suggestions for clarification, and other miscellaneous comments. Commenters 1. Joseph M.Conlon,American Mosquito Control Association 2. Karl Malamud-Roam,Ph.D.,Contra Costa Mosquito&Vector Control District,Concord,CA 3. Steve Foss and Wendy Sue Wheeler,Washington State Department of Agriculture 4. Ann Potter and Rocky Beach,Washington State Department of Fish&Wildlife 5. Tom Haworth,Adams County Mosquito Control District,WA 6. Kevin Shoemaker,Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association 7. Heather Hansen,Washington Friends of Farms and Forests 8. LaDell Yada,Washington State citizen 9. Lou Dooley,Environmental Health Director,Clark County Mosquito Control District 10. Doug Van Gundy,Wellmark International 11. William Meredith,Delaware Mosquito Control Section,Department of Fish and Wildlife 12. Wayne Switzer,Eden Advance Pest Technologies 13. Art G. Losey,Washington State Pest Control Association 14. William Peacock, City of Spokane • 15. Jim Thompson,Grant County Mosquito District#1 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-3 Washington State Department of Ecology 16. Jim Tabor,WDFW • 17. Mike Young,Snohomish Health District 18. Gerald Campbell,Grant County Health District 19. Mark Newberg,Wellmark International 20. Benjamin Hamilton,Washington State Department of Health 21. David Ensunsa,Columbia Mosquito Control District 22. Dan Mathias,City of Everett Comments have been summarized and those commenting are referenced by the number given to them above. Where comments resulted in a change to either the BMP document or the permit,that change is noted. Wetlands Comment 1. The role of natural predation in the control of mosquitoes in the document and the webpage from which it is derived is somewhat overstated. Although there is a wealth of literature recording observations and extolling the importance of the Odonata as predators of diurnally active adult mosquitoes,this has not been supported by controlled field studies. While predation provides a worthy and welcome contribution to our integrated mosquito control efforts,it simply cannot provide the level of control needed when human lives are at stake This is certainly not meant to downplay the important part proper wetlands management plays in ecology and a fully-integrated mosquito management strategy,for the American Mosquito Control Association fully supports and endorses • proper wetlands management. But I would caution against promulgating this as the sole means of mosquito control in areas where these wetlands are found. I would advise further caution against underestimating the potential magnitude of mosquito production even in natural,healthy wetlands. (1,11,12) Response to Comment 1. Mosquito "outbreaks" most often occur in destabilized wetland and stream ecosystems that have been changed or tampered with so that the predators of the larvae such as invertebrates, insects, and amphibians are excluded. Ecology does not suggest that predation is the only means of mosquito control for wetlands. While draining and/or filling wetlands are not approved methods, taking an integrated approach that targets mosquito larvae control, including bio-chemical control, is recommended in the BMPs. (Tom Hruby, Ecology Wetland Specialist, Personal Communication, 1116104) Methoprene Comment 2. This comment addresses the issue of restricting the use of methoprene in areas known to provide habitat for state threatened and endangered species during the mosquito spray season. There were divergent views on the proposed restrictions. One view suggests the restrictions are unnecessary, the other suggests precaution due to unknowns. Let it be noted that the WDFW restricted areas are the only conditions for methoprene in the Permit that are more stringent than the application conditions set by FIFRA labels. View 1. The 2001 USEPA document together with the 2003 USEPA research and the World Health Organization/FAO review state that methoprene will have minimal adverse effects on non-target species. The Fish and Wildlife letter pretty dramatically overstates the risks • C-4 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • associated with this product. Decisions should be made on sound science. Methoprene should be allowed in areas identified by WDFW to minimize the potential increase use of adulticides, which will likely result due to insufficient control of third and fourth instar larvae using Bacillus products only. (1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,15,18,19,41) View 2.We [WDFW] appreciate Mr.VanGundy's [VanGundy represents Wellmark International,a manufacturer of methoprene products] explanation regarding the contents of the EPA RED documents.We notice that EPA does denote a level of amphibian toxicity from methoprene ("minimally toxic to amphibians"). In our October 13 letter,we state that research on methoprene and frog deformities is inconclusive. There are studies that have found developmental effects to amphibians when methoprene was applied at mosquito control treatment levels,and there are studies that have not observed this. We do not think it would be productive to engage in debate/rebuttal over all research on this matter. Because the body of research on this topic is not definitive we have chosen to use the precautionary principal when conserving state and endangered species. We did not feel that there was sufficient information to recommend that methoprene products be restricted other than in very localized areas where we have identified T&E species. Given that we are making recommendations for state threatened and endangered species,in very limited areas,and that other efficacious mosquito control products(Bacillus)are available,we continue to support our original recommendation on methoprene restriction. (4,16) Response to Comment 2. Aquatic Mosquito Control Permit No. WAG-992000, Section S4. Best Management Practices/Integrated Pest Management requires the preparation and implementation of an Integrated Pest Management lan (IPMP) by the permittee. Among other conditions, the section states, "in developing the IPM plan, the permittee hall consult with local governments and state and federal agencies as needed." The Permit Fact Sheet provides the following rationale for this condition: ...an IPM program considers all available control actions, including no action,and evaluates the interaction among various control practices, cultural practices, weather, and habitat structure. This approach thus uses a combination of resource management techniques to control mosquito populations with decisions based on surveillance. Fish and game specialists and natural resources biologists should be involved in planning control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be impacted by mosquito control practices (p. 9). Ecology took the lead developing an IPM plan to assist local governments and others performing mosquito control operations who were suddenly in the business of mosquito control due to the spread of the West Nile virus. As the permit required, Ecology consulted with the Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDF[)in spring 2003 during this process. WDFW identified wildlife species that it considered most vulnerable to certain mosquito control larvacides, identified the primary areas occupied by these species, and requested that pesticide applications be restricted in these areas. Ecology also invited representatives from the industry to comment on the basis of the WDFW recommendations. An evaluation of the issue yields the following facts: 1. The criteria WDFW used for denoting species as vulnerable were appropriate. Only those listed as state endangered, threatened, sensitive, or candidate species that inhabited freshwater wetlands during most of the mosquito control treatment period were considered. Five species met the criteria:northern leopard frog(Rana pipiens), Oregon spotted frog(Rana pretiosa), western toad (Bufo boreas), western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata), and one butterfly, the Yuma skipper(Ochlodes yuma). • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-5 Washington State Department of Ecology 2. .The total area occupied by these species in rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands is tiny, comprising of portions o)* 117 sections (<O.18% of Washington State). Many areas identified for northern leopard frog (36 Sections) and western pond turtle (13 Sections)are owned or managed by WDFW. 3. EPA's Methoprene Registration Eligibility Document (RED) is dated March 1991. This document has not been updated. A Fact Sheet for the RED was updated in 2001. The RED document states, "The Agency does have data, however, that show that methoprene is highly acutely toxic to estuarine invertebrates" (p. 12). The Fact Sheet for the RED document updates this assessment and describes the level of amphibian and fish toxicity from methoprene as "minimally toxic" but does not define what that means or explain if that is sufficiently protective for federally and state listed species of concern. The World Health Organization indicates methoprene is slightly toxic to fish but lists no data on amphibians. 4. Recent research on methoprene and frog deformities and developmental toxicity is inconclusive. For example, La Clair el al. (1998)found that methoprene breaks down quickly in sunlight and very low concentrations of the byproducts from degradation interfere with normal amphibian development. The La Clair study concluded "the addition of 1,uL1L.of several of S-methoprene's degradates to the environment of developing [amphibian]embryos resulted in juveniles with deformities similar to that found naturally." Ankley et al. (1998)found that UV light caused amphibian limb malformations whereas methoprene did not. The study further reported that concentrations of 500 ppb of methoprene caused mortality in amphibians. Degitz et al. (2003) was unable to reproduce the results of the La Clair study, but did determine that methoprene and its metabolites did not cause any adverse effects at rates < 1.25 ppm. These data are too disparate to be conclusive. Even though risk levels appear to be low, much uncertainty still exists with both the concentrations and the role methoprene and its metabolites play with the normal development of amphibians. 5. Levels of methoprene that may be found in the environment after mosquito control applications are also variable. Concentrations have ranged from 4 ppb at seven days post treatment from an Altosid 30-day briquette (Ross et al 1994) to 0.01 ppm from sustained-release formulations (Degitz et al. 2003). Henrick, et.al. (2002)found 26 ppb s-methoprene in ponds treated with Altosid Liquid Larvicide (ALL)at day one,and 1 ppb at day seven. However, one of the metabolites, 7-methoxycitronellal acid, was found at 267 ppb at day 1 and 237 ppb at day 7. Notably, these levels do not represent multiple treatments or potential accumulation or any number of other factors, such as shade, wind, water flow, temperature,pH, turbidity,etc. that may affect concentrations of applications to the natural environment. 6. Several studies concluded that a dose-exposure connection between frog deformities and methoprene applications for mosquito control is unlikely and that correlations between locations of methoprene applications for mosquito operations and frog deformities have not been found(Henrick, et.al. 2002,Johnson et.al. 2001,Ankley et al. 1998). 7. Larvicides containing Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)and Bacillus sphaericus (BS)are allowed for use in these areas due to their extreme low toxicity to non-target species. 8. The restricted areas identified by WDFW may pose a threat to human health when used as breeding grounds by mosquito vectors due to the narrow window of effectiveness of Bacillus products. Ecology proposes to allow the use of methoprene in more than 99% of the state as conditioned by the federal FIFRA label but will continue to restrict the areas of application for methoprene as recommended by WDFW except in the event of a human health threat from mosquito-borne disease as determined by the State and local health departments. Mono- molecular films, oils and organophosphates are also restricted in these areas, but the restriction on the use of methoprene was questioned due to its low toxicity to non-targets and high selectivity for mosquito larvae. To aid future decisions regarding the use of methoprene Ecology will complete a SEPA checklist evaluation of the use of methoprene for mosquito control operations and initiate a monitoring strategy to document concentration levels of methoprene applications in relation to possible adverse effects to non-target species. Many individuals, including people . C-6 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology 0epresenting mosquito districts, local governments, Wellmark and WDFW have offered to review and/or assist with the monitoring strategy. We intend on taking advantage of these offers. The objective of the evaluation and monitoring plan will be to provide data on methoprene for decisions relevant to permit renewal by November 2006. Comment 3. Page 13 of the BMP under permitted pesticides for mosquito control: The chart should be corrected to show specifically listed pests for Altosid products. Under the heading"Target Pests on Label," the identified species in the chart for Altosid indicates a variety of pests. There are other methoprene labels that reflect these pests but for Altosid,mosquitoes are the only listed species. (10) Response to Comment 3. Agreed, the chart has been edited. However, EPA's 2001 Methoprene R.E.D. Fact Sheet states that methoprene "has activity against a variety of insect species, including horn flies, mosquitoes, beetles, tobacco moths, sciarid fly,fleas (eggs and larvae),fire ants,pharaoh ants, midge flies and Indian meal moths." This information has been noted as a footnote to the chart. Comment 4. The statement in Comment 2, that"We do not think it would be productive to engage in debate/rebuttal over all research on this matter [methoprene and amphibians]," is frankly stunning. I do not believe that I have ever seen a government entity express the thought that they do not want to review the scientific facts on a controversial issue. Given that Ecology's proposed alternatives to methoprene are frequently less effective in numerous circumstances,that resistance management through pesticide rotation is a cornerstone of modern IPM,and that USEPA and numerous other independent reviewers have found "minimal toxicity" or equivalent wording,the proposed prohibition should not occur without strong scientific evidence supporting it,and this has not been provided. (2) W Response to Comment 4. The comment referred to in the above statement, made by WDFW, was explained in the ontext: "Because the body of research on this topic is not definitive we have chosen to use the precautionary principal when conserving state and endangered species. We did not feel that there was sufficient information to recommend that methoprene products be restricted other than in very localized areas where we have identified T&E species. " They did review scientific facts, it was the lack of evidence regarding methoprene's toxicity that lead them to recommend the precautionary principle. Comment 5. The WSDA would like to inform Ecology that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC),recommends the alternation of biorational larvicides(Bti and Bs)and insect growth regulators (methoprene)annually or at longer intervals to prevent the development of insecticide resistance in vector populations. The WSDA recommends that the restriction of the use of Bti and Bs only in certain areas identified in the BMPs be amended by allowing some use of methoprene in rotation and in combination with the approved biorational larvicides so as to prevent the development of resistance to Bti and Bs. (3) Response to Comment 5. Since the restriction on the use of methoprene applies only in very select sites the rotation process recommended would not be precluded in 99% of the state. Further, in discussions with mosquito control operators around the state, we found that resistance to Bacillus products has not been found. Comment 6. The language allowing local jurisdictions to declare a health threat so they have access to methoprene is very unclear. This BMP gives no guidance as to how local boards of health are to be proactive in protecting the communities or what thresholds should be used to determine the potential for human health risks. Inconsistent mosquito control thresholds could result in water quality problems and people taking �llegal control measures into their own hands. (7,16,17) Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-7 Washington State Department of Ecology Response to Comment 6. Permit condition S1.4. restricts the use of methoprene in areas designated by Washington 10State Department of Fish and Wildlife except when a heath threat exists in those areas as determined by the State and local health departments. No health-based thresholds are stated in the BMPs or the permit. The Department of Health requested that health-based determinations be stated in general terms because the process and criteria used by local health jurisdictions to determine health threats is dependent on local conditions such as demographics, population densities and species of mosquitoes,proximity of positive identifications of mosquito-borne disease, tolerances for pesticide applications and tolerances for disease outbreaks. However, the language on page 16 of the BMP under the section, "What Constitutes an Emergency of Health Threat?"has been clarified. Comment 7. Page 3,paragraph 3. Regarding the statement in the BMP that methoprene is an endocrine disrupter,this statement is untrue and I would propose that this language be removed from the revised BMP. While endocrine disruption is becoming an area of concern,there are still ongoing discussions surrounding testing methodologies. Currently there is a lack of validated test systems. Methoprene does not disrupt the production of any glandular hormone within insects,other invertebrates,vertebrates or mammals. In insects it merely augments naturally occurring insect juvenile hormone (JH) at times in the insect life cycle where natural production of JH is at a minimum. An example would be during the molt from the last larval instar to the pupa or adult stage. I have included a more detailed commentary as Attachment 1. In mammalian systems,methoprene is broken down and excreted primarily through urine. (10) Response to Comment 7. Ecology agrees, the statement has been removed. Comment 8.There has been much discussion of the non-target effects of methoprene. As I outlined in my other correspondence,there exists a wide margin of safety to non-targets when methoprene is used according to label directions.There is no concern for accumulation of methoprene in the environment as it rapidly • degrades,further Henrick et al.2002,report that the degradation products of methoprene rapidly degrade as well,without accumulation.Methoprene can be used with confidence against mosquito larva but also provides for wide safety margins to non-targets. (10) Response to Comment 8. While there is no evidence that the use of methoprene for mosquito control will lead to amphibian malformations or other adverse effects to non-targets, the data are inconclusive. Scant monitoring has been done of methoprene applications for mosquito control in the natural environment. Ecology is initiating a monitoring strategy to document concentration levels of methoprene applications in the environment and will evaluate those levels in relation to possible adverse effects to non-target species. Comment 9. Page 18.There are some errors in the chart that need correction.The Altosid Liquid use rate should be changed to 3-4 ounces per acre instead of 2-20 pounds per acre.The 2-20 pound rate is incorrect for this formulation. The rate for Altosid XRG should be changed from 8-10 pounds to 5-20 pounds to reflect the label rate. In the target pest category there are a variety of pests listed for the Altosid products. While this list is inclusive of several product lines,it does not reflect the fact that the Altosid products are labeled only for mosquitoes. I would suggest that pricing be removed from the chart. Pricing is subject to change by time and location. Since the BMP is a document that will exist for some time,the pricing that is stated now in the BMP may not be indicative of a current price for future referrals to the BMP. (10) Response to Comment 9. The errors have been corrected. Prices, based on 2002 levels, will be retained only as a general guide for cost comparisons, one of the factors for consideration in an IPM plan. Comment 10. Methoprene's Impacts To Amphibians?—A few years ago,the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)imposed a condition for methoprene's use on one of our two National Wildlife Refuges that C-8 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology �ethoprene not be applied over wetlands where the salinity was less than 5 ppt,done in what appeared (at least to us) to be an overly-zealous application of the precautionary principle,because of the service's supposed concerns about the impacts of methoprene upon the developmental stages of amphibians (which of course are found more typically in freshwater habitats than in salt marshes,hence the Service's 5 ppt demarcation). However,this restriction only lasted for one year in relation to our then questioning the USFWS's scientific foundations about their position—after further review of the scientific evidence,it then seemingly became apparent to the USFWS that there was no credible scientific evidence to link any amphibian developmental abnormalities or deformities seen in the field with exposures to methoprene associated with operational mosquito control,and this unnecessary restriction was rescinded. As I probably don't have to tell you or others in your state agency(if you're familiar with the scientific literature about these matters),several other much more probable causes of amphibian developmental abnormalities have now been scientifically identified (e.g.,parasitic infections,excessive UV light exposure,etc.)and been linked as the primary culprits for what has been observed for amphibian abnormalities,with any lingering connection here to the use of methoprene being an unwarranted,poorly-founded leap that serves little purpose(but wherever such claims still unfairly persist,then this bias certainly hinders the beneficial use of an important,environmentally- compatible mosquito control tool). (11) Response to Comment 10. We would be interested in any written assessment made by the USFWS on this matter. Thank you for your comments. Comment 11. Methoprene Use In Coastal Wetlands—As part of our statewide Integrated Pest Management (IPM)approach to mosquito control,we use methoprene(a juvenile growth-hormone mimic)as our frontline operational larvicide for salt marsh mosquito control,in spraying thousands of acres of Delaware's coastal 40oetlands with Altosid up to several times each summer(with our primarily using the A.L.L. 20% Concentrate rmulation),including extensively using Altosid on Delaware's two National Wildlife Refuges.We find that Altosid gives us effective control achieved in practicable manner,and to the best of our knowledge does not have any unacceptable non-target impacts or environmental problems. Methoprene Use In Freshwater Wetlands—We also use methoprene for control of freshwater mosquitoes in stormwater management basins and constructed wetlands,often using some type of extended release formulation for this product in these settings,which similar to our salt marsh use also gives us effective control without any unacceptable side effects. (11) Response to Comment 11. Thank you for your comments on the use of methoprene. However, lacking any qualification on what is meant by "to the best of our knowledge"or "unacceptable side effects"we cannot make decisions on the use of methoprene based on these testimonials. Comment 12. [My] Only comment is on the BMP page eleven last paragraph,with the sentence that begins with"Methoprene can be used on older larval stages and for...to late to use either Bacillus or methoprene..." seems to say methoprene can be used when its too late to use methoprene??????? What gives?(14) Response to Comment 12. It was a typo. Thanks for catching it. The text has been corrected to read: Methoprene can be used on older larval stages (i.e.,pupa),and for situations where it is too late to use either Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis or Bacillus sphaericus,a monomolecular film might be used. Comment 13. Statement in the draft: "Ecology proposes to continue to restrict the areas of application of ethoprene." But then ecology goes on to say, "they will initiate a monitoring strategy to document Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-9 Washington State Department of Ecology concentration levels and if necessary,levels of toxicity to non-target species." The objective of monitoring will is be to provide data on methoprene for permit renewal in 2006. Response:This monitoring,should it take place, SHOULD take place in the areas in question that are healthy frog environments now. Not some place that is already stressed for some other reason. And in monitoring the areas in question there will be records of methoprene application over the past years that will give some basis on where to start. And not take another twenty years in another location establishing a track record. And if monitoring is going to be done then it would seem that applications of methoprene should take place. Otherwise,what is going to be monitored? (15) Response to Comment 13. Comment noted. We will take your comments into consideration as we develop the monitoring plan. Comment 14. Calling your attention to the California draft fact sheet,written by the California State DOE, page 7,par 4, "USEPA has concluded that,used in mosquito control programs,methoprene does not pose unreasonable risks to wildlife or the environment." Now granted,each state can say and do whatever they want. And it is certain California has endangered species. But decisions being made in California are made on sound,current research. (15) Response to Comment 14. Decisions made in California are reviewed for relevancy to our program. Their control operations and monitoring results will be included in our SEPA evaluation. Comment 15. It was stated in the [WDFW] comments, "there are studies that have found developmental effects to amphibians when methoprene was applied at mosquito control treatment levels and there are studies that have not observed this." Response:Those studies that showed negative effects should be produced for review in this decision making process. And the studies must be the most current up to date studies. And not • studies that are old and have been disproved. At the meeting in Olympia on 5 March'04,industry presented, once again,the current facts on methoprene. With even newer studies done by OSU. And WSFW said, "we still have questions.". When asked what are your questions the reply was, "we don't know." However,at least after three years WSFW and DOE are listening to the mosquito districts when they say,methoprene cannot be found or monitored for;only the effects can be monitored. (15) Response to Comment 15. See response to Comment 2. The SEPA evaluation and monitoring plan for methoprene have been proposed to clear up some of these ambiguities regarding the developmental toxicity of methoprene to non-target species. Comment 16. The most recent information is from Oregon,where ponds have been treated with methoprene and heavily monitored for the past several years. In over ten prior years of methoprene application and close inspection of populations,there has been no evidence of malformations. A recent discovery of infected snail populations,which harbor the deformity-causing trematodes,was a premonition of a deformity outbreak and further confirms that trematodes are to be strongly linked with these deformities,not methoprene. The newness of this information is encouraging and is a close geographic example of how deformities in the amphibian population are not related to methoprene.This should be taken into consideration as the BMP is revised another time. (19) Response to Comment 16. Ecology would be interested in reviewing the Oregon studies. Please forward any contact information you may have. • C-10 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology •Comment 17. If the proposed methoprene restriction is related to an absence of long-term testing and environmental impact studies,Wellmark requests to review the documentation that Washington is using for the long-term studies on other larvicide and adulticides products. (19) Response to Comment 17. Please see response to Comment 2. Comment 18. As mentioned in the meeting,many mosquito districts are influenced by decisions from other parts of the nation when it comes to restrictions on products. If the best management practices document continues to have restrictive language for methoprene,we will want a complete explanation for the decision so that other states can have a thorough understanding of Washington's position-how it is solely related to Washington State endangered species issues and not for the use of methoprene in general. (19) Response to Comment 18. Ecology's restriction of methoprene is solely related to Washington state endangered species issues and not for the use of methoprene in general. General use is not restricted beyond the FIFRA label. Preemptive use of biocides, including methoprene, is recommended in the BMP to minimize mosquito breeding sites and the need to use more toxic insecticides in the event of a disease outbreak. Further, Ecology did not assess the harm posed by methoprene to endangered species sufficient to warrant restricted use when a human health threat exists. Also see response to Comment 2. Comment 19. To date, the comments that we have reviewed and those that have been previously missing are overwhelmingly in methoprene's favor,submitted by professionals who have used the products for many, many years without environmental incident. Why is there no impact,reduction or deletion of the restriction language, or are these comments to be ignored? (19) eResponse to Comment 19. Our responses largely address those comments that are based in fact or law. The preponderance of users of a pesticide does not constitute its lack of adverse effects because oftentimes the causes of adverse effects and correlations are difficult and costly to determine. Also see response to Comment 2. Larvicide Preferences Comment 20. After reviewing the BMP I would like to state that I believe that many improvements have been made and it is now a more concise and user friendly guide. I commend you for taking out the larvicide hierarchy wording that was present before. I believe that there is still a preference indicated,but an effort has been made to clarify that a particular larvicide will not work best(or at all)in certain situations. (6,7,8,9,10, 13) Response to Comment 20. We agree. The language has been further clarified. Permit Condition S1.A.4 now reads: 4. Authorized pesticides are: ➢ Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) ➢ Bacillus sphaericus (H-5a5b) ➢ Methoprene Granular, Liquid, Pellet, or Briquette.* ➢ Monomolecular Surface Films ➢ Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffinic white mineral oil shall not be used in waters of the state unless: a. The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk,or b. The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific treatment site;and • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-11 Washington State Department of Ecology e. The water body is non-fish-bearing (consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife • concerning fish and wildlife). *Use of methoprene is not restricted for use beyond the FIFRA label in more than 99% of the State. However, methoprene is restricted in areas designated by Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife (see Appendix A) except when a health threat exists in those areas as determined by state and local health departments. Comment 21. I have a current label of Malathion 8 Spray produced by Wilbur-Ellis Co.with an EPA Reg. # 2935-83-ZA. The label states: "Mosquito Larvae: Apply 8 fluid ozs. per acre to standing water (intermittently flooded areas, stagnant water,temporary rain pools). Broadcast use only over intermittently flooded areas. Application may not be made around bodies of water where fish or shellfish are grown and/or harvested commercially." I am not saying that I want to use this all the time. I am not saying that I would use it at all. I did not use it as a larvicide this year,but it is registered and as long as it is,it should be left available to use at least in case of emergency without having to go through all the bureaucracy that can occur. The more products are available the more effective,including cost effective,we will be. (5,8,11,12,13) Response to Comment 21. Section S1, of the permit has been revised to allow the use of larvicides based on effectiveness and situation rather than just toxicity. According to Steve Foss, Pesticide Management section of WSDA, larvicides containing the active ingredients of malathion or temephos are not likely to be needed due to pesticide resistance or in cases of an emergency. However, larvicide products containing temephos are needed in areas with high organic content, such as wet manure fields and lagoons because the other larvicides permitted for use are often ineffective in these areas. In addition, manure fields and lagoons typically do not drain to surface waters. When surface waters are not affected monitoring will not be required. Malathion may be applied under • an experimental use permit, so it remains in the tool box. Permit Condition S1,proposed modification: 5. Temephos may not be used in lakes, streams, or the littoral zone of water bodies or on state- listed specie sites listed in Appendix A of the BMPs, (Ecology publication 03-10-023). The use of temephos shall be allowed only in highly-polluted water(i.e. tire piles)or waters with high organic content (i.e. manure holding ponds and pastures with no surface water runoffl, or under either of the two following conditions: a. As a result of consultation between the Departments of Agriculture and of Ecology in response to the development of pesticide resistance or ineffectiveness within a population of mosquitoes. When temephos is applied to areas draining to surface waters monitoring of persistence and residues are a condition of the approval. Temephos must be rotated with one or more of the approved alternatives with a different mode of action to minimize the development of resistance. b. As a result of consultation between the Department of Health and Department of Ecology in response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. 6. Other pesticides may be applied in the context of a research and development effort under the jurisdiction of the Washington State Department of Agriculture through the issuance of a Washington State Experimental Use Permit. C-12 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology &omment 22. In the Permit,Condition 54. A.2.The phase,"in the order of preference in which they should be considered" should be changed to, "may be considered." (7,8) Response to Comment 22. Agreed. The Permit now states: S4.A.2. The IPMP shall consider the approved list of pesticide-based controls found in Section S1. Comment 23. Page 9 of the Permit,Condition 54. A. 1.contains the phrase,"except in response to documented" should be replaced with"to minimize the". Resistance is very difficult to document. Resistance management is part of an effective IPM plan. (7,8) Response to Comment 23. Ecology met with WSDA over this language because resistance is difficult to document. The Permit language now states: S4.A.1. In the IPMP, pesticides that are effective in controlling the mosquito population and have the least adverse impacts to nontarget species shall be used except in response to documented development of resistance or in cases of ineffectiveness or in a declared public health emergency. Bio-controls Comment 24. Use of Appropriate Bio-controls (p. 2 of the BMP) states,"Stock water gardens that have no surface inlet or outlet with mosquito-eating fish(i.e., goldfish,mud minnow,stickleback,and perch). Tadpoles, dragonfly larvae, diving beetles,back swimmers,and front swimmers also prey on mosquito larvae. For more information,see http://,Aq,,,w.wa.gov/wdf",/factshts/westiiiievirtis.htm" &rhis website has changed: ht!p://`N-w-%v.wdfw.wa.gov/factshts/westtulevirus.htni is the current site address. However,at this website,it only mentions birds and bats as natural predators for mosquitoes. I do not question the idea that the animals that you listed will feed upon mosquitoes(larvae or adult),but I think it is extremely misleading to imply that efficient control can be achieved with organisms like birds,bats, tadpoles,diving beetles,etc. More importantly,the website you are asking people to go does not appear to back up the limited claim for bird and bat control with any scientific evidence. (6) Response to Comment 24. Thank you for the updated link. Use of Bio-controls mayor may not yield sufficient control, efficacy was not meant to be implied. Of concern is that goldfish and other predacious bio-controls may escape into natural water bodies where they could become invasive or problematic. Comment 25. In mosquito control plans put together by several other states,pesticides are listed and identified as biopesticides or traditional chemical pesticides. The benefits and limitations of each product are described. The applicator is free to choose the best fit for the situation. The EPA classifies Bti, Bacillus sphaericus,and methoprene all as biopesticides,thus putting them in the same category. Washington is the only.state that separates out methoprene. When deciding which control agent to use,it is important to consider efficacy. "Methoprene has consistently proved to be one of the most effective insect growth regulators against mosquitoes and is usually more efficacious than biological control agents" (Glare,1999). The presence of pollutants,salinity,organic and inorganic particles can all reduce the efficacy of Bti. According to the Center for Disease Control(CDC),two factors that contribute to the spread of West Nile Virus (WNV)include abundance of vectoring species of mosquitoes and wide spread irrigation. Washington has both. The proposed BMPs do not follow CDC guidelines for mosquito control. The CDC recommends the se of larvicides in targeted locations in risk category one. The proposed BMPs wait until risk category four to Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-13 Washington State Department of Ecology recommend larvicide use. By this stage,the CDC has already recommended increased larval control and • intensifying adult mosquito control. (7,3,6,8,11,12,13,19) Response to Comment 25. We agree that bio-chemicals like the bacteria Bti and the growth hormone methoprene should be included in this category. The following language has been added to this section (p.3)of the BMP to encourage preemptive chemical bio-controls where predators alone may not be effective. Minimization Actions Use Appropriate Bio-Controls Selective bio-pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), B. sphaericus or methoprene are very effective preemptive controls when applied in the spring to specific sources identified by surveys. Amplifying and bridge vector species should be targeted (also see p. 11.). Comment 26. Page 11: The title,"Chemical Controls" is misleading. Bti,Bacillus sphaericus,and methoprene are all classified by the EPA as biopesticides. The title should reflect that this section includes biopesticides,oils and traditional pesticides. (7,8) Response to Comment 26. Agreed, the title has been changed to, "Microbial, Biochemical and Conventional Chemical Controls." Comment 27. Preemptive treatments (larviciding known breeding sites early in the season)may reduce the need for adulticiding later. (1, 7) • Response to Comment 27. Agreed, preemptive lar iciding with bio-chemicals has been added as an option under the breeding site minimization actions. Adulticiding Comment 28. I believe that the section giving a BMP for adulticiding is misplaced. I am unclear as to your implication of adulticiding applications needing a NPDES permit(unless you mean when directly affecting water). Also,I feel that if you admit you don't have jurisdiction in terrestrial applications of adulticides,then indicated the Best Management Practices for them seems inappropriate. This should be left up to the organization that has direct jurisdiction. In addition,Ecology's BMP states that there should not be any adulticiding done unless there is a disease present. (5,6,9) Response to Comment 28. A large majority of workshop attendees (October 14&15 in Moses Lake and October 21 in Lacey)wanted the adulticiding section left intact because it is an integral component of their integrated pest management approach to mosquito control. Treatment triggers are left to the mosquito control operator or the organizations they work for to determine. The BMP states: "Select triggers for the use of adulticide products:Some mosquito control districts recommend using light traps to monitor for mosquitoes. For example,Adams County MD recommends that counts of 8 to 12 mosquitoes caught in 12 hours or a 3 adult mosquito landing count per minute in a residential area triggers the need to adulticide (Thomas Haworth,personal communication, November 7, 2003). Some applicators recommend adulticiding residential areas and upland areas where mosquitoes are migrating only when there is evidence of mosquito-borne C-14 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology 0 epizootic activity at a level suggesting high risk of human infection. The following are examples of this type of evidence:high dead bird densities,high mosquito infection rates,multiple positive mosquito species including bridge vectors;horse or mammal cases indicating escalating epizootic transmission, including bridge vectors, horse or mammal cases, or a human case with evidence of epizootic activity(p. 21)." In some instances, adulticiding can reduce or eliminate the need to heavily apply larvicides, can be used effectively with less environmental impact to non-targets, and can be cost-effective. So for this best practices plan, some information on commonly used products and methods are appropriately included. However, since there have been objections to the i inclusion of this section we will more clearly identify Ecology's regulatory jurisdiction in those sections. To be sure, Ecology has no intention of over-stepping its regulatory bounds. Comment 29. Page 13 of the BMP states,"Terrestrially applied insecticides are NOT regulated under federal or state water pollution control laws and are not subject to NPDES permit conditions or requirements. However,in Washington State applications of insecticides used for adult mosquito control, even if they are labeled for use over water, i.e., streams, wetlands, rivers, lakes, ditches, etc, must be permitted under a Clean Water Act(NPDES) permit." *Please clarify;I am assuming that the preceding sentence is referring to when adulticides are used on,in or directly above water. Is this the intent of your sentence or are you stating the regardless of use,an adulticide must have a NPDES permit? If the latter is true this seems to be in direct conflict with the first sentence of section 7. If the former is true then this should be made clear in the BMP. (6) Response to Comment 29. The only time adulticide applications would have to be permitted is when they are applied, directly or indirectly, to waters of the state. Ecology's Water Quality Program does not permit the application of pesticides that are applied to terrestrial sites. However, the italicized language has been removed because it was confusing and most likely not needed. ecomment 30. BMP minimum response does not consider DOH and or CDC guidelines,which consider targeted adult mosquito control by stating, "...adulticiding based on surveillance is an extremely important part of any integrated mosquito management program. (11) Response to Comment 30. See Response to Comment 5 and 9. Also, the section that discusses adulticiding describes the various triggers that may be appropriate. Dipping Criteria Comment 31. Could you clarify the dipping criteria for larviciding storm water ponds?The 2003 permit said larvicides could be applied if greater than 0.3 larvae/pupae per dip are found.The 2004 BMPs says 1 larva per 3 dips is the larviciding threshold.The 2004 permit says that greater than 1 larva per 3 dips is the larviciding threshold.With last year's criteria 1 larvae per 3 dips meant we could larvicide. Do we now need 2 or more larvae per 4 dips to larvicide? (22) Response to Comment 31. Only 1 larva per 3 dips is needed. Comment 32. Could we state in the permit that entities that did control the year before based on their surveillance don't necessarily have to wait for mosquitoes to appear again the following season before using control measures in that water body. This question came up last year from King County,who identified their water bodies that needed control and wanted to continue that control without having to do the surveillance all over again. I'm getting questions such as"We found mosquito larvae last year in this pond,can we apply the • Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-15 Washington State Department of Ecology mosquito dunks as a preventative measure this year without doing the dipping all over? Does the permit • allow this?" (20) Response to Comment 32. The permit requires mosquito dunks prior to treatment unless the site is inaccessible (see response to comment 33 below). Mosquito breeding sites may change and there is no need to use larvicides if no larvae are present. Comment 33. Page C-5-Other references use 1 per 3 dips rather than 0.3 per dip. (3,13) Response to 33. Agreed. Section S4.B of the permit now states: "Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 1 per 3 dips, or unless dead birds, infected horses, or adult mosquito surveys indicate the presence of vector mosquitoes when larvae counts cannot be made due to their inaccessibility. In these cases larviciding may be desirable or even necessary without the larvae dips." Miscellaneous Clarifications Comment 34. The following clarifications are suggested: Page 1 - Add-Applications of pesticides are also subject to the Washington Pesticide Control Act (15.58 RCW) the Washing ton Pesticide Application Act(17.21 RCW"r,the General Pesticide Rules (WAC 16-228),the Worker Protection Standard (WAC 16-233),a number of pesticide and/or county,specific regulations. Page 3-The heading"Eliminate Mosquito Feeding Sites" does not correspond to bullets beneath the heading. Suggest different heading such as "Personal Protective Measures" Page 4-Clarify that the use of larvicides is one of the Minimum BMP Responses to Minimize Mosquito Breeding and use of adulticides. Page 5-Amend Risk Assessment:Probability of outbreak in humans: Remote to low;areas with limited or sporadic WNV epizootic activity in birds and/or mosquitoes. Page 10. IV.Mosquito Control Treatments Use larvicides at specific locations when WNV epizootic activity is found in birds and/or mosquitoes. Page 11 -Amend heading to Microbial,Biochemical and Conventional Chemical Controls. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)and Bacillus sphaericus (H-5a5b)are microbial pesticides. Methoprene is a biochemical pesticide. Monomolecular surface films,paraffinic white mineral oil,and temephos are conventional chemical pesticides. Page 12-Amend web page reference to guide of larvicide products. For a guide to larvicides see the WSDA website: hgp://wvt-w=.kellysolutions.com/WA/show2roductsbv2est2.asp?Pest_ID=IOAMA AC04. • C-16 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology • Page 13-Clarify insecticides listed in table 3 are for larvae control and not adulticides. (3,13) Response to Comment 34: All the comments were accepted and changes made to the BMP document except the WSDA web site address. The WSDA web site was not included because larvicides not permitted for use under this permit may be listed there and it would be confusing to list products not permitted for use. Comment 35. Page 12 of the BMP states, "Fish and game specialists and natural resources biologists (WDFW) must be notified of planned control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be harmed by mosquito control practices.... Could you please clarify how to determine a "delicate ecosystem?" Is this a legal description? Is this only WDFW land? Clarification would be helpful. (6) Response to Comment 35. "Delicate ecosystems"are those that can only survive under a narrow range of environmental conditions including light, salinity, temperature, water quality, and nutrients, and are extremely vulnerable to anthropogenic activities. An airplane flying over nesting grounds demonstrates this sensitivity. The phrase was not used as legal terminology, but as plain English. Comment 36. The fact that it takes 38 days to obtain a license and permit to undertake mosquito control activities would likely inhibit a community to address an emergency health issue... (11) Response to Comment 36. The vast majority of permitted entities in Washington come under the Department of Health's coverage by contracting with them. It takes about a seven-day turn around to do that, largely because of mailing time constrains. It's conceivable to have the turnaround time reduced to a day or two in a real emergency. Wmment 37. Education of the public in the areas of mosquito habitat reduction and personal protection in of itself is not protecting the public from disease as is implied in the draft document. (11) Response to Comment 37. Personal protection is the best precaution anyone can take to ensure minimal exposure to mosquito borne diseases. If a person tries to kill every mosquito in a two-mile square area they will probably not succeed and when they leave that area they are exposed to increased risk again. The best insurance anyone has against mosquito borne disease is to eliminate the chance of exposure in their direct personal space. This is why Appendix B, Insect Repellent Use and Safety from the Center for Disease Control has been added to the document. It is an excellent informational source. Comment 38. An important component of the CDC guidelines is to include monitoring for the disease as well as monitoring for mosquito populations. (11) Response to Comment 38. The Washington State Department of Health is the lead on monitoring for the disease. Section II of the BMP directs mosquito control agents to their local health departments for questions and issues related to monitoring for the disease. Comment 39. What is going to constitute monitoring? Record keeping or actual testing? Please clarify. (5) Response to Comment 39. When the permit was issued, monitoring was intended to examine persistence of the insecticides used in Washington State. Since persistence data for the larvicides allowed for use already exists, possible adverse affects to non-target organisms, rather than persistence,will be monitored. Additionally, the arrival of the West Nile virus in Washington State, has resulted in many local governments and others new to mosquito control practices applying larvicides during the spring and summer months. These new control operations will result in a sharp increase .n the amount of larvicide being applied to waters. For these reasons, the monitoring requirement will be modified to Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-17 Washington State Department of Ecology only require reporting the type, location,and quantities of larvicides used. Ecology will use this information to prepare a • plan to monitor for possible adverse affects in areas targeted by the reporting results. Comment 40. We treat hundreds if not thousands of small ponds through out the season,many of which are less than one acre. If we report those small ponds as <1 acre our rate per acre will all off. My district tries to record each treatment whether 10 acres or.03 acre. (5) Response to Comment 40. Reporting in tenths or hundredths of an acre is more accurate and can be done on the current reporting form. We allow permittees to also 'clump' the acreage they treat in an area so if they treat ten small ponds that are.10 acre each, they can report it as one acre. This works so long as the ponds all drain to the same receiving water. Comment 41. Comment to draft By adding the WSDA RCWs and WACs it would seem that now mosquito control operations are under FIFRA and federal label requirements and NOT second level government rule making.There are so many levels of government that ALL requirements will be difficult for the home owner and layperson to sort out. (15) Response to Comment 41. Ecology must be responsive to Court decisions. However, we agree and have petitioned EPA several times to consider streamlining these requirements for the benefit of operators/applicators. Comment 42. How will the comments be handled in this process?It seems they are as much questions as comments. Because all that happens in this process is a response is given to comments with no action taken. (15) Response to Comment 42. The comments are reviewed for basis in fact or law. Where inaccuracies or deficiencies are • found, they are corrected. Comment 43. This is the second modification in less than one year on the permit,how often will changes be made in the future? (15) Response to Comment 43. This is the last modification that will be made prior to permit renewal. Comment 44. I suggest adding"ecologically sensitive areas" to demarcated no-spray zones on maps(p. 11 of the BMP). (16) Response to Comment 44. Agreed. The language has been added to the section: "Demarcate no-spray zones on maps. This may include areas such as schools,hospitals,fish farms, wildlife refuges,ecologically sensitive areas,the homes of individuals who are on chemically sensitive registers,and crops grown under a certified organic program." Comment 45. C1,Number 3,may cover this,but it would be nice to have this language in more detail somewhere. Could we put what water bodies should have permit coverage? The "waters of the state"catchall works to a certain point,but there seems to be confusion over the water bodies (i.e. storm drains with an outlet)that could reach"waters of the state." I have instructed folks that if their water body has the potential to reach waters of the state,they need permit coverage. If"waters of the state"includes wafter bodies that have a potential to reach waters of the state,we should try to make this very clear. I'm still obviously a little confused... (20) • C-18 Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control Washington State Department of Ecology &espouse to Comment 45. The Department of Ecology's Aquatic Mosquito Control permit covers mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly into surface waters of the state of Washington. All who conduct mosquito control activities in water for communities, districts and private landowners are required to obtain coverage. "Waters of the state" includes water bodies that have a potential to reach waters of the state. References cited: Ankley,G.T.,J.E. Tietge, D.L. DeFoe, K.M.Jensen,G.W. Holcombe,E.J. Durham,and S.A. Diamond. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana Pipiens.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:2530-2542. Degitz,S.J.,E.J. Durham,J.E.Tietge,P.A. Kosian,G.W. Holcombe,and G.T.Ankley.2003. Developmental toxicity of methoprene and several degradation products in Xenopus laevis.Aquatic Toxicology 64: 97-105. Henrick,C.A.,J.K. Ko,J. Burleson,G. Lindahl. D.VanGundy and J. Edge. 2002. Investigation of the relationship between s-methoprene and deformities in anurans.J.of Am.Mosq. Control Assoc. 18(3):214-221. Johnson,C. M.,L.B.Johnson,J. Murphy and V.Beasly,Evaluation of the potential effects of methoprene and Bti on anuran malformations in Wright County,MN. National Resources Research Institute,University of Mn. NRRI technical report no. NRRI/TR-2001/01 La Clair,J.J.,J.A. Bantle and J. Dumont. 1998. Photoproducts and metabolites of a common insect growth regulator produce developmental deformities in Xenopus. Environmental Science and Technology 32: 1453- Ol461. Ross,D.H,D.Judy,B.Jacobson,R.Howell. 1994 Methoprene concentrations in freshwater microcosms treated with sustained-release Altosid formulations. J. of Am. Mosq.Assc. 10(2):202-210. Best Management Practices for Mosquito Control C-19 Washington State Department of Ecology CITY OF RENTON PLANNING/BUILDING/PUBLIC WORKS MEMORANDUM DATE: May 20, 2004 TO: Dennis Culp Leslie Bettach Lys Hornsby Mike Stenhouse Neil Watts FROM: Gregg Zimmerman SUBJECT: West Nile Virus- Response to Commonly Asked Questions Now that summer is approaching, mosquitoes are beginning to emerge from local wetlands and ponds. With the increasing numbers comes the possibility of contracting West Nile Virus from an infected mosquito. Although Washington State has had a few reported animal infections(noru were reported last year), the State Department of Health is anticipating the State's first human case this year. As awareness of the virus increases, it is especially important that the City be able to disseminate information to the Public as efficiently and effectively as possible. The enclosed packet contains commonly asked questions and standard responses concerning the West Nile Virus. This information should be made available to your staff in the event they are asked West Nile Virus related questions from the public, while working in the office or in the field. One of the response sheets deals exclusively with questions related to mosquito control on private property, while the other addresses general questions related to the virus. Also included in the packet is a sheet containing West Nile Virus contact phone numbers and web sites for both the State and County Departments of Health and three informational brochures that can be placed at customer service counters for public use. The intent is for City staff in other departments and divisions to become familiar with the questions and responses, so they will be able to answer general questions regarding West Nile Virus. If a citizen wants to complain about a specific mosquito problem, the staff person should refer them to the King County Hotline. If a staff person is unable or uncomfortable answering any questions,they should refer the caller to Surface Water Utility staff. Please have your customer service staff call Allen Quynn, x7247, to obtain the informational brochures. If you have any questions,please call Ron Straka at x7248. Enclosures cc: Jay Covington Ron Straka Allen Quynn H:\File Sys\SWP-Surface Water Projects\SWP-27-Surface Water Projects(CIP)\27 2000 Mosquito Abatement Program\West Nile Virus\2004\Response Memo.doc\AQtp Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Pagel of 8 *W) King County MM I! 2`-Public Health Scattlu&King County ., x • Site Directory Search. ah_ � > Successful Searci Public Health Home » West Nile Virus >> Basic Questions Webpage Directory FRI Clinic& Office Locations West Nile Virus For Care Providers Basic Questions 19, Care Providers Homepage What is West Nile virus? For Educators What are the human health effects of West Nile virus infection? Health Educators Are there persons who are at greater risk of developing more Toolbox severe illness? About Us How is West Nile Virus transmitted? History & Profile Can I get a West Nile virus infection from a blood or organ Jobs& Internships donation? Employee Directory How much of a problem will West Nile virus become? Are pets and domestic animals at risk of West Nile virus? Contact Us w In King County,what is Public Health doing about West Nile virus? Public Health What is the connection between crows and West Nile virus? Seattle& King County What do 1 do if 1 find a dead crow? 999 3rd Ave. Ste. 1200 Seattle, WA 98104 ' What if the dead bird I find is not a crow? a What is the life cycle of the mosquito? Phone: 206-296-4600 What does a mosquito larva look like? TfY: 206-296-4931 a When are mosquito larvae most likely to be present? Click here to email us What can I do to reduce the number of mosquitoes? What can be done to avoid mosquito bites? What steps is King County taking to reduce the potential threat of Subscribe to Free mosquitoes? Email Alerts! What are some of the substances that King County is Click here to learn more considering to control mosquitoes? What can I do if I have a mosquito problem in my neighborhood? Aren't wetlands and retention p nds sources of mosquito habitat? Resources What is West Nile virus? http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 2 of 8 West Nile virus causes West Nile fever, encephalitis and meningitis. West Nile fever is typically a mild illness that occurs in about one of five persons who are infected by the virus. West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis are more serious illnesses that occur in less than 1 percent of persons infected by the virus. Encephalitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the brain, and meningitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the tissues surrounding the spinal cord and brain. West Nile virus was previously found in Africa, West Asia and the Middle East. It was discovered in the United States in 1999. West Nile virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and other animals. Birds become infected with West Nile virus and carry the virus in nature. Mosquitoes become infected after feeding on infected birds. At present, West Nile virus has not been detected in King County, but it has been detected in Washington State. ^ back to top What are the human health effects of West Nile virus infection? Most people infected with West Nile virus have no symptoms or a mild illness with fever, muscle aches, fatigue, headache and joint pain (West Nile fever). These persons recover fully and do not require hospital care. A smaller number of infected persons develop encephalitis or meningitis with symptoms of high fever, neck stiffness, confusion, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis. Persons who survive West Nile encephalitis may have long-term symptoms, but recovery from the milder forms of infection is complete. It is assumed that once someone has had an infection caused by West Nile virus they develop long-term protection against being infected again. ^ back to top Are there persons who are at greater risk of developing more severe illness? Yes. Persons who are older than 50 years, particularly those who are greater than 70 years of age, are more likely to develop the serious forms of West Nile virus infection. Pregnancy is not known to increase the risk of developing the severe forms of West Nile virus infection. ^ back to top How is West Nile Virus transmitted? West Nile virus is not transmitted directly from person-to-person or from animal-to-person. There is no evidence that persons can become infected from eating infected animals. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. The virus becomes located in the salivary gland of the mosquito. When the mosquito bites a human or animal, the mosquito injects the virus into its victim. Persons who become ill develop symptoms http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 3 of 8 3 to 14 days after being infected with West Nile virus. The West Nile virus remains in infected individuals for a relatively short time and does not cause chronic infections. ^ back to top- Can I get a West Nile virus infection from a blood or organ donation? Although rare, West Nile virus has been transmitted through transfusions of whole blood or blood components such as plasma or platelets. Blood component suppliers are taking preventative measures to screen out blood donors who may have been infected with West Nile virus. A nucleic acid laboratory test for West Nile virus has been developed and will be ready for use in screening blood donors beginning in July 2003. In addition, plasma is being stockpiled prior to mosquito season to assure that it is available prior to the testing of the blood supply. There has been a documented instance of West Nile virus transmission by organ transplantation but the risk of this is extremely low. ^ back-to top How much of a problem will West Nile virus become? Even if West Nile virus becomes established in local birds and mosquitoes, human illness is not expected to be frequent; relatively few mosquitoes are likely to become infected with the virus and most people who do become infected have either no symptoms or mild illness. However, ongoing monitoring for the presence of West Nile virus in birds, horses and humans will remain necessary to track the extent of the problem, prevent serious infections, and determine the best strategies to combat the virus. ^ back to top Are pets and domestic animals at risk of West Nile virus? Fortunately, clinical illness due to West Nile virus appears to be rare in dogs and cats, and chickens are resistant as well. Horses, however, are susceptible to West Nile virus infection and severe illness and death can result. An equine West Nile virus vaccine is available and horse owners are strongly encouraged to consult with their veterinarian about immunization. Horses will also benefit from mosquito control efforts. ^ back to top In King County, what is Public Health doing about West Nile virus? http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 4 of 8 Public Health surveillance activities are underway to monitor for the appearance of West Nile virus in birds, animals and humans. West Nile virus is usually detected in birds or horses before cases occur in humans. In addition, Public Health provides information on personal protective measures and environmental measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Health care providers and hospitals are required by law to report to Public Health suspected cases of viral encephalitis including cases suspected to be caused by West Nile virus. For more information, consult the May 2002 issue of the communicable disease newsletter, the Epi-Log: www.metrokc.gov htm back to top What is the connection between crows and West Nile virus? Crows are particularly susceptible to West Nile virus, and often sicken and die from it. Therefore, in partnership with the Washington State Department of Health, Public Health is testing some dead crows to see if they have died from West Nile virus. When Public Health finds a dead crow with West Nile virus, King County will know that the virus has arrived. ^ back to top What do I do if I find a dead crow? Call Public Health at 206-205-4394 if you find a dead crow in King County. Information about the crow will be entered into a tracking database. In addition, the crow you find may be selected for testing for West Nile virus. When you call, you will be asked a few questions. First, is the bird freshly dead (dead less than 24 hours)? Second, where and when did you find the dead bird?We will need to know the address where the bird was found. Third, is the bird undamaged? Only undamaged birds may be tested. Not all crows need to be tested for Public Health to effectively monitor for West Nile virus. In fact, we receive many more calls reporting dead crows than the laboratory could test. If the crow you find is not appropriate for testing, or if you find a dead bird that is not a crow, you may dispose of it in your garbage can. Public Health is tracking crow deaths, so even if the bird you find will not be tested, we are still interested in the information you provide. Birds discovered on Friday and Saturday will not be tested and should be disposed of in the garbage. Using gloves or a shovel, double bag the bird in plastic bags and dispose of it in your garbage. Though dead birds will not transmit West Nile virus, you should not pick up a dead animal with your bare hands. ^ back to top http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 5 of 8 Call Public Health at 206-205-4394 if you find a dead crow in King County. Information about the crow will be entered into a tracking database. In addition, the crow you find may be selected for testing for West Nile virus. When you call, you will be asked a few questions. First, is the bird freshly dead (dead less than 24 hours)? Second, where and when did you find the dead bird?We will need to know the address where the bird was found. Third, is the bird undamaged? Only undamaged birds may be tested. Not all crows need to be tested for Public Health to effectively monitor for West Nile virus. In fact, we receive many more calls reporting dead crows than the laboratory could test. If the crow you find is not appropriate for testing, or if you find a dead bird that is not a crow, you may dispose of it in your garbage can. Public Health is tracking crow deaths, so even if the bird you find will not be tested, we are still interested in the information you provide. Birds discovered on Friday and Saturday will not be tested and should be disposed of in the garbage. Using gloves or a shovel, double bag the bird in plastic bags and dispose of it in your garbage. Though dead birds will not transmit West Nile virus, you should not pick up a dead animal with your bare hands. ^ back to top What if the dead bird I find is not a crow? To help us learn more about West Nile virus, Public Health is tracking the deaths of birds other than crows, though we will not be picking these birds up for testing. The types of birds, in addition to crows, that may be affected by West Nile virus and we are interested in receiving reports on are: ravens,jays, magpies, and raptors (eagles, hawks, and owls). Call 206-205-4394 if you find one of these types of birds. ^ back to top What is the life cycle of the mosquito? Mosquitoes like still or standing water to lay their eggs. These eggs hatch into larvae and develop into adults in as few as seven days. Some species need only a few ounces of water to lay eggs. What does a mosquito larva look like? Larvae ("wigglers") are %4 to inch long, or smaller. They move by vigorously wiggling or flexing their bodies. They look like tiny aquatic worms. When are mosquito larvae most likely to be present? http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 6 of 8 • Though there are variations dependent on weather and temperature, mosquito larvae are most likely to be present in King County from March through October. A back to top What can I do to reduce the number of mosquitoes? Removing sources of standing water on your property and around your home reduces mosquito breeding habitat. Examples of things you can do include: ■ Tip out barrels, buckets and wheelbarrows ■ Tip out containers such as toys, cans or plant saucers ■ Empty children's wading pools when not in use ■ Change water in birdbaths and animal troughs at least once a week ■ Get rid of used tires ■ Clean garden ponds ■ Recycle old bottles, buckets and cans ■ Clean leaf-clogged gutters ■ Empty water from flower pot dishes ■ Dump water off of tarps and plastic sheeting ■ Repair leaky outdoor faucets ■ Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens Help your elderly or frail neighbors or relatives with these activities. Consider holding a neighborhood clean-up day to get rid of junk that holds standing water. ^ back to top What can be done to avoid mosquito bites? ■ Be aware of the times of day when mosquitoes are most likely to be biting. The prime biting periods are often at dusk and dawn. If you do go outside when mosquitoes are biting, wear long sleeve shirts and long pants. Hats are also useful. ■ Consider wearing an insect repellent. Repellents containing the chemical N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) are known to be very effective. Some people are particularly sensitive to DEET and should use caution. ■ Children under the age of two should not use insect repellents containing DEET. Older children should use products with the correct percentage of DEET for their age. It is important to read the label and follow the instructions on the label carefully. For more information on DEET, visit the CDC's insect repellent use and safety page: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ga/insect repe►lent.htm. ■ Ensure that window and door screens are in good repair and fit tightly. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 7 of 8 ^ back-to top What steps is King County taking to reduce the potential threat of mosquitoes? ■ Public Health is working with county agencies, cities, the state and sister agencies nation-wide to learn about the best methods to use to control mosquitoes. King County's approach is balanced and is protective of both humans and the environment. ■ Public Health is working to identify the mosquito species that live in our region by collecting data on mosquitoes from a variety of habitats. These data help with effective educational and control programs. ^ back to_top What are some of the substances that King County is considering to control mosquitoes? ■ One approach being considered is the application of natural larvicides, in limited and targeted areas, to control immature mosquitoes before they emerge as adults. These larvicides are usually in the form of pellets or briquettes. ■ King County will not do aerial spraying to kill adult mosquitoes unless there is a public health emergency, which is unlikely. ■ One possible larvicide that may be used is based on a variety of Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a control technique well-known to organic gardeners. ^ back to top What can I do if I have a mosquito problem in my neighborhood? Reduce breeding habitat on your own property, where possible (see above). If you notice that mosquitoes are a problem, please call Public Health (206-205-4394). Public Health does not have any regulatory authority to require property owners to remove mosquito habitat (except if the habitat is in violation of solid waste laws). However, we can send educational materials that provide guidance on reducing habitat. If the habitat is on public property, we will inform and advise the appropriate property owner. Finally, we are tracking specific locations that seem to be particular mosquito problem areas. ^ back to top Aren't wetlands and retention ponds sources of mosquito habitat? http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 8 of 8 Wetlands and other natural water features may potentially be mosquito breeding habitat under certain conditions. Fortunately, wetlands also have many natural predators. Furthermore, wetlands play a critical role in cleaning and holding storm run off-they play a critical public health role. Retention and detention ponds play an important role as well. For information on King County properties such as retention/detention ponds and wetlands, visit http://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm ^ back to toD Resources ■ For late breaking information, call Public Health's West Nile virus hotline: 206-205-3883. ■ To report a dead crow or mosquito problem, call Public Health's Environmental Health team at 206-205-4394 during normal business hours - Monday - Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4.-30 p.m. ■ For information from the King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks on West Nile virus, wetlands and retention/detention ponds, visit: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm ■ For more information on West Nile virus in the state of Washington: www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNVNVNV.html ------- - ----- ■ For more extensive information about West Nile virus, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at: www,.cdc.qov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/q-&a.htm ^ back to top Updated: Sunday, November 30, 2003 at 10:36 AM All information is general in nature and is not intended to be used as a substitute for appropriate professional ad' information please call 206-296-4600 (voice) or 206-296-4631 (TTY Relay service). Mailing address: ATTN: Cor Team, Public Health -Seattle & King County, 999 3rd Ave., Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98104 or click here to emai King County I Public Health I News I Services I Comments I Search Links to external sites do not constitute endorsements by King County. By visiting this and other King County web pages, you expressly agree to be bound by terms and conditions of the site. The details. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/19/2004 • Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer West Nile Virus: Mosquito control on private property Question: What are the methods of mosquito control that can be used on private property?Is one better than the others? Answer: There are several methods of controlling mosquitoes on private property.Natural methods are preferable to the use of chemical controls, and control of mosquito larva is generally more effective than trying to control adult mosquitoes. ■ Habitat reduction: Getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes breed is an effective method, and often is the least expensive too. See the next question to learn the specific ways to reduce mosquito breeding areas around your property. ■ Natural predators: In nature,there are many predators that eat adult mosquitoes or mosquito larva. These include fish, frogs and other such animals in ponds and wetlands,birds such as swallows, and bats. In confined ponds or animal water troughs,adding goldfish or koi can also be very effective for controlling mosquito larva. See the question below on adding fish to water. ■ Larvaciding: Larvaciding is the use of chemical or biologic control products applied to water sources to kill the immature larva before they hatch into adult flying mosquitoes. Only adult mosquitoes bite and are capable of transmitting disease such as West Nile virus. Larvaciding can be effective if done correctly but it is important to use safe products and follow state laws as described below. ■ Spraying for adult mosquitoes: Spraying adult mosquitoes(called"adulticiding")is generally less effective than the methods desired above and is also less desirable because of the types of chemical pesticides that are used.These pesticides can also kill beneficial insects, such as bees or butterflies,and may be toxic to animals and people. Question: I've heard that West Nile virus is often carried by mosquitoes called"container breeders." What are container breeders and what do I do about them? Answer: Although mosquitoes that potentially carry the West Nile virus live in most environments,many of them prefer to breed in containers of water such as buckets and bird baths common to many King County backyards. By reducing these sources of water,you'll go a long way towards reducing the numbers of mosquitoes hatching near your windows and in your yard where you and your family spend time. While we will never get rid of all mosquitoes, it does make sense to reduce artificial breeding habitat in your yard.Follow these steps at least once a week to reduce mosquito breeding habitat(i.e., standing or stagnant water present for longer than 7 days): ■ Tip water out of barrels,buckets and wheelbarrows ■ Tip out containers what could hold water such as toys, cans or plant saucers ■ Empty children's wading pools when not in use ■ Change water in birdbaths and animal troughs at least once a week ■ Get rid of old used tires ■ Clean garden ponds ■ Recycle old bottles,buckets, and cans ■ Clean leaf-clogged gutters ■ Dump water off of tarps and plastic sheeting ■ Repair leaky outdoor faucets ■ Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens ■ Repair ripped windows and door screens and make sure they fit tight ■ Consider adding a screen door to doors that often are left open ■ Help your elderly or frail neighbors and relatives with these activities Question: I have a wetland and a pond on my property. Can I apply a larvicide product to kill mosquito larva? Answer: Unless the body of water is completely contained, such as an artificial ornamental fountain or pond and water from the pond cannot flow to a natural water body or constructed drainage system, permits are required to apply larvicides to water.The property owner is responsible for obtaining the pen-nit. The required National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)Permit for Aquatic Mosquito Control is available from the Washington State Department of Health. For more information contact Benjamin Hamilton at 360-236-3364 or visit www.doh.wa.govlwnv You may also need to contact your local drainage or surface water management office to verify if local regulations have additional requirements other than just a NPDES permit. In the phone book government pages,look for your city's Public Works or Utilities section,and under the subheading"drainage" or "stormwater." Question: I have a small ornamental fountain on my patio and a birdbath in the garden.What can I do to make sure mosquitoes are not breeding there? Answer:There are several options for fountains,birdbaths, small ornamental ponds or other landscape "water features". The first is to keep water moving by using a pump to create a waterfall, spray,or otherwise circulate the water.This does not need to run continuously;just a couple hours a day will prevent mosquitoes from successfully hatching. Another way is to add goldfish or koi to the pond;these fish love to eat mosquito larva and are a very effective control method. Goldfish or koi can be purchased inexpensively at most pet stores.For bird baths and small fountains,you could also empty the water each week and refill with fresh water--this is effective because it takes more than a week for mosquito eggs to hatch into adults. See below on the state rules regarding adding fish to non-ornamental waters such as ponds. Question: I hired a Pest Control Operator(PCO)to get rid of the mosquitoes on my property, and he said I could use the larvicides available at my local home improvement store in my pond. Since he is a licensed PCO,do I still need the NPDES permit? Answer: Yes, if the body of water is not completely contained and/or has the potential to flow into streams, wetlands, lakes,constructed drainage systems(including ditches),or other waters.The NPDES permit (see previous question)must be obtained by the property owner even if a licensed operator is hired to apply the pesticide. Larvicides(such as Bs,or Bacillus sphaericus-trade name VectoLex, or Bti, Bacillus thuringiensis,various trade names)may be used without a permit only in completely contained water features such as artificial ornamental ponds. Question: Do Pest Control Operators(PCO)need licenses? Answer: Yes, from the Washington State Department of Agriculture. Ask to see your PCO's license and ensure that it is up-to-date. When looking for a PCO to control mosquitoes, ask if the PCO has an endorsement for aquatic pesticide for mosquito control on the license. This endorsement is required for the PCO to apply larvicides to water; without this endorsement,the PCO would only be able to recommend and/or apply adulticides. Question: I've heard that fish are natural mosquito predators. May I add fish to the pond on my property? Answer: Permits from the State Department of Fish and Wildlife are required before any fish is introduced to natural bodies of water, including ponds and wetlands,on private property. For more information visit www.wa.gov wdfw-/fish/trnsport.htm You may also call 425-775-1311 and speak to a biologist. Remember that wetlands,ponds and swamps are already likely to have naturally-occurring predators such as fish,birds,amphibians, dragonflies and other insects that help keep the mosquito population under control. Question: I've heard that using bleach, vegetable oil, motor oil, or soap in ponds is an effective way to kill mosquito eggs. Is it okay to use these substances in water? Answer: No. It is illegal to put these substances(or any other substance without a permit)into waters that are not completely contained without the potential to flow into a natural water body, even if they are on private property. Many substances, such as petroleum products, should not be used in a manner that will allow them to get into natural water systems,groundwater,or drainage systems. Furthermore, wetlands,ponds and swamps are likely to have native predators that help keep the mosquito population under control. Bleach,oils, soap, and many other chemicals are highly toxic to organisms such as fish, amphibians, and insects, and killing these mosquito predators will do more harm than good. Even products labeled as "biodegradable" or"non-toxic"may be harmful to aquatic organisms. Question: My neighbor has lots of mosquitoes on his property. I think they come from his messy garden fountain.Are there any laws or regulations to make him clean it up? Answer: King County has no enforcement power to make landowners clean up their property to reduce mosquito infestations. You may file a complaint with Public Health's Environmental Health Division by calling 206-205-4394. Though Public Health cannot require the property owner to remove standing water,we can send a letter informing the owner what he or she can do to reduce the habitat, and letting him/her know about the risks of West Nile virus. Question: I have heard that King County is applying larvicide to some of its stormwater ponds. I have a stormwater pond near my home. Will someone larvicide to kill the mosquitoes there? Answer: If you believe that the stormwater pond is a source of mosquitoes,call the local jurisdiction, association, agency or property owner responsible for maintenance of the stormwater pond to report your concerns.That may be the city where you live, your homeowners association, or King County,among other owners. If you are not sure who owns the stormwater pond,call your city or county government for more information. King County's Department of Natural Resources and Parks(DNRP)is continually evaluating its stormwater facilities for the presence of mosquitoes. DNRP is larviciding some ponds where natural predators are inadequate and where the ponds are located near large numbers of people with an elevated risk, such as persons older than 50 years old. Call 206-296-1900 if you have concerns about a DNRP stormwater pond.More information about stormwater ponds may be found at: http://dnr.metrokc.sov'wlridss/rdponds.htm Question: Should I buy a "bug zapper"or some other type of trap to control mosquitoes in my backyard? Answer: There are a variety of devices advertised that are designed to attract mosquitoes then kill them by electrical shock or other means. While many of these will kill mosquitoes,there can be drawbacks. First,they will also attract and kill beneficial insects. Some use a light source or emit carbon dioxide to attract mosquitoes and thus may draw in more mosquitoes than would have otherwise been in the area. Effectiveness can vary, and there is little scientific data available to help guide the consumer in purchasing such devices,many of which are fairly expensive. In general, it is advisable to concentrate your mosquito control efforts on eliminating mosquito breeding habitat,preparing your home to keep mosquitoes out,and taking personal precautions against being bit by mosquitoes. Question: There are so many adult mosquitoes in my backyard that I want to spray them to get rid of them. How do I go about this? Answer: First of all,it is important to note that not all flying insects are mosquitoes.During the summer, there are other bugs such as crane flies and certain midges and gnats that may look like mosquitoes but which don't bite and don't spread West Nile virus. Killing adult mosquitoes(or"adulticiding")is generally not the most effective way to protect yourself from mosquito bites. Wear protective clothing when mosquitoes are biting, and consider applying insect repellent to exposed skin. Since the adult mosquitoes you see now are capable of laying eggs, find and eliminate sources of stagnant water(i.e., still or standing water present at least several days)on your property to reduce new generations of mosquitoes. Although the use of sprays or other products to kill adult mosquitoes is not normally recommended by Public Health,they are a legal,if relatively ineffective, solution to mosquito problems. We recommend you contact a licensed Pest Control Operator, who knows the strict rules regarding adulticiding and weather,temperature,and wind speed and direction,and choose the least toxic chemical if adulticiding is done. Common Words: ■ Larviciding: Killing immature mosquito larva,before they reach adulthood. Larvicides are generally thought to be more effective than adulticides.Many larvicides(such as Bacillus thuringiensis)come in the form of pellets or small donut-shaped"dunks". ■ Adulticiding: Killing adult mosquitoes,after they reach adulthood and can fly. Adulticides are often sprays or foggers. ■ NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)Permit-the permit required from the Washington State Department of Ecology before larviciding in any water that has the potential to run into streams,.lakes,drains,or other water. ■ PCO: Pest Control Operator.A PCO has a license from the Department of Ecology,which allows him/her to apply certain pesticides.A PCO needs an aquatic pesticide for mosquito control endorsement on his/her license in order to apply larvicides to water other than completely contained ornamental-type fountains or ponds. ■ West Nile virus: A virus that can cause serious human illness or death in rare cases; it is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer WEST NILE VIRUS CONTACTS & RESOURCES WNV Hotlines Public Health—Seattle &King County(SKC) 206-205-3883 Washington Department of Health 866-78VIRUS To Report Dead birds Public Health--SKC 206-205-4394* M-F 8am-5pm Mosquito problems Public Health--SKC 206-205-4394 M-F 8am-5pm Veterinary cases Public Health—SKC 206-296-4880 Human cases Public Health—SKC 206-296-4774 *this number may be used for general questions WNV Web sites Public Health--SKC www.metrokc..ov/health/westnile Washington Department of Health -,v\&tiv.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/ZooiW-1V/WNV.html Permit for aquatic mosquito control http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/Permit.html Centers for Disease Control http://www.cdc.,gov/ncidod/dvbid./westnile/ WSU Cooperative Extension http://wnv.wsu.edu Cornell University http:fhvww.cfe.cornell.edu/erap/WN1 Insect Repellent Info wNvw.cdc.gov/ncidocUdvbid/westnile;ga'insect repellent htm Public Health—Seattle & King County Dr. Sharon Hopkins, Public Health Veterinarian 206-206-4880 Sharon.Hopkins@metro.kc.gov Bill Heaton, Vector/Nuisance Supervisor 206-205-4397 Bill.Heaton@metrokc.gov Kim Moore, WNV Outreach Coordinator 206-296-3998 Kimberly.Moore@metrokc.gov Hilary Karasz-Dominguez, Media Officer 206-296-4767 Hilary.Karasz-Dominguez@metrokc.gov Human Health Questions 206-296-4774 Washington State Department of Health Tom Gibbs, WNV Coordinator (360) 236-3060 Tom.Gibbs@doh.wa.gov Dead bird surveillance (outside SKC) (360)236-3060 Mosquito surveillance (outside SKC) (360)236-3064 WNV publications & fact sheets (360)236-3380 Environmental Health Services Division 999 Third Avenue,Suite 700• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle � King County T(206)2054394 F(206)296-0189• www.metrokc.gov/health Gregory J.Nickels,Mayor ® Ron Sims,Executive A F Facts What is the West Nile virus? If you notice that mosquitoes are a West Nile is a mosquito-borne virus problem,please call Public Health at that can cause encephalitis 206-205-4394 WEST NILE (inflammation of the brain) or For additional information on the meningitis (inflammation of the lin- West Nile Virus and how you canprotect yourself from mosquito bites, ing of the brain and spinal cord.) Visit the local Health Department VIRUS website at How is West Nile virus spread? www.metrokc.gov/health/Westnile West Nile virus (WNV) is spread to or Call the Public Health Department's humans by the bite of an infected West Nile Virus Hotline at mosquito. A mosquito becomes 206-205-3883 infected by biting a bird that car- ries the virus. You cannot get West Nile virus from a person who has the disease. It is not spread by person-to-person contact such as touching, kissing, or caring for someone who is infected. What are the symptoms of this infection? Other Sources of Information Most people who are infected with Washington State Department of Health the West Nile virus show no website: symptoms. Only one in five www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNVPA7NV.html infected people have mild flu-like Center for Disease Control website: symptoms and then fully recover. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm In some individuals, particularly DON 'T the elderly, WNV can cause more Informational brochures available in lobby of serious conditions such as City Hall or call 425-723-3087 for a copy: encephalitis or meningitis. Only How to Use Insect Repellants Safely about 1 in 150 infected people Do You Know what's Biting You? experience the more serious Take The Bite Out Of The Bug symptoms. A TARGET Renton's WNV Response Plan Mosquito season is rapidly ap- proaching here in the Pacific North- is the Best Protection west, which;me otential,%re ,j +Wa turn of the est Wu, (WNV)`. • Screen doors and windows. • Wear long pants, long Although the Health Department sleeved shirts and socks is the lead agency for responding to • Eliminate standing water when outdoors. the West'Nile Virus, the City of on your property: clean Renton has developed a response out gutters, dispose of • Consider use of a mos- plan to augment the Department of old tires, empty quito repellent contain- buckets and flower- ing DEET. Health program. The City's strategy pot dishes, fix leaky emphasizes prevention as the best faucets. • Screen rain barrels or protection from West Nile Virus and ? other containers that consists of: 3 • Change water in water- can't be drained. ing troughs and bird • Monitoring,for the presence of baths weekly. • Vaccinate horses. Other the virus using the Health De' - pets (dogs and cats) are partment surveillance data. • Stay indoors at dusk and resistant to West Nile Virus. • Supporting public education on dawn. protection from bites and reduc- ing,mosquito habitat. • Minimizing mosquitbreeding The City is proposing to use larvacides only if required by the Health Department and habitat on City pro ?'ty xf' conducted in conjunction with adjacent jurisdictions. To make sure that the City is prepared to take this action, if required, we will be applying for an Aquatic Mosquito a L tsar Control permit. For 1 information on mos1 c. t or to Controt District Mosquitoes Menacing Mosquitoes Mosquitoes are a problem because they ippublic y y , I�ealthnot onl deliver an itch bite ut canrn „ Seattle & King County ,. spread disease. Understanding these HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. pesky bugs and where they I1veAcan help (206) 205-4394 j www.metrokc.gov/health keep you from being bitten. k slde is some For more copies,please contact: Protection TZ S oY You basic information on mosquitoes and Washington State Department of Health Office of Environmental Health&Safety Important tips on how to pol C#dour Local Health Support Section P.O.Box 47825 Olympia,WA 98504-7825 family against mosquito bite d possible 1-888-586-9427 contact with diseases they can Carry. Washington State Department of *Health v �t DOH Pub 333-046 4/01 Prepared through funding provided by x U.S.Department of Health&Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Image courtesy of Department of Entomology at the r University of Illinois For persons with disabilities,this document / is available on request in other formats: r Please call 1-800-525-0127(TDD relay 1-800-833-6388) Protection Means 11�nowin grthe Bug! Mosquitoes Need VaterMENIMMINNIM Protect Your Skin With about 45 species in Washington state, Now that you know the basics about mosqui- • Empty anything that holds standing water- you are bound to have many annoying en toes,you can take action. Don't let your yard old tires, buckets, plastic covers,and toys. counters with mosquitoes, outdoors and become a mosquito breeding ground—get rid around your home. These mosquitoes all • Change water in your birdbaths,fountains, of all standing water. g wading pools, and animal troughs weekly. Don't let yourself be have one thin in common,their need for � � � water to breed and grow. • Recycle unused containers- bottles, cans, r "'�f# '; � on their menu—avoid They find moist surfaces or still water to lay and buckets that may collect water. -'Culex mosquitoes mosquitoes when pos- ell lay their eggs in their eggs.This water is often stagnant and • Make sure roof gutters drain properly, and "rafts"that float on sible and protect your close to home in old clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall. the water's surface. skin. Did You Know?�I Each raft may con- tires,toys, ponds or 'tain hundreds of Repellents with DEET • Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. pools, uncovered Girls Only... eggs. Under favor- are very effective and Only female mosqui • Make sure windows and door screens are able conditions, boats, birdbaths, these eggs can hatch widely used to reduce toes bite.They feast even open buckets on a blood meal to "bug tight.' Repair or replace if needed. and grow into adults p risk of mosquito bites. nourish their eggs. in about a week:' and dishes under The males feed on • Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosqui- Before you use any flower pots. flower nectar and toes are the most active. repellent, read the label and carefully follow Anything that holds plant juices. the directions. Take special care when using standing water will do for a breeding site. • Wear a long sleeve repellents on children. Did You Know? i Before laying eggs, mosquitoes seek out a 11IainAttraction., shirt, long pants, and LDid You Know? blood meal from a warm-blooded host—a Carbon dioxide that a hat when going into bird, dog, horse, or you. While in search of a you exhale attracts mosquito-infested mosquitoes.They It's in the Spit... areas, such as meal, mosquitoes are drawn to Carbon diox can find you from up ;When-feeding,mosquitoes inject saliva into sour ide, heat, and moisture. They track you to 20 feet away. wetlands or woods. skin to help extract your blood. it's the saliva that causes the itching you suffer from a bite. down by your breath,skin temperature,and Nlosquito bites can also spread serious diseases sweat. After dusk during peak feeding time, • Use mosquito repellent when necessary, and such as Western Equine Encephalitis, St.Louis Encephalitis,and West Nile virus. mosquitoes find you a very attractive target, carefully follow directions on the label. Where can I find more WEST NILE VIRUS What is West Nile virus? Who is at risk? on West Nile virus? West Nile virus is a serious, even fatal, The risk of getting West Nile virus is Human Health illness. It can affect people, horses, very low, but anyone can become Washington State Department of Health certain types of birds, and other infected. People over 50 years of age www.doh.wa.gov/wnv Do ou animals. In 1999, West Nile virus first have the highest risk of serious illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ appeared in the United States in New index.htm know York City. Since that time, it has Insect Repellent Use and Safety spread rapidly throughout the coun- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention try. In 2002, the virus was found for www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ what's the first time in birds and horses in in sect_repellent.htm Washington. Outdoor Workers Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html Equines, Other Livestock, Poultry b *it *ing Washington State Department of Agriculture www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ Y.oue WNVdefault.htm How is it spread? What are the symptoms? US Department of Agriculture www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/ West Nile virus is almost always Most people who are infected with wnv.html r ,1 spread to people by the bite of an West Nile virus will not get sick. Information Lines infected mosquito. Mosquitoes About 1 in 5 people infected will have Washington Local Number ° become infected after feeding on birds mild symptoms such as fever, head- 360.236.3980 that carry the virus. West Nile virus is ache, and body aches. Even fewer, Washington Toll-free Number 1.866.78VIRUS not spread by direct contact with about 1 in 150 people infected, will .. CDC Toll-free Number(TTY) infected people or animals. As we have more severe symptoms. Severe s 1.866.874.2646 learn more about West Nile virus, we symptoms may include headache, may discover other routes of infec- high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, Washington State Department of tion. For more information, visit the disorientation, tremors, convulsions, wHealth E health Web sites listed on the back. muscle weakness,paralysis, and coma. DOH Pub 333-052 3/2003 Partially funded by If you have any of these symptoms, US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contact your health care provider. For persons with disabilities,this document is available on request in other formats.Please call 1-800-525-0127. • • VI How can I protect my family? What are public health There is no human vaccine for west Nile virus.The best way to protect yourself is to avoid What should I do if I find agencies doing in mosquitoes. Take these steps to avoid mosquito bites and reduce the places where mosquitoes a dead bird? Washington state? live and breed around your home. West Nile virus infects certain wild birds. State and local health departments: Crows, jays, ravens, and magpies tend to • Monitor for West Nile virus by trap- Avoid Mosquito Bites Don't Give Mosquitos a Home become sick and die from infection. ping and identifying mosquitoes. Increasing numbers of dead birds may be F' Make sure windows and doors are f Empty anything that holds standing an indication of West Nile virus in your • Track the number of dead bird reports.• Collect specific species of dead birds b re bug tight. communit . You can help Repair or replace screens. water—old tires,buckets, plastic Y P Y reporting g covers, flowerpots, and toys. dead crows and other birds to your local for laboratory testing. I— Stay indoors at dawn and dusk, if health department, environmental • Notify health care providers to look for possible, when mosquitoes are most r Change the water in your birdbaths, health program. Look in the phone book and report symptoms in patients. active. fountains, wading pools, and animal under County Government—Health. • Notify veterinarians to look for and troughs at least twice a week. Certain dead birds will be tested to report horses and other animals with r Wear a long sleeve shirt, long pants, monitor for West Nile virus. signs of West Nile virus. and a hat when going into mosquito- F Recycle unused containers that can While.there is no current evidence that • Distribute information on the virus infested areas, such as wetlands or collect water—bottles, cans, and you can get West Nile virus from han- and how to control mosquitoes. woods. buckets. dling dead birds, avoid bare-handed These efforts are designed to identify r Use mosquito repellent when neces- r Make sure roof gutters drain properly; contact. Use gloves or double plastic bags West Nile virus before an outbreak. sary. Read the label and carefully and clean clogged gutters in the spring to place the carcass in a garbage can. Public health officials will alert commu- follow the instructions. Take special and fall. nities about measures that they can take What is an effective care when using repellent on children. to control West Nile virus. F Fix leaky outdoor faucets and mosquito repellent? sprinklers. Repellents that contain DEET are the most effective. DEFT products come in Can West Nile virus affect my pets? lotions, creams, gels, sprays, and towelettes. Check the label for the For the latest on West Nile West Nile virus can cause serious illness in horses and donkeys.Though most horses do not chemical name for DEET: N,N-diethyl-m- virus in Washington, visit get sick, about 1 in 3 horses that do get sick will die.To protect your horses ask your veterinar- toluamide. WWW.doh.wa.gov1wnv ian about the West Nile virus vaccine for horses. Follow the same steps as above to reduce Products containing DEET must be used places where mosquitoes live and breed near horse pastures and barns. It is rare that West Nile properly. Read and follow instructions virus will cause illness in dogs, cats, and other animals. on the label. Do not over use repellents. i West Nile Virus Phased Response Guidelines for King County Public Health—Seattle & King County September 2, 2003 Alert Definition Surveillance Response Education Response Control Response Level No positive Inventory&map mosquito habitat -Educate health care providers as to recognition, -Consider use of larvacides at specific sources 1 surveillance findings diagnosis,lab testing&infection reporting identified as having or cases in humans or -Conduct mosquito surveillance to monitor potential mosquito vector species and where larval counts meet or exceed horses indicating presence in a variety of habitat types; -Provide public education as to mosquito-borne an established level epizootic arbovirus in collaborate with UW researchers conducting diseases emphasizing importance of mosquito current calendar year related work habitat source reduction -Prepare plans for control response to higher Alert -Conduct surveillance for vector mosquitoes Examples of public outreach include: Levels including application for larvaciding permits by species identification of adults obtained by -Participate in discussions of the feasibility of trapping or growing larva to adult stage -Web site with fact sheets about mosquito control, forming mosquito control districts in King County FAQs,signs and symptoms,links to other info Determine associations between known -Recorded WNV hotline in English and Spanish -Monitor the availability of federal or state funds mosquito vectors and habitat type -30 minute WNV video,duplicated and sent to for mosquito control activities multiple government stations -Establish and maintain reporting system for -1.2 minute Habitat Reduction PSA duplicated and dead bird sightings mailed to government stations -40 second personal protection PSA -Collaborate with UW research groups -Fact sheet translated into 8 languages, posted studying crow ecology and mosquito biology in on web site and delivered to communities via the Seattle area Health Officers and other community contacts -Two press conferences and one habitat reduction Map mosquito and bird surveillance data photo opportunity -Article prepared for Housing Newsletter and sent Conduct passive surveillance for human and information to senior centers and other senior horse cases communities via Senior Services of King County -Design and maintain database of county- Created and printed Habitat Reduction flyer wide larvaciding activities -Encourage public to report dead bird sightings& mosquito activity -Establish collaboration between Public Health and other government agencies,counties,cities, and private business to prepare education and control plans -Activate the Public Health Incident Command system for the period of time necessary to assure rapid implementation of the WNV Response Plan -Establish call center/surge capacity to handle increased public inquiries when cases occur DefinitionAlert Surveillance Response Level Areas with confirmed -Conduct surveillance in areas of positive -Notify jurisdiction(s)with positive surveillance -Expand larval control and habitat reduction in 2 arbovirus activity in findings to identify possible sources& findings areas with positive findings and adjacent areas wild birds and/or mosquito species mosquito pools(if -Notify WNV Interagency Work Group and WNV -Develop plans and criteria for adult mosquito testing of mosquitoes -Expand surveillance in areas adjacent to city contact list members control should this control step become necessary is used as a those with positive surveillance findings surveillance tool) -Conduct press conference and issue press -Conducted live mosquito trapping and release intensified larval surveillance in areas with positive surveillance findings -Provide surveillance data and regular updates to health care providers -Encourage increased vigilance by providers for human cases;provide information on case definition and interpretation of lab test results -Encourage providers to do lab testing for non- WNV causes of aseptic meningitis(e.g., enteroviruses,HSV)to reduce WNV testing on cases with other diseases -Increase public education emphasizing personal protection,particularly for persons over 50 -Prepare or update news articles for use by senior-oriented newsletters or other publications -Send letter from PH Director to suburban city mayors and WNV contacts recommending intensified control and public education efforts -Post weekly update of surveillance data on the WNV PH website -Step up PH outreach via district sites including having staff deliver WNV educational materials while doing their routine work -Implement call center if volume of public inquiries exceeds routine capacity r Alert Definition Surveillance Response Level Initial confirmation of -Investigate human and equine cases to -Provide regular updates to health care providers -Intensity larval control and habitat reduction in 173 horse or human cases determine locations where exposure may have regarding arbovirus activity and human cases areas with positive findings and adjacent areas and/or multiple occurred positive birds -Encourage vigilance for cases in persons who -Review and coordinate appropriate control -Expand surveillance,including live trappings may have received or donated blood products or responses by all agencies with mosquito habitat to determine potential vector species,as organs under their authority indicated by case investigations -Expand public information to include TV, radio -Review criteria and plans for potential adult and newspaper emphasizing personal protection, mosquito control efforts should the Alert Level particularly for persons over 50,as resources increase to Level 4 allow -Increase frequency of Interagency Work Group meetings to provide more regular and in-depth updates and coordination of messaging -Post updated human case numbers on the web site daily Monday-Friday;update other surveillance data at least weekly -Contact cities or jurisdictions where bird and mammalian cases are located and offer technical assistance for education and control efforts -Conduct press conference and issue press releases -Implement call center if volume of public inquiries exceeds routine capacity Alert Definition Surveillance Response Level Surveillance indicates Consider active surveillance for human cases -Continue public information focused on personal -Continue intense larval control and habitat 4 an escalating epi- of encephalitis and/or aseptic meningitis protection and persons over 50 reduction zootic in horses& birds and multiple -Conduct active surveillance for equine cases Provide regular updates to health care providers -Consider adult mosquito control targeted at human cases likely to by contacting equine veterinarians to regarding arbovirus activity and human cases areas of potential human risk if surveillance have been acquired encourage testing and reporting of suspect indicates the risk is likely to increase and vector locally;abundant cases and reporting of confirmed cases -Post updated human case numbers on the web species are abundant adult vectors;cond- site daily Monday-Friday; update other itions favoring surveillance data at least weekly -In conjunction with state agencies,monitor continued trans- effectiveness of spraying on target mosquito mission to humans -Consider activation of Public Health Emergency populations if adult spraying is done Operations Center -Provide readily-available interviews, surveillance data,and other materials to support media coverage Where can I find more WEST N ILE VIRUS What is West Nile virus? Who is at risk? on West Nile virus? West Nile virus is a serious, even fatal, The risk of getting West Nile virus is Human Health illness. It can affect people, horses, very low, but anyone can become Washington State Department of Health certain types of birds, and other infected. People over 50 years of age www.doh.wa.gov/wnv Do ou animals. In 1999, West Nile virus first have the highest risk of serious illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ appeared in the United States in New index.htm know York City. Since that time, it has Insect Repellent Use and Safety spread rapidly throughout the coun- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention try. In 2002, the virus was found for www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ what9s the first time in birds and horses in in sect repellent.htm Washington. Outdoor Workers Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html Equines, Other Livestock, Poultry b *i t n g Washington State Department of Agriculture www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ ou 0 WNVdefault.htm How is it spread? What are the symptoms? US Department of Agriculture www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/ West Nile virus is almost always Most people who are infected with wnv.html spread to people by the bite of an West Nile virus will not get sick. Information Lines infected mosquito. Mosquitoes About 1 in 5 people infected will have Washington Local Number Y. become infected after feeding on birds mild symptoms such as fever, head- 360.236.3980 that carry the virus. West Nile virus is ache, and body aches. Even fewer, Washington Toll-free Number " not spread by direct contact with about 1 in 150 people infected, will 1.866.78VIRUS CDC Toll-free Number(TTY) infected people or animals. As we have more severe symptoms. Severe 1.866.874.2646 learn more about West Nile virus, we symptoms may include headache, may discover other routes of infec- high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, ' Washington State Department of tion. For more information, visit the disorientation, tremors, convulsions, Health health Web sites listed on the back. muscle weakness, paralysis, and coma. DOH Pub 333-052 3/2003 Partially funded by If you have any of these symptoms, US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contact your health care provider. For persons with disabilities,this document is available on request in other formats.Please call 1-800-525-0127. •• • / • How can I protect my family? on What are public health There is no human vaccine for West Nile virus. I I i e best way to protect yourself is to avoid F hat should I d o i f 111 n agencies doing i n mosquitoes.Take these steps to avoid mosquito bites and reduce the places where mosquitoes d e ad b I r ? Washington state? live and breed around your home. West Nile virus infects certain wild birds. State and local health departments: Crows, jays, ravens, and magpies tend to • Monitor for West Nile virus by trap- Avoid Mosquito Bites Don't Give Mosquitos a Home become sick and die from infection. ping and identifying mosquitoes. Increasing numbers of dead birds may be • Track the number of dead bird reports. r Make sure windows and doors are I— Empty anything that holds standing an indication of West Nile virus in your "bug tight." Repair or replace screens. water—old tires, buckets, plastic community. You can help by reporting • Collect specific species of dead birds covers, flowerpots, and toys. dead crows and other birds to your local for laboratory testing. r Stay indoors at dawn and dusk, if health department, environmental • Notify health care providers to look for possible, when mosquitoes are most r Change the water in your birdbaths, health program. Look in the phone book and report symptoms in patients. active. fountains, wading pools, and animal under County Government—Health. • Notify veterinarians to look for and troughs at least twice a week. Certain dead birds will be tested to report horses and other animals with Wear a long sleeve shirt, long pants, monitor for West Nile virus. signs of West Nile virus. and a hat when going into mosquito- r Recycle unused containers that can While there is no current evidence that • Distribute information on the virus infested areas, such as wetlands or collect water—bottles, cans, and you can get West Nile virus from han- and how to control mosquitoes. woods. buckets. dung dead birds, avoid bare-handed These efforts are designed to identify r Use mosquito repellent when neces- r Make sure roof gutters drain properly; contact. Use gloves or double plastic bags West Nile virus before an outbreak. sary. Read the label and carefully and clean clogged gutters in the spring to place the carcass in a garbage can. Public health officials will alert commu- follow the instructions.Take special and fall. nities about measures that they can take care when using repellent on children. What is an effective to control West Nile virus. r Fix leaky outdoor faucets and mosquito repellent? sprinklers. Repellents that contain DEET are the most effective. DEET products come in Can West Nile virus affect my pets? lotions, creams, gels, sprays, and towelettes. Check the label for the For the latest on West Nile West Nile virus can cause serious illness in horses and donkeys. Though most horses do not chemical name for DEET: N,N-diethyl-m- virus in Washington, visit get sick, about 1 in 3 horses that do get sick will die. To protect your horses ask your veterinar- toluamide. www.doh.wa.gov/wnv ian about the West Nile virus vaccine for horses. Follow the same steps as above to reduce Products containing DEET must be used places where mosquitoes live and breed near horse pastures and barns. It is rare that West Nile properly. Read and follow instructions virus will cause illness in dogs, cats, and other animals. on the label. Do not over use repellents. in squito Con .�.. :it ` ax a ¢� 3 �r r Emergency Pushes South Dakota to Cooperative Efforts in Public Health Response -� _ • Letter From the President f • Maximizing Cross-Community Efficiencies in Times of Crisis Clarke Partners with Dynamic Aviation • ProMist° Aids Iraqi Effort President's Letter Research and development is the lifeblood of any science-based company. It is the investment we make in both our future as a company and in our clients. A few years ago, Clarke Mosquito Control drew a line in the sand and stated unequivocally that Clarke would dedicate itself to R&D in such a way that it would "provide our customers with the highest level of product stewardship and technical service." 1 We've continued to keep this vision top-of-mind as we navigate the increasingly sophisticated science of mosquito control. Today, we have a dedicated staff including entomologists, product Dr. J. Lyell Clarke III and equipment engineers, biologists and researchers and others devoted to continually improving our products and services. In addition, we have adopted the highest standards for efficacy testing and regularly test our products in new environments. The crux of the issue is how our dedication to research and innovation impacts you, our Our commitment to customer. Our commitment to being at the forefront of mosquito control means the latest being at the forefront industry-shapingproducts will be at our disposal. Our research and groundbreaking, p Y p of mosquito control development priorities are based on feedback from our clients regarding their biggest challenges means the latest in the field. And it means that unlike anyone else in this business, our focus—our only focus—is groundbreaking, to provide the right mosquito control solutions for each of our clients. industry-shaping products will be at We see our clients as partners in our research missions. As such, we invite you to participate in our field studies, or work with us to beta test new equipment, applications and other your disposal sooner. treatments. For more information on participating in these studies, please contact your Clarke sales representative. Best regards, i i J. Lyell Clarke, PHD j i ProMist® Aids Iraqi Effort w As our nation's troops continue their mission in the Middle East, Clarke Mosquito Control has r+" V o L E sent some of its own top performers to the front. A fleet of ProMist ULV sprayers is helping U.S. kFy E A 9 r A, Army Medical Detachments do vector applications to protect the troops from flies, fleas, lice and fLL SYAIA Y ... o Y ticks in forward-line operations. s WA "The"The sprayers have been used by the Army medical detachments for years," said Bob Paetzel, 14 A7twb"A Technical Services for Clarke. "Each of the 71 U.S. Army detachments are equipped with ProMist NRAIN sprayers to assist in vector control. We know that some of these detachments are in Afghanistan { and Iraq, where the ProMist helps eradicate the pest populations each time the camps move." Y�^^`'``' Clarke equipment is also used by the U.S. Navy and Air Force to assist in their vector control efforts. Calendar of Events February 21 - 26, 2004 The AMCA 70th Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA For information, go to http://www.mosquito.org February 29 - March 3, 2004 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases,Atlanta, GA Held at the Atlanta Marriott Marquis. For information, go to http://www.cdc.gov/iceid March 8 - 12, 2004 NJMCA,Atlantic City, NJ For information go to: www.njmosquito.org March 15 - 17, 2004 LMCA Spring Workshop, Baton Rouge, LA For information go to: www.lmca.us March 23 - 25, 2004 Mosquito University- Surveillance Course, Carol Stream, IL Sponsored by Clarke Mosquito Control. For more information, go to http://www.clarkemosquito.com April 13 - 15, 2004 Mosquito University - Larviciding Course, Carol Stream, IL Sponsored by Clarke Mosquito Control. For more information, go to http://www.clarkemosquito.com Z£Z£-99086 dM NOINTH AVM AOVNO S SSOI 3DIJJ0 S,2IOAVW AID NOINH2I NOSIt1N9EIS -IONJ NOD 0.I.If10SOW I09 DOW (13x1 I**O.L11V****** Loj?nbvoW woa'oimbsowajjeja'mmm:qaM 000z46g'ofq auogd LzLS£zf oog aajd pol vsn zLioq 11'apasoa , L6,vL xo8'0'd anuanv uapje0 ga1oN 6Si 11`11311aV8 99'ON llWb3d a 1 Vd , , , 39V150d'S'fl 3NVVT) a21VaNV.LS a31a0S3ad Emergency Pushes South Dakota to Cooperative Efforts in Public Health ResponseD' akota, 11 •- -• • • 37 humans, with no fatalities. This initial outbreak, however, mere foreshadowing of • come in 2003. "We did everything we could to prepare for 2003," said Kevin Anvil Efficacy 1 Forsch, Division Director of the S.D. Department of Health. "Yet To measure the efficacy of Anvil 10+10, Clarke set up a series of the virus spread so fast that it simply overwhelmed us." cage trials. The results were outstanding. The statistics bear Forsch out. By August, hundreds of cases of "We confirmed kill rates of between 94% to 100%," said Forsch. West Nile had been confirmed and the fatalities were "We couldn't have done better. We considered other products, mounting.* but Anvil proved to be an excellent choice." "According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention To further measure the effectiveness of the effort, Clarke set up Guidelines, we were definitely at Risk Category Five, which calls a number of rotary slide impingers with Teflon coated slides. The for wide-spread aerial spraying," said Forsch. "With multiple impingers were strategically placed throughout the spray block to human cases confirmed, we had to take aggressive action to measure the penetration of the product control the adult mosquitoes." "The impingers helped confirm that the product was getting to As a result, the state called in Clarke Mosquito Control in mid- the target area in a concentration and droplet size that would August to discuss a significant, aerial spraying. impact flying mosquitoes," said Krenick. "We wanted to make "Time was critical," says Clark Wood, Vice President of Service sure our applications were effective." Operations, Clarke Mosquito Control. "We had to mobilize According to Forsch, the combined efforts of Clarke, Dynamic virtually overnight." Aviation and the South Dakota Department of Health proved Upon arrival in South Dakota, the Clarke team, led by Wood successful. and Fran Krenick, Manager of Technical Services, contacted "Our objective was to control the adult mosquito control Virginia-based Dynamic Aviation, which was in the process of population and we accomplished that," he said. "We had limited completing spraying efforts in Colorado. knowledge of aerial application and we were extremely fortunate "The FAA had to contact the planes in the air while they were to have a partner such as Clarke who could, and did, get the on their way back to Virginia," says Wood. "They re-routed, two job done." turbo-prop planes in mid-air to South Dakota." South Dakota reported a total of 1041 cases of West Nile Virus in 2003 with 14 fatalities. The adulticiding effort began the last week of August and ran through the first week of September. Working out of the state's emergency operations center based in the capitol of Pierre, Clarke coordinated the spraying of more than 110,000 acres Maximizing Cross-Community Efficiencies in Times of Crisis with Anvil 10+10. In the case of South Dakota,a large number of municipalities working together were able to achieve greater impact and preserve the health and safety of 1 • residents in a mosquito-borne disease outbreak more effectively than working + finder LOA. mmr-lal, • `" separately.Though no one can predict when an emergency situation of this nature i kM will arise,it can be helpful to plan ahead for situations when working with r.AW neighboring municipal bodies. Fall tom• " n • Ensure that public works directors and health department officials for your p ° Ttt • community have strong working relationships with neighboring towns and counties. xet a o• M�k� Dow • Establish a reciprocal partnership with neighboring communities that provides rt t1iY �• the framework for emergency assistance(i.e.,use of equipment). x x,Fo1� KsV-sp"eP 1 fed " • Develop a cross-community task force to establish a crisis response plan and • -RR" chain-of-contact for mosquito-borne health emergencies. ewwteaKew "" r' pp •Identify potential sources of revenue for mosquito control situations(federal _ w. er ,*P► m•. and state funding possibilities). NN o / �' • \ f • Establish adulticide criteria for emergency situations and encourage neighboring rr Mrtn M nett• communities to have similar standards.After all,mosquitoes don't respect I" liu — city limits. • x1 &rests Mosquito University andCtarkeWorkshops ContinuingOffer Education Opportunities Clarke Mosquito Control will host a full roster of educational opportunities throughout Spring 2004 to provide those in the field of mosquito control with hands-on training in areas such as surveillance techniques and equipment, larval control and the latest information on West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases. Mosquito University, offered this spring, is a certification course in two areas: Surveillance (March 23-25, 2004) and Larviciding(April 13-15, 2004). Both courses involve lectures and in-the-field experience. Completion of the program results in a certificate in mosquito control, and participants are eligible for Continuing Education Units(CEUs)*. All Mosquito University Courses are conducted in Carol Stream, IL. For more information or to register online, visit www.clarkemosquito.com. For those who may not be able to travel to the Chicagoland area, Clarke and its distributors— Van Diest Supply Company, Public Health Equipment and Supply and Quality Unlimited—are also offering workshops on mosquito control around the country. These free workshops provide a comprehensive overview of mosquito control including virus control, mosquito biology, mapping and record keeping, products and equipment and operation techniques. For more information on an upcoming workshop in your area, contact your local Clarke sales representative or call (800) 323-5727. *Not applicable in all states. Workshop Dates / Locations (Dates Subject to Change) ALABAMA Findlay, IL 3/25/04 MISSISSIPPI SOUTH CAROLINA Oxford,AL 4/20/04 Utica, IL 3/31/04 McComb, MS 4/13/04 Columbia, SC 3/15/04 Birmingham,AL 4/21/04 Granada, MS 4/14/04 Charleston, SC 3/16/04 Montgomery,AL 4/22/04 INDIANA Tupolo, MS 4/15/04 Indianapolis, IN 3/16/04 SOUTH DAKOTA ARKANSAS Logansport, IN 3/17/04 MISSOURI Aberdeen, SD 4/30/04 Jonesboro,AR 3/23/04 Hammond, IN 3/18/04 Sikeston, MO 2/24/04 Pierre, SD 5/4/04 Little Rock,AR 3/24/04 Kansas City, MO 2/26/04 Sioux Falls, SD 5/5/04 IOWA St. Louis, MO 2/27/04 COLORADO Ames, IA 3/23/04 TENNESSEE Pueblo, CO 4/5/04 MONTANA Memphis,TN 3/8/04 Brighton, CO 4/6/04 KANSAS Miles City, MT 4/20/04 Murfreesboro,TN 3/9/04 Broomfield, CO* 4/7/04 Lawrence, KS 3/30/04 Glasgow, MT 4/21/04 Knoxville,TN 3/10/04 Salina, KS 3/31/04 CONNECTICUT Dodge City, KS 4/1/04 NEW JERSEY TEXAS North Haven, CT 4/22/04 Tinton Falls, NJ 4/1/04 Weslaco,TX 3/1/04 KENTUCKY Baytown,TX 3/3/04 FLORIDA Elizabethtown, KY 3/11/04 NEW YORK San Antonio,TX 3/5/04 Orlando, FL 3/9/04 Syracuse, NY 4/20/04 Tyler,TX 3/30/04 Palm Beach, FL 3/10/04 LOUISIANA Long Island, NY 4/23/04 Ft.Worth,TX 4/1/04 Miami, FL 3/11/04 Lafayette, LA 4/6/04 San Angelo,TX 4/20/04 Ft. Meyers, FL 3/23/04 Monroe, LA 4/7/04 NORTH CAROLINA Plainview,TX 4/22/04 St. Pete, FL 3/24/04 Wilmington, NC 3/17/04 Oscala, FL 3/25/04 MARYLAND Greenville, NC 3/18/04 VIRGINIA Ocean City, MD 3/26/04 Lynchburg,VA 3/24/04 GEORGIA NORTH DAKOTA Hampton,VA 3/25/04 Columbus, GA 4/6/04 MASSACHUSETTS Williston, ND 4/22/04 Waycross, GA 4/7/04 Boston, MA 4/21/04 Minot, ND 4/27/04 WEST VIRGINIA Conyers, GA 4/8/04 Grand Forks,ND 4/28/04 Charleston,WV 3/23/04 MICHIGAN Fargo, ND 4/29/04 IDAHO Auburn, MI 3/9/04 WISCONSIN Boise, ID 5/11/04 Southgate, MI 3/10/04 OHIO Brookfield,WI 4/1/04 Coeur D'Alene, ID5/13/04 Adrian, MI 3/11/04 Columbus, OH 3/16/04 Richfield,OH 3/17/04 WYOMING ILLINOIS MINNESOTA Archbold, OH 3/18/04 Cheyenne,WY* 4/8/04 Collinsville, IL 3/23/04 Thief River Falls,MN 3/10/04 Whittington, IL 3/24/04 Wilmar, MN 3/11/04 PENNSYLVANIA Clarion, PA 3/29/04 Harrisburg, PA 3/30/04 Lehigh Valley, PA 3/31/04 *Droplet Testing and Calibration Only. Product Focus: Partners with Dynamic The quest for innovative advancements in aerial application continues with the partnership between Clarke Mosquito Control and Dynamic Aviation. Together, Clarke Mosquito Control and Dynamic Aviation plan to develop a state of the art, unique aerial application system that will be able to deliver the most efficient and most accurate spraying to protect the largest amount of people from exposure to mosquito-borne diseases. According to the revised CDC Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention and Control, there are several advantages to aerial application of pesticides. Aerial application is capable of covering larger areas in shorter time periods than ground-based application, which is critical when large residential areas need to be x''rlarke Mosquito Control and treated quickly. Also, aerial application is less prone to patchy coverage than ground- based application in areas where road coverage is not adequate. Dynamic Aviation plan to develop a state of the art, With a focus on safety and innovation, Dynamic Aviation has established its reputation unique aerial application for delivering quality and success over the past thirty years. The company has actively system that will be We to partnered with governments, private organizations and health agencies to serve as a deliver the most efficient and leading provider of aerial application services and has recently made its aircraft available most accurate spraying to for vast area treatments to control outbreaks of West Nile Virus. Their emergency protect the largest amount of response experience includes the treatment of approximately 520,000 acres near people from exposure to Boston, Massachusetts to halt a mosquito-borne encephalitis outbreak as well as the mosquito-borne diseases. treatment of 1.03 million acres in North Carolina after flooding from Hurricane Fran. More recently, they treated more than 2,000 acres in South Dakota and Colorado in conjunction with Clarke Mosquito Control. Dynamic Aviation operates King Air turbine airplanes from twelve international bases located throughout six countries. The company's corporate offices and operational complex are located near Bridgewater, Virginia. Valuable Web Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Lunar Tide http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm Resources U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Schedule http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/skeeters.htm New and full moons influence American Mosquito Control Association tides, creating an increase in www.mosquito.org mosquito breeding habitats. Clarke Mosquito Control www.clarkemosquito.com O • World Health Organization Full Moon New Moon www.who.int Mar 6 Feb 20 ProMed Listsery Apr 5 Mar 20 www.promedmail.org May 4 Apr 19 West Nile Virus Listsery hosted by Cornell University Jun 3 May 19 http://environmentalrisk.cornell.edu/WNV/ Jul 2 Jun 17 Pesticide Licensing for Professional Mosquito Control Prepared December 2002 by Carol Ramsay, Washington State University and Margaret Tucker, Washington State Department of Agriculture Terms and Definitions • Restricted Use Pesticide- any pesticide that is classified as restricted use by the Environmental Protection Agency or the Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) at the time of registration. All pesticides applied to water are designated as state restricted use by WSDA. • Private Applicator— person who applies or supervises the use of a restricted use pesticide to their own or their employer's agricultural land (farms, ranches, greenhouses, nurseries, forests, etc.). • Private Commercial Applicator— person who applies or supervises the use of a restricted use pesticide to their own or their employer's non-agricultural land (apartment complexes, private golf courses, private institutions, apple warehouses, grain storage facilities, etc.). • Commercial Applicator- head of a commercial business that applies pesticides to the land/property of others. • Commercial Operator— employee of a commercial applicator who applies or supervises the use of any pesticide as part of the business. May also consult on the use of pesticides. • Public Operator— public employee who, as part of their public agency job, applies or supervises the use of any pesticide through power equipment or any restricted use pesticide. May also consult on the use of pesticides. (Public: city, county, state, federal, public utility, etc.) • Public or Commercial Consultant— person who makes recommendations or gives advice to the user of any non-home and garden pesticide. Consultants are not licensed to apply pesticides. • Dealer Manager— person who sells non-home and garden pesticides from a Pesticide Dealer outlet. Dealer Manager's can give advice from within the outlet but cannot apply pesticides or consult"in the field." Who is required to have a WSDA pesticide license? • Any person applying a restricted use pesticide, • Any person who is in the business of applying pesticides, • Any public employee who applies a restricted use pesticides or a general use pesticide through powered equipment, or • Individuals who consult or sell non-home and garden pesticides. What license categories (endorsements) are required for mosquito control? • Public Health Pest Control and the Statewide categories allow for both larvicide and adulticide applications. (Note: the exam for the Statewide category is no longer available.) • Aquatic Pest Control allows for both larvicide and adulticide aquatic applications. Note: the Aquatic Irrigation category does not allow for larvicide applications. • The following categories allow for adulticide applications on those sites typical of the category: ji Agricultural Insect and Disease; ji Turf& Ornamental Insect and Disease; and, ji PCO General. • Livestock Pest Control allows for applications on and around livestock. • Private Applicators must hold the Aquatic Pest Control endorsement if they make larvicide applications to water that moves off their agricultural property. The Private Applicator license alone is sufficient for applications to standing water that does not flow off the agricultural property. What exams must I pass to be certified for mosquito control? • Individuals who meet the definition of a Private Applicator take that exam. All other new pesticide applicators must pass the Laws and Safety exam, plus the Public Health Pest Control Exam or Aquatic Pest Control Exam if they will be applying adulticides and Iarvacides. (Agricultural or Turf& Ornamental Insect and Disease Control exams allow for adulticide applications only.) Where can I get training materials and training courses to prepare for the exams? • Washington State University Pesticide Education Program offers study manuals for all pesticide license categories related to mosquito control. Training courses will be offered in the winter, summer and fall. (Go to http://pep.wsu.edu for further information.) • Mosquito control districts and associations will also be offering training. Where can I take the pesticide exams? • WSDA offers testing every Tuesday in their Yakima and Olympia offices. Other WSDA offices provide exams monthly (Wenatchee, Spokane and Mt. Vernon) or bimonthly (Moses Lake). Reservations are required and can be made by calling WSDA toll-free at (877) 301-4555. What are the annual pesticide license fees? • $25 for Private Applicators, Public Operators% Private Commercial Applicators • $50 for Commercial Operators • $170 for Commercial Applicators plus $20 for each piece of power equipment after the first one * Public operators licensed only in the Public Health category are exempt from the fee. What are the continuing education (recertification) requirements necessary to maintain a pesticide license? Option 1: • Public Operators, Commercial Applicators, Commercial Operators, Private- Commercial Applicators—40 credits every 5 years, with no more than 15/year. • Private Applicators— 20 credits every 5 years, with no more than 8/year. Option 2: • Retest every five years. SO- King County West Nile Virus Interagency Working Group May 21, 2004 1055 S. Grady Way, Rm. 511 1:30-3:30pm AGENDA Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County agencies, agencies from Cities in King County, and other agencies involved in West Nile virus (WNV) response in King County to share information, coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging. Membership: Persons participating should be those working hands-on with WNV response. At the first meeting, the group will identify "who's missing". Membership is likely to expand and/or change over time depending on the impact of WNV in the region. So far membership from last year includes Public Health - Seattle & King County, King County Department of Natural Resources & Parks, King County Department of Transportation, City of Seattle, City of Bellevue, City of Lake Forest Park, City of Renton, Washington State Department of Health Representative(s). This year we would like to expand membership to include more of the cities in King County. Communications: A roster and e-mail group will be established and distributed after the first meeting. .y 1) Introductions/Announcements Sharon Hopkins/ Kim Moore-PHSKC 2) 2003 West Nile virus Season surveillance statistics Sharon Hopkins/ Kim Moore-PHSKC 3) Washington State West Nile virus Response Tom Gibbs-DOH /4) Update on Public Health — Seattle & King County's Sharon Hopkins/ 2004 WNV season activities •,/Kim Moore-PHSKC ,/5) King County Department of Natural Recourses & Parks' Dan Willott-KC DNRP Targeted Mosquito Control and Surveillance Activities 1/6) Agency Reports: please briefly share your/your agency's role in WNV response, current activities, unmet needs/unresolved issues 7) Planning West Nile virus table-top exercise in June Sharon Hopkins — PHSKC 8) Set date for next meeting (late June) 2003 West Nile Virus Season Surveillance Statistics United States Human Count Cases .9858 Deaths 262 WNV cases by clinical syndrome Count(%) Neuroinvasive 2863 (29%) Fever 6829 (69%) Un-specified 166 (2%) Washington State Cases 0 Deaths 0 WNV Testing Animal Count Birds 901 Sentinel Chicken Flocks 435 Horses 72 Mosquito pools species identified 576 King County Human Count Cases 0 (1 travel acquired case) Deaths 0 WNV Testing Animal Count Humans 6 Birds 154 Horses 4 Mosquito pools species identified 121 • Median age of persons who died was 77 years of age, range 0-97 years of age. • Median age of persons who had neuroinvasive disease was 54 years of age range 0-99 years of age. • West Nile Virus (WNV) Health Public FEducational Materials Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Order Form for 2004 Order Date: Your Phone Number: Ship To: Contact Address City - ----- State ZIP Code Item Quantity * WNV Video (1"copy free, additional copies at cost) by Public Health * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health English * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health Spanish "Do you know what's biting you?"WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH English "Do you know what's biting you?" WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH Spanish WNV"Take the bite out of the bug" Brochure courtesy of DOH "Mosquito repellants: how to use it safely" Brochure courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home" Bookmark courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home" Poster courtesy of DOH * WNV Human Disease Fact Sheet by Public Health * WNV Fact Sheet by Public Health_(also available in Chinese, Khmer, Korean, Russian, Somali,Spanish, and Vietnamese * WNV Mosquito Control on Private Property Fact Sheet by Public Health CDC WNV CD Rom *Materials available for downloading at the Public Health—Seattle & King County website at http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile. Mail or Fax your order request to: Public Health —Seattle & King County Environmental Health Services Division 999-P Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Fax: (206)296-0189 • Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer WEST NILE VIRUS CONTACTS & RESOURCES WNV Hotlines Public Health—Seattle & King County(SKC) 206-205-3883 Washington Department of Health 866-78VIRUS To Report Dead birds Public Health--SKC 206-205-4394* M-F 8am-5pm Mosquito problems Public Health--SKC 206-205-4394 M-F 8am-5pm Veterinary cases Public Health—SKC 206-296-4880 Human cases Public Health—SKC 206-296-4774 *this number may be used for general questions WNV Web sites Public Health--SKC www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile Washington Department of Health xvw,v.doh.wa.t;ov/ehp/ts/Zoo!\kN ,,WNV.html Permit for aquatic mosquito control http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/Permit.html Centers for Disease Control http://w-xvw.cdc.gov/neidod,dvbid.,`westnile/ WSU Cooperative Extension http://wnv.wsu.edu Cornell University ligp://www.cfe.cornell.edu%erap/WNV Insect Repellent Info www.cdc.govincidod/dvbidlwestnile/qa/insect repellent htm Public Health—Seattle & King County Dr. Sharon Hopkins, Public Health Veterinarian 206-206-4880 Sharon.Hopkins@metro.kc.gov Bill Heaton, Vector/Nuisance Supervisor 206-205-4397 Bill.Heaton@metrokc.gov Kim Moore, WNV Outreach Coordinator 206-296-3998 Kimberly.Moore@metrokc.gov Hilary Karasz-Dominguez, Media Officer 206-296-4767 Hilary.Karasz-Dominguez@metrokc.gov Human Health Questions 206-296-4774 Washington State Department of Health Tom Gibbs, WNV Coordinator (360) 236-3060 Tom.Gibbs@doh.wa.gov Dead bird surveillance (outside SKC) (360) 236-3060 Mosquito surveillance (outside SKC) (360) 236-3064 WNV publications & fact sheets (360) 236-3380 Environmental Health Services Division 999 Third Avenue,Suite 700• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle King County T(206)205-4394 F(206)296-0189• www.metrokc.gov/health Gregory 1.Nickels,Mayor O eon Sims,Executive 00 West Nile Virus (WNV) Public Health Resources for Policy Seattle & King County Development HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Order Form for 2004 Order Date: Your Phone Number: Ship To: Contact Address City State ZIP Code Item Quantity King County WNV Response Plan King County Phased Response Guidelines WNV Response Plan Template for Municipalities- Revised Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Mosquito Control courtesy of WA St. Dept. of Ecology PCOs in King County Licensed to do Aquatic Mosquito Control WNV Table Top Exercise(PowerPoint presentation) Mail or Fax your order request to: Public Health—Seattle& King County Environmental Health Services Division 999—3`d Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Fax: (206)296-0189 Aquatic Mosquito Control Permit Application Information & Update WNV Cities Training, April 6, 2004 -- Mercer Island Community Center A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit is required when applying larvicides to the surface waters of the State to control mosquito larvae. Obtain a permit directly though your local Department of Ecology Regional Office or obtain permit coverage through the Department of Health. DOH does not charge a permit fee and the statewide SEPA review has been conducted on behalf of potential entities seeking permit coverage. Apply for permit coverage through DOH by going to www.doh.wa.gov/wnv and selecting the"Permit For: Aquatic Mosquito Control" link under the Site Directory. Follow the education, surveillance, notification, and reporting requirements of the permit and best management practices for mosquito control. Permit Application Updates: 1. Licensed pest control businesses can now get permit coverage through DOH and contract with private landowners, businesses, etc. to apply larvicides (if needed) to their water bodies. In other words, entities with water bodies within their jurisdiction now have the option to have the licensed pest control business obtain permit coverage for them and be the ones responsible for following the conditions of the permit and best management practices for mosquito control. Allowing pest control businesses permit coverage is intended to make the permit process more efficient and allow for a quick response to a mosquito problem. 2. An end of the year(mosquito season) reporting form has been created in the online application. After entering your"Actual" larvicide records for the season, click on the "Print Your Official Year End Larvicide Report" link in Section IV and this will create a final report to be printed, signed, and mailed in to the Department of Health to fulfill the reporting requirement under the permit. Department of Health's NPDES mosquito control permit contact: Ben Hamilton (360) 236-3364 P.O. Box 47825 Benjamin.Hamilton@doh.wa.gov Olympia, WA 98504 CDC: West Nile Virus - Surveillance and Control of West Nile Virus - CDC Division of... Page 1 of 2 Close Window West Nile Virus Disease 2003 Human Cases, by clinical syndrome as of April 14, 2004, 3am MST* These figures represent final numbers for 2003.** ®Indicates human disease case(s). Avian,animal,or mosquito infections. WA ©uT ME OR NH • MA m • • �- RI • CT m • N-1 � DE m AK MD m DC [S w v HI *Currently, WNV maps are updated regularly to reflect surveillance reports released by state and local health departments to the CDC Arbonet system for public distribution. Map shows the distribution of avian, animal, or mosquito infection occurring during 2003 with number of human cases if any, by state. If West Nile virus infection is reported to CDC Arbonet in any area of a tate, that entire state is shaded accordingly. Data table: Indicates cases reported to CDC Arbonet for public distribution of avian, animal or mosquito infection reported as of April 14, 2004 include: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, exas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Human disease cases have been reported in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&contro103Maps_PrinterFriendly.htm 5/18/04 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 1 of 9 King County MMMMMM Healt lif�public Healtht Y .0 Site Directory Search » Successful Search a_ Public Health Home » West Nile Virus » Basic Questions Webpage Directory l Clinic & Office Locations West Nile Virus For Care Providers Basic Questions _ Care Providers Homepage What is West Nile virus? For Educators What are the human health effects of West Nile virus infection? _p_ Health Educators Are there Persons who are at greater risk of developing more Toolbox severe illness? About Us How is West Nile Virus transmitted? p_ History & Profile Can I get a West Nile virus infection from a blood or organ Jobs & Internships donation? Employee Directory J How much of a problem will West Nile virus become? Are pets and domestic animals at risk of West Nile virus? In King County.what is Public Health doing aWut West Nile Contact Us virus? Public Health What is the connection between crows and West Nile virus? Seattle & King County What do 1 do if I find a dead crow? 999 3rd Ave, Ste. 1200 What if the dead bird I find is not a crow? Seattle, WA 98104 What is the life cycle of the mosquito? Phone: 206-296-4600 What does a mosquito larva look MW TTY: 206-296-4931 When are mosquito larvae most likely W be present? Click here to email us What can I do to reduce the number of mosquitoes? What can be done to avoid mosquito bites? What steps is King County taking to reduce the potential threat of Subscribe to Free mosquitoes? Email Alerts! What are some of the substances that King County i considering to control mosquitoes? Click here to learn more What can I do if I have a mosquito problem in my neighborhood? Aren't wetlands and retention ponds sources of mosquito habitat? Resources What is West Nile virus? http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 2 of 9 West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in the West Nile region of Africa in 1937. The virus has caused outbreaks of disease in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East since then but it did not appear in the United States until 1999. After first being discovered in birds and people in the metropolitan New York area, it has since spread westward across the US and into Canada and Mexico. As of the spring of 2004, West Nile virus had not been detected in King County, but it was found in several locations in Washington State in the fall of 2002. West Nile virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and other animals. Birds become infected with West Nile virus and carry the virus in nature. Mosquitoes become infected after feeding on infected birds. People bitten by a mosquito carrying West Nile virus may have no symptoms at all or they may become ill with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. The less serious form is called West Nile fever, a flu-like illness that may last from a few days to several weeks. In the more severe forms, West Nile virus affects the nervous system causing swelling and inflammation of the brain or covering of the spinal cord (called neuroinvasive disease) and may result in paralysis and death. ^ back to top What are the human health effects of West Nile virus infection? Fortunately, most people who become infected with West Nile virus do not get sick--their body fights off the infection and protective antibodies develop. About 20% (1 person out of 5) develop West Nile fever with symptoms that may include fever, muscle aches, fatigue, headache, rash, and joint pain. Some people with West Nile fever are quite ill for up to several weeks and may see their doctor, but hospital care is not usually needed. Less than 1 percent (about 1 in every 150) of persons who become infected with West Nile virus develop the more serious neuroinvasive form of the disease. Types of neuroinvasive disease include: West Nile encephalitis, West Nile meningitis, and West Nile meningoencephalitis.Encephalitis refers to inflammation of the brain. Meningitis is inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningoencephalitis is a combination of the two syndromes. Symptoms may include fever, neck stiffness, confusion, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis. Persons who survive West Nile neuroinvasive disease may have long- term symptoms, but recovery from the milder forms of infection is usually complete. It is believed that once someone has had an infection caused by West Nile virus they develop long-term protection against being infected again. How many human cases of West Nile virus occurred last year? In 2003, there were almost 10,000 cases of West Nile virus illness reported in the US. Of these, 70% had West Nile fever and 30% had neuroinvasive disease. States with the highest number of cases included Colorado, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, and Nebraska. There were http://www.metroke.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 3 of 9 no cases of West Nile virus detected in Washington residents except for residents who had traveled to other states and acquired their infections there. How many people have died of West Nile virus infection? In 2003 in the US there were 262 deaths reported due to West Nile virus disease, slightly fewer than in 2002 when 284 deaths were recorded. Most of the deaths were among older people, with the median age of persons who died being 77 years in 2003 (median age means that half the persons who died were older than 77 and half were younger). However, death has occurred in all age groups from infants to the very elderly. ^ back to ton Are there persons who are at greater risk of developing more severe illness? Yes. The risk for more serious illness starts to increase after about age 50. . In 2003, the median age of persons who developed the more serious neuroinvasive form of the disease was 54 years and the median age of those who died was 77 years (median age means that half the individuals were older and half were younger). Children are not at greater risk than young-or middle-age adults. Pregnancy is not known to increase the risk of developing the severe forms of West Nile virus infection, however there have been cases a small number of cases where a pregnant mother contracted West Nile virus and passed it to her unborn baby. ^ back to ton How is West Nile Virus transmitted? West Nile virus is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on birds carrying the virus.. When the mosquito takes a blood meal from the infected bird, the virus becomes located in the salivary gland of the mosquito. Then when the mosquito bites a human or animal, the mosquito injects the virus into its victim. Persons who become ill develop symptoms 3 to 14 days after infection. The West Nile virus remains in infected individuals for a relatively short time and does not cause chronic infections. West Nile virus is not transmitted directly from person-to-person except for rare cases attributed to blood transfusion or organ transplantation. It is also not transmitted from animal-to-person except in very rare instances related to occupational exposure. There is no evidence that persons can become infected from eating meat from a West Nile virus infected bird or other animal. ^ back to top Can I get a West Nile virus infection from a blood or organ donation? http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 4 of 9 • Although rare, West Nile virus has been transmitted through transfusions of whole blood or blood components such as plasma or platelets. Blood component suppliers are taking preventative measures to screen out blood donors who may have been infected with West Nile virus. A laboratory test for West Nile virus has been in use for screening blood donors since July 2003. There has been a documented instance of West Nile virus transmission by organ transplantation but the risk of this is extremely low. back to top How much of a problem will West Nile virus become? Even if West Nile virus becomes established in local birds and mosquitoes, human illness is not expected to be frequent; relatively few mosquitoes are likely to become infected with the virus and most people who do become infected have either no symptoms or mild illness. However, ongoing monitoring for the presence of West Nile virus in birds, horses and humans will remain necessary to track the extent of the problem, prevent serious infections, and determine the best strategies to combat the virus. back to top Are pets and domestic animals at risk of West Nile virus? Fortunately, clinical illness due to West Nile virus is rare in dogs and cats, and chickens are resistant as well. Persons with pet birds should be careful to protect them from mosquito bites. Horsesand other equines like mules and donkeys are susceptible to West Nile virus infection and severe illness and death can result. An equine West Nile virus vaccine is available and horse owners are strongly encouraged to consult with their veterinarian about immunization. Horses will also benefit from mosquito control efforts. ^ back to top In King County, what is Public Health doing about West Nile virus? Public Health surveillance activities are underway to monitor for the appearance of West Nile virus in birds, mosquitoes, animals, and humans. West Nile virus is usually detected in birds or horses before cases occur in humans. In addition, Public Health provides information on personal protective measures and environmental measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Care is taken to provide West Nile prevention education to non-English speaking groups within the county. Public Health also works with municipal governments and other agencies throughout King County to promote mosquito surveillance, reduction of mosquito habitat and other control measures. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 5 of 9 Health care providers and hospitals are required by law to report to Public Health suspected cases of viral encephalitis including cases suspected to be caused by West Nile virus. For more information, consult the Public Health website at www.metroke.aov/health/westnile. A back to top What is the connection between crows and West Nile virus? Crows and other corvid birds are particularly susceptible to West Nile virus, and often sicken and die from it. Therefore, in partnership with the Washington State Department of Health, Public Health is testing some dead crows to see if they have died from West Nile virus. When Public Health finds a dead crow with West Nile virus, King County will know that the virus has arrived. ^ back to top What do 1 do if I find a dead crow? Call Public Health at 206-205-4394 if you find a dead crow in King County. Information about the crow will be entered into a tracking database and mapped. In addition, the crow you find may be selected for testing for West Nile virus. When you call, you will be asked a few questions. First, is the bird freshly dead (dead less than 24 hours)? Second, where and when did you find the dead bird?We will need to know the address where the bird was found. Third, is the bird undamaged?Only undamaged birds may be tested. Not all crows need to be tested for Public Health to effectively monitor for West Nile virus. In fact, we receive many more calls reporting dead crows than the laboratory could test. If the crow you find is not appropriate for testing, or if you find a dead bird that is not a crow, you may dispose of it in your garbage can. Public Health is tracking crow deaths, so even if the bird you find will not be tested, we are still interested in the information you provide. Birds discovered on Friday and Saturday will not be tested and should be disposed of in the garbage. Using gloves or a shovel, double bag the bird in plastic bags and dispose of it in your garbage. Though dead birds will not transmit West Nile virus, you should not pick up a dead animal with your bare hands. ^ back to top What do I do if I find a dead crow? Call Public Health at 206-205-4394 if you find a dead crow in King County. Information about the crow will be entered into a tracking database. In addition, the crow you find may be selected for testing for West Nile virus. When you call, you will be asked a few questions. First, is the bird freshly http://www.metroke.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 6 of 9 dead (dead less than 24 hours)? Second, where and when did you find the dead bird? We will need to know the address where the bird was found. Third, is the bird undamaged? Only undamaged birds may be tested. Not all crows need to be tested for Public Health to effectively monitor for West Nile virus. In fact, we receive many more calls reporting dead crows than the laboratory could test. If the crow you find is not appropriate for testing, or if you find a dead bird that is not a crow, you may dispose of it in your garbage can. Public Health is tracking crow deaths, so even if the bird you find will not be tested, we are still interested in the information you provide. Birds discovered on Friday and Saturday will not be tested and should be disposed of in the garbage. Using gloves or a shovel, double bag the bird in plastic bags and dispose of it in your garbage. Though dead birds will not transmit West Nile virus, you should not pick up a dead animal with your bare hands. ^ back to top What if the dead bird I find is not a crow? To help us learn more about West Nile virus, Public Health is tracking the deaths of birds other than crows, though we will not be picking these birds up for testing. The types of birds, in addition to crows, that may be affected by West Nile virus and we are interested in receiving reports on are: ravens, jays, magpies, raptors (eagles, hawks, and owls), and smaller birds including sparrows, grackles, and finches. Call 206-205-4394 if you find one of these types of birds. back to top What is the life cycle of the mosquito? Mosquitoes like still or standing water to lay their eggs. These eggs hatch into larvae and develop into adults in as few as seven days. Some species need only a few ounces of water to lay eggs. What does a mosquito larva look like? Larvae ("wigglers") are to Yz inch long, or smaller. They move by vigorously wiggling or flexing their bodies. They are usually dark in color and look like tiny aquatic worms. When are mosquito larvae most likely to be present? Though there are variations dependent on weather and temperature, mosquito larvae are most likely to be present in King County from March through October. http://www.metrokc.gov/healtli/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 7 of 9 ^ back to top What can I do to reduce the number of mosquitoes? Removing sources of standing water on your property and around your home reduces mosquito breeding habitat. Examples of things you can do include: ■ Tip out barrels, buckets and wheelbarrows ■ Tip out containers such as toys, cans or plant saucers ■ Empty children's wading pools when not in use ■ Change water in birdbaths and animal troughs at least once a week ■ Get rid of used tires ■ Clean garden ponds ■ Recycle old bottles, buckets and cans ■ Clean leaf-clogged gutters . Empty water from flower pot dishes ■ Dump water off of tarps and plastic sheeting ■ Repair leaky outdoor faucets ■ Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens Help your elderly or frail neighbors or relatives with these activities. Consider holding a neighborhood clean-up day to get rid of junk that holds standing water. ^ back to top What can be done to avoid mosquito bites? ■ Be aware of the times of day when mosquitoes are most likely to be biting. The prime biting periods are often at dusk and dawn. If you do go outside when mosquitoes are biting, wear long sleeve shirts and long pants. Hats are also useful. ■ Consider wearing an insect repellent. Repellents containing the chemical N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide(DEET) are known to be very effective. Some people are particularly sensitive to DEET and should use caution. ■ Children under the age of two should not use insect repellents containing DEET. Older children should use products with the correct percentage of DEET for their age. It is important to read the label and follow the instructions on the label carefully. For more information on DEET, visit the CDC's insect repellent use and safety page: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/insect repellent.htm. ■ Ensure that window and door screens are in good repair and fit tightly. ^ back to top http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 8 of 9 What steps is King County taking to reduce the potential threat of mosquitoes? ■ Public Health is working with county agencies, cities, the state and sister agencies nation-wide to learn about the best methods to use to control mosquitoes. King County's approach uses the principles of integrated pest management and is balanced and is protective of both humans and the environment. ■ Public Health is working to identify the mosquito species that live in our region by collecting data on mosquitoes from a variety of habitats. These data help with effective educational and control programs. ^ back to ton What are some of the substances that King County is considering to control mosquitoes? ■ One approach being used is the application of natural larvicides, in limited and targeted areas, to control immature mosquitoes before they emerge as adults. These larvicides are usually in the form of pellets or briquettes. ■ One larvicide used is based on a variety of Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a control technique well-known to organic gardeners. ■ King County will not do aerial spraying to kill adult mosquitoes unless there is a public health emergency, which is unlikely. ^ back to ton What can I do if I have a mosquito problem in my neighborhood? Reduce breeding habitat on your own property, where possible (see above). If you notice that mosquitoes are a problem, please call Public Health (206-205-4394). Public Health does not have any regulatory authority to require property owners to remove mosquito habitats (except if the habitat is in violation of solid waste laws). However, we can send educational materials that provide guidance on reducing habitat. If the habitat is on public property, we will inform and advise the appropriate property owner. Finally, we are tracking specific locations that seem to be particular mosquito problem areas. ^ back to ton Aren't wetlands and retention ponds sources of mosquito habitat? Wetlands and other natural water features may potentially be mosquito breeding habitat under certain conditions. Fortunately, wetlands also have http://www.metrokc.gov/healtli/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Commonly Asked Questions about West Nile Virus Page 9 of 9 many natural predators that feed on mosquito larva or adult mosquitoes and this often helps keep mosquito populations down. It is undesirable to drain or fill wetlands because they play an important role in cleaning and holding storm run off-they play a critical public health role. Man-made retention and detention ponds play an important role as well. For information on King County properties such as retention/detention ponds and wetlands, visit hftp://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm back to top Resources ■ For late breaking information, call Public Health's West Nile virus hotline: 206-205-3883. ■ To report a dead crow or mosquito problem, call Public Health's Environmental Health team at 206-205-4394 during normal business hours - Monday- Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. ■ For information from the King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks on West Nile virus, wetlands and retention/detention ponds, visit: hftp://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm ■ For more information on West Nile virus in the state of Washington: www.doh.wa.,qov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WNV.html ■ For more extensive information about West Nile virus, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/A&a.htm ^ back to top Updated: Wednesday, May 19, 2004 at 11:18 AM All information is general in nature and is not intended to be used as a substitute for appropriate professional ad information please call 206-296-4600 (voice)or 206-296-4631 (TTY Relay service). Mailing address: ATTN: Cor Team, Public Health -Seattle& King County, 999 3rd Ave., Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98104 or click here to emai King County I Public Health I News I Services I Comments I Search Links to external sites do not constitute endorsements by King County. By visiting this and other King County web pages, you expressly agree to be bound by terms and conditions of the site. The details. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/faq.htm 5/21/2004 Questions and answers about mosquito control on private property Page 1 of 6 O King County J�ri)ublic Health . , Site Directory Search » Successful Search 0-. Public Health 1� Home » West Nile Virus » Mosquito control on private property Webpage Directory EL Clinic & Office Locations West Nile Virus For Care Providers Mosquito control on private property CL Care Providers Homepage ?I What are the methods of mosquito control that can For Educators be used on private property? Is one better than the Health Educators others? Toolbox About Us Answer: There are several methods of controlling mosquitoes on private property. Natural methods are preferable to the use of 0. History & Profile chemical controls, and control of mosquito larva is generally more —a- Jobs & Internships effective than trying to control adult mosquitoes. EL Employee Directory ■ Habitat reduction: Getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes breed is an effective method, and often is the least expensive too. See the next question to learn the specific Contact Us ways to reduce mosquito breeding areas around your property. Public Health Seattle & King County ■ Natural predators: In nature, there are many predators that 999 3rd Ave, Ste. 1200 eat adult mosquitoes or mosquito larva. These include fish, Seattle, WA 98104 frogs and other such animals in ponds and wetlands, birds such as swallows, and bats. In confined ponds or animal water Phone: 206-296-4600 troughs, adding goldfish or koi can also be very effective for TTY: 206-296-4931 controlling mosquito larva. See the question below on adding fish to water. Click here to email us ■ Larvaciding: Larvaciding is the use of chemical or biologic control products applied to water sources to kill the immature larva before they hatch into adult flying mosquitoes. Only adult Subscribe to Free mosquitoes bite and are capable of transmitting disease such Email Alerts! as West Nile virus. Larvaciding can be effective if done correctly but it is important to use safe products and follow Click here to learn more state laws as described below. ■ Spraying for adult mosquitoes: Spraying adult mosquitoes (called "adulticiding") is generally less effective than the methods desired above and is also less desirable because of the types of chemical pesticides that are used. These pesticides can also kill beneficial insects, such as bees or butterflies, and may be toxic to animals and people. 7I I've heard that West Nile virus is often carried by http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/qa-privateproperty.htm 5/21/2004 Questions and answers about mosquito control on private property Page 2 of 6 mosquitoes called "container breeders." What are container breeders and what do I do about them? Answer: Although mosquitoes that potentially carry the West Nile virus live in most environments, many of them prefer to breed in containers of water such as buckets and bird baths common to many King County backyards. By reducing these sources of water, you'll go a long way towards reducing the numbers of mosquitoes hatching near your windows and in your yard where you and your family spend time. While we will never get rid of all mosquitoes, it does make sense to reduce artificial breeding habitat in your yard. Follow these steps at least once a week to reduce mosquito breeding habitat(i.e., standing or stagnant water present for longer than 7 days): ■ Tip water out of barrels, buckets and wheelbarrows . Tip out containers what could hold water such as toys, cans or plant saucers ■ Empty children's wading pools when not in use ■ Change water in birdbaths and animal troughs at least once a week ■ Get rid of old used tires ■ Clean garden ponds ■ Recycle old bottles, buckets, and cans ■ Clean leaf-clogged gutters ■ Dump water off of tarps and plastic sheeting ■ Repair leaky outdoor faucets ■ Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens ■ Repair ripped windows and door screens and make sure they fit tight ■ Consider adding a screen door to doors that often are left open ■ Help your elderly or frail neighbors and relatives with these activities I have a wetland and a pond on my property. Can I apply a larvicide product to kill mosquito larva? Answer: Unless the body of water is completely contained, such as an artificial ornamental fountain or pond and water from the pond cannot flow to a natural water body or constructed drainage system, permits are required to apply larvicides to water. The property owner is responsible for obtaining the permit. The required National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit for Aquatic Mosquito Control is available from the Washington State Department of Health. For more information contact Benjamin Hamilton at 360- 236-3364 or visit www.doh.wa.gov/wnv You may also need to contact your local drainage or surface water management office to verify if local regulations have additional requirements other than just a NPDES permit. In the phone book government pages, look for your city's Public Works or Utilities http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/qa-privateproperty.htm 5/21/2004 Questions and answers about mosquito control on private property Page 3 of 6 section, and under the subheading "drainage" or"stormwater." 7J I have a small ornamental fountain on my patio and a bird bath in the garden. What can I do to make sure mosquitoes are not breeding there? Answer: There are several options for fountains, birdbaths, small ornamental ponds or other landscape "water features". The first is to keep water moving by using a pump to create a waterfall, spray, or otherwise circulate the water. This does not need to run continuously; just a couple hours a day will prevent mosquitoes from successfully hatching . Another way is to add goldfish or koi to the pond; these fish love to eat mosquito larva and are a very effective control method. Goldfish or koi can be purchased inexpensively at most pet stores. For bird baths and small fountains, you could also empty the water each week and refill with fresh water--this is effective because it takes more than a week for mosquito eggs to hatch into adults. See below on the state rules regarding adding fish to non-ornamental waters such as ponds. J I hired a Pest Control Operator (PCO) to get rid of the mosquitoes on my property, and he said I could use the larvicides available at my local home improvement store in my pond. Since he is a licensed PCO, do I still need the NPDES permit? Answer: Yes, if the body of water is not completely contained and/or has the potential to flow into streams, wetlands, lakes, constructed drainage systems (including ditches), or other waters. The NPDES permit (see previous question) must be obtained by the property owner even if a licensed operator is hired to apply the pesticide. Larvicides (such as Bs, or Bacillus sphaericus- trade name VectoLex, or Bti, Bacillus thuringiensis, various trade names) may be used without a permit only in completely contained water features such as artificial ornamental ponds. ?J Do Pest Control Operators (PCO) need licenses? Answer: Yes, from the Washington State Department of Agriculture. Ask to see your PCO's license and ensure that it is up-to-date. When looking for a PCO to control mosquitoes, ask if the PCO has an endorsement for aquatic pesticide for mosquito control on the license. This endorsement is required for the PCO to apply larvicides to water; without this endorsement, the PCO would only be able to recommend and/or apply adulticides. 7I I've heard that fish are natural mosquito predators. May I add fish to the pond on my property? Answer: Permits from the State Department of Fish and Wildlife are required before any fish is introduced to natural bodies of water, including ponds and wetlands, on private property. For more information visit www.wdfw.wa.aov/fish/trnsport.htm. You may also call 425-775-1311 and speak to a biologist. Remember that wetlands, http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/qa-privateproperty.htm 5/21/2004 Questions and answers about mosquito control on private property Page 4 of 6 ponds and swamps are already likely to have naturally-occurring predators such as fish, birds, amphibians, dragonflies and other insects that help keep the mosquito population under control. I've heard that using bleach, vegetable oil, motor oil, or soap in ponds is an effective way to kill mosquito eggs. Is it okay to use these substances in water? Answer: No. It is illegal to put these substances (or any other substance without a permit) into waters that are not completely contained without the potential to flow into a natural water body, even if they are on private property. Many substances, such as petroleum products, should not be used in a manner that will allow them to get into natural water systems, groundwater, or drainage systems. Furthermore, wetlands, ponds and swamps are likely to have native predators that help keep the mosquito population under control. Bleach, oils, soap, and many other chemicals are highly toxic to organisms such as fish, amphibians, and insects, and killing these mosquito predators will do more harm than good. Even products labeled as "biodegradable"or"non-toxic" may be harmful to aquatic organisms. My neighbor has lots of mosquitoes on his property. I think they come from his messy garden fountain. Are there any laws or regulations to make him clean it up? Answer: King County has no enforcement power to make landowners clean up their property to reduce mosquito infestations. You may file a complaint with Public Health's Environmental Health Division by calling 206-205-4394. Though Public Health cannot require the property owner to remove standing water, we can send a letter informing the owner what he or she can do to reduce the habitat, and letting him/her know about the risks of West Nile virus. 1 have heard that King County is applying larvicide to some of its stormwater ponds. I have a stormwater pond near my home. Will someone larvicide to kill the mosquitoes there? Answer: If you believe that the stormwater pond is a source of mosquitoes, call the local jurisdiction, association, agency or property owner responsible for maintenance of the stormwater pond to report your concerns. That may be the city where you live, your homeowners association, or King County, among other owners. If you are not sure who owns the stormwater pond, call your city or county government for more information. King County's Department of Natural Resources and Parks (DNRP) is continually evaluating its stormwater facilities for the presence of mosquitoes. DNRP is larviciding some ponds where natural predators are inadequate and where the ponds are located near large numbers of people with an elevated risk, such as persons older than 50 years old. Call 206-296-1900 if you have concerns about a http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/qa-privateproperty.htm 5/21/2004 Questions and answers about mosquito control on private property Page 5 of 6 DNRP stormwater pond. More information about stormwater ponds may be found at: hftp://dnr.metrokc_qov/wlr/dss/rdponds.htm ?I Should I buy a "bug zapper" or some other type of trap to control mosquitoes in my backyard? Answer: There are a variety of devices advertised that are designed to attract mosquitoes then kill them by electrical shock or other means. While many of these will kill mosquitoes, there can be drawbacks. First, they will also attract and kill beneficial insects. Some use a light source or emit carbon dioxide to attract mosquitoes and thus may draw in more mosquitoes than would have otherwise been in the area. Effectiveness can vary, and there is little scientific data available to help guide the consumer in purchasing such devices, many of which are fairly expensive. In general, it is advisable to concentrate your mosquito control efforts on eliminating mosquito breeding habitat, preparing your home to keep mosquitoes out, and taking personal precautions against being bit by mosquitoes. There are so many adult mosquitoes in my backyard that I want to spray them to get rid of them. How do I go about this? Answer: First of all, it is important to note that not all flying insects are mosquitoes. During the summer, there are other bugs such as crane flies and certain midges and gnats that may look like mosquitoes but which don't bite and don't spread West Nile virus. Killing adult mosquitoes(or"adulticiding") is generally not the most effective way to protect yourself from mosquito bites. Wear protective clothing when mosquitoes are biting, and consider applying insect repellent to exposed skin. Since the adult mosquitoes you see now are capable of laying eggs, find and eliminate sources of stagnant water(i.e., still or standing water present at least several days) on your property to reduce new generations of mosquitoes. Although the use of sprays or other products to kill adult mosquitoes is not normally recommended by Public Health, they are a legal, if relatively ineffective, solution to mosquito problems. We recommend you contact a licensed Pest Control Operator, who knows the strict rules regarding adulticiding and weather, temperature, and wind speed and direction, and choose the least toxic chemical if adulticiding is done. Common Words: ■ Larviciding: Killing immature mosquito larva, before they reach adulthood. Larvicides are generally thought to be more effective than adulticides. Many larvicides (such as Bacillus thuringiensis)come in the form of pellets or small donut- shaped "dunks". ■ Adulticiding: Killing adult mosquitoes, after they reach adulthood and can fly. Adulticides are often sprays or foggers. ■ NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit -the permit required from the Washington http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/qa-privateproperty.htm 5/21/2004 Questions and answers about mosquito control on private property Page 6 of 6 State Department of Ecology before larviciding in any water that has the potential to run into streams, lakes, drains, or other water. ■ PCO: Pest Control Operator. A PCO has a license from the Department of Ecology, which allows him/her to apply certain pesticides. A PCO needs an aquatic pesticide for mosquito control endorsement on his/her license in order to apply larvicides to water other than completely contained ornamental-type fountains or ponds. ■ West Nile virus: A virus that can cause serious human illness or death in rare cases; it is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. ^ back to too Updated: Wednesday, April 14, 2004 at 11:46 AM All information is general in nature and is not intended to be used as a substitute for appropriate professional ad, information please call 206-296-4600 (voice)or 206-296-4631 (TTY Relay service). Mailing address: ATTN: Cor Team, Public Health - Seattle & King County, 999 3rd Ave., Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98104 or click here to emai King Counter I Public Health News I Services I Comments I Search Links to external sites do not constitute endorsements by King County. By visiting this and other King County web pages, you expressly agree to be bound by terms and conditions of the site. The details. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/qa-privateproperty.htm 5/21/2004 f 147 Washington State Department of f � Health Volume 2: Issue I April 16, 2004 West Nile Virus Newsletter This is the second year of a regular Department of Health (DOH) West Nile virus(WNV) communication tool. This electronic newsletter will be provided routinely throughout the summer to keep our partners informed about WNV in Washington State, as well as information from other areas. In this first issue of the season, we would like to review activities of 2003, alert you to some of the updated materials, and inform you of other changes. Changing Faces and Changing Places Some staffing changes for the WNV project have occurred for 2004. • Janice Adair, Environmental Health Assistant Secretary, will be the WNV executive sponsor replacing Bill White, who is now serving DOH as the Deputy Secretary; • Jo Hofmann, M.D., and Mira Leslie, D.V.M., will lead the Communicable Disease and Epidemiology effort; Jude Van Buren has replaced Jac Davies as the Assistant Secretary for the Division of Epidemiology, Health Statistics and Public Health Labs; • Public Health Laboratory services will be led by Jinxin Hu and Elicia Coyne; • Tom Besser, D.V.M., will coordinate animal and mosquito testing by the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Washington State University; • Maryanne Guichard will continue to provide program management and guidance for the environmental health effort; • John Grendon has left the Zoonotic Disease Program and moved to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. A search is underway to fill the vacancy that John leaves; • Tom Gibbs will fill the role of WNV coordinator for environmental samples and the horse and dead bird surveillance contact; • Jo Marie Brauner will be the lead staff person on mosquito surveillance; • Anne Duffy will head the publications, data, and Web site updates; • Ben Hamilton will coordinate NPDES permit activities; and • Cindi Free will provide support and data entry. I WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS West Nile Virus Highlights for 2003 in Washington State Surveillance Activities: • Surveillance efforts in 2003 were substantially greater than in 2002. All counties were equipped for mosquito and dead bird surveillance. Last year's surveillance included: ■ Birds: 906 tested statewide. All were negative. ■ Mosquitoes: 2,370 mosquito-trapping events collected 89,574 mosquitoes for identification. Surveillance efforts revealed mosquito species identified for the first time in 21 counties. ■ Horses: 104 symptomatic horses tested with negative results. ■ Humans: 110 reports of illness suspected to be West Nile infections were investigated. Of these, 13 patients(12%)were identified as having confirmed or probable WNV infections, and all were acquired as a result of exposure to mosquitoes outside Washington. Eight cases were Washington residents who were exposed during travel, and five were residents of other states who became ill and were diagnosed in Washington. There were no human West Nile infections acquired in Washington. • In-state WNV laboratory capacity was developed: ■ Starting in May 2003, the DOH Public Health Laboratories were ready to perform diagnostic testing on human specimens for mosquito borne diseases. Over the summer and fall, more than 250 specimens were tested for WNV and the closely related St. Louis Encephalitis virus. ■ The Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratories at WSU performed WNV testing on more than 900 avian and equine specimens. • Surveillance data is reported to CDC's Arbonet. ArboNet is the national, electronic surveillance system established by CDC to track reports of WNV infections and other mosquito-borne diseases. Internal and External Communications: • The WNV Resource Guide (http://www.doh.wa. og v/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/ResourceGuide.pdf)was produced for the first time to assist in interagency contact and coordination. It includes contact information for state, federal and local agencies. • A biweekly WNV electronic newsletter containing articles on the most recent WNV activities around the state, as well as nationally, was sent to a list of several hundred public health officials, mosquito control districts, and other partners. • The DOH Web site was enhanced and served as the primary state government Web site for WNV information in Washington. (http://www.doh.wa. og� v/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/"V.htmi) 2 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS 40 • DOH WNV Communication Plan was developed. • Guidelines for the clinical management, diagnostic testing, and reporting of suspected human WNV infection were distributed to more than 19,000 healthcare providers across the state. Public Education: • New educational materials were developed including brochures, envelope stuffers, and information on using repellants. Some materials were translated into Spanish. • DOH established a WNV hotline with recorded messages in English and Spanish about the latest details on WNV in Washington, as well as prevention messages. • Four public service announcements(two English, two Spanish)were distributed to radio stations throughout Washington. • State and local health department staff gave WNV presentations around the state to a wide variety of audiences. These presentations emphasized prevention measures, as well as clinical and general WNV information. Control Measures: • Revisions to the Mosquito-borne Disease Response Plan occurred at the end of the season and the revised edition is posted on the DOH Web site (http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WAArboviralRespPlan.pdo. Changes included replacing risk categories with"alert levels"and clarifying the agencies' roles and responsibilities. • Mosquito control measures were encouraged throughout the state. DOH assisted local entities by applying for coverage under the state's NPDES permit(general permit for aquatic mosquito control). DOH then extended coverage to 76 applicants including cities, counties, mosquito control districts, state agencies, and private entities(businesses, landowners, homeowner associations). DOH is continuing to offer an extension of its permit coverage to entities that intend to control mosquito larvae in surface waters of the.state. Commercial pesticide applicators are now allowed to apply for permit coverage to treat mosquito larvae on private or publicly owned water bodies. Allowing commercial pest control businesses permit coverage is intended to make the permit process more efficient and allow for a quick response to a mosquito problem if needed. To view the permit,the best management practices for mosquito control, and the online application for permit coverage, go to http•//www doh wa g_ov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/Permit.htmi, and contact Ben Hamilton at(360)236-3364 or benjamin.hamilton@doh.wa.gov for questions. 3 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS National Surveillance News In 2003,the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Arbonet system received reports of 9,858 human cases of WNV infections in 45 states. Of the 9,858 cases, 6,829 (69%)were reported as West Nile fever(milder disease), 2,863 (29%) were reported as West Nile meningitis or encephalitis(neuroinvasive disease) and 166 (2%)were clinically unspecified. In 2003, there were 262 reported WNV-related fatalities; clinical and demographic data were available on 258. The median age of these 258 decedents was 76 years(range: 1 month—97 years). The breakdown of human cases by state can be seen at http://www.cdc.jzov/neidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount03 detailed.htm Also in 2003, there were reports from 46 states of 10,200 infected corvids, 1,866 other birds, 5,251 mammals(predominately horses); 8,385 mosquito pools that tested positive for WNV. As of April 7, 2004, seven states had reported early West Nile activity in birds or animals(see map). The Ohio Department of Health also issued a press release describing a probable human case. As of April 9, 2004, there have been 3 horses, 14 corvids and 17 other birds positive for WNV in seven states. Indicates human disease case(s). Avian,or animal infections. WA� + ❑V ME r MT ND OR 1 _ MN sID L-- --_� 5., NH _ WY SD WI MI NY ~; IA PA MA ❑ 1 3. NV ' T~---L N E p Lff KS I IN OH RI ❑ CA CO Mo ,i KY VA CT ❑ AZ it NP1 -1 OK AR TN SC NJ ❑ M1•1S AL GA DE ❑ TX LA AK �9D ❑ DC ❑ WV HI Article Submission We are interested in receiving articles for future publications of the WNV newsletter. Please submit articles to Tom Gibbs, tom. ig bbs❑ao,doh.wa.gov. 4 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS Community Comments Let us hear your comments on this newsletter,your needs, or things you would like to see, by sending them to Maryanne Guichard, (360)236-3391 or mar,, a�guichardAdoh.wa.gov. WNV Web Resources Washington State Department of Health www.doh.wa. ovg /wnv Center for Disease Control http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ Washington State University Cooperative Extention http://wnv.wsu.edu/ Cornell University, Center for Environment http://www.cfe.cornell.edu/erap/WNV Washington State Department of Agriculture http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/Diseases/WestNileV irus/default.htm DOH Contact List for West Nile Virus General Public Toll-Free Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS Publications: Brochures/Response Plan/Fact Sheets Laura Harper, (360) 236-3380, or laura.harpergdoh.wa.gov. Surveillance: Mosquito Jo Marie Brauner, (360) 236-3064, or iomarie.brauner a,doh.wa.gov. Surveillance: Dead bird surveillance, horses,case reporting, laboratory assistance, and general WNV response Tom Gibbs, (360) 236-3060, or tom. ig bbs a,doh.wa.gov. NPDES: Training,technical assistance Ben Hamilton, (360) 236-3364, or ben jamin.hamiltongdoh.wa.gov. WNV in Humans: Clinical information,case reporting,and laboratory testing Call your local health jurisdiction or DOH Communicable Disease Epidemiology, (206) 361-2914 or(877) 539-4344. Assistance with news releases and media response Donn Moyer, (360) 236-4076, or donn.moyer ,doh.wa.gov. Tim Church, (360) 236-4077, or tim.churchkdoh.wa.gov. WNV Program Management Maryanne Guichard, (360) 236-3391, or maryanne.guichardgdoh.wa.gov. WNV Coordinator Tom Gibbs, (360) 236-3060, or tom. ig bbskdoh.wa.goy. To subscribe to this newsletter Jill Christensen, (360) 236-3000, or jill.christensen@doh.wa.gov. 5 WNV Hotline 1-866-78 V I RU S Allen Quynn - MEETING REMINDER: King County WNV Interagency Working Group Meeting 05/21/04 1:30-3:30pm Page 1 From: "Moore, Kimberly" <Kimberly.Moore@METROKC.GOV> To: Alan Quynn <Aquynn@ci.renton.wa.us>, Allan Newbill <allan@clydehill.org>, "Andy Loch (Andy Loch)" <aloch@ci.shoreline.wa.us>, Bill Wolinski <Bwolinski@ci.kent.wa.us>, Bret Heath <breth@ci.issaquah.wa.us>, Brian Carson <Bcarson@ci.seatac.wa.us>, Caroll Wedlund <Carollw@ci.medina.wa.us>, Carter Hawley <Chawley@ci.ken more.wa.us>, Charlotte Mackner <Townofsky@skykomish.net>, Chris Searcy <chrissearcy@ci.enumclaw.wa.us>, City of Carnation <publicwork@ci.carnation.wa.us>, Daniel Smith <daniel.smith@cityoffederalway.com>, Eric LaFrance <elafrance@ci.sammamish.wa.us>, Frank Zenk <Fzenk@ci.lake-forest-park.wa.us>, Gail Dalessio <TownofBAV@aol.com>, Gary Kennison <Gary.ken nison@ci.maple-valley.wa.us>, Gary Long <glong@ci.burien.wa.us>, George Martinez <Georgem@ci.north-bend.wa.us>, Jack McKenzie <jackm@ci.hunts-point.wa.us>, Jason Paulsen <Bdcity@aol.com>, Jean Lindsey <Jeanl@ci.normandy-park.wa.us>, Jeff Johnson <Jeffj@ci.newcastle.wa.us>, Jesus Sanchez <Jsanchez@ci.shoreline.wa.us>, Jim Brown <jimb@ci.issaquah.wa.us>, Jim Dorsey <Jim@ci.carnation.wa.us>, Jim Jaques <Jjaques@cityofmilton.net>, Jim Morrow <Jmorrow@ci.tukwila.wa.us>, Jimmi Mauldine <Jimmi.maulding@ci.mercer-island.wa.us>, "Joeseph Meneghini (Joeseph Meneghini)" <joem@ci.issaquah.wa.us>, John Walsh <Jwalsh.@ci.pacific.wa.us>, Kathy Joyner<Kjoyner@ci.kirkland.wa.us>, Kirk Holmes <Kholmes@ci.snoqulmi.wa.us>, Kristen McArthur<kmcarthur@ci.red mond.wa.us>, Martin Nordby <martin.nordby@cityoffederalway.com>, Maureen Meehab <maureen.meehan@ci.bothell.wa.us>, Mike Mactutis <Mmactutis@ci.kent.wa.us>, Mike Wheeler<Mwheeler@ci.covington.wa.us>, Phyllis Varner<pvarner@ci.bellevue.wa.us>, Randy Bailey <RandyB@CityofAlgona.com>, Shanta Frantz<Sfrantz@cityofdesmoines.com>, Steve Nicholas <Steve.nicholas@seattle.gov>, Steve Schuller<steve.schuller@cityofduvall.com>, Sue Ann Spens <Town hall@ci.yarrow-point.wa.us>, Tim Carlaw <Tcarlaw@ci.auburn.wa.us>, Tracy Morgenstern <Tracy.morgenstern@seattle.gov>, Trish Rhay <Trish.rhay@seattle.gov>, Yosh Monzaki <Yoshm@ci.woodinville.wa.us>, "Adams, Caren" <Caren.Adams@METROKC.GOV>, "Arima, Debbie" <Debbie.Arima@METRO KC.GOV>, "Beleford, June" <June.Beleford@METROKC.GOV>, "Bradley, Lori" <Lori.Brad ley@METROKC.GOV>, "Brady, Terry" <Terry.Brady@METROKC.GOV>, "Brown, Kathy" <Kathy.Brown @METRO KC.GOV>, "Clinton, Laurie" <Laurie.Clinton @METROKC.GOV>, "DeBolt, Chas" <Chas.DeBolt@METRO KC.GOV>, Denise Andrews <denise.andrews@seattle.gov>, "Duchin, Jeff' <Jeff.Duch in@METRO KC.GOV>, "Duncan, Carolyn" <Carolyn.Duncan@METROKC.GOV>, "Galvin, Dave" <Dave.Galvin@METROKC.GOV>, "Gibbs, Tom" <tom.gibbs@doh.wa.gov>, "Griffin, Leo" <Leo.Griffin@METROKC.GOV>, "Harris, Logan" <Logan.Harris@METROKC.GOV>, "Heaton, Bill" <Bill.Heaton@METROKC.GOV>, "Hopkins, Sharon" <Sharon.Hopkins@METROKC.GOV>, "Johnson, Cathy" <Cathy.Johnson@METRO KC.GOV>, "Karasz-Dominguez, Hilary" <Hilary.Karasz-Dominguez@METROKC.GOV>, "Kraft, Elaine" <Elaine.Kraft@METRO KC.GOV>, "Lilja, Jack" <jack.lilja@doh.wa.gov>, "Moore, Kimberly" <Kimberly.Moore@METRO KC.GOV>, "Ogershok, Rochelle" <Rochelle.Ogershok@METROKC.GOV>, "Peacock, Ann" <Ann.Peacock@METROKC.GOV>, "Sanders, Jim" <jim.sanders@metrokc.gov>, "Sizemore, David" <David.Sizemore@METROKC.GOV>, "Skilton, Christopher" <Christopher.Skilton@Metrokc.gov>, "Sugg, Rick" <rick.sugg@seattle.gov>, "Swanson, Talon" <Talon.Swanson @METRO KC.GOV>, "Warner, Jo Ellen" <Joellen.Warner@METROKC.GOV>, "Willott, Dan" <Dan.Willott@METROKC.GOV> Date: 5/20/2004 4:16:45 PM Subject: MEETING REMINDER: King County WNV Interagency Working Group Meeting 05/21/04 1:30-3:30pm Hello everyone - The West Nile Virus King County Interagency Group is reconvening for the 2004 West Nile virus (WNV) season. The first meeting for 2004 is Friday, May 21st, 2004 from 1:30-3:30pm at the Renton City Hall (1055 S. Grady WY, Renton, WA 98055), Rm. 511. Agenda items include: Update on Public Health - Seattle & King County and the County's 2004 WNV activities Cities WNV response plans Y 9 -y _ - ---g - -- g p _ g -. Allen Qu nn - MEETING REMINDER_Kin Count WNV InteragencyWorking Group Meeting 05/21/04 1-.30-3:30 m Page 2 King County outreach and education plans Purpose of the working group meetings Needs and expectations of Working group members regarding the WNV King County Interagency Group Mosquito and avian surveillance efforts, etc. West Nile virus table top exercise in June 2004 Membership is open to anyone at the city or county level, who has a role in West Nile virus response (as in education, surveillance, and control efforts). For questions about this workgroup or WNV in general feel free to contact me. Thanks. KC WEST NILE VIRUS WORKING GROUP Purpose: Provide a structured forum for King County agencies, agencies from Cities in King County, and other agencies involved in West Nile virus (WNV) response in King County to share information, coordinate activities, solve problems, and develop consistent public messaging. Membership: Persons participating should be those working hands-on with WNV response. At the first meeting, the group will identify"who's missing". Membership is likely to expand and/or change over time depending on the impact of WNV in the region. So far membership from last year includes Public Health -Seattle & King County, King County Department of Natural Resources & Parks, King County Department of Transportation, City of Seattle, City of Bellevue, City of Lake Forest Park, City of Renton, Washington State Department of Health Representative(s). This year we would like to expand membership to include more of the cities in King County. Communications: A roster and e-mail group will be established and distributed after the first meeting. Initial WNV Working Group meeting: Friday May 21, 2004 from 1:30-3:30 pm in the Renton City Hall, Rm. 511(directions attached). Kim Moore Health & Environmental Investigator Public Health -Seattle & King County 999 - 3rd Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Phone: (206)296-3998 Fax: (206) 296-0189 Email: kimberly.moore@metrokc.gov website: http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile <http-://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile> Public Health - Seattle & King County Healthy People, Healthy Communities «DIRECTIONS TO RENTON CITY HALL.doc>> F T N City of Renton Response Plan—West Nile Virus and Vector Mosquito Control April 21,2003 Introduction Mosquito-borne diseases pose both human health and environmental risks. First detected in the Eastern United States in 1999, West Nile Virus has become an increasing concern in our region. Mosquito control efforts have not been successful in halting the spread of this virus across the country. West Nile Virus was detected in Washington State in 2002,but there have been no human cases to date or any detections in King County. There were 260 deaths in 2002 due to West Nile Virus nationwide. Although this represents a relatively low public health risk (consider that approximately 30,000 people will die from the flu this season), steps can be taken to minimize the risk further. As a landowner,facility operator, employer, and city,Renton can assist in managing the public health risks of West Nile Virus by: • Monitor the occurrence of the virus • Supporting public education that emphasizes personal protection from bites and reduction of mosquito-breeding habitat on private property. • Initiating efforts to minimize mosquito-breeding habitat on City lands. • Controlling mosquito larva,when required. The City is relying on the local health department to conduct primary surveillance and basic public education and outreach for the general public. Renton's program will augment and support the actions taken by the State and local health departments. Approach Renton acknowledges that West Nile Virus poses some risk to human health and ecology. Our approach includes prudent measures to minimize this risk within the City. The City is not proposing indiscriminate use of pesticides over broad areas. Such use will not eliminate the virus and could pose larger ecological and public health risks than the virus itself. The following management guidelines describe the City's approach: Phase I: 1. Monitor the occurrence of the virus using local, other counties and State health department surveillance. 2. Support public education and outreach with emphasis on how residents and employees can protect themselves from mosquito bites and how residents can minimize breeding habitat on their property. 3. Minimize mosquito-breeding habitat on City property. 4. Apply for an Aquatic Mosquito Control permit through Department of Health. Phase II: 5. Renton will consider the use of larvicides only when required by the Department of Health and supported by adjacent jurisdictions with a coordinated program. H:\File Sys\USA-Utility Systems Division Administration\USA-16-Utility Committee\ipmmosquito.doc\LLH:lf Since the virus has not yet been detected in King County,the City proposes to implement Phase I of the response plan immediately,to continue through late fall of 2003. Phase II or Step five will be implemented only as indicated by the surveillance data and required by the Health Department. Implementation Phase I: Step 1: Monitor the occurrence of the virus using Public Health surveillance. Using the local and State Health Department website and surveillance program,Renton will monitor the incidence of West Nile Virus in King County and the City of Renton to assist in determining the presence of the virus and the need for increased control measures. Step 2: Support public education and outreach. Renton will develop information for the City website regarding West Nile Virus. The City website will also contain links to the local health department and the Center for Disease Control websites. The public information will emphasize personal protection to avoid mosquito bites and steps that residents can take to reduce mosquito breeding habitat. The City will make available brochures from the Department of Health. City staff will prepare articles for the Renton Reporter and Grady Grapevine, and produce a flyer for a utility bill insert,to educate residents and employees. Customer service staff will be provided with information to answer the most commonly asked questions. Step 3: Minimize mosquito breeding habitat on City property. The City will act to eliminate unnecessary standing water on City property and in City facilities. Each City Department will be responsible for inspection of City-owned lands within their control and will take steps to eliminate unnecessary standing water. The City will evaluate modifications of facility operations to minimize or eliminate standing water(e.g. irrigation procedures, storm water pond operation, etc.) Step 4: Apply for an Aquatic Mosquito Control permit through Department of Health. The City will make application to the Department of Health under their general permit for Aquatic Mosquito Control. This permit will allow the City to apply larvicides, if required(See Phase II, Step 5). Phase II: Proceed to Phase 11- Step 5 only as required by the Health Department and/or a declaration of a public health emergency, and in coordination with adjacent jurisdiction's treatment programs: Step 5: Treatment of City-owned lands or facilities to control mosquitoes. Sites will be placed on a list for potential evaluation based on citizen or employee notification of a problem. Prior to the use of any treatment, sites on this list will be evaluated,at the City's discretion, using the following criteria: • Is the site a natural system with natural mosquito and larval control(predators)? • Is the standing water more than three feet deep? • Does the water within the site exchange within seven days? • Does the standing water drain within seven days? • Does this site pose a more significant source of larva than adjacent sites • Proximity to at-risk populations • Proximity to confirmed detections of West Nile Virus H:\File Sys\USA-Utility Systems Division Administration\USA-16-Utility Committee\ipmmosquito.doc\LLH:lf For facilities or lands that have deeper water, exchange or drain water within seven days, or have natural larval control,treatment is probably not warranted. For facilities and lands that contain shallow, stagnant water and larvae are observable at the site,then the site may be tested for abundance of larvae. A minimum of 0.3 larvae per dip must be present in order to consider the use of larvicides. Renton will be looking to the Health Department to assist in determining a target larva density to trigger the use of larvicides. The City of Renton proposes to use the least toxic, species specific larvicides as follows: I. Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis 2. Bacillus Sphaericus 3. Methoprene Any use of larvicides will be documented and comply with the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA)and reporting requirements of the permit. Renton will obtain a list of licensed applicators so as to prepared to conduct treatment, if required. H:\File Sys\USA-Utility Systems Division Administration\USA-16-Utility Committee\ipmmosquito.doc\LLH:lf Public Health Seattle & King County Fact Sheet West Nile Virus ❑ PREVENTION — MOSQUITO CONTROL TIPS ❑ WHAT IS IT? ✓ Empty anything that holds standing water—any West Nile virus causes West Nile fever and West standing water can serve as a mosquito Nile meningitis and encephalitis. It can infect people, breeding site. birds, horses and other animals. The virus was found ✓ Change water in birdbaths, fountains, wading for the first time in Washington State in 2002 when pools and animal troughs weekly. the virus was detected in a bird and a horse. ✓ Make sure that roof gutters drain properly ❑ SYMPTOMS ✓ Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers Most people who are infected with the West Nile ✓ Make sure that windows and door screens are virus will not get sick. About 1 in 5 will have mild "bug tight", replace them or repair them if they symptoms (West Nile fever) including fatigue, are not. headache, loss of appetite, muscle aches, nausea, rash, vomiting, and swollen glands. J Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most active. About 1 in 150 people infected have severe ✓ Wear protective clothing when going into symptoms (West Nile meningitis and encephalitis) mosquito-infested areas (long sleeves, long that can include symptoms of West Nile fever and: pants and a hat). severe headache, neck stiffness, weakness or paralysis, decreased level of alertness, convulsions ✓ Use mosquito repellant when necessary, and carefully follow the directions on the label. or coma. ❑ HOW IS IT SPREAD? ❑ WHAT SHOULD I DO IF I FIND A DEAD BIRD? West Nile virus is usually spread to people by the West Nile virus infects wild birds such as crows,jays bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become and ravens. Increasing numbers of dead birds can infected after feeding on birds that carry the virus. be a sign that West Nile virus is present in a West Nile virus is not spread by direct contact with community. As with any dead animal, avoid any infected animals or people. West Nile may be spread via blood transfusion and organ direct contact. Wear gloves or use a shovel to move transplantation. The blood supply is now tested and the bird. Dead birds can be disposed of by putting infected blood is not used. them in a plastic bag and then into the garbage. ❑ WHO IS AT RISK? Public Health tracks information about dead birds. You can help by reporting dead crows and other dead birds. Public Health selects some birds for The risk of getting West Nile virus is very low, but testing. To report a dead bird, you can contact anyone who is exposed to infected mosquitoes can Public Health at(206) 205-4394. get infected. Older people, over 50 years of age, have a higher risk of having more serious symptoms. ❑ DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ✓ West Nile Virus in humans is diagnosed by Report all suspected human cases to testing blood or CSF (cerebrospinal fluid from a Public Health by calling (206) 296-4774. spinal tap)from someone suspected of having West Nile virus. For additional information, go to: ✓ There is no current vaccine for humans or http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile/ specific treatment other than supportive care. H:\My Documents\WNV Human\West Nile Virus Fact Sheet.doc 07172003.doc $rPublic Health Seattle&King County AAP - West Nile Virus Information Pagel of 2 American Academy of Pediatrics DEDICATED TU'r HY HEALTH OF ALL CHILUaEh' Members Only Channel I Search I Site Map I Bookstore I Contact Us I Press Room I Home West Nile Virus Information ! AA NEWS ,I MIT • " Follow Safety Precautions When Using DEET on Children Reprinted with permission of AAP News from the AAP Committee on Environmental Health AAP News - June, 2003 Insect repellents containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, also known as N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) with a concentration of 10% appear to be as safe as products with a concentration of 30% when used according to the directions on the product labels. DEET is not recommended for use on children under 2 months of age. DEET-containing products are the most effective mosquito repellents available. DEET also is effective as a repellent against a variety of other insects, including ticks. It should be used when there is a need to prevent insect-borne disease. The concentration of DEET in products may range from less than 10% to over 30%. The efficacy of DEET plateaus at a concentration of 30%, the maximum concentration currently recommended for infants and children. The major difference in the efficacy of products relates to their duration of action. Products with concentrations around 10% are effective for periods of approximately two hours. As the concentration of DEET increases, the duration of activity increases; for example, a concentration of about 24% has been shown to provide an average of 5 hours of protection. The safety of DEET does not appear to relate to differences in these concentrations. A prudent approach would be to select the lowest concentration effective for the amount of time spent outdoors. It is generally agreed that DEET should not be applied more than once a day. There are no specific data on the skin absorption of DEET as a function of age. However, data on skin absorption of similar substances suggest that absorption through the skin would not differ after an infant has reached a month or two of age. DEET should not be used in a product that combines the repellent with a sunscreen. Sunscreens often are applied repeatedly because they can be http://w-ww.aap.org/family/wnv-junO3.htm 04/05/2004 AAP - West Nile Virus Information Page 2 of 2 washed off. DEET is not water-soluble and will last up to 8 hours. Repeated application may increase the potential toxic effects of DEET. Other precautions Apply DEET sparingly on exposed skin; do not use under clothing. Do not use DEET on the hands of young children; avoid applying to areas around the eyes and mouth. Do not use DEET over cuts, wounds or irritated skin. Wash treated skin with soap and water after returning indoors; wash treated clothing. Avoid spraying in enclosed areas; do not use DEET near food. ©2004-American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/family/wnv-jun03.htm 04/05/2004 • Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Heakh Officer April, 2003 West Nile Virus Common questions and answers What is West Nile virus? West Nile virus causes West Nile fever, encephalitis and meningitis. West Nile fever is typically a mild illness that occurs in about one of five persons who are infected by the virus. West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis are more serious illnesses that occur in less than 1 percent of persons infected by the virus. Encephalitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the brain, and meningitis is a swelling, or inflammation, of the tissues surrounding the spinal cord and brain. West Nile virus was previously found in Africa,West Asia and the Middle East. It was discovered in the United States in 1999.West Nile virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and other animals. Birds become infected with West Nile virus and carry the virus in nature. Mosquitoes become infected after feeding on infected birds.At present,West Nile virus has not been detected in King County, but it has been detected in Washington State. What are the human health effects of West Nile virus infection? Most people infected with West Nile virus have no symptoms or a mild illness with fever, muscle aches,fatigue, headache and joint pain (West Nile fever). These persons recover fully and do not require hospital care. A smaller number of infected persons develop encephalitis or meningitis with symptoms of high fever, neck stiffness, confusion, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis. Persons who survive West Nile encephalitis may have long-term symptoms, but recovery from the milder forms of infection is complete. It is assumed that once someone has had an infection caused by West Nile virus they develop long- term protection against being infected again. Are there persons who are at greater risk of developing more severe illness? Yes. Persons who are older than 50 years, particularly those who are greater than 70 years of age, are more likely to develop the serious forms of West Nile virus infection. Pregnancy is not known to increase the risk of developing the severe forms of West Nile virus infection. How is West Nile virus transmitted? West Nile virus is not transmitted directly from person-to-person or from animal-to-person. There is no evidence that persons can become infected from eating infected animals. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. The virus becomes located in the salivary gland of the mosquito. When the mosquito bites a human or animal,the mosquito injects the virus into its victim. Persons who become ill develop symptoms 3 to 14 days after being infected with West Nile virus. The West Nile virus remains in infected individuals for a relatively short time and does not cause chronic infections. Environmental Health Services Division 999 Third Avenue,Suite 700• Seattle,WA 981044039 City of Seattle ® King County T(206)205-4394 F(206)296-0189•www rnetrokc.gov/health Gregory l Nickels,Mayor Ron Sims,Executive Can I get a West Nile virus infection if I receive a blood transfusion or organ donation? Although rare, West Nile virus has been transmitted through transfusions of whole blood or blood components such as plasma or platelets. Blood component suppliers are taking preventative measures to screen out blood donors who may have been infected with West Nile virus. A nucleic acid laboratory test for West Nile virus has been developed and will be ready for use in screening blood donors beginning in July 2003. In addition, plasma is being stockpiled prior to mosquito season to assure that it is available prior to the testing of the blood supply. There has been a documented instance of West Nile virus transmission by organ transplantation but the risk of this is extremely low. How much of a problem will West Nile virus become? Even if West Nile virus becomes established in local birds and mosquitoes, human illness is not expected to be frequent; relatively few mosquitoes are likely to become infected with the virus and most people who do become infected have either no symptoms or mild illness. However, ongoing monitoring for the presence of West Nile virus in birds, horses and humans will remain necessary to track the extent of the problem, prevent serious infections, and determine the best strategies to combat the virus. Are pets and domestic animals at risk of West Nile virus? Fortunately, clinical illness due to West Nile virus appears to be rare in dogs and cats, and chickens are resistant as well. Horses, however, are susceptible to West Nile virus infection and severe illness and death can result. An equine West Nile virus vaccine is available and horse owners are strongly encouraged to consult with their veterinarian about immunization. Horses will also benefit from mosquito control efforts. In King County,what is Public Health doing about West Nile virus? Public Health surveillance activities are underway to monitor for the appearance of West Nile virus in birds, animals and humans.West Nile virus is usually detected in birds or horses before cases occur in humans. In addition, Public Health provides information on personal protective measures and environmental measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Health care providers and hospitals are required by law to report to Public Health suspected cases of viral encephalitis including cases suspected to be caused by West Nile virus. For more information, consult the May 2002 issue of the communicable disease newsletter, the Epi-Log: http://www.metrokc.gov/health/phnr/prot res/epilog/vol4205.htm What is the connection between crows and West Nile virus? Crows are particularly susceptible to West Nile virus, and often sicken and die from it. Therefore, in partnership with the Washington State Department of Health, Public Health is testing some dead crows to see if they have died from West Nile virus. When Public Health finds a dead crow with West Nile virus, King County will know that the virus has arrived. What do I do if I find a dead crow? Call Public Health at 206-205-4394 if you find a dead crow in King County. Information about the crow will be entered into a tracking database. In addition, the crow you find may be selected for testing for West Nile virus. When you call, you will be asked a few questions. First, is the bird freshly dead (dead less than 24 hours)? Second,where and when did you find the dead bird?We r 1 will need to know the address where the bird was found. Third, is the bird undamaged? Only undamaged birds may be tested. Not all crows need to be tested for Public Health to effectively monitor for West Nile virus. In fact, we receive many more calls reporting dead crows than the laboratory could test. If the crow you find is not appropriate for testing, or if you find a dead bird that is not a crow, you may dispose of it in your garbage can. Public Health is tracking crow deaths, so even if the bird you find will not be tested, we are still interested in the information you provide. Birds discovered on Friday and Saturday will not be tested and should be disposed of in the garbage. Using gloves or a shovel, double bag the bird in plastic bags and dispose of it in your garbage. Though dead birds will not transmit West Nile virus, you should not pick up a dead animal with your bare hands What if the dead bird I find is not a crow? To help us learn more about West Nile virus, Public Health is tracking the deaths of birds other than crows, though we will not be picking these birds up for testing. The types of birds, in addition to crows,that may be affected by West Nile virus and we are interested in receiving reports on are: ravens,jays, magpies, and raptors(eagles, hawks, and owls). Call 206-205-4394 if you find one of these types of birds. What is the life cycle of the mosquito? Mosquitoes like still or standing water to lay their eggs. These eggs hatch into larvae and develop into adults in as few as seven days. Some species need only a few ounces of water to lay eggs. What does a mosquito larva look like? Larvae("wigglers")are %.to 112 inch long, or smaller. They move by vigorously wiggling or flexing their bodies. They look like tiny aquatic worms. When are mosquito larvae most likely to be present? Though there are variations dependent on weather and temperature, mosquito larvae are most likely to be present in King County from March through October. What can I do to reduce the number of mosquitoes? Removing sources of standing water on your property and around your home reduces mosquito breeding habitat. Examples of things you can do include: • Tip out barrels, buckets and wheelbarrows • Tip out containers such as toys, cans or plant saucers • Empty children's wading pools when not in use • Change water in birdbaths and animal troughs at least once a week • Get rid of used tires • Clean garden ponds • Recycle old bottles, buckets and cans • Clean leaf-clogged gutters • Empty water from flower pot dishes • Dump water off of tarps and plastic sheeting • Repair leaky outdoor faucets • Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens 1 Help your elderly or frail neighbors or relatives with these activities. Consider holding a neighborhood clean-up day to get rid of junk that holds standing water. What can be done to avoid mosquito bites? • Be aware of the times of day when mosquitoes are most likely to be biting. The prime biting periods are often at dusk and dawn. If you do go outside when mosquitoes are biting, wear long sleeve shirts and long pants. Hats are also useful. • Consider wearing an insect repellent. Repellents containing the chemical N,N-diethyl- meta-toluamide (DEET)are known to be very effective. Some people are particularly sensitive to DEET and should use caution. • Children under the age of two should not use insect repellents containing DEET. Older children should use products with the correct percentage of DEET for their age. It is important to read the label and follow the instructions on the label carefully. For more information on DEET, visit the CDC's insect repellent use and safety page: htti)://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/insect repellent.htm. • Ensure that window and door screens are in good repair and fit tightly. What steps is King County taking to reduce the potential threat of mosquitoes? • Public Health is working with county agencies, cities, the state and sister agencies nation-wide to learn about the best methods to use to control mosquitoes. King County's approach is balanced and is protective of both humans and the environment. • Public Health is working to identify the mosquito species that live in our region by collecting data on mosquitoes from a variety of habitats. These data help with effective educational and control programs. What are some of the substances that King County is considering to control mosquitoes? • One approach being considered is the application of natural larvicides, in limited and targeted areas, to control immature mosquitoes before they emerge as adults. These larvicides are usually in the form of pellets or briquettes. • King County will not do aerial spraying to kill adult mosquitoes unless there is a public health emergency, which is unlikely. • One possible larvicide that may be used is based on a variety of Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a control technique well-known to organic gardeners. What can I do if I have a mosquito problem in my neighborhood? Reduce breeding habitat on your own property, where possible (see above). If you notice that mosquitoes are a problem, please call Public Health (206-205-4394). Public Health does not have any regulatory authority to require property owners to remove mosquito habitat(except if the habitat is in violation of solid waste laws). However, we can send educational materials that provide guidance on reducing habitat. If the habitat is on public property, we will inform and advise the appropriate property owner. Finally, we are tracking specific locations that seem to be particular mosquito problem areas. Aren't wetlands and retention ponds sources of mosquito habitat? Wetlands and other natural water features may potentially be mosquito breeding habitat under certain conditions. Fortunately, wetlands also have many natural predators. Furthermore, wetlands play a critical role in cleaning and holding storm run off—they play a critical public health role. Retention and detention ponds play an important role as well. For information on King County properties such as retention/detention ponds and wetlands, visit http://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm Resources: t For late breaking information, call Public Health's West Nile virus hotline: 206-205-3883. To report a dead crow or mosquito problem, call Public Health's Environmental Health team at 206.205.4394 during normal business hours—Monday—Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. For information from the King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks on West Nile virus,wetlands and retention/detention ponds,visit: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm For more information on West Nile virus in the state of Washington: http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/\NNVNVNV.html For more extensive information about West Nile virus,consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/q&a.htm � Prrs � � - � - u c.� k f or rc)/A� c e r 1. • West Nile Virus (WNV) Public Health Educational Materials Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Order Form for 2004 Order Date: Your Phone Number: �f �5 y.3d Ship To: Contact ( &A d F H 5-6 F1 ur Address �� S-�- 5 � G-�-,t� City j2i � State ZIP Code Item Quantity * WNV Video (0 copy free, additional copies at cost) by Public Health * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health English * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health Spanish "Do you know what's biting you?"WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH English "Do you know what's biting you?" WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH Spanish 5Z WNV"Take the bite out of the bug" Brochure courtesy of DOH 360 "Mosquito repellants: how to use it safely"Brochure courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home"Bookmark courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home" Poster courtesy of DOH * WNV Human Disease Fact Sheet by Public Health * WNV Fact Sheet by Public Health (also available in Chinese, Khmer, Korean, Russian, Somali, Spanish, and Vietnamese * WNV Mosquito Control on Private Property Fact Sheet by Public Health CDC WNV CD Rom Materials available for downloading at the Public Health—Seattle & King County website at http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile. Mail or Fax your order request to: Public Health—Seattle & King County Environmental Health Services Division 999 —P Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Fax: (206) 296-0189 • West Nile Virus (WNV) Public Health Educational Materials Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Order Form for 2004 Order Date: rtll�lC�y Your Phone Number: Ship To: eo (��yn�► Contact + OF ee t Address SUS- 5 City - State ZIP Code Item Quantity * WNV Video (0 copy free, additional copies at cost) by Public Health * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health English * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health Spanish "Do you know what's biting you?" VVNV Brochure courtesy of DOH English "Do you know what's biting you?" WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH Spanish WNV"Take the bite out of the bug" Brochure courtesy of DOH "Mosquito repellants: how to use it safely"Brochure courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home"Bookmark courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home" Poster courtesy of DOH * WNV Human Disease Fact Sheet by Public Health * WNV Fact Sheet by Public Health (also available in Chinese, Khmer, Korean, Russian, Somali, Spanish, and Vietnamese * WNV Mosquito Control on Private Property Fact Sheet by Public Health CDC WNV CD Rom Materials available for downloading at the Public Health—Seattle & King County website at http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile. Mail or Fax your order request to: Public Health—Seattle & King County Environmental Health Services Division 999—3rd Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Fax: (206) 296-0189 e West Nile Virus (WNV) Public Health Educational Materials Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Order Form for 2004 Order Date: Your Phone Number: Ship To: Contact Address City State ZIP Code Item Quantity * WNV Video (I"copy free, additional copies at cost) by Public Health * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health English * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health Spanish "Do you know what's biting you?"WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH English "Do you know what's biting you?"WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH Spanish WNV"Take the bite out of the bug"Brochure courtesy of DOH "Mosquito repellants: how to use it safely"Brochure courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home"Bookmark courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home" Poster courtesy of DOH * WNV Human Disease Fact Sheet by Public Health *WNV Fact Sheet by Public Health(also available in Chinese, Khmer, Korean,Russian, Somali,Spanish,and Vietnamese *WNV Mosquito Control on Private Property Fact Sheet by Public Health CDC WNV CD Rom ' Materials available for downloading at the Public Health —Seattle & King County website at http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile. Mail or Fax your order request to: Public Health—Seattle & King County Environmental Health Services Division 999—3rd Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Fax: (206)296-0189 • West Nile Virus (WNV) JPublic Health Educational Materials Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Order Form for 2004 Order Date: Your Phone Number: Ship To: Contact Address City State ZIP Code Item Quantity * WNV Video (V copy free, additional copies at cost) by Public Health * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health English * King County WNV Brochure Insert by Public Health Spanish "Do you know what's biting you?"WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH English "Do you know what's biting you?"WNV Brochure courtesy of DOH Spanish WNV"Take the bite out of the bug"Brochure courtesy of DOH "Mosquito repellants: how to use it safely"Brochure courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home"Bookmark courtesy of DOH WNV"Mosquito problems start at home"Poster courtesy of DOH * WNV Human Disease Fact Sheet by Public Health * WNV Fact Sheet by Public Health(also available in Chinese, Khmer, Korean,Russian, Somali,Spanish,and Vietnamese * WNV Mosquito Control on Private Property Fact Sheet by Public Health CDC WNV CD Rom * Materials available for downloading at the Public Health —Seattle & King County website at http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile. Mail or Fax your order request to: Public Health —Seattle & King County Environmental Health Services Division 999—3rd Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Fax: (206) 296-0189 • Mosquito ro em arRome 0 or Clean garden ponds hh and stock with fish. Recycle old bottles, Clean leaf buckets,and cans. clogged gutters. Adult Repair leaky faucets Get rid of used and sprinklers. tires properly. Eggs Pupae Larvae Keep water fresh. Drain Empty water from standing water from around flower pot dishes. stock troughs. Change water in Cover barrels birdbaths weekly. and buckets. Don't GI-Ve Mosquitoes A Oance! Mosquitoes need water to breed and grow. It doesn't take much water and it doesn't take much time. 5o, almost anything that will hold water for one week or more can produce these pests. Many places around your home may be causing mosquito problems. Get rid of places where water collects and mosquitoes won't have a chance! For 1 information on mosquito: control call your Local Health Department or Mosquito Control District Mosquitoes Menacing Mosquitoes TAKE 7 Mosquitoes are a problem because they TAKE THE BITE not only deliver an itchy bite,but can OUT OF T H E spread disease. Understanding these BUG1} pesky bugs and where they live can help keep you from being bitten. Inside is some For more copies,please contact: Protection Tps for You basic information on mosquitoes and Washington State Department of Health Office of Environmental Health&Safety important tips on how to protect your Local Health Support Section P.O.Box 47825 Olympia,WA 98504-7825 family against mosquito bites and possible 1-888-586-9427 contact with diseases they can carry. Washington State Department of / ttHealth . DOH Pub 333-046 4/01 Prepared through funding provided br U.S.Department of Health&Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Image courtesy of Department of Entomology at the University of Illinois For persons with disabilities,this document f \ is available on request in other formats: ✓ Please call 1-800-525-0127(TDD relay 1-800-833-6388) Protection Means 1*.,,nowingBug!the �r r Mosquitoes Need Eater MOSQUITO C O N T R O I. Tips Protect Your Skin With about 45 species in Washington state, Now that you know the basics about mosqui- • Empty anything that holds standing water- you are bound to have many annoying en old tires, buckets, plastic covers, and toys. toes, you can take action. Don't let your yard counters with mosquitoes, outdoors and become a mosquito breeding ground—get rid around mosquitoes our home. These uitoes all • Change water in your birdbaths,fountains, Y q of all standing water. have one thing in common,their need for wading pools, and animal troughs weekly. , , Don't let yourself be water to breed and grow. • Recycle unused containers- bottles, cans, Busy Mom... on their menu—avoid They find moist surfaces or still water to lay and buckets that may collect water. Culex mosquitoes mosquitoes when pos- lay their eggs in their eggs. This water is often stagnant and • Make sure roof gutters drain properly, and "rafts"that float on sible and protect your close to home in old clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall. the water's surface. skin. Each raft may con- tires,toys, ponds or • Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. tain hundreds of Repellents with DEET pools, uncovered Girls Ong... eggs.Under favor- C)nly female mos ui- • able conditions, are very effective and boats, birdbaths, q Make sure windows and door screens are these eggs can hatch toes bite.They feast widely used to reduce even open buckets on a blood meal to "bug tight." Repair or replace if needed. and grow into adults p in about a week. risk of mosquito bites. nourish their eggs. and dishes under The males feed on • Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosqui Before you use any flower pots. flower nectar and toes are the most active. repellent, read the label and carefully follow Anything that holds plant juices. the directions. Take special care when using standing water will do for a breeding site. • Wear a long sleeve repellents on children. Did You Know? I Before laying eggs, mosquitoes seek out a shirt, long pants,and .Hain Attraction... blood meal from a warm-blooded host—a Carbon dioxide that a hat when going into Did-You Know?- bird, dog, horse, or you. While in search of a you exhale attracts mosquito-infested mosquitoes.They meal, mosquitoes are drawn to carbon diox- can find you from up areas, such as When f� Alin",mosquito>c� inject salivainto your ide, heat, and moisture. They track you to 20 feet away. wetlands or woods. skin to help extract pour 1)1Ood.It's the saliva that cau,r�the itching Ou suffer from a bite. down by your breath,skin temperature, and Nfosquiu bites can also Spread serious diseases sweat. After dusk during • Use mosquito such as V cstcrn Equinc i ncephalieis, St.Louis peak feeding time, quito repellent when necessary, and Encephaliii,,and\x*est Nile virus. mosquitoes find you a very attractive target. carefully follow directions on the label. WEST NILE VIRUS West Nile virus is preventable! Take these 3 steps to reduce the chance of a mosquito bite. Get rid of mosquito breeding habitat near your house • Tip out water from barrels, buckets and wheelbarrows weekly • Tip out containers such as toys or cans • Empty children's wading pools when not in use • Clean garden ponds • Get rid of used tires • Change water in birdbaths and ` animal troughs at least once a week • Recycle old bottles and cans • Empty water from flower pot dishes • Dump water off of tarps and plastic sheeting • Cover rain barrels with mosquito screens • Help your elderly or frail neighbors or relatives with these activities Z Prepare your home • Clean leaf-clogged gutters • Repair leaky outdoor faucets • Repair ripped windows and door screens and make sure they fit tight • Consider adding a;screen door to doors that often are left open 3 Use personal protection when mosquitoes are biting • Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts • Consider using an insect repellent • Insect repellents with DEET are effective —follow label instructions carefully Public Health—Seattle&King County is working hard to lessen the impact West Nile virus may have on our community. Please visit our website or call our hotline for more information: http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile 206-205-3883 (recording) Public Health wants to hear from you If you find a dead crow,blue jay or raven write down the address and time you found it,then call 206-205-4394 to make your report.Under certain circumstances,we may pick up the bird for testing. Most of the time,however, you will be asked to dispose of it in your garbage can. Disposing of a dead bird Crows and other animals do not spread West Nile virus directly to people.You can only get sick from the bite of an infected mosquito. Even so,do not touch a dead bird—use gloves or a shovel to double bag the bird in plastic bags. Dispose of the bird in the garbage. Fight Bite Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. City of Seattle O King County 30502dh.fh8 MMU How 1 to Use Sa f6 .1 y Mosquito repellents hel p protect against mosquito bites that may such as West Nile virus Apply carry disease, when you are outdoors a d atp repellent mosquito bites, risk for Not all repellents are the same. The most effective ones contain DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-tolua Lents without D mide). Other repel_ EET also protect against mosquito bites, but do not last as long. Choosing Repellents Choose a repellent that offers the best Protection for the a Will be outdoo mount of time you for several hours rs• If You will be outdoors a hi , use a product that has gher concentration of the active ingredient. Read the Product labels and compare. They often list the a time the product mount of repellent that Well last. Select a meets your needs. Learn about St Nile Virus WWW_d" -0 Read the entire label carefully before using, and follow the directions. ellents with DEET, avoid � When using re p 15%DEET for those with more than children, and more than 30 0 DEET for adults. repellent to cover Use just enough exposed skin or clothing.Don't apply repellent to skin that is under clothing. is not needed. Heavy application I- Avoid putting repellents on cuts, wounds, or i ski rritated skill- wounds, and mouth.When Don't apply to eyes directly on using sprays, don't spray your face.Spray on your hands and over your face. then rub them carefully children to apply r' Don't allow young ve an adult Tepellents to themseles.repellents out of do it for them.Keep the reach of children. child, �- When putting repellent on athen rub apply it to your own hands, the your hands°n theouth. Avoid child's eyes and m r, Don t put repellent on a child's hands. Children tend to put their hands in their eyes- their mouths and na k indoors,wash When you come b with soap and water.Wash treated skin it again. treated clothing before wearing I f you think a repellent is causing a bad p using it,wash the der or reaction, treated stop our health care p skin,and call y Washington poison Center at 1-Soo-222-1222. /� Washington State Department 0A Healt DOH Pub 333-054 512003with this document 1s525-0127• FO c 4-5 s1°°t e °`mats•Please call 1-gam `;i��+f sib"Ni rii D ft �!�l1pi°i�r&ri'�rffi�1 a For - information on mosquitocontrol call your aVl'wi Local Health Department or Mosquito Control District Menacing Mosquitoes Mosquitoes are a problem because they TAKE THE BITE not only deliver an itchy bite,but can O U T O F T H E spread disease. Understanding these BUG i pesky bugs and where they live can help keep you from being bitten. Inside is some For more copies,please contact: Protection Tips for You basic information on mosquitoes and Washington State Department of Health Office of Environmental Health&Safety important tips on how to protect your Local Health Support Section P.O.Box 47825 Olympia,WA 98504-7825 family against mosquito bites and possible 1-888-586-9427 contact with diseases they can carry. Washington State Department of i 1th DOH Pub 333-046 4/01 - 4 Prepared through funding provided by U.S.Department of Health&Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Image courtesy of Department of Entomology at the University of Illinois For persons with disabilities,this document / \ is available on request in other formats: Please call 1-800-525-0127(TDD relay 1-800-833-6388) �c r :- Protection Means 1*.',-,_nowing the Bug! Mosquitoes Need Eater MOSQUITO CONTROL .T I p S Protect Your,Skin • Empty anything that holds standing water With about 45 species in Washington state, ter- Now that you know the basics about mosqui- you are bound to have many annoying en toes,you can take action. Don't let your yard counters with mosquitoes, outdoors and old tires, buckets, plastic covers,and toys. q become a mosquito breeding ground—get rid around your home. These mosquitoes all • Change water in your birdbaths,fountains, of all standing water. have one thing in common,their need for wading pools,and animal troughs weekly. Don't let yourself be water to breed and grow. • Recycle unused containers- bottles, cans, Busy Mom... on their menu—avoid They find moist surfaces or still water to lay and buckets that may collect water. Culex mosquitoes mosquitoes when pos- lay their eggs in their eggs.This water is often stagnant and • Make sure roof gutters drain properly,and "rafts"that float on sible and protect your close to home in old clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall. the water's surface, skin. Did You Know? Each raft may con- tires,toys, ponds or • Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. twin hundreds of Repellents with DEET pools, uncovered 'iris Only... eggs. Under favor- able conditions, are very effective and ()nly female mosqui- • Make sure windows and door screens are boats, birdbaths, toes bite.They feast these eggs can hatch widely used to reduce even open buckets on a blood meal to "bug tight." Repair or replace if needed. and grow into adults p in about a week. risk of mosquito bites. and dishes under nourish their eggs.The males feed on • Stay indoors at dawn and dusk when mosqui Before you use any flower pots. flower nectar and toes are the most active. repellent, read the label and carefully follow Anything that holds plant juices. the directions. Take special care when using standing water will do for a breeding site. I DOG l I • Wear a long sleeve repellents on children. Before laying eggs, mosquitoes seek out a shirt, long pants, and Main Attraction... blood meal from a warm-blooded host—a Carbon dioxide that a hat when going into bird, dog, horse, or you. While in search of a you exhale attracts mosquito-infested Did You Know? mosquitoes.They It's in the Spit... meal, mosquitoes are drawn to carbon diox- can find you from up areas, such as When feeding,mosquitoes inject saliva into your ide, heat, and moisture. They track you to 20 feet away. wetlands or woods. skin to help extract ymir blood. It's the saliva that causes the itching you suffer from a bite.- down by your breath,skin temperature, and tliosquito bites can also spread serious diseases sweat. After dusk during peak feeding time, • Use mosquito repellent when necessary, and such as Western Equine Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis,and West Nile virus. mosquitoes find you a very attractive target. carefully follow directions on the label. 1 Where can I find more What is West Nile virus? Who is at risk? on West Nile virus? West Nile virus is a serious, even fatal, The risk of getting West Nile virus is Human Health illness. It can affect people, horses, very low, but anyone can become Washington State Department of HealthDo ou www.doh.wa.gov/wnv certain types of birds, and other infected. People over 50 years of age animals. In 1999, West Nile virus first have the highest risk of serious illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ appeared in the United States in New index.htm know York City. Since that time, it has Insect Repellent Use and Safety spread rapidly throughout the coun- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention try. In 2002, the virus was found for www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ what's the first time in birds and horses in insect repellent.htm Washington. Outdoor Workers Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html Equines, Other Livestock, Poultry beit *i ng Washington State Department of Agriculture www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ Y..ou WNVdefault.htm How is it spread? What are the symptoms? US Department of Agriculture www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/ West Nile virus is almost always Most people who are infected with wnv.html spread to people by the bite of an West Nile virus will not get sick. x Information Lines infected mosquito. Mosquitoes About 1 in 5 people infected will have Washington Local Number become infected after feeding on birds mild symptoms such as fever, head- 360.236.3980 that carry the virus. West Nile virus is ache, and body aches. Even fewer, Washington Toll-free Number 1.866.78VIRUS not spread by direct contact with about 1 in 150 people infected, will _',� � CDC Toll-free Number(TTY) °/ infected people or animals. As we have more severe symptoms. Severe 1.866.874.2646 `` 1 learn more about West Nile virus, we symptoms may include headache, may discover other routes of infec- high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, Washington State Department of tion. For more information, visit the disorientation, tremors, convulsions, ��Health health Web sites listed on the back. muscle weakness, paralysis, and coma. DOH Pub 333-052 3/2003 Partially funded by If you have any of these symptoms, US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contact your health care provider. For persons with disabilities,this document is available n request in other formats.Please call 1-800-525-0127. 1.866 • • How can I protect my family? M"Orm What are public health There is no human vaccine for West Nile virus. The best way to protect yourself is to avoid What should I do if I fin age n c i es doing in mosquitoes.Take these steps to avoid mosquito bites and reduce the places where mosquitoes i a dead bird? Washington state? live and breed around your home. West Nile virus infects certain wild birds. State and local health departments: Crows, jays, ravens, and magpies tend to • Monitor for West Nile virus by trap- Avoid Mosquito Bites Don't Give Mosquitos a Home become sick and die from infection. ping and identifying mosquitoes. Increasing numbers of dead birds may be Make sure windows and doors are F Empty anything that holds standing an indication of West Nile virus in your • Track the number of dead bird reports. community. You can help b reporting bug tight. Repair or replace screens. water—old tires, buckets, plastic tY P Y P g • Collect specific species of dead birds dead crows and other birds to your local for laboratorytestin covers, flowerpots, and toys. g• F Stay indoors at dawn and dusk, if health department, environmental • Notify health care providers to look for possible, when mosquitoes are most r- Change the water in your birdbaths, health program. Look in the phone book and report symptoms in patients. active. fountains,wading pools, and animal under County Government—Health. • Notify veterinarians to look for and troughs at least twice a week. Certain dead birds will be tested to report horses and other animals with Wear a long sleeve shirt, long pants, monitor for West Nile virus. signs of West Nile virus. and a hat when going into mosquito- F. Recycle unused containers that can While there is no current evidence that • Distribute information on the virus infested areas, such as wetlands or collect water—bottles, cans, and you can get West Nile virus from han- and how to control mosquitoes. woods. buckets. dling dead birds, avoid bare-handed These efforts are designed to identify r" Use mosquito repellent when neces- r; Make sure roof gutters drain properly; contact. Use gloves or double plastic bags West Nile virus before an outbreak. sary. Read the label and carefully and clean clogged gutters in the spring to place the carcass in a garbage can. Public health officials will alert commu- follow the instructions.Take special and fall. nities about measures that they can take What i s a n effective care when using repellent on children. to control West Nile virus. F Fix leaky outdoor faucets and mosquito repellent? sprinklers. Repellents that contain DEET are the most effective. DEET products come in Can West Nile virus affect my pets? lotions, creams, gels, sprays, and towelettes. Check the label for the For the latest on West Nile West Nile virus can cause serious illness in horses and donkeys.Though most horses do not chemical name for DEET. N,N-diethyl-m- virus in Washington, visit get sick, about 1 in 3 horses that do get sick will die.To protect your horses ask your veterinar- toluamide. WWW.doh.WQ.gov1wnv ian about the West Nile virus vaccine for horses. Follow the same steps as above to reduce Products containing DEET must be used places where mosquitoes live and breed near horse pastures and barns. It is rare that West Nile properly. Read and follow instructions virus will cause illness in dogs, cats, and other animals. on the label. Do not over use repellents. 4—E� Recycle old bottles, buckets and cans. 0 Fix leaky faucets and I.� sprinklers. Get rid of used tires properly. 0 Empty water from flower Washington State pot dishes. Department of Health DOH Pub 333-048 4/O) v Don't Give gosquitoos A Chancel Mosquitoes need water to breed and grow. It doesn't take much water and it doesn't take much time. 5o,almost anything that will hold water for one week or more can produce these pests. Many places around your home may be causing mosquito problems. Get rid of places where water collects and mosquitoes won't have a chance! Template for West Nile Virus Response Plan Public Health Staff Resources: • Do people who are handling WNV know whom to contact at Public Health—Seattle&King County to obtain educational materials(e.g. WNV video, fact sheets&brochures)or information about educational outreach Contact person: Kim Moore (206)296-3998 or kimberly.moore ,metrokc.gov • Many educational materials can be downloaded and printed for reproduction from the Public Health website at htip://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile • Do people in your jurisdiction know whom to contact for information and/or help with WNV surveillance or control? Contact person: Kim Moore(206)296-3998 or kimberly.moorena,metrokc.gov • Do people who are handling WNV know whom to contact at Public Health in the event of positive surveillance findings? Contacts: Sharon Hopkins(206)205-4394 or Kim Moore(206)296-3998 Media relations/PIO: Hilary Karasz-Dominguez(206)296-4767 Outreach and Education in my jurisdiction: • Designated person to handle media inquiries about WNV in my jurisdiction is: Name Phone number: • Designated person to handle public inquiries about WNV activities in my jurisdiction is: Name Phone number: • What is planned to disseminate educational materials to the residents of the jurisdiction? Locations you might distribute materials include: libraries, city/agency website,newsletters,community service centers, senior centers, city hall,utility billing inserts, government access television • Do the residents of your jurisdiction know where and how to report dead bird sightings? Birds may be reported to Public Health's Environmental Health Division at(206)205-4394.They should be prepared to report exact location of dead bird,type of bird,any obvious injuries, approximate length of death • Do the residents of your jurisdiction know whom to ask environmental health questions, WNV prevention questions, and report dead bird and mosquito complaints? The public may call Public Health's WNV Hotline at(206)-205-3883 with questions about prevention and environmental health. The public may call the Public Health's Environmental Health Division to report dead birds and mosquito complaints at(206)205-4394. For specific questions related to signs and symptoms of contact Public Health's Communicable Disease- Epidemiology Hotline at(206)296-4949. over Page 2 of 2 Surveillance: • Designated point person for surveillance activities: Name Phone number: • Is there a map of potential mosquito habitat for properties owned by the jurisdiction? Potential mosquito habitat includes stormwater ponds, catchbasins, swamps,parks, and other structures. Who could create such a map? • Are staff routinely surveying possible mosquito habitat areas or mosquito problem areas for mosquito larvae or adult mosquitoes? If so, how often? • Is there a plan to include housing developments in mosquito surveillance?How will you do this? • You may obtain mosquito surveillance equipment and mosquito surveillance training by contacting Kim Moore (206)296-3998. Control: • Designated person to handle media inquiries about WNV in my jurisdiction is: Name Phone number: • Are staff in place to field mosquito inquiries from residents of your jurisdiction? Name Phone number: • Does the jurisdiction have a NPDES permit(Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)Waste Discharge General Permit)? A NPDES permit is needed to do any mosquito control work over a body of water, and mosquito larvae are found in aquatic environments. Information about NPDES permits can be found at htip://www.doh.wa.jzov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WN-V/Permit.htm] or Call Benjamin Hamilton,DOH (360)236-3364 or Kathleen Emmett at Dept. of Ecology(360)407-6478. • Do appropriate city staff have Pest Control Operator(PCO) licenses in the event larviciding is necessary? Or is there a plan to contract out mosquito control activities? • Are staff in place to do mechanical methods of mosquito control on jurisdiction-owned properties? (Examples: cleaning roof gutters,reducing standing water on properties owned or maintained by the jurisdiction, screens on windows) Designated staff to do mosquito control work in your jurisdiction,if necessary? Name Phone number: Name Phone number: Name Phone number: West Nile Virus Phased Response Guidelines for King County Public Health—Seattle & King County September 2, 2003 Alert Definition Surveillance Response Education Response Control Response Level No positive -Inventory&map mosquito habitat -Educate health care providers as to recognition, -Consider use of larvacides at specific sources 1 surveillance findings diagnosis,lab testing&infection reporting identified as having potential mosquito vector or cases in humans or -Conduct mosquito surveillance to monitor species and where larval counts meet or exceed horses indicating presence in a variety of habitat types; -Provide public education as to mosquito-borne an established level epizootic arbovirus in collaborate with UW researchers conducting diseases emphasizing importance of mosquito current calendar year related work habitat source reduction -Prepare plans for control response to higher Alert -Conduct surveillance for vector mosquitoes Examples of public outreach include: Levels including application for larvaciding permits by species identification of adults obtained by -Participate in discussions of the feasibility of trapping or growing larva to adult stage -Web site with fact sheets about mosquito control, forming mosquito control districts in King County FAQs,signs and symptoms,links to other info -Determine associations between known -Recorded WNV hotline in English and Spanish -Monitor the availability of federal or state funds mosquito vectors and habitat type -30 minute WNV video,duplicated and sent to for mosquito control activities multiple government stations -Establish and maintain reporting system for -1.2 minute Habitat Reduction PSA duplicated and dead bird sightings mailed to government stations -40 second personal protection PSA -Collaborate with UW research groups -Fact sheet translated into 8 languages,posted studying crow ecology and mosquito biology in on web site and delivered to communities via the Seattle area Health Officers and other community contacts -Two press conferences and one habitat reduction -Map mosquito and bird surveillance data photo opportunity -Article prepared for Housing Newsletter and sent -Conduct passive surveillance for human and information to senior centers and other senior horse cases communities via Senior Services of King County -Design and maintain database of county- -Created and printed Habitat Reduction flyer wide larvaciding activities -Encourage public to report dead bird sightings& mosquito activity -Establish collaboration between Public Health and other government agencies,counties,cities, and private business to prepare education and control plans -Activate the Public Health Incident Command system for the period of time necessary to assure rapid implementation of the WNV Response Plan -Establish call center/surge capacity to handle increased public inquiries when cases occur Alert Definition Surveillance Response Education Response Control Response Level Areas with confirmed -Conduct surveillance in areas of positive -Notify jurisdiction(s)with positive surveillance -Expand larval control and habitat reduction in 2 arbovirus activity in findings to identify possible sources& findings areas with positive findings and adjacent areas wild birds and/or mosquito species mosquito pools(if -Notify WNV Interagency Work Group and WNV -Develop plans and criteria for adult mosquito testing of mosquitoes -Expand surveillance in areas adjacent to city contact list members control should this control step become necessary is used as a those with positive surveillance findings surveillance tool) -Conduct press conference and issue press -Conducted live mosquito trapping and release intensified larval surveillance in areas with positive surveillance findings -Provide surveillance data and regular updates to health care providers -Encourage increased vigilance by providers for human cases;provide information on case definition and interpretation of lab test results -Encourage providers to do lab testing for non- WNV causes of aseptic meningitis(e.g., enteroviruses,HSV)to reduce WNV testing on cases with other diseases -Increase public education emphasizing personal protection,particularly for persons over 50 -Prepare or update news articles for use by senior-oriented newsletters or other publications -Send letter from PH Director to suburban city mayors and WNV contacts recommending intensified control and public education efforts -Post weekly update of surveillance data on the WNV PH website -Step up PH outreach via district sites including having staff deliver WNV educational materials while doing their routine work -Implement call center if volume of public inquiries exceeds routine capacity DefinitionAlert ••nse Education Response Level Initial confirmation of -Investigate human and equine cases to -Provide regular updates to health care providers -Intensity larval control and habitat reduction in 3 horse or human cases determine locations where exposure may have regarding arbovirus activity and human cases areas with positive findings and adjacent areas and/or multiple occurred positive birds -Encourage vigilance for cases in persons who -Review and coordinate appropriate control -Expand surveillance,including live trappings may have received or donated blood products or responses by all agencies with mosquito habitat to determine potential vector species,as organs under their authority indicated by case investigations -Expand public information to include TV,radio -Review criteria and plans for potential adult and newspaper emphasizing personal protection, mosquito control efforts should the.Alert Level particularly for persons over 50,as resources increase to Level 4 allow -Increase frequency of Interagency Work Group meetings to provide more regular and in-depth updates and coordination of messaging -Post updated human case numbers on the web site daily Monday-Friday;update other surveillance data at least weekly -Contact cities or jurisdictions where bird and mammalian cases are located and offer technical assistance for education and control efforts -Conduct press conference and issue press releases -Implement call center if volume of public inquiries exceeds routine capacity Alert Definition Surveillance Response Education Response Control Response Level Surveillance indicates Consider active surveillance for human cases -Continue public information focused on personal -Continue intense larval control and habitat 4 an escalating epi- of encephalitis and/or aseptic meningitis protection and persons over 50 reduction zootic in horses& birds and multiple -Conduct active surveillance for equine cases -Provide regular updates to health care providers -Consider adult mosquito control targeted at human cases likely to by contacting equine veterinarians to regarding arbovirus activity and human cases areas of potential human risk if surveillance have been acquired encourage testing and reporting of suspect indicates the risk is likely to increase and vector locally;abundant cases and reporting of confirmed cases -Post updated human case numbers on the web species are abundant adult vectors;cond- site daily Monday-Friday;update other itions favoring surveillance data at least weekly -In conjunction with state agencies,monitor continued trans- effectiveness of spraying on target mosquito mission to humans -Consider activation of Public Health Emergency populations if adult spraying is done Operations Center -Provide readily-available interviews,surveillance data,and other materials to support media coverage • Ippublic Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. West Nile Virus Response Plan West Nile virus (WNV) is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Since 1999, when the first U.S. outbreak occurred on the East coast,the virus has spread across the United States. WNV will present a considerable challenge, in part due to minimal historical data on mosquitoes in King County. In order to launch and sustain a science-based and appropriate response, data about mosquito habitats,breeding seasons, effective control mechanisms and other relevant information are required to tailor King County's response to our community. It is important that the King County WNV plan be flexible so that as more knowledge is gained on WNV we are able to formulate and modify appropriate responses. For background information on WNV see Appendix A. Links to additional information may be found in Appendix B. The plan has three main components—Education, Surveillance, and Control. Laws and regulation are also briefly addressed. The plan provides a science-based,regional framework to control WNV. While Public Health—Seattle & King County(Public Health) is the County lead for WNV response coordination, the plan addresses actions to be taken by other county agencies including the Departments of Natural Resources and Parks (DNRP), Transportation (KCDOT)and Development and Environmental Services (KCDES). For other jurisdictions and for private lands the plan provides suggested strategies. Education Public Health Education is the key Public Health strategy and role. We are developing messages both for the public as well as for partner agencies to distribute. When new WNV staff are hired, an education and outreach program will be developed. A media strategy is also planned. The key messages for the public address risk,habitat reduction,personal protection and mosquito avoidance. Community Outreach • Identify audiences (at-risk populations, Healthcare for the Homeless Network, shelters, soup kitchens, outdoor recreation stores, realtors, gardening stores and groups, etc.). Spring • Develop a distribution plan. Spring 1 • Respond to emails and phone calls from the public (Public Health is already receiving a large volume of emails from concerned residents). Send materials when requested. On-going • Visit each suburban city and drop off materials. Spring • Provide materials, outreach visits,presentations to major groups. Spring-fall • Work with cities to create WNV presentations for city personnel to deliver. Provide other information/be a resource.As needed. • Update WNV video. As needed • Update and add educational materials. On-going • PH Veterinarian: serve as departmental leader in a team facilitating activities related to WNV. Give presentations to appropriate audiences. Work with zoos. On-going • Develop guidance related to mosquito control for homeowners. On-going • Provide media response and messaging. On-going Pest Control Operators (PCOs) • Develop a list of contacts for internal use. Spring • Make available the latest information to PCOs. On-going • Identify capacity in the PCO industry to address anticipated control work needs. Spring • Supply PCOs with information to bring to consumers, act as PCO resource. Spring Medical Provider Education • Public Health's Communicable Disease Control, Epidemiology and Immunization section will develop educational materials and information for health care providers on recognition,reporting, diagnosis and management of WNV cases. On-going Internal Audience—King_County Letter from Executive Sims to County employees regarding WNV and personal protection April • Continue to meet with County agency partners in a working group; advise on habitat reduction on county properties. On-going KCDNRP,KCDOT,DDES and Executive Services(KCES) These departments will have Public Health and other materials for distribution to staff and residents.As needed Surveillance Surveillance (larval, adult mosquito,bird/mammalian, and human) will be critical in the coming months. Larval surveillance is key for control work. Tracking adult mosquitoes may provide additional information about areas with mosquito infestation. Adult trapping allows easier identification. Bird surveillance provides information about arbovirus activity,perhaps in geographically discrete areas. For a list of potential WNV mosquito vectors in King County, see Appendix C. 2 Larval surveillance Public Health • Increase larval collection to more than 50 samples (last year's level) Spring/summer • Advise cities to do larval surveillance on their own properties, link them with the state DOH, who will provide training On-going • Work with Farm Management program on volunteer surveillance On-going • Enter data into GIS database As received • Analyze data from database to help predict where larval control work should be done On-going • Facilitate meetings between cities and state DOH to increase overall county larval surveillance Spring • Procure mosquito surveillance equipment. Spring KCDNRP and KCDOT • Staff may be asked to gather information on larva numbers captured at various King County-owned locations in the unincorporated areas of the County. Information will be gathered as part of a routine investigation of a mosquito complaint, during larval control efforts, during routine maintenance activities, or at the request of Public Health. Adult mosquito surveillance Public Health • Develop a database to receive new complaints and incorporate previous complaints. Data will be entered into the database for GIS mapping. In place mid-March • Adult trapping, driven by clusters of bird deaths or other data.As needed • Field visits to some complaints-- one-on-one property-owner education. Spring-Fall • Limited enforcement is possible through solid waste regulations. KCDNRP and KCDOT • Mosquito trapping surveillance may be carried out by County agencies or other entities at the request of the Public Health. As needed • Mosquito complaint calls will be summarized on a weekly or monthly basis. Information collected will include-name, address,parcel number, and comments that will be sent to Public Health for inclusion in their tracking system. On-going Dead bird surveillance Public Health • Increase the number of dead crows collected(per state DOH resources). • Focus on the collection of freshly dead birds (deceased less than 24 hours). Rapid detection and collection of dead birds provides quicker results for surveillance. 3 • Administrative staff will enter dead crow reports into database for GIS mapping. As needed Human Surveillance Public Health • Public Health's Communicable Disease Control, Epidemiology and Immunization section will conduct surveillance for human cases of WNV among persons with compatible illness in accordance with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Washington State Department of Health protocols. Health care providers in King County will be informed of the details of the surveillance system in late Spring. Control The intent of mosquito control is to address health issues related to mosquito borne diseases, in this case WNV. Public Health is not recommending that topical mosquito control be undertaken for nuisance control or aesthetic reasons. Public Health will continue to respond to mosquito nuisance complaints by providing information on owner- initiated mosquito control. King County's Integrated Pest Management policy is intended to limit the use of pesticides and encourage the least toxic agents, and low impact methods where possible. Accordingly, this plan does not recommend mosquito control in sensitive areas such as wetlands. Several methods of control are being considered, including reduction of artificial habitats and larvicidal agents to kill immature mosquitoes. Under extreme circumstances adulticides may be considered but since they are less effective,more toxic, and often require aerial spraying, adulticides are a last option. Larvicides, often in the form of briquettes or pellets, are applied to aquatic areas where mosquitoes lay eggs. Permits and licenses are required to apply larvicides to state waters (essentially any body of water that drains or connects to a natural water body). Public Health will not do any control work except for habitat reduction on its own properties. Public Health's main "control" function is to provide a scientific framework and advice to governmental and other entities for control work on their properties. Habitat reduction Public Health • Education. On-going. See Appendix F, "Basic Recommended Actions" for details. • Limited enforcement might be possible through solid waste regulations. • Field visits based on complaints -- one-on-one property-owner education. Spring- fall 4 KCDNRP,KCDOT and KCES • In addition to parks, King County government owns and maintains solid waste facilities,wastewater facilities, about 1400 storm water drainage facilities, 30,000 catch basins and many miles of roadside drainage ditches in unincorporated King County. As a major property owner, King County government's activities will address habitat reduction as described in Appendix F, "Basic Recommended Actions,"habitat modification, potential facility modifications and repairs. 1. Habitat Modification Habitat modification ranges from removing potential small artificial habitat such as containers to changing the physical features of a facility. County agencies are responsible for managing any County owned or maintained property and will follow the same basic mosquito control measures being recommended to the public. See Appendix F for a list of typical recommended actions. 2. Physical Modifications or Repairs. The first consideration at any facility with artificial mosquito habitat should be whether it is practical for the problem to be reduced by physical modification or repair. See Appendix F for a description of these efforts. Larval Control Public Health • Public Health will offer advice but will not perform or pay for control work. County and other government property owners will be advised to examine and assess habitat for larva presence (especially catch basins, retention ponds, other bodies of water) and to possibly do larva control when larvae are present. Possible criteria for larviciding include: 1. proximity to housing 2. densities of populations over age 50 3. community concerns voiced 4. incidence of mammalian/bird cases. • Public Health has no legal authority to require jurisdictions to control habitat and conduct control work. Public Health will assess what each city/agency is doing. Spring fall • Public Health will not require private property to owners to apply larvacide, but will offer options and advice that can be used based on specific circumstances. On-going • Public Health will facilitate workshops for cities to understand county efforts, explain processes related to licensing and permitting. March -April • Public Health will evaluate larviciding efforts to assess efficacy of method. Winter 200312004 5 KCDNRP,KCDOT, and KCES Aside from habitat reduction, two options for killing mosquitoes exist—natural (predator)control and artificial control. For information on the possible vector species found at various facilities, see Appendix D. 1.Natural Control • One long-term strategy is to introduce natural predators, which feed on mosquito larva. Any future decision to do this will be made in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). See Appendix F for details. • Natural predators include amphibians, such as frogs or salamanders, and insects such as water beetles or dragonflies,birds, and bats. 2. Larvicidal Agents Any pesticide application to the waters of the state requires an NPDES permit prior to beginning any control actions. King County is applying for an extension of the Washington State Department of Health coverage under the existing Washington State Department of Ecology Mosquito Control NPDES permit which was issued in 2002. The KCDNRP's Water and Land Resources Division(WLRD)has reviewed the evidence available and is recommending that there is a benefit to providing early limited larvicide treatment at selected stormwater ponds. This recommendation is based on: 1) The recommendation by the State Department of Health; 2) Consultation with Public Health— Seattle& King County; 3)The results of the technical memo drafted by the WLRD Science Monitoring and Data Management Section "Ecological Assessment of three Larvicides for Mosquito Control in Stormwater Ponds(dated March 7, 2003); and 4) The results of 2002 stormwater pond study that indicated the presence of a primary vector species.. • The best time to control mosquitoes is when they are in the larval stage. There are several products that can be used to control mosquito larva. Based on the information available for the ecological assessment,the preferred larval control agents to be used on County properties are:Bacillus thringiensis israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs). Methoprene products, Monomolecular surface film(MMF), and Golden Bear Oil are products covered under the permit applied for by the State Health Department. Since methoprene impacts other aquatic insects and potentially some fish, its use by KCDNRP will be limited to extremely rare cases or a significant outbreak of the WNV. See Appendix E for a description of each larva control measure. • Facilities will be selected for potential treatment if they meet the following criteria: 1. There is water in the facility with mosquito larva present, or adult mosquitoes attempting to lay eggs. 2. The pond is adjacent to residential or commercial buildings. 3. The pond is located in an area of concern with regards to the number and density of residents over 50 years of age. 6 4. No natural predators are apparent or the mosquito population exceeds a minimum of 0.3 larvae per dip sample in spite of the existence of natural predators. 5. Habitat modification or natural controls are not practical or have not had a chance to take effect. Based on these criteria, KCDNRP will begin a larviciding program on selected stormwater ponds as needed throughout the mosquito season Similarly, a KCDOT program to larvicide its storm water ponds would be conducted as needed throughout the mosquito season. There are over 30,000 catch basins in the KCDOT road right-of-way located primarily throughout the urban unincorporated area. Treatment of all of these facilities would be cost prohibitive. Control activities for catch basins will be based on the criteria listed above. The preferred method of control at catch basins will be vactoring. Laws and Regulations There are no current BOH or other local regulations dealing with mosquitoes. Some enforcement of mosquito habitat minimization may be possible through solid waste code (i.e., where solid waste is the primary violation and mosquito habitat is also present). The King County Board of Health will review regulatory options in April. Budget Appendix I contains Public Health, DNRP, and DOT estimates of costs needed to implement this plan. Costs may increase as the season progresses and WNV related conditions change. 7 Appendix A West Nile virus background West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus (arthropod borne virus)that is transmitted to birds and mammals through the bite of an infected insect, generally mosquitoes. Birds, especially those of the Corvid(crow) family frequently act as a host to the virus and can pass it back to an uninfected mosquito. Mammals do not appear to be able to transmit the virus back to mosquitoes. The majority of people and animals who acquire the virus have mild flu like symptoms that frequently go unnoticed. However, of those who do become symptomatic, a small percentage may develop a form of encephalitis, which can be fatal. West Nile Virus first appeared in the U.S. in 1999 in New York. Initially, it was diagnosed as St. Louis encephalitis. Prior to its introduction in the U.S.,West Nile Virus has been present in Europe and Africa since its first discovery in 1937. WNV is related to St. Louis encephalitis, which has been present in the U.S. for decades. According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control, approximately 1 in 150 people infected develop a severe illness. The case counts for the U.S. since the introduction of the disease is: Year No. of States Clinical Cases Deaths 1999 4 62 7 2000 12+DC 21 2 2001 27+DC 66 9 2002* 44+DC 4161 277 The disease is also known to affect several hundred species of birds and mammals. Most notable are horses and corvid birds(crows,jays, etc.) * 2002 Case count as of 4-8-03 8 Appendix B Additional resources More information on WNV and links to related web sites can be found through the following Internet links: Washington State Department of Health: htip://www.doh.wa. og v/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WNV.html Washington State Department of Health WNV response plan: http://www.doh.wa.izov/ehp/ts/Zoo/WNV/WAArboviralRespPlan.pdf Public Health—Seattle & King County: http://www.metrokc.govihealth/westnile/ U.S. Center for Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks http://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnradmin/press/2002/0916wnv.htm Environmental Risk Program at Cornell University: http://www.cfe.comell.edu/erap/WNV/ Information from EPA on insect repellent containing DEET http://www.epa.p-ov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/deet.htm 9 Appendix C Possible West Nile virus vector mosquitoes in King County To date, eight species of mosquitoes in King County have been associated with the West Nile Virus. Two of the eight species are considered to be the most likely vectors for WNV once it arrives in King County, these are culex pipiens and culex tarsalis. The other species have been associated with WNV positive tests, but may not be efficient carriers of the disease. Pending the results of additional research,King County control efforts will focus on the culex species. A brief description of each species follows and Appendix D shows the habitat types and the associated vector mosquitoes favoring each habitat. Knowing the preferred habit for each species of mosquito can help determine the best management strategy. The following information is taken primarily from Darsie and Ward (1981) and Meyer and Durso (1998). Culex pipiens, the "northern house mosquito", occurs in foul water with a high organic content, such as catch basins and stormwater ponds. It is a primary vector of St. Louis Encephalitis and has been implicated in the transmission of dog heartworm. Females feed at dusk or after dark, readily enter homes and prefer avian hosts,but will also feed on large mammals, including man. This species occurs throughout the northern United States and Washington. Culex tarsalis, the "western encephalitis mosquito',may be found in any standing fresh water, especially around agriculture. It is the most important vector of arborviruses in western North America. It prefers to feed on birds,but will also feed on large mammals and man after birds are done nesting. This species is widespread in North America and may be found at all elevations. It is an important encephalitis vector where that disease is present. Aedes vexans,the"inland floodwater mosquito',occurs in all types of floodwater situations, including roadside ditches and mud puddles, temporary pools formed by flooding in creek bottoms, and water pooling from irrigation. Eggs may lie dormant in soil 3 years or more,until the area becomes wet again. Some do not hatch until re-wetted several times. Adults are good fliers and capable of dispersing 5-15 miles from where they emerge. This species is likely present in many stormwater ponds, is a vicious day biter but rarely enters homes, and is widespread throughout North America. Aedes cinereus is a woodland species,usually found in permanent bogs and marshes. The larvae are secretive and tend to hide among aquatic vegetation or under leaves. Adults emerge primarily in early spring and are known as "ankle biters"because they tend to attack people around the lower legs. They are aggressive biters but often are not noticed because people are distracted by other species in their face. This species is widespread in North America, except in the and southwest. Anopheles punctipennis, the "woodland malaria mosquito',prefers algae-laden pools along the edges of slow moving streams and rivers. This species rarely enters homes, tends to be a night biter, and attacks man outdoors in woodland or foothill situations. 10 It is found throughout Washington State and is widespread throughout much of the U.S. and North to central British Columbia, Canada. It is likely to be found where springs or creeks are associated with stormwater ponds. Coquilletidia perturbans larvae occur in permanent marshes with emergent cattails and tulles. This species is unique because the larvae attach to roots and stems of aquatic vegetation and cannot be controlled with surface treatments like Bti or oils. Only products like methoprene are effective against this species. Adults are vicious biters and feed at dusk or after dark. This species has a single generation per year and is found throughout most of North America. Culiseta inornata,the"winter mosquito', is an unusually large mosquito that occurs in a variety of sunlit habitats including ponds, irrigation or glacial runoff, rain pools, salt marshes or even artificial containers. It is an early season species and does not like hot weather. This species is widespread in North America at all elevations. Ochlerotatus iaponicus larvae are found primarily in artificial containers or tree holes. This species was first identified in New Jersey in 1998 and has now spread to thirteen other states and Quebec, Canada. All other states where it is found are in the northeastern United States; the only western record is from King County, Washington. 11 Appendix D Disease vector mosquito species associated with drainage control facilities Habitat Type Facility type Vector Species Permanent Water Year round wet ponds Anopheles punctipennis Larger Regional Ponds Culex pipiens Wet Bioswales Culex tarsalis Marshes&Wetlands Wet Bioswales Adedes cinereus Some Regional Facilities Coquilletidia preturbans Temporary or Flood Water Temporary Wet Ponds Adedes vexans Dry Bioswales Culiseta inornata Retention/Detention Ponds Culex pipiens Open Ditches Culex tarsalis Artificial Containers/Tree Holes Catch Basins Ochlerotatus japonicus Underground TanksNaults Culex pipiens Discarded containers&Tires Culex tarsalis Culiseta inornata 12 Appendix E Larvicidal control methods under consideration Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)is a naturally occurring bacterium, which is used to disrupt the feeding abilities of aquatic fly larva. Bti is specific to fly larva and has little known impact on other species. In order for it to be effective the mosquito larva must ingest it, once the larva shifts to the pupae stage, Bti is no longer an effective control. Depending on the form of Bti used and water conditions, it has a residual life of 1 to 30 days. Bacillus sphaericus is also a naturally occurring bacterium, which disrupts the larva feeding abilities. Bs is best used in water with a high organic content. As with Bti, it is specific to fly larva and has little or no impact on other species. The residual life of Bs is 1 to 4 weeks. Methoprene is a chemical growth inhibitor, which prevents the mosquito larva from progressing to the adult stage. Since this chemical also may impact other insects and fish, it is not recommended for use where it will easily move into natural water bodies. Methoprene does not have to be ingested by the larva to be effective. Depending on the form of methoprene used, it has a residual life of 2 to 21 weeks. In a closed pond or a situation where there is little chance of outflow to natural water bodies, the long term version of methoprene may have a good costibenefit ratio since it may be effective for most of a breeding season. This would reduce the need for staff to reapply pesticides through the summer months. Monomolecular surface film (MMF) is a pesticide that forms a thin layer on the water surface and makes it difficult for the mosquito larva to maintain its position at the water surface where it needs to be to breathe. In addition, adult mosquitoes trying to land on the water surface to lay eggs will become trapped in the water and drown. Although MMF has little impact on fish and other invertebrates, it will affect other insects that rely on a water surface tension. This is a reasonable method to use where a rapid impact is desired. It is not effective on the coquilletidia perturbans mosquito larvae that attach to cattails for breathing. This control agent is not suitable in windy conditions where the material will be dispersed by water movement. Golden Bear Oil is a light oil that can be sprayed onto the surface of the water. The thin layer of oil clogs the breathing tube and suffocates the larva and pupae . This is effective on both the larva and the pupae,but it also impacts other aquatic organisms. Use of Golden Bear Oil should be kept to a minimum. As with MMF, it is not suitable for windy conditions. 13 Appendix F Mosquito control measures 1. Basic recommended actions • Empty anything that holds standing water, such as old tires, buckets,plastic covers, and toys. • Change water in birdbaths, fountains, wading pools and animal troughs weekly. • Remove unused containers—bottles, cans, and buckets that may collect water. • Make sure roof gutters drain properly, and clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall. • Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. 2.Habitat reduction/Physical modifications or repairs When considering a facility for mosquito control,the first consideration should be whether the problem could be reduced by physical modification. In general this is not going to be a practical alternative for drainage facilities. Most facilities serve water quality and flow control functions, with specific design features to enhance those functions. Modifications to the features may compromise the function. Physical modifications must be designed or reviewed by an engineer to insure they meet applicable design requirements. Possible design modifications may include changes to the flow rate, enabling the facility to drain sooner; eliminating low spots, which collect small amounts of standing water; or removing vegetation. Alternatively, if a pond can be deepened or made into a permanent wet pond,the conditions for natural predators may be enhanced. Repairs may include scarifying the pond bottom where it is no longer infiltrating as originally designed,reshaping the pond slopes to eliminate isolated pools of water, and cleaning the pond to remove inappropriate vegetation. Mosquitoes will use the lifting hole in the access covers for catchbasins,tanks, and vaults to get into the structure and either breed or shelter from the heat of the day. If possible they should be denied access by covering the hole with a"Tracy Patch", which is a piece of duct tape covering the hole. When the tape is removed to access the structure it should be replace with a fresh piece of tape. 3. Natural control options: The WDFW is investigating whether there are native minnows or fish that may be appropriate for introducing into ponds or wetlands which may not have a native population established. WFWD may also approve the use of gambusia(mosquito fish), which are a non-native species,but only in situations where they will not escape to natural waterways. 14 Appendix G Focusing the response Surveillance and control efforts will be prioritized based on indicators of the level of risk expected to be experienced by specific areas or locales. Indicators of increased risk include combinations of these factors: • The documented presence of West Nile virus (WNV) in an area or locale; • Concentrations of dead crows or birds that might indicate the presence of WNV prior to laboratory confirmation; • Concentrations of people over 50 years of age, the age group most vulnerable to WNV infection morbidity; • Concentrations of people whose circumstances increase their mosquito exposure (e.g. unsheltered homeless, outdoor activity participants such as play-field and park users and outdoor concert attendees); • Concentrations of complaints concerning adult mosquitoes or breeding habitat; • Proximity to shallow, still bodies of water that can provide mosquito breeding habitat; and • Other factors identified as knowledge of WNV evolves. Areas or locales will be ranked using the above risk-related indicators. Those ranked most highly will be the main focus of surveillance and potential control efforts. In addition to focused surveillance, geographically representative sampling of mosquito breeding habitat will be attempted in both urban/suburban and rural areas as county and external resources allow. Nonprofit organizations, such as equestrian groups, may be encouraged to assist with surveillance in rural communities. 15 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC WNV RESPONSE TIMELINE Education OHotline/Website OPersonal protection and habitat reduction info. OMedia releases - OVideo -update available dpp- Surveillance + Monitoring OWNV Cases (human, equine, other mammals) *4 *Dead crow testing for WNV • OCrow death reports OMosquito larvae surveying -targeted at vulnerable population areas - geo. representative of all areas OMosquito species determination ' • - OReceive public reports re: mosquitoes top- Control OHabitat reduction OLarval control (could include introduction of Storm Water Ponds predators, lariciding, maintenance) Egli III IFT-1111M. OAdulticiding Only if public health emergency Anticipated Events OMosquitos active •LIE OPossible WNV in: -Bird • -Human or equine • Wider bands indicate intensified efforts J:\POOL\mosquito\misc\WNV Response Timeline8xI1.XIs 04/01/2004 Appendix I West Nile Virus Projected Cost 2003 (Grand Total is $915,982) $273,322 $375,041 Education Control $267,617 Surveillance Projected Cost By Agency 2003 $84,586 ■PUBLIC HEALTH $260,389 O NATUARAL RESOURCES AND PARKS ■TRANSPORTATION $571,005 16 West Nile Virus (WNV) Public Health Resources for Policy Seattle & King County Development HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Order Form for 2004 Order Date: Your Phone Number: Ship To: Contact Address City State ZIP Code Item Quantity King County WNV Response Plan King County Phased Response Guidelines WNV Response Plan Template for Municipalities- Revised Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Mosquito Control courtesy of WA St. Dept. of Ecology PCOs in King County Licensed to do Aquatic Mosquito Control WNV Table Top Exercise(PowerPoint presentation) Mail or Fax your order request to: Public Health—Seattle& King County Environmental Health Services Division 999—3`d Avenue, Suite 700 Seattle, WA 98104-4039 Fax: (206)296-0189 Objectives • Using Phased Response guide ` West Nile Virus Arrives identify alert levels& response5 in King CQun • Understand responsibilities of each September, 2003 agency with respect to the 3 components of WNV plan West Nile Virus Interagency Work (surveillance,education,control) Group—Table Top Exercise September 5,2003 • Develop& modify plans and Public Health-Seattle&King County procedures as needed Scenario "Grouted Rules" • September 4,2003: Public Health Irmo weekly report to the KC Execute • Respect others/no wrong answers • Give realistic responses indicative of' —In KC, WNV testing of 100 dead birds and 17 your agency's preparedness &plan ill horses,all Negative —84 mosquito samples analyzed indicates • Continually ask, "Does our plan, vector species present throughout KC procedures or checklist provide —To date, CDC reports Z267 human cases, guidance with this issue?" 910 equine cases, and 4,222 WNV+dead birds from 44 states What is the WNVAlert Level? Scenario Continued September 8,2003 • Tom Gibbs of DOH receives a call from National Wildlife Lab in Wisconsin advising us that birds#WADB200330719 and 0721 are WNV+ • Tom determines birds were submitted from King County and calls Sharon Hopkins at Public Health-SKC to report findings I Scenario Continued What is the WNV Alert Level? • Sharon talks to Kim Moore at Public Health-SKC who checks the log of birds submitted for WNV and finds .... —Bird#0719 was submitted by staff from Kelsey Creek Park in Bellevue on 8/25 —Bird#0721 was submitted by a citizen of the city of Lake Forest Park on 8/28 RESPONSE Public Health--SKC Notification c& Communications • Who does Public Health-SKC contact in • What are the initial WA Dept of Health Bellevue? (DOH)actions after notifying Public Health-SKC? • Who does Public Health contact in Lake Forest Park? • What are Public Health's actions in the first several days? Some background info... Describe your agency's response CITY of BELLE CITY of BELL VUE.4 • Kelsey Creek Park is a sprawling 150 acres`1Ex,� and wetland habitat,plus a farm,in central Bellevue. There are trails to explore,a children's play area and a • Communications/media/public barnyard full of farm animals to get acquainted with. education The park is open dawn to dusk every day of the year. Free. • The Harvest Days Festival at Kelsey Creek is Sept. 13- 14 and is the Park's most popular event. It is expected • Surveillance and control to draw thousands of visitors including organized tours from several senior centers. 2 Some background info... Describe your agency's response CITY of LAKE FOREST* CITY of LAKE FOREST PARK • Public Health-SKC notifies UP officials that • Communications/media/public the positive crow was submitted by a citizen education living on NE 204th Street at 55th Ave NE • A quick check of the map reveals this location is on the border with the city of Kenmore and • Surveillance and control just 1/4 mile south of the Snohomish County boundary Scenario Scenario, con't • September 15,2003 at 9 am: Universit A • September 15, 11:30 am: Public Health Hospital in Seattle notifies Public Hea t `- staff interview the attending physics SKC that a 68 year old King County Patient lives in a rural area on Vashon Island,works in resident has been hospitalized with fever downtown Seattle,and reported vacationing in and encephalitis. PCR tests for WNV are Colorado August 16-22 • Symptoms of illness began suddenly on Sept. 12 and positive. The patient is in serious medical care was sought the next day condition. Patient reported numerous mosquito bites sustained the • Is this a confirmed case? Should it be evening of Sept 5th while attending the George made public now? Or are confirmatory Benson jazz concert at Marymoor Park tests at CDC needed? Scenario, cont The Plot Thickens... • September 15,2003 at 2:30 pm: DOH staff • September 17,2003 : Having been notified notify Public Health-SKC that 3 more King e. by Public Health that the crow he su m tte` crows and 2 horses have tested WNV+ tested WNV+,the Issaquah citizen calls the Issaquah Press to report that the dead crow was • A check of the log reveals the birds were from a ditch along a County road adjacent to the submitted from Renton,Burien,and Issaquah Metro Park&Ride in Issaquah. The citizen had seen the West Nile warning signs posted in the • An interview with horse's veterinarian reveals May Valley south of Issaquah and is alarmed. the horses are both from a stable in May Valley The Press runs the'story with a picture of the in unincorporated King Co. One horse has died. sign and the wetland pond at the Park&Ride lot. ' DANGER! HEALTH HAZARD West Nile virus and Japanese Encephalitis area. The King County DRNP(Dept.of Natural Resources and Parks) and King county DDES(Dept.of Development and Environmental Services)has appropriated this area for artificial re mosquito habitat. The CDC(Center for Disease Control in Atlanta GA)has determined certain mosquito species to be known carriers of WN Virus and Japanese Encephalitis.These species are currently present and thrive in local wetlands and storm water retention/detention ponds. STRONG CAUTION ADVISED WALKING,BIKING OR IN OPEN VEHICLES. Questions,concerns about this and all other mosquito preserves should be directed to: King County Executive Ron Sims(206)296AO40 KC Director of Public Health Dr.Alonzo Plough(206)296-1480 DNRP Director Pam Bissonette(206)296-6500 Scenario, con't What is the WNV Alert Level? • Call volumes to city and county agencies triple or quadruple. Citizens want information about West Nile virus. Many irate citizens demand action against mosquitoes. Describe your agency's response Describe your agency's response COUNTY DN * COUNTYDOT* • Communications/media/public • Communications/media/public education education • Surveillance and control • Surveillance and control • *Department of Transportation • *Department of Natural Resources and Parks 4 Describe your agency's response Describe your agency's response METRO/T CITIES of BURIEN, RENM)4 • " "" ISSAQUAH, VAI Communications/media/public education • Communications/media/public education • Surveillance and control • Surveillance and control Describe your agency's response CITY of SEATTLE West Nile Season is not over yet... • Communications/media/public In 2002 in Washington State, education —Oct 2nd: DOH press release on WNV+raven from Newport,WA —Oct 23rd: DOH press release on WNV+crow from Snohomish Co.--crow was collected on 10/6 • Surveillance and control —Nov 15th: Seattle PI coverage of Island Co.horse with confirmed WNV--horse's illness began in early Oct -BE PREPARED! 5 DenverPost.com - West Nile Virus Pagel of 2 HaPAES iaas ALATOS cins54FIMS AOSEARCH TRtAVELLEALS, Monday,April 05,2004 DENwFToS1-Ir Denver,CO NEWS "EMAIL ARTICLE LINK TO ARTICLE PRINT ARTICLE OTHER WEST NILE VIRUS BUSINESS Article Published: Saturday,January 03, 2004 STORIES CAMPAIGN 2004 COLUMNISTS FRONT PAGE Counties/ cities plan anti -Complications cations kill �yy LOCAL NEWS Longmont man,51 NATION/WORLD mosquito efforts -West Nile shots urged for OBITUARIES SPECIAL REPORTS horses AFA Sex Assaults By The Denver Post -Larimer will address W. Betrayal in the Nile threat Ranks Buried Mistakes -W.. Nile's_toH_li_ngers_in Cadet's First Year BOULDER - Boulder County plans to spend $680,000 state Census on mosquito control in anticipation of Colorado's -Tales hold suffering, Child Abuse third year of West Nile virus, the same amount as despair, hope Columbine CSAP Tests last year. On the trail of West Nile CU in Crisis Dry West W. Nile claims 55th victim_ JonBenet Boulder, Larimer and Weld counties had the most Latest Colo.West Nile_ Kobe Bryant human cases of the mosquito-borne virus last year. death follows 6-month Mad Cow battle Pain and Glory Boulder County had 420 cases by mid-December, Police Force including five deaths and 53 cases involving virus nit hard, didn't hit Seller Beware home St.Vrain Crisis encephalitis and meningitis. Late spraying efforts T-REx West Nile Virus curbed_W._Nile WEATHER There were 2,833 cases statewide. -W.Nile tests effectively screened blood FEATURES "We're hoping it will be less serious than last year," Virus fight taken to farms BOTOERTAINMENT KS Public Health Director Chuck Stout said. "Having said FOOD/DINING that, It's still going to be very serious and necessary HEALTH to maintain tight surveillance and control activities." LIFESTYLES MOVIES TRAVEL An emphasis in the county will be placed on TV LISTINGS controlling mosquitoes' breeding habitat in the cities, OPINION county and the open space agricultural lands, as well COLUMNISTS as monitoring mosquito larvae, Stout said. EDITORIALS LETTERS PERSPECTIVE Spraying will remain a last resort, he said. KEEFE CARTOON MESSAGE BOARDS SPORTS Advertisement Longmont has AVALANCHE/NHL a set aside . � a.a a a a a'a a'a . a +a a • . a'. BRONCOS/NFL . .a'%.�.•. . +.'i a'..•+', a a + a+a+•�. .'i• M .•.:• ,;fti♦+++ ,a�a . a�.'.'a•.•.a.•� a'.�►' $40,000 for i COLLEGES .�.�a�a�.Y•ar�.•4% , a'a ►.� •.a+ . .'r. COLUMNISTS aa'+•.••.•i+aa'a 1. '•'.'aaa'. ' ' mosquito A NUGGETS(NBA ■:•aa ' '.a+a�.+'+�•••'+�+••a•'+.a.•a�.a'a'�•- control efforts •.. . a •, a + •. . a PREPS i a'Y1aa':+. • •.i++'.'� a:+aaa+:' and Is RAPIDS!MLS i±�'�':+;:' •a•��;t�:•: prepared to ROOKIES!MLB v • ' LE SCORES OTHER SPORTS U Csa�? spend more _ P� for spraying if necessary. It SERVICES ARCHIVES spent twice CONTACT US that amount ABOUT USIHELP last year. E-MAIL NEWS SUBSCRIBE ` , Superior has ADVERTISING signed a AUTOS , 'J 17 500 HOMEScontract with Colorado Mosquito uito Control, which q MARKETPLACE conducts trapping, monitoring, larvicide applications http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36%7E24167%7E1868255,00.html?search=fi... 04/05/2004 DenverPost.com - West Nile Virus Page 2 of 2 MEMORIALS and other control efforts. That is up slightly from last NEWSPAPER ADS year, said Juanita Dominguez, the town's parks, PNN DDINGSTES WEDDINGS recreation and open space director. YELLOW PAGES Louisville, meanwhile, has budgeted $7,350 toward HOME mosquito abatement, the standard amount set aside ETHICS POLICY before the West Nile outbreak, city spokeswoman Meredyth Muth said. SEARCH SITE SEARCH: Weld County commissioners recommended about $450,000 in funding. •Errter rnxoh term, El RETURN TO TOP hit erder key •CIick here for WEB SEARCH: DENwpTosrocoilv All contents Copyright 2004 The Denver Post or other copyright holders.All t.a rights reserved.This material may not be published,broadcast,rewritten or redistributed for any commercial purpose. Denver Post Ethics Policy Terms of use i Privacy policy itn'W�•�6�.CC311i Go to Section DenverPost.com A to Z 71 Advertising Links West Nile Virus Test•www.responsebio.com Rapid, quantitative environmental test. CDC Independently Evaluated Have a Mosquito-Free Yard•www.MosquitoBarrier.com Keeps both Mosquitos and ticks out of your yard.Works instantly. Prevent West Nile Virus•www.exofficio.com New clothing line repels insects! Odorless and EPA registered http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36%7E24167%7E 1868255,00.html?search=fi... 04/05/2004 Pagel of 2 The Denver Post W. Nile's toll lingers in state Victims, families cope with pain; officials brace to fight virus this year By Diedtra Henderson Denver Post Science Writer Sunday, March 07, 2004 - West Nile didn't trickle through Colorado last year - it roared like white water, carving a painful legacy in the state by forever changing lives. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that nearly 80,850 Coloradans were infected last year, the silent majority never knowing the precise reason for feeling slightly cruddy. Many limped through neurological problems, such as the swelling of the brain and spinal cord that hospitalized a few hundred and paralyzed 32 in hard-hit Boulder, Larimer and Weld counties. Now, six months after infection, they're relearning how to walk, talk, swallow and breathe without assistance. Fifty-five families lost a loved one, including Sandra Trowbridge, whose husband died after being expected to recover. "Nobody has any idea how much you hurt," said Trowbridge, whose husband, Wayne, died on Valentine's Day. "You hurt so much you're mad at the world." The CDC is still closely monitoring 37 pregnant women and their newborns in the state, fearful that an infection during the mother's pregnancy could cause later problems for the infants. And the agency and the state health department continue to investigate a single suspected case of West Nile infection passed through a tainted blood transfusion. If confirmed, the Colorado case would raise last year's tally of transfusion-related infections to seven, some passed by just a few copies of the West Nile virus in the donated blood. A lethal combination caused the state's West Nile tally to soar to the nation's highest. Late-spring snowfall provided moisture for farmers to irrigate and for homeowners to water lawns. Mosquitoes relied on those new oases to breed. And last summer's blazing heat shortened the time it took for eggs floating on the water to transform into adult Culex females capable of spreading infection with each bite. In a single bite, a mosquito can infect animals - human, horse or bird - with the West Nile virus. The risks are highest on an 85-degree day, a half-hour after sundown, for the two hours that Culex tarsalis feeds in evening temperatures in the 60s or higher. The dose of virus those mosquitoes deliver would be the highest on the fourth day after the female fed on a viral refueling tank, such as a house sparrow, said William Reeves Sr., a University of California-Berkeley professor emeritus of epidemiology who has studied Culex tarsalis for 60 years. Those chances shrink if people wear DEET-based repellent. A poll taken at the height of last year's outbreak revealed that only one in three Coloradans did. http://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E2001685,00.htm1 04/05/2004 Page 2 of 2 Any member of the Culex clan - tarsalis, quinquefasciatus and pipiens - is a capable West Nile virus delivery machine. Of the lot, the state's large population of Culex tarsalis helps best to explain Colorado's high human infection rates, said Andrew Spielman, a Harvard professor of public health in the tropics and author of "Mosquito." "They appear to be much more man-biting on the West Coast than either pipiens or quinquefasciatus," Spielman said. "So, their likelihood of feeding on a human host is greater." Researchers are already scouting for the start of West Nile infections in next season's hot spots - especially California's vast acres of irrigated farmland. That state has battled outbreaks of malaria, St. Louis encephalitis and Western equine encephalitis - all spread by Culex tarsalis. "I know the virus is here. I know it has already spread over a very large section of Southern California. I know it's going to survive the winter," Reeves said. "We're continuing our surveillance program full blast." Meanwhile, thousands of Coloradans have painfully demonstrated to researchers that individual West Nile infections can be as unique as a fingerprint. "Viruses can focus on any organ in the body, and they can leave out any organ in the body," said Dr. James Rahal, director of the infectious-disease section of New York Hospital Queens. Rahal cared for the nation's first West Nile victims. In one 47-year-old Colorado patient, paralyzed as if he had polio, West Nile had cast a spotlight on an undiagnosed heart problem. In Wayne Trowbridge's case, it intensified respiratory ailments that ultimately killed the 58-year-old. "West Nile thrives on any complication you may have," Sandra Trowbridge said. "You don't know you have the complication until you've crossed that bridge." She's gotten phone calls from other families hit by the disease. A competitive water skier wants to regain use of her paralyzed leg to ski again this summer. A goose hunter hospitalized for 10 days wonders whether his foot will ever stop tingling. A few hard-hit hospitals in Boulder and northern Colorado have begun more formal support groups, recognizing the need for once healthy people to lean on each other for help, vent through journals and open doctors' eyes to the full range of West Nile symptoms. "The medical profession is still learning from this. A lot of doctors hadn't seen the West Nile," said Nancy Spaulding, whose infection narrowed vision in one eye, perhaps permanently. "Anyone who has had West Nile is teaching their doctor along the way - especially if they have something a little different," Spaulding said. Diedtra Henderson can be contacted at 303-820-1910. hUp://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E2001685,00.htm1 04/05/2004 Page 1 of 2 The Denver Post Virus hit hard, didn't hit home More education needed on West Nile to avoid 2nd outbreak, expert says By Monte Whaley Denver Post Northern Bureau Friday, February 06, 2004 - As the West Nile virus hit Colorado last year, ultimately killing 54 people and leaving hundreds with lives altered, many residents still did not protect themselves against the virus, health officials said Thursday. The reasons: communication problems, among them language barriers; generational attitudes; apathy; and distrust of the media. "Some just couldn't see how one bite from a mosquito could be fatal," said Emily Zielinski-Gutierrez, a behavioral scientist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zielinski-Gutierrez told scientists, doctors and public health officials at the final day of "The 2004 National Conference on the West Nile Virus in the United States" that they need to do more face-to- face work in communities to head off another deadly outbreak this summer. Terming it the "Avon lady" approach, she said it involves going to every door in threatened cities and towns to tell people how to avoid the virus. "We need to talk to a community personally," she said. The bulk of the three-day forum at the Denver Marriott City Center had focused on pure science, including the best strategies for reducing the mosquito population. Mosquitoes are the prime carriers of the virus. But speakers Thursday concentrated on how human behavior can influence the spread of West Nile. Zielinski-Gutierrez produced findings from surveys gauging attitudes toward prevention. Focus groups in El Paso and Larimer counties, two of the hardest hit, indicated that many people there still weren't convinced last summer that West Nile was a big problem. Several people in El Paso County, for instance, didn't see many mosquitoes in the area and considered that evidence that West Nile was not a threat. Other people in the focus groups considered their homes to be safe havens, so they didn't see the need to apply mosquito repellents, Zielinski-Gutierrez said. Older residents saw West Nile as something not nearly as deadly as the polio epidemics of their youth. Some of the focus-group participants over 60 years old also incorrectly thought that if they had contracted malaria when they were younger, they were immune to West Nile, Zielinski-Gutierrez said. Younger members of the focus groups, meanwhile, were convinced they should get West Nile so they could build up immunity. "Which is a risk, since many younger people who got West Nile suffered paralysis," she said. Fort Collins residents got most of their information about West Nile from local and state media, Zielinski-Gutierrez said. http://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E1938513,00.html 04/05/2004 Page 2 of 2 Residents who were concerned about the virus felt they weren't getting important information about exactly where the outbreaks were occurring. "People were upset that the local newspapers were not printing the exact addresses" of West Nile victims, she said. But many thought newspapers and TV stations were over-reporting the issue to drive up readership and viewers. "There was a mistrust there," she said. Young people were hit especially hard by West Nile because it shattered their image of invulnerability, said Jill Burch, supervisor of community health services for Weld County, another county hit hard by the virus. Many who first contracted the virus thought they could shake it off in a few days, much like the flu. But the headaches, dehydration and weakness lingered for weeks and sometimes months in several young victims, Burch said. "They were saying, 'Why didn't you tell us how bad this is?"' she said. Possibly those who suffered the most were area migrant workers, said Burch. Officials tried to tell them to wear long-sleeve shirts and to apply mosquito repellent. But the heat and sweat caused many to shed shirts and to skip reapplying repellents, she said. Others couldn't, or wouldn't, communicate to bosses or health officials how badly they felt. "These people can't afford not to work," Burch said. It was nearly impossible to keep track of infected workers, she said, because they frequently traveled from job to job. "Many probably just went back to Mexico," Burch said. Officials also had ideas for how to rectify some of the problems that led to misinformation or a lack of information about the virus last year. In addition to Zielinski-Gutierrez's "Avon lady" suggestion, Maury Golder-Dobbie of the Fort Collins Rotary Club, in another presentation, said her group has created free software containing a 24- minute information session on West Nile prevention. The software can be distributed to other Rotary Clubs, whose members can distribute it to local governments, community groups, schools and others. To find out how to get the software, call 970-224-5911 or e-mail maury@mediatechproductions.com . http://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7EI938513,00.htm] 04/05/2004 The Denver Post Late spraying efforts curbed W. Nile virus Findings spur debate on cities' timing By Monte Whaley Denver Post Northern Bureau Thursday, February 05, 2004 - Late-season spraying in Fort Collins last year dramatically cut the number of mosquitoes laden with the deadly West Nile virus, along with the number of new human infections. Those findings, presented Wednesday in downtown Denver at "The 2004 National Conference on the West Nile Virus in the United States," sparked debate on why some cities waited until almost the last minute to aggressively attack West Nile with mosquito-spraying programs. "Some communities opted for mosquito control while Fort Collins opted not to do mosquito control until the pressure mounted," said John Pape, an epidemiologist with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Fort Collins is the county seat for Larimer County, which had 544 West Nile cases last summer, the highest number in the state, according to the state health department. Eight people in Larimer County died from the disease, which is largely carried by mosquitoes. Fort Collins began spraying in neighborhoods from trucks Aug. 22, followed by applications Aug. 26 and Aug. 30. Larimer County used aerial spraying on Labor Day and followed up three days later with another application, said city and county officials. Traps set up by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratory in Fort Collins showed decreases of up to 87 percent and 89 percent, respectively, in the two main mosquito types that carry West Nile after the spraying, said Roger Nasci, a research entomologist with the CDC. Also, there was a 92.5 percent reduction in the number of human infections after the spraying, Nasci said. "There is good evidence that (spraying) produced measurable decreases," Nasci said. Some in the audience at the Denver Marriott City Center, among them public-health officials from around the country, asked panelists why Fort Collins waited so long to begin spraying. The first human cases of the virus had surfaced earlier in the summer. Fort Collins is similar to many cities where leaders have to consider tight budgets and other pressing problems as well as developing mosquito-reduction programs, Pape said. Even when there is scientific evidence that an epidemic is likely to surface, many officials still don't take action. "Their first question is 'How many cases are there?"' Pape said. "If there are only one or two, that focuses their attention elsewhere." Still, public-health officials have to make sure mayors and county commissioners understand the importance of mosquito control, Nasci said. http://www.denverpost.con-i/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E1936253.00.html 04/05/2004 Page I of I The Denver Post Larimer will address W. Nile threat sooner By Monte Whaley Denver Post Northern Bureau Wednesday, March 31, 2004 - FORT COLLINS - Larimer County officials vowed Tuesday to attack the West Nile virus earlier this summer than they did last year and have pledged $100,000 for the fight. Commissioners voted 3-0 to fund more public education efforts about the virus and to join several neighboring counties and cities in controlling mosquitoes, which carry West Nile. Much of the money - $42,335 - will go toward hiring two temporary employees whose only job will be to spread the word about the dangers of the virus. "It's the single, simple, most cost-effective thing we can do," said Jerry Blehm, director of Larimer County's environmental health division. Larimer County was the hardest hit of any county in the United States last year, with 544 cases of West Nile. Nine county residents also died, Blehm said. In all, West Nile last year killed 56 Coloradans and infected 2,946 people across the state, according to health officials. Larimer County was criticized for reacting too slowly to West Nile, with aerial spraying of mosquitoes taking place by Labor Day when the virus was already hitting its peak. Karen Wagner, a candidate for county commissioner, warned the three incumbent commissioners not to waste time in dealing with West Nile this season. "By Sept. 1, it was too late to prevent those deaths," Wagner said. But Larimer officials said the county reacted correctly last year, given the available information. "We did what we thought was right last year," Blehm said. The two health educators will work from mid-April to mid-September, hitting schools and community groups with the message of West Nile prevention. Officials will stress the use of insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, and limiting outdoor activity. Larimer County also will study why there were more severe cases of West Nile in Loveland than in Fort Collins, even though Loveland has been taking steps to control mosquitoes for a longer period of time. The county also will contract with the same mosquito-control company now being used in Weld and Boulder counties as well as Loveland and Fort Collins. In addition, the county hopes to do a better job of tracking bird, horse, mosquito and human West Nile data, Blehm said. The county spent $450,000 to fight West Nile last year, including $210,000 in emergency funds, he said. hUp://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E2052037,00.html 04/05/2004 Page 1 of 4 The Denver Post W. Nile tales hold suffering, despair, hope Three victims battle debilitating effects of virus while widow begins to face life alone By Diedtra Henderson Denver Post Science Writer Sunday, March 07, 2004 - Rail-thin Wayne Trowbridge, the "pretty cool" son of dairy farmers, had marrying on his mind. Sandra, the daughter of dairy farmers, was stubborn enough to sidestep her parents' wishes. So the northern Colorado couple eloped, driving cross-country in Wayne's black 1969 Chevy Chevelle to Hagerstown, Md., where a man older than 21 and a woman older than 18 could become man and wife without blood tests or parental permission. Wearing a lacy wedding dress she purchased for $85 from the J.C. Penney catalog, Sandra married her high school sweetheart. Thirty-five years later, on Valentine's Day, Sandra Trowbridge watched a shadow of that man - weakened, emaciated and rehospitalized after a brief trip home - die of respiratory complications from West Nile virus. Wayne's infection stripped away his senses. It stripped nearly 50 pounds from his already lanky frame. And when he died at 58, nearly six months after the nightmare began, West Nile severed the farm couple's lifelong bond. Wayne and Sandra Trowbridge had enjoyed a simple life, the 53- year-old widow said. Together, they raised six daughters. Empty-nesters, together they made a home, yanking weeds, creating a lawn, garden and a gentle waterfall that spilled into a rock- lined pond. They eschewed dinner out at someplace fancy like Red Lobster and, instead, entertained at home. She'd prep 40 chicken halves while he lit the fire and grilled in a pit barbecue in the backyard of the couple's rental farmhouse the color of lemon sorbet. When Wayne's mouth could open only as wide as a dime, he communicated by flashing his eyes, then pointing at an alphabet chart. Sandra was at his side composing his thoughts, letter by letter. "It's kind of scary, turning 53," she said. "You have to be the decision-maker. You have to be the financier. There's nobody coming home. You lose the only one you have." Sandra agonized over whether to take Wayne off of life support. A few weeks after his death, she wondered whether she could return to work at a restaurant near Windsor, where she does a little bit of everything. Mounting hospital bills decided for her. The couple lacked health insurance. The Corral, where the couple had relaxed and launched horseshoes, where Wayne barbecued a whole pig every year, where regulars hosted a fundraiser to help pay "Wayne-O's" medical bills, also became the place where he was memorialized. Sandra has yet to say her own goodbye. She has delayed retrieving Wayne's ashes. "I'm just not ready to let go of him yet." http://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E2001570,OO.htm1 04/05/2004 Page 2 of 4 Vision, speech impaired Even when Nancy Spaulding's vision played tricks on her, erasing a couple of stairs that - missed - sent her tumbling to the ground, she kept a sense of humor. She kept it even when West Nile- induced encephalitis erased her ability to think clearly, speak, recall events from the recent past or walk unassisted. Still, the 64-year-old's resolve cracked when she entered a nursing home to begin recovery. Gray-haired women with backs curved like question marks were in the lobby, belted into their wheelchairs. Her room had two beds, a guarantee she'd have no privacy. She sobbed and insisted on a private room. In Nancy's mind, she created sentences, but her voice did nothing of the kind. Her husband, Vern, and other visitors heard only gibberish when she spoke. "I couldn't really talk. But he got the message," she said. Lured by the natural beauty, the couple retired in Windsor, near friends, in July. Seven weeks later, Nancy jumped in the car, wearing shorts. During that five-minute drive to Safeway, she was bitten on the leg by a single mosquito. Within two weeks, she woke at 4:30 a.m. violently ill, shaking from a 104.5-degree fever. Hospitalization and convalescent care gave way to returning home, where Vern turned a dining room into a ground-floor bedroom. Nancy lay in bed, plastic basin nearby to cope with nausea, and lost 25 pounds in one month. A doctor prescribed Zofran, typically given to people on chemotherapy. The bill for 15 pills: $315.99. A smile flashes when she explains how her hair began falling out in tufts in December when she slid a comb through it or showered. "I looked like a plucked duck," she joked. Time has chased away tremors, only noticeable when she signs her name - "N" and "S" strong, but the last few letters wobbly - or tries to fasten a button. The Katherine Hepburn in her voice only shows up now late in the day. She pauses, chasing words such as "chandelier" now missing from her vocabulary. "I did very well with the therapy," she said. "There are days I didn't want to get out of bed. But you have to do it. If you lie in bed, nothing is going to happen." Her vision woes likely are permanent. West Nile-induced lesions on her right retina narrowed vision in that eye to a tunnel. "I mourned a little bit. I was really upset over that." Still, her new license plate speaks to her overall good fortune: I M 42 N8. Seizure, allergic reaction Dr. Dana Christensen has no memory of being bitten by a mosquito. "I remember having a headache, the rash, the fever," Christensen said. "I remember waking up on the floor, at home, after having the seizure." She was hospitalized on Aug. 28. She regained consciousness five days later. http://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E2001570,OO.htm1 04/05/2004 Page 3 of 4 "Do you want to take a walk down the hall?" she was asked. They tempted her with a shower. She was too weak to leave bed. "I'm not that old; I'm 37," she said. "I was running three, four times a week. A couple years before that, I had run a marathon. To me, it was pretty amazing I couldn't walk." She gleaned much of what she knows from the first hospital stint by flipping through her chart. Her strong will returned her home within a week. As she readied to return to her internal medicine practice, a rare allergic reaction to a new anti-seizure medication sent her back to the hospital. "That time, I was very alert," she said. And she was well aware of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a one- in-a-million life-threatening reaction that covered her with blisters, left her mouth, nose and eyes swollen, and blurred her vision. "The only other time I saw this reaction, the patient died. It can progress to where you have third- degree burns of the skin," she said. "So, I was really freaking out. I'm a mother of three kids. I can't die." Again, the fifth day of hospitalization brought relief. New blisters stopped forming. Patches of clear skin appeared. Swelling abated. Even now, she uses eye drops a few times a day. Because of the allergic reaction, her eyes no longer produce tears. She's got lingering weakness and fatigue that coaxed her to spend Tuesday and Wednesday afternoons at home in Greeley. From time to time, her hands tingle and go numb. But she's got bigger worries. The couple's identical twins, daughters she woke and dressed alike each morning - even though she vowed against matching outfits - can't shake the memory of their mother's worrying absence. Each night, 2-year-olds Collette and Domonique wake, crying for their mom. Even now, they resist their father's attempts to soothe them, returning to sweet dreams only when they hear their mother's voice. "That is the hardest thing. They were affected by the fact I was gone," she said. "All of a sudden, I wasn't there. At 2, they don't understand." Paralysis, then recovery Carolann Boncella, 44, is the proud owner of facial wrinkles. When a West Nile infection paralyzed her right arm, it also froze the right side of her face. Immobilized muscles, acting like Botox, smoothed lines and creases on that half of her face. Acupuncture helped jump-start those facial muscles, restoring Boncella's wrinkles. Doctors gave Boncella no such hope of recovery back in August. Her paralysis was presaged by dull pain on July 31. The next day, she felt achy. The day that followed, her fever spiked, and she developed a rash, headache and nausea. Her fever continued to climb as weakness in her right arm worsened to paralysis. By the time her parents could get her a doctor's appointment, Boncella was racked by pain and clung to the sofa, feeling as if she were about to fall off a roller coaster in mid-ride. The next day, when her father checked her in for the appointment, Boncella slipped off the waiting- room chair. http://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E2001570.00.html 04/05/2004 Page 4 of 4 Alarmed health workers steadied her in a wheelchair and sprinted her across Broadway to the hospital. There, writing for the first time with her left hand, she drew a smiley face to describe Dr. George Garmany's bedside manner as the neurologist ordered an MRI and spinal tap. The tests confirmed she had swelling of the spinal cord and brain. When she was discharged from the hospital, her world was still spinning and her paralysis unchanged. "I could not close my eyes. When I ate or drank, food came out of my mouth. I couldn't sneeze," she said. She couldn't will even her right fingers to twitch. Her doctor's best guess: She'd have to prepare for the potential of not regaining much movement or strength. "I didn't believe it," she said. "They didn't know anything (about West Nile). They kept repeating that." She began daily, in-home physical therapy a day later. Vicodin wasn't working for pain. Acupuncture, a friend's suggestion, did. Inching up her arm, the acupuncturist helped to restore movement in the direction he worked - from her hand up her arm to her shoulder. The combination of physical therapy and acupuncture has restored most mobility and about half of her right arm's former strength. "I can hold my Coke," she said. "I can hold two shoes in my hand and carry them down the hall." One day soon, she hopes to hold a conversation that's not dominated by the lingering effects of West Nile. "It's really pretty simple," she said. "I'd like to be able to move on. When I don't spend a substantial part of each day trying to recover. It sounds simple." Diedtra Henderson can be contacted at 303-820-1910. http://www.denverpost.com/cda/article/print/0,1674,36%7E24167%7E2001570,00.html 04/05/2004 • ii o r Information compiled by Public Health— WNV in u : ri r 11 o. • 11 . cases, 1 deaths Indicabes human disease case(s). Avian,animal,or mosquito infections. P1T .. ND 3 Ip _ SD . f 148) yvINYNHX MA NV: (1850) {143} IC IN OH RI7 CT 17 TN{26) NC424} NJ 32 (62} 33) f40) DE 17 MD M � F83 D S - wVU:y ■HIi Colorado WNV Surveillance — 2003 • 1,477 dead birds tested, 51% WNV + • 1,068 sick horses tested, 604 (56%) WNV + • 2,687 mosquito pools tested, 24% WNV + — 34% of Culex tarsalis, 24% of other Culex sp. — 9% of non-Culex species • Also, 4 dogs, 10 alpaca, 7 squirrels, elk, mule deer, reindeer, prairie dog, fox, coyote, wolf 2003 WNV Epidemic in Colorado • 2,944 human cases reported (55 deaths) — First case: June 11 Last case: Oct 28 — 79% WNV fever — 21% WNV neuroinvasive disease (rate of 122 cases/million pop.) • Est. 80,850 persons infected in 2003 -- 1.8% of the population • Two of every 1,000 blood donations WNV+ — tests for current virus infection — was most common blood-borne pathogen 2 t Colorado West Nile Virus Human Cases Updated October 29, 2003 F m 8.001 0 ° m � s o � 0 � e o • I a I •op r p�uun�.r ac.o>.n f i� • • a s •e � a _ m • a q • a Q >i N = 2,464 Colorado WNV Human Cases — 2003 1,1�1 NII %I ^II y E(i is chicken 1 n mosquito ,1 i�horse 1 human t�bird lu •y �� �� � �, `�., �o: ti,�.. � `fir `.,.• by tiaw�aom nmrl dntr 3 1 Results of Patient Interviews 2,609 (89%) of 2,944 cases were interviewed • Average duration of illness: 2 weeks • Known mosquito bite: 67% • Repellent use: Never = 54% Always = 11% • 60% reported rash, 45% changed mental status, 31% muscle tremors Impact on Health Care • 861 hospitalized cases, est. cost $22.4 million • Atone urban medical center, 10 to 12 admissions per day at peak • 10% of all admissions July - Sept, some hospitals had to curtail elective procedures • Many people with West Nile fever were quite ill and sought outpatient care 4 The Colorado WNV Experience — 2003 • Ideal weather, high mosquito counts, increasing proportion of vector species led to largest WNV caseload of any state • Adult spraying was needed in several areas, and was effective in reducing human cases • Cities, counties criticized for not taking mosquito control action earlier in season 71.18 II .. u 1 13989 1 M47 I 111.63 42.52 A 2917 ' I F` 5 Boulder County Mosquito Control District 2000-'43 CDC Trap CornPAe vx y osie eeies Analysis ans As vexans 632% 50.6% Anopheles L5% Cx pipiens . � a S84& f Others 6.4% �v Cxtarsaiis 9.3`Y Aeseecies t Cx tarsalts Ae speces 22.1% 28,6% 2000 2001 Aevexans Cxspecies 319% Others 1.1% Others 3.41Y. 3 3% As vexans 56.6% Cx piplens 2.0% Cx tarsalis 11.01Y. As trivatattus - �Cx taf salts .: ' Ae species 27.17 As species 41.0% 10.5% 2002 2003 M Mosquito Infections Rates, Culex Species, Selected Colorado Counties 2003 s � o 60 0 50 a 40 30 — 20 10 0 6/15/2003 6/29/2003 7/13/2003 7/27/2003 8/10/2003 8/2412003 Date By Two Week Intervals Adams County -■--Boulder County .H Impact on government agencies • Huge call volumes to local & state agencies • By end of July, Denver Public Health & State HD contracted with Rocky Mt. Poison Control to offer "V support line 16 hr/day, 7 days/wk • Handled about 1,800 calls/week — 48% dead bird reports — 30%general info, mosquito complaints, standing water reports, info on spraying — 22%persons with symptoms or inquiries on how to get tested • Ad vice from Colorado officials: Once cases started It really took off, we were : quickly overwhelmed... • PLAN AHEAD! • BE PREPARED! �` •3, wL 349 >Z S%/VA �J Some scientists race to develop vaccines against the scourge while others probe the possible lingering effects of the mosquito-borne infection BY STEPHEN S . HALL PHOTOGRAPHS BY' GREG 31ILLER On theTrail of the • e W(est Nilevii7us DURING THE DRY HOT SUMMER Of 2002, a telltale silence enveloped Chicago and its suburbs like an insidious fog, too subtle to notice at first, too strange to ig- nore after a while. Residents in the affluent North Shore communities and the well-to-do western suburbs noticed it. Folks in the modest suburban enclaves southwest of the city noticed it. Sooner or later,in a gradual and almost dreamlike way, people all around the city realized what was missing: the sound of crows. .-- BENNI E CASALI NA and Yvonne O'Neill noticed it not long after they moved in June to Oak Lawn, a town of S5,000 people a few miles south- west of Chicago.Their one-story brick bungalow is set back from the tree-lined street and has a postage stamp of lawn in front and a small yard with a little flower bed out back. Bennie, a 71-year-old retired cement mason, is a sturdy, big-boned man with a bushy mustache and a fine mop of white hair over somewhat mourn- ful eyes. He and Yvonne, a petite straight-talking woman,have been married for 13 years. It was Yvonne who first noticed the silence. "In the whole neighborhood, you never saw birds,"Yvonne said, recalling last summer. "The crows used to be out there cawing all the time, and then it got silent. You especially noticed the crows,because they're usually so noisy." On August 9,a Friday,Rennie played golf with a neighbor,went home and developed a 103-degree temperature.The next day,still feverish,he began to see double.On Sunday,he awoke a little before 8 a.m.,got out of bed and took a few steps to- ward the kitchen before collapsing onto the floor near a framed"Home Sweet Home'sampler.He was so weak he couldn't Smithsonian 3r+.r ann3 pick himself up,couldn't move,could barely call to his wife 884 confirmed illnesses and 64 fatalities;some boo of those for help.By the time an ambulance took him to Advocate cases occurred in Cook County,which includes Chicago and Christ Medical Center a few blocks away,he'd begun to"act many suburbs.Dr.William Paul,a deputy commissioner with crazy"his wife said.He repeatedly tried to tear off his gown Chicago's Department of Public Health,watched the infec- and had to be restrained.Then,suddenly,he lost the ability to tion break out in the suburbs and then creep into the city, speak,and the left side of his body became weak,almost par- which recorded 227 cases of West Nile disease."We knew aalzed;he seemed"out of it,"Yvonne said.He was admitted the ingredients were there for a huge arboviral outbreak," to the hospital's intensive care unit.His doctors weren't sure he said."But I don't think anybody predicted it would be what was wrong. this big in this part of the country."Christ Medical Center, For weeks,Dr.Melvin Wichter had been seeing dead birds which had 56 cases,along with Evanston Northwestern on the wooded streets around his home in Hinsdale,a suburb Healthcare,which had 8o,turned out to be two of the west of Chicago,and he,too,noticed that the familiar"ca- hottest spots in what would quietly become the largest epi- cophony of the crows,"as he put it,had disappeared.As he demic of mosquito-borne encephalitis ever recorded in the drove to work in Oak Lawn,he passed through an area that Western I lemisphere. was once prairie and was now a concrete grid of expressways Doctors told Yvonne O'Neill that Bennie wasn't expected and residential areas interrupted by forest preserves and to recover.In early September,after Bennie had been hospi- cemeteries.Without quite realizing it,he was driving through talized and essentially mute for three weeks,Yvonne pinned an environment that had the makings of an unprecedented a copy of their wedding picture over his hospital bed.The epidemic. next day,he opened his eyes,smiled and began talking again. On Monday,August lz,Wichter met Bennie Casalina. Ile remained in the hospital another two weeks,and re- The encounterwas purely professional.Wichter is the pres- quired extensive physical therapy and cognitive recondi- ident of Christ Medical Center's medical staff and its former tioning after his release.I le's home now,but still struggling head of neurology,and late that summer he had been watch- to regain his normal strength,and not yet able to get back ing his service fill with people suffering from meningitis,an on the golf course."It's hard to believe that this was caused inflammation of the membrane covering the spinal cord and by a little mosquito,"Bennie said while standing in his yard. brain,or from encephalitis,an inflammation of the brain it- "But all it takes is one,I guess." self that can cause permanent neurological damage. "En- cephalitis and meningitis are always uncommon in any hos- THE WEST NILE VIRUS was first detected in the United pital,"Wichter recalled one morning in his first-floor office. States in New York City in September t999. 1 remember A Brooklyn native with a fringe of graying hair and a goatee, the autumn night that helicopters began spraying pesti- he looks something like an old beatnik.`:Normally,we might tides near our Brooklyn neighborhood. Like many New consider encephalitis as a diagnosis maybe ten times a year, Yorkers,we tried to figure out how much of a threat this and maybe have two or three cases a year,"he went on."To pathogen posed to ourselves,our children,our way of life. us,what was remarkable was we would come into work and We tried to follow the city's recommendations to use mos- see two or three cases a day.We were doing spinal taps like quito repellent.We dutifully removed receptacles of stand- crazy. ing water in the backyard;it turns out that innocuous chil- Wichter had a hunch it was something momentous, dren's toys,such as beach buckets or overturned plastic something spread by a mosquito.Roland Brilla,a neurology cars,hold enough water after it rains to breed mosquitoes. resident at the hospital,was skeptical.But as the test results We also vied to avoid being outdoors after dusk,when the trickled in from a state laboratory,it became clear that,as local arthropod air force was likeliest to bite,although we Wichter put it,"we were looking at history" didn't always resist the temptation to have dinner in the What they were seeing was an encephalitis epidemic garden. I had read enough about the West Nile virus to caused by the West Nile virus,an insect-borne,or arboviral, know that the infection rate was quite low,and that the pathogen that was first found in humans decades ago in rate of serious neurological illness was extremely small.But Africa and reached the United States in 1999.And zooz 1 had a more visceral reaction the morning I went to fetch my turned out to be by far the worst year yet,with the Centers 1-year-old son from his crib and was horrified to see that mos- for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)reporting 4,156 quitoes hadgnawed on his legs.It's a struggle to balance those cases of illness and 284 fatalities caused by West Nile virus reactions,intellectual and emotional,especially as new and infection,compared with just 149 cases for the previous disturbing information continues to pour in about a virus that three years combined. Illinois led the nation in 2002 with has repeatedly surprised the experts. By the spring of 2003,the virus had colonized 44 states STEPHEN S. HALL is author ofthe just published Merchants of and the District of Columbia.Last August,a woman in the Immortality:Chasing the Dream of Human Life Extension Los Angeles area was hospitalized with West Nile virus in- (HoughtonApfflin).Photographer GREGMILL ER,who isbasedin fection,which she apparently acquire d there,and California Brooklyn,specializes mphotograph_icportraits using Y x io-inch film. health officials expect the virus to make much more than a 3t:cT 2003 Smithsonian cameo appearance this year.The virus's West Coast arrival IT 1S PART,OFAMERICAN MYTHOLOGY that diseases was confirmed last fall,when a horse northwest of Seattle de- spread by the bite of mosquitoes are scourges that happen veloped fever,anorexia and an unsteady gait because of West somewhere else.Malaria continues to devastate Africa and Nile infection.Researchers aren't sure exactly how the virus tropical regions and claims one million to three million lives spread across the nation,though migratory birds have likely every year.Dengue,or"breakbone fever,"afflicts So million contributed.The only states that haven't reported an animal people worldwide and kilts 24,000,mostly children.Yellow or human case ofWest Nile vines infection are Alaska,Hawaii, fever still plagues South America and Africa. Oregon,Nevada,Utah and Arizona.But Grant(Roy)Camp- Those diseases are mostly strangers to our shores,but bell,a medical epidemiologist at the CDC's Division of Vec- that wasn't always the case.Yellow fever used to roar through tor--Borne Infectious Diseases in Fort Collins,Colorado,pre- New York,Philadelphia and New Orleans in the i8th and diets that in 2003"the map is likely to fill out in terms of the 19th centuries.American presidents fled the White House Western states." in summer partly to escape the seasonal yellow fever out- Researchers say the virus is astonishingly nimble. In the breaks that swept through Washington,D.C.But since the past year,health officials have documented that West Nile end of World War I],thanks to mosquito-control meas- virus can be spread to the recipient of an organ transplant ures such as spraying pesticides and eliminating breeding from an infected donor,from a pregnant mother to a fetus, sites,mosquito-borne diseases in the United States have by a blood transfusion from an infected person and possibly largely been limited to outbreaks of generally rare viral ill- through breast milk.The blood-banking industry is working nesses that inflame brain tissue:St.Louis encephalitis(most- with the CDC,the Food and Drug Administration and the ly in the South and Midwest),the eastern and western forms American Red Cross to begin screening the blood supply for of equine encephalitis(which occasionally strikes humans) . West Nile as early as this year. 1999 and La Crosse encephalitis(mostly in the Midwest). Vest Nile virus is known to infect more than 16o species The last major outbreak of mosquito-borne disease in the of birds,even a partial list of which reads like the index of an United States was the 1975 epidemic of St.Louis encephali- Audubon field guide:chickadees,doves,eagles,finches, tis,in which some 2,000 people were reported to have con- grackles,gulls,hawks,herons,kingfishers,owls,pelicans, tracted the disease and about 17o to have died_Interesting- sparrows,swans,turkeys,warblers,woodpeckers and wrens. ly,the St. Louis virus epidemic struck many of the same Common birds such as sparrows and house finches also in- Chicago-area neighborhoods that would be visited by the cubate the virus,and some researchers suggest that those '\tlest Nile virus 27 years later. birds may play an increasingly prominent role in urban epi- "This community has been bitten before,so to speak," demics. said Wichter.Indeed,he took a job in 1977 at the Oak Lawn Nor have other animals been spared2geQrinarians in hospital because he had been intrigued by several cases of Florida discovered last year that even alligators at a rep- St. Louis encephalitis in the community."I came here be- tile farm had become infected(mosquitoes apparently can cause of this St.Louis[encephalitis]experience,"he said with bite these thick-skinned reptiles on either their soft un- a laugh,"and of course we've never seen a case since.So I've derbellies or around the eves).Among the other mammals been waiting for 27 years for something to happen!" that the virus has been found to infect are bats, chip- Illinois health officials had been on the lookout for West munks,dogs,rabbits,reindeer and squirrels.West Nile Nile since the spring of 2000,and they identified the first virus infection last year afflicted some 14,000 horses, infected bird the next year. In toot,said Linn Haramis,an mostly in the Midwest. entomologist with the Illinois Department of Public Health, Meanwhile,it remains unclear how serious a long-term authorities began bird surveillance on May I "and got our threat the virus may be to human health—whether it will first dead bird on May 2."By IateJuly,people began showing cause a lot of disease year after year,as sZ@0 experts pre- up in emergency rooms complaining of fever,headache,mus- dict,or settle down and cause disease only rarely.Thomas cle pain or weakness,stiff neck,sometimes with nausea or a Monath,chief scientific officer ofAcambis—a British bio- rash;some had severe neurological problems,like mental pharmaceutical firm with a facility in Cambridge,Massa- confusion or an inability to walk.Because public health lab- chusetts,that hopes to begin testing a human West Nile vac- oratories became overwhelmed with samples of blood and tine in the United States this summer—said 2002's heavy spinal fluid from suspected hospital cases,and also because toll was probably only the beginning.Monath has impecca- the virus takes days to grow in the lab,physicians didn't get ble credentials as an expert Cassandra in the field of ar- conclusive test results back for two or three weeks."It was boviral disease.For 21 years he served at the CDC's Division very frustrating,"Wichter recalled. of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases,and he literally wrote Public concern exploded. In early July,the Illinois De- the book on one of the West Nile virus's2Q0sskst relatives, apartment of Public Health was averaging 4,000 hits a week the St.Louis encephalitis virus."The amplification of West on the West Nile virus page of its Web site;by September, Nile in 2003 could be worse than 2002,"he predicted,"and people seeking information were hitting the page 1oo,000 I think it could be a lot worse." times a week. Local residents reported every dead crow. Smithsonian ji:,2oa3 "Don't send us any more birds!"the Chicago health depart- seen in 18 years of animal postmortems. meat urged.Seemingly every animal case of West Nile-lap- Meanwhile,Deborah Asnis,director of the infectious dis- dog or wolf,sparrow or raptor—made the news.Chicago of- ease division at Flushing Medical Center in Flushing,New ficials drained neglected residential swimming pools,a prime York,had become alarmed by several strange cases of neu- mosquito breeding site.Cemetery groundskeepers urged rological illness at the community hospital,people with un- mourners not to leave vases at grave sites. City workers explained fever and headache,gastrointestinal distress,then fanned out to place larvicide tablets in Chicago's 210,000 confusion followed by muscle weakness.Most of the victims sewer catch basins.Mosquito abatement trucks thrummed lived in a Queens neighborhood known as Whitestone,a few through the night spraying pesticides in the city and suburbs. miles south of the Bronx Zoo across a finger of the East At the height of the outbreak,Wich ter addressed the Oak River.After a flurry of behind-the-scenes activity,New York Lawn Chamber of Commerce.Some 150 people crowded City health officials and the CDC announced on September 3 into the room to ask the questions that every community that the cases represented an outbreak of St. Louis en- wants answered:How much of a risk does this virus pose to cephalitis.Officials were ecstatic to have identified the cul- human health?What can we do to stop it?Wichter,who is pritArbe city immediately began spraying. also a professor of neurology at the University of Illinois But there was a problem.All the textbooks that McNa- School of Medicine,didn't have all the answers.Although mara skimmed that Labor Day weekend agreed that health officials recommend killing adult mosquitoes quickly St.Louis encephalitis virus doesn't kill birds.And birds were when an arboviral epidemic is under way,Wichter,like many dying all over the place,including now at the zoo."The flamin- neurologists,is concerned about the potential harmful ef- gos grew visibly ill,unable to hold up their heads,their ele- fects of pesticide use."The issue of risk-benefit is not very gant pink necks buckled in a desperate battle against gravity. clear,"he told the audience."Some people will get West Nile A beloved bald eagle developed a head tremor.A cormorant fever,and fewer will get meningitis or encephalitis,and fewer swam in endless circles in the aviary pond.One by one,all still will have permanent disability.Only a minority of a mi- those birds,and more,died. nority will have any residual effects.So if you play that algo- "We lost the Guanay cormorant and a Chilean flamingo rithm out,the numbers get really small.Is wholesale spraying here,and the bald eagle over there,"McNamara recalled as justified with a disease of this benignity%You have dogs Iick- we stood by the pool.She pulled her red parka tight,seem- ing the grass and young children crawling through it.God ingly against the cold,March wind but perhaps also against knows what that will do to the[health]of our community" the memory of the virus that blew through the zoo's bird He later explained,"I could make the case for focused population.On the morning of September 7,McNamara's spraying in areas where there were large populations of mos- assistant brought her microscope slides bearing brain tissue quitoes.But I had the sense that the community wanted to from the dead flamingo,which looked just like tissue from see the trucks.Everyone knew someone who got sick,and the dead crows."I saw the same encephalitis,and my heart they wanted to do something." just sank,"she said."Because whatever it was,it was hot,it was bad,and I didn't knowwhat I had been exposed to.''On "THI S WAS GROUND ZERO," Tracey McNamara said,ges- her wav home that day,McNamara stopped to see a lawyer turing toward the flamingo pool at the Bronx Zoo.In an aviary and drafted her will. just beyond the pond,terns and gulls whirled and banked. The coincidence was too much for McNamara to ignore. Cages holding the zoo's raptors—a regal bald eagle,hulking "The fact is,"she said,"I had a bunch of dead birds that had vultures,a snowy owl—were right behind us.You could see the died of encephalitis at the same time that people had en- apartment buildings that crowd the streets just outside the zoo cephalitis."McNamara—a strong personality,candid to the boundaries.You could hear the occasional cawing of a crow. point of abrasion,but scientifically tenacious—refused to It was in the summer of1999 that the zoo began receiving take St.Louis encephalitis for an answer,and the growing calls from alarmed residents who had been finding dead line of black-lidded specimen jars on a counter in her lab, birds,especially crows,in the city.By August,dead crows each filled with the pickled tissue of the virus's animal vic- were turning up on the zoo grounds.McNamara,who until tims,gave her plenty of motivation.Before long,it wasn't just recently served as the head of the zoo's pathology depart- birds.A rhinoceros developed a droopy lip,and a snow leop- ment,sent dead crows to the laboratory of the New York and becarneill.Frantic for help,she sent tissue samples to the State Department of Environmental Conservation,in Al- National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, bany,for analysis;meanwhile,hundreds of dead crows were which ruled out St.Louis encephalitis as well as other likely piling up in the state lab's refrigerators.McNamara,worried animal pathogens,and to the CDC's Fort Collins Jab,which that some unidentified pathogen was threatening the zoo's declined to analyze her samples.Meanwhile,New York State animals,performed her own autopsies.The damage shocked health officials sent samples from human encephalitis vic- her.She saw hearts ravaged by inflammation.In the brains tims to Ian Lipkin,an expert in neurological disorders of viral of the birds,she saw pronounced"cuffs"of inflammation origin,then at the University of California at Irvine.At the around blood vessels—the most severe brain damage she had end of September, Lipkin and the CDC(which did test JU,.r 2003 Smithsonian human samples)concluded that the pathogen was not St. common pest mosquito in the West(C.tarralis);and the re- Louis encephalitis after all but West Nile virus,a pathogen cently arrived Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopit-tus),an ag- not previously seen in the Western Hemisphere. gressive daytime biter that may have played a significant role The virus derives its name from the West Nile District in last summer'sWcst Nile outbreak in Louisiana,which was in Uganda,where the first human case was identified in 1937. known to strike about 330 people and kill 25.Human victims It is found in Africa,the;diddle East,Eastern Europe and are essentially innocent bystanders who happen to get be- Asia,where it causes sporadic outbreaks of human disease. tween mosquitoes and the virus's original host,birds.The Two main lineages of West Nile virus circulate in the world, CDC currently estimates that less than I percent of people bit- and the one that reached North America is the more viru- ten by a mosquito infected with the West Nile virus will be- lent;it's nearly genetically identical to a strain that circulat- come severely ill. ed in Israel in 1998.Whether it was carried here by an in- To cause human disease,a mosquito must first bite an in- fected person or a bird or a mosquito,no one knows,and fected bird and pick up the virus.(Only female mosquitoes probably never will. bite;they need blood protein to lay eggs.)The virus rides the But the initial failure of U.S.health officials to quickly slurp of blood into the insect's gut,where it must infect the identify the pathogen exposed weaknesses in the nation's gut cells,replicate,pass through the gut wall,replicate again, ability to detect emerging infectious diseases that occur and spread throughout the insect's body until it reaches the overseas and then jet to our shores;an even more recent ex- salivary glands and the saliva itself.When the mosquito next ample of how such a disease can spread is Severe Acute Res- bites bird,beast or person,it injects saliva,and the virus may piratory Syndrome(SARS). Indeed,some experts believe then be passed along. that West Nile virus is more important as a wake-up call The complex transmission cycle depends on a great many about the danger of other jet-setting microbes than a major factors.Consider temperature.If the temperature outdoors is public health threat. In that spirit,Dominic Travis,a vet- 7o degrees Fahrenheit,Turell explained,it takes more than erinary epidemiologist at Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo,and three weeks for West Nile virus to multiply throughout the McNamara,with CDC assistance,have organized a network body of a northern house mosquito,and only I percent of the of about 120 zoological parks in the United States to act as mosquitoeswill be able to transmit the virus.At So degrees F, sentinels in monitoring the spread of)Xlest Nile among zoo the virus multiplies in two weeks,and zo to 25 percent of the animals—and perhaps to serve as an early-warning system insects are infectious.But when the temperature goes to 90 for the arrival of other pathogens that affect humans and degrees F.it takes only a week for the virus to multiply—and other animals. "The lessons to be learned from the NVest about 75 percent of the insects can transmit disease.It's no co- Nile outbreak in 1999 is that we received ample warning,at incidence that human outbreaks of West Nile virus disease least six weeks before the first human cases,"]McNamara typically begin in the late summer:the higher temperatures said. But because it came from wild birds,she added,"the favor viral transmission,the number of infected birds is high warning was ignored." and conditions are also prime for mosquito breeding. West Nile virus causes unusually severe infections in "WFST NJ LE IS EXTRAORDINARILY GOOD at adapting to crows and blue jays,according to one CDC-led study that this new environment,"said Lipkin,who is now director of measured the number of virus particles in the birds'blood,or theJerome L.and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Labora- viremia."I couldn't believe the incredible viremias these tory at Columbia University.He takes in the Hudson River birds cook up,"Monath,of Acambis,said of the study. and seemingly half of New Jersey from his 18th-floor office. "There's no precedent for it.There were from a trillion to He has long studied bornaviruses,a largely obscure class of ten trillion viral particles per milliliter of blood'—that is,in pathogens that may play a role in some mental illness.He an amount of blood equal to one-fifth of a teaspoon."That's tested the New York encephalitis samples with a variation of beyond no precedent.That's almost beyond belief.No self- the method known as polymerase chain reaction,which an- respecting bird can gin up a viremia higher than Ioo,000 par- alyzes nucleic acids,and identified the pathogen as West Nile ticles with St.Louis encephalitis(SLE)virus.So some birds virus,a type of flavivirus.Other flaviviruses include the ones are almost a billion-fold more infectious with West Nile than that cause yellow fever and dengue. with SLE." Usually,an arbovirus is adapted to no more than a handful At first,-scientists hoped that West Nile might fail to sur- of mosquito species.By contrast,lab studies show that West vive the North American winter.But the virus can lurk in Nile can take up housekeeping in at least 36 species of mos- dormant mosquitoes."They go into storm sewers during the quito,making it one of the most versatile arboviruses ever. winter,go dormant,and just sit there resting,"said Stephen Michael Turcll,an entomologist at the United States Army Higgs,a biologist at the University of Texas Medical Branch Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases at Fort De- at Galveston."The walls of some of these sewers are just trick,in Maryland,has shown that among the North Ameri- furry with mosquitoes."Researchers suspect that the virus can vectors are the northern house mosquito(Culexpipiens); might also survive in mosquito eggs that overwinter and the southern house mosquito(C.pipiens quinquefasciatus);a hatch in the spring.There are already hints that West Nile Smithsonian 71'LT 2003 has reached Mexico and the Dominican Republic,where the fever vaccine,a strategy that has worked in a vaccine against warm climate,researchers say,may lead to vear-round disease dengue. Monath said that tests of the vaccine in monkeys activity rather than just seasonal outbreaks. have gone well. If as most experts agree,\Vest Nile has become estab- Proving that a vaccine is really effective,however,won't lished in North America,it may be a disaster for birds and be easy.As the CDC's Campbell pointed out,a scientifically other wildlife.Veterinarians at zoos in Los Angeles and San valid clinical trial of the vaccine requires a large number of Diego were so alarmed by the threat of West Nile that they people exposed to the virus."If we had thousands of cases a have used an experimental Nest Nile virus vaccine to pro- year,and we could predict where they were going to be,then tect their California condors.Zoo i officials nationwide are yes,a vaccine could be very useful,"said Duane Gubler,di- deeply concerned about the virus."We work really hard to rector of the CDC's Division ofVector-Borne Infectious Dis- be the'ark,'" said Travis of the Lincoln Park Zoo,"and this eases.(The CDC is independently trying to develop a West has the potential to blow through that." Nile virus vaccine.)"The problem is,Gubler added,no one The future of human West Nile virus disease is trickier to can yet predict where West Nile will break out next. assess.One possibility is that West Nile will follow the pat- tern of the St.Louis encephalitis virus,which causes only TH ERE wAs an awkward moment when I first met Bennie about two dozen cases of encephalitis annually.Scientists still and Yvonne at Christ Medical Center.We were seated don't understand precisely why St.Louis encephalitis broke around a conference table in Wichter's office,and I asked out in 1975 and has since faded."\Ve don't know what West Bennie if he felt back to normal after half a year."Almost," Nile is going to do in the future,'the CDC's Roy Campbell he said with a shrug,"but still a little foggy."As he spoke, said."The best indicator is to look at what SI.L•has done.But Yvonne was shaking her head."His mind is not right,not in fact we are making a big leap of faith in saying it's going to back to normal,"she said with surprising bluntness,"just in be like SLL•." terms of his thought processes and forgetfulness." Some experts are unwilling to make that leap,including The observation was anecdotal,but it echoed the results Anthony Marfin,a medical epidemiologist at the CDC's Fort of a study by Denis Nash and colleagues at the New York Collins branch.He sees parallels between West Nile virus City Department of Health,who found that only 37 percent and Japanese encephalitis virus,which causes between of the people who developed West Nile meningitis or en- 30,00o and So,000 cases of human encephalitis each year cephalitis in the original 1999 outbreak had fully recovered worldwide,but he said there wasn't enough information yet after lz months.The finding raises questions about the long- to predict whether\Vest Nile would become as common. term effects of West Nile infection,and whether there Still,he speculated that eventually U.S.cases of West Nile might be any more surprises in the clinical picture. disease may number in the hundreds each vear,"with peri- McNamara said something that might qualify as yet an- odic explosions of thousands of cases." otherw bisper from the animal kingdom worth looking into. Federal,state and local officials began gearing up for the "We had a rhino that was symptomatic in September of 2003 mosquito season as early as this past February.The city 1999,"McNamara said.It recovered,but after it died some of Chicago started eliminating mosquito breeding sites and months later of an unrelated physical injury,McNamara's de- treating catch basins with insecticide this past May."We can't partment did a postmortem and were startled to find that control the weather,"conceded city health official William the animal's brain had remained inflamed,indicating on- Paul."We can't control bird migration patterns.What we can going damage from West Nile infection.Later,she examined control is standing water in the urban environment." two cranes that had previously been infected,but had shown Still,the ability of health workers to detect arthropod- no signs of illness.Their brains,too,bore signs of encephali- borne disease has been seriously degraded over the past quar- tis."So I thought,`Whoa,I have symptomatic and non- ter-century:Since 1983,two Nat ion al Academy of Sciences re- symptomatic animals that have evidence of encephalitis,'" ports have warned of a looming shortage of medical McNamara told me."What does that mean for us?" entomologists and a steady decline of the infrastructure for Clues,she went on,may be found in a 1983 study by So- surveillance of foreign pathogens. Both predictions have viet scientists,who deliberately infected rhesus monkeys come true,according to Durland Fish,an entomologist at Yale with several different strains of Nest Nile virus from Ugan- University"We were betterprepared to deal with this 30years da,the Soviet Union and India. In many animals,viral in- ago than we are now,"said Fish,who is developing satellite fection persisted for nearly six months in the brain. maps to analyze West Nile's spread."We don't know how to Whether the infected animals developed encephalitis,or predict human risk with this disease.We don't know how to merely fevers,or no evident disease at all,autopsies found measure[its spread].And even ifwe could,what wouldwe do? that the animal brains had undergone an"inflammatory- We'd spray,and that's a response that's-So years old"" degenerative process."The findings are"really quite dis- Some experts hold out hope for a vaccine.Monath said concerting,"said psychiatrist Mady Hornig of Columbia Acambis has manufactured its West Nile vaccine by splicing University.She noted that the limbic region of the brains two of the virus's outside proteins into a modified yellow in these animals,which is associated with emotion and 3t-,.,-"03 Smithsonian memory in humans,showed extensive damage,including atrophy and scarring.The implication is that people with West Nile infection who show no outward signs of illness could still harbor lingering brain infections that might ul- timately produce neurodegenerative disease,an outcome previously reported with Japanese encephalitis,according to Robert Tesh,a virologist and epidemiologist at the Uni- versity of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.The number of people suffering from the long-term neurological effects of West Nile infection could be substantially larger than has been assumed."-\Yv'e haven't seen that vet in humans." said Tesh,who has documented a similarly chronic,per- sistent West Nile brain infection in hamsters,"but it's a possibility,and it should be studied." To be sure,medical researchers point out that the in- flammation seen in animals could be medically irrelevant, like a scar that looks bad but doesn't impair function at all. But researchers are only beginning to study the possible)ong- term health effects of viral infection.James Sejvar,a CDC physician,has studied 16 people in Louisiana infected by the West Nile virus.The most severely affected were three who developed a polio-like form of paralysis and had not im- proved after eight months."It's likely to be a persistent syn- drome,so that's kind of worrisome,"said Sejvar,who also said that some of the patients with meningitis and milder forms of encephalitis felt that they'd returned to normal after four months. At a conference on West Mile virus sponsored by the CDC this past February in New Orleans,:McNamara,who has a history of describing aspects ofN est Nile that people don't necessarily want to hear,mentioned the long-term neurological damage she'd seen in infected birds that had never been obviously sick."The room got very silent,'she recalled.As one health official later put it,"People are scared enough already' As the 2003 West Nile season draws near and I look out over all the water-friendly nooks and crannies in our back- yard garden,each a potential incubator of mosquitoes,I re- alize that we know much more about West Nile now than in the fall of 1999,when the pesticide-spraying helicopters first flew overhead.I'm still reasonably persuaded that West Nile viral disease represents minimal risk to my family;but that risk is not totally in focus,and throughout the virus's short sojourn in North America,birds and other animals have re- peatedly tried to tell us something about the disease,and we haven't always been particularly good listeners_While the scientists sort out the messages from the rhinos and mon- keys and cranes,I'm going to be listening for the buzz of mosquitoes,and keep out of the line of fire. Researchers studying the effect of West Nile virus on wildlife presented findings this past February at the Smithsonian Institution's Environmental Research Center(SERC)in Edgewater,Maryland. A summary of the work will appear in July on SER0 Web site, www.seresi.edulmigratorybirds/mt, atorybirds_index.htm and on the CD0 Web site.wwwedi.gov/ncidod'F_LD/index.htm. Smithsonian JU,.T 10n3 Luther Buff k SE 4t t Park North Memel Way ao m Q r,. v SE 26th t x `L 7M From Seattle. 1-90 (Eastboundl._ Take exit #7A (77th Ave. E). ~Turn left across the freeway. At step sign turn right onto North Mercer Way. Go one long black to the step light. Go straight through the step light. Turn left onto 81 st Ave SE. Turn right onto SE 24th St. The Community is two blocks on your left. From Bellevue, 1-90 Westbound Take exit #7 (Island Crest Way). Continue straight ahead. Turn right on 81 st Ave SE. Turn right on SE 24th Street. The Community Center is two blocks on your left. Community Center at Mercer View 8236 SE 24th Street Mercer Island WA 98040 (206) 23 -3545 Allen Quynn -WNV Cities Training Agenda.doc rc Paae 1 WNV Cities Training AGENDA . �. April 6,2004--10am-3pm--Mercer Island Community Center /T`\ Regiistration 9:45AM v/Weicome and introductions 10:OOAM Role of Public Health;Expectations of Cities and --Greg Kipp,Chief Admin.Officer,PHSKC County agencies --Sharon Hopkins&Kim Moore,PHSKC ,/WNV surveillance 10:10AM Why conduct avian and mosquito surveillance? --Tom Gibbs,WA DOH WNV surveillance results for WA and KC Who's who and what's new for WA State WNV surveillance for 2004? V WNV disease in humans 10:30AM Spectrum of human illness --Chas DeBott,PHSKC Case investigations in 2003 WNV 2003—the Colorado Experience --Sharon Hopkins,PHSKC 10:45AM Break—10 minutes 10:55AM-11:05AM Almost everVthinA you need to know about mosquito surveillance&control osquito surveillance&reporting in King County Kim Moore,PHSKC 11:05AM ✓ Mosquito larvae dipping&adult trapping JoMarie Braunner,DOH 11:10AM ✓Mechanical methods of mosquito control Dan Willott 11:30AM ¢ NPDES Permit Ben Hamilton,DOH 11:40AM'" { eYl /Best Management Practices(BMPs)for Mosquito Kathleen Emmett,ECY 12:OOPM Control i R.'4rdaynn -WNV C ities Training Agenda doc Page g"p V LUNCH(o,your own) 12:30PM-I:OOPM With opportunity for field mosquito dipping demo/practice during the lunch break %/'Birds 101—why do crows do what they do --Bob Reineke,Univ.of WA 1:OOPM Panel Discussion: Field experiences with surveillance&larviciding in the 2003 WNV season 1:15PM-1:45PM vo'Contracting: the Auburn experience Bill Scheden,City of Auburn /Do-it-yourself with DNRP Dan Willot,KC DNRP vUNV Response Planning&Surveillance Barb DeCaro,City of Seattle v-treak—10 minutes 1:45PM-1:55PM WNV Planning for municipalities 2:OOPM WNV Plan:a template for cities Hilary Karasz-Dominguez,Kim Moore, Risk communication Sharon Hopkins,PHSKC Media outreach Outreach&education to public and higher risk population Resource packets&supply ordering King County WNV Interagency Workgroup Question&answer session 2:50PM Optional Mosquito dipping demonstration and practice time in the field will be repeated after the conclusion of the conference. r • jz 1w AA WAYS WORKING FOR A SAFER AND . Reported Human Cases of Mosquito-borne Yakima Valley Encephalitis Disease 1970-1982 San Jus �;(.�4� vow— Pena Outbreaks i- i, I Skagit okvwgan Ferry 11 _ to 1939 31 cases CWIW n snonomlan xxer don ouglu spaka 1940 58 cases 13 fatal King Lincoln Grays Ma oranl • xa b na i„E��!li�," wnlbnan 1941 26 cases 3 fatal P - Lewis arse umb 1942 28 cases 2 fatal .a^ Skarnan Banton Wankiakum K1k:kKa1 cw, (Reported in August 1945 Journal of American Medical Association) - Total cases=12 Western Equine Encephalitis Horse Cases slang 1953-1983 Counties Detecting West Nile Virus 2002 San Juan (� clallam srwnomis de _ JeRerson ��..�•, a, King d« Grays Mas Narbo 4 narst Prera Paci Lewis arfie o.naz kamani � ~ Asot Wankiakum • 1 i Transmission Cycle West Nile Virus Update titrtcidantal f�' Tom Gibbs Washington State Department of Health Cumulative Distribution of WNV in the United The Disease States Before 1999 • Symptoms: — High Fever — Headache and body aches — Skin rash — Swollen lymph glands — Neck stiffness — Disorientation — Convulsions • Incubation period: Generally 3-14 days (following a bite from an infected female mosquito) o ��D ®States with WNV(0) Cumulative Distribution of WNV in the United Cumulative Distribution of WNV in the United States States November 1999 November 2000 I�> a poD States with WNV O 4 cpoD � �Stales with WNV(12)+DC i • Cumulative Distribution of WNV in the United Cumulative Distribution of WNV in the United States States November 2001 November 2002 i f " •'oDW States with WNV(27)+DC A.•D States with WNV(43)+DC Cumulative Distribution of WNV in the United 2003 WNV Activity States (As of March 17,2004) November 2003 WA JME i ou NH AID RI cr m N3 DE m AK MD m DC13 States with WNV(47)+DC W Y n HI WNV Cases Weekly 2003 (U.S.) Protecting the Public's Health s e-(r,11� Cases 1400 1200 ®� ^ • Surveillance 1000 _ r - - Goo Personal Protection and Education Goo aoo 00 Mosquito Control 0 _ to N u9 (h N fA G C> 0 Z 2 3 WNV Surveillance 2003 WNV Surveillance 2003 • Dead birds • Captive sentinels (chickens) -Especially crows,jays,magpies -Benton County Mosquito Control -906 tested(King County-146) -435 chicken sera tested • Mosquitoes • Veterinary surveillance —2370 trappings —102 horses tested(King County—A) —89,574 mosquitoes collected for • Human surveillance identification —110 reports investigated, 13 travel associated cases WNV Mosquitoes in Washington Estimated Sensitivity of WNV Surveillance Methods Mosquito species Counties(39) Aedes driereus 22 Aedes vexans 29 VeMNurY eee•• Culex pipiens 32 Culex tarsaUs 38 Anopheles punctipennis 27 Coquille6dia perturbans 23 c Culiseta inomata 28 Ded b1r°` Ochlerotatus canadensis 5 Ochlerotatus japonicus 3 Time Want More? Web Resources _... ......_..... —www.doh.wa.gov/WNV �rresrei�r Moaq alto-borne Disease Neste a se►Ian —www.cdc.gov w s.u•Iros sr•r• Deca•Eer 3003 Edltlos iNIMAL DISEASE ALERT United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service West Nile Virus. Clinical Signs of West Nile Virus in Horses Protecting Your Ataxia or stumbling and incoordination Depression or apprehension Horses Weakness of limbs, partial paralysis, or the inability to stand • Muscle twitching or How It Spreads Death Horses may become infected without showing any West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that clinical signs. Fever is not a common sign. was first detected in the United States in 1999. Since then, it has spread to some 40 States. The virus causes encephalitis or inflammation of the brain and 41 has previously been found in Africa, western Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean region of Europe. Only birds are known to infect mosquitoes with West Nile virus, and mosquitoes spread the disease to horses and humans. West Nile Virus Transmission West �r Nile Virus Mosquitoes become infected by feeding on infected birds and pass the virus to other birds, animals,and people. West West Nile Nile r.. Virus Virus Figure 1—Clinical signs of WNV include stumbling, incoor- -''� The newly infected dination,and weakness of limbs. However, horses may mosquito may pass the become infected without exhibiting any clinical signs. virus to humans or (Photo by Maureen T. Long,College of Veterinary Medicine, horses. Both horses University of Florida,and used with permission.) During periods of blood and people are feeding there is considered"dead-end" continual transmission hosts,meaning that Protecting Your Animals between mosquitoes while they become and their bird hosts. infected,they do not Once a bird is infected, spread the infection. It is important to take preventive actions early, prior to it can transmit the Infected horses are not the time of the year when mosquitoes are likely to bite disease to mosquitoes a risk to other horses. and Infect horses. for 4-5 days. Mosqui- toes may feed on the bird's blood,far from the Vaccinate Your Horses initial location,and In November 2002, a vaccine intended to aid in become infected with the virus,furthering the the prevention of WNV in horses was licensed by the spread of the disease. Veterinary Services division of the U.S. Department of APHIS • April 2003 Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Mosquitoes can breed in any puddle that lasts Service. This is a killed vaccine product, and its use more than 4 days. The best way to reduce your risk is is restricted to licensed veterinarians. Veterinary to remove any potential sources of standing water in Services is working to assist all companies interested which breeding can take place. in producing vaccines. For your horses to be protected by vaccination, Dispose of water-holding containers such as old they should receive the second of two initial doses of tires. the currently licensed vaccine at least 2 weeks before Drill holes in the bottom of containers that are left mosquitoes are likely to bite and infect them. The outside. vaccine label stipulates that horses should receive an Thoroughly clean watering troughs, bird baths, annual booster, although some State Veterinarians etc.,every few days. are recommending more than one booster per year. Clean clogged roof gutters every year. There is no treatment for WNV once a horse Turn over wading pools or wheelbarrows when becomes infected. About two out of every three not in use, and do not let water stagnate in bird horses that become ill will survive. For horses that baths. survive, a full recovery is likely. Horses vaccinated Aerate ornamental pools. against eastern equine encephalitis, western equine Clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not encephalitis, or Venezuelan equine encephalitis are in use and do not let water collect on pool covers. NOT protected against WNV. Use landscaping to eliminate low spots where standing water can collect. Reduce Mosquito Breeding Sites You can decrease the chance of your animals' Screened Housing being exposed to the virus by limiting their exposure Well-maintained insect screening can be useful to to mosquitoes. The best way to do this is to reduce reduce exposure to adult mosquitoes if precautions mosquito breeding sites. are taken to first eliminate mosquitoes from inside the structure. Fans may reduce the potential ability of mosquitoes to feed on horses. Insect Repellant Using insect repellants may help decrease v exposure of horses to adult mosquitoes. Because - under certain conditions (e.g., perspiration) some products have a limited duration of effectiveness, it is y not wise to rely solely on repellants to prevent s mosquito exposure. Use repellants according to label A instructions. Products containing a synthetic s I pyrethroid compound (such as permethrin) as the I active ingredient serve two purposes: (1) they offer 4 1 X superior safety and repellent efficacy and ( 2 they are contact pesticides that kill mosquitoes. Outdoor Exposure Mosquito species vary in their feeding habits, x making transmission possible at any time of day or night. However, a recent epidemiologic study of WNV suggests that keeping horses in stalls at night may be helpful in reducing their risk of infection. Additional Information For more information about West Nile virus, see http:// www.aphis.usda.gov/vs. For information about human Figure 2—Vaccinate your horses before mosquitoes are health issues related to West Nile virus, see http:// likely to bite and infect them. (Photo by Dr. Darien Feary, www.cdc.gov. Colorado State University,and used with permission.) The U.S. Department of Agriculture is an equal opportunity provider and employer. r 1 14ftiHeal Washington State Department th Volume l: Issue 16 December 12, 2003 West Nile Virus Newsletter This is an electronic publication designed to keep you informed on issues of interest related to West Nile virus(WNV) in Washington,and provide current information to assist you in developing a response plan to WNV in your jurisdiction. WSU Pesticide Training Season Is Underway Submitted by: Carol Ramsay, Pesticide Education Specialist,Washington State University WSU Pesticide Education Program is offering pesticide pre-license training for people interested in becoming certified in the public health category(or aquatic category). The training will be held concurrently with our regular pre-license courses at the following locations. Pasco Jan. 12-Laws and Safety Training(8:00—4:30) Jan. 13 -Public Health/Aquatic 12:30-4:30 Jan. 15 - WSDA Examination Session 12:30-4:30 (No need to enroll in class for this day. If enrolled, show up for the exam.) Tacoma Jan. 13 -Laws and Safety Training(8:30—4:00) Jan. 15 - Public Health/Aquatic 8:30-11:30 Jan. 15 - WSDA Examination Session 12:30-4:30 If someone is currently licensed,they only need to attend the session for public health/aquatic. If someone does not hold a current license,they will need to pass the laws and safety exam and need attend day one of the workshop. For more information,to signup online,or to download a registration form, visit http://pep.wsu.edu/or contact: Carol Ramsay ramsgyAwsu.edu (509) 335-9222 Carrie Foss cfossawsu.edu (253)445-4577 Becky Hines hinesre@wsu.edu (253)445-4595 1 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS Surveillance News The following table summarizes WNV surveillance by county through December 8, 2003. Additional surveillance activity not shown is the collection and species identification of 1,531 mosquito samples from 35 counties. Horses Birds Sentinel Flocks Mosquito Pools County Tested Positive Tested Positive Tested Positive Tested Postive Adams 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 sotin 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benton 2 0 21 0 435 0 260 0 Chelan 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 Clallam 2 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 Clark 3 0 5 0 0 0 11 Columbia 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cowlitz 0 0 11 0 0 0 32 Douglas 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Ferry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Franklin 3 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 Garfield 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grant 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 Grays Harbor 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 Island 0 0 47 0 0 0 5 0 Jefferson 0 0 19 0 0 0 3 0 King 4 0 146 0 0 0 0 0 Kitsap 3 0 30 0 0 0 24 0 Kittitas 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 Klickitat 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Lewis 1 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 Lincoln 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Mason 1 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 Okanogan 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Pacific 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 Pend Oreille 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 Pierce 9 0 98 0 0 0 227 0 San Juan 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 Skagit 1 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 Skamania 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Snohomish 7 0 194 0 0 0 14 0 Spokane 9 0 16 0 0 0 3 0 Stevens 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 Thurston 2 0 69 0 0 0 0 0 Wahkiakum 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Walla Walla 3 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 Whatcom 4 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 Whitman 3 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 Yakima 7 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 72 0 901 0 435 0 682 0 2 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS f First Idaho Human Case of West Nile virus Illness State and local agencies investigate unusual alligator connection Laboratory results have identified Idaho's first probable human case of WNV acquired within Idaho's borders. The man works with a Twin Falls County farm; his only known exposure to the virus came when he worked with sick alligators later determined to be carrying the virus. Health officials have not determined how the man picked up the virus. He does not recall being bitten by mosquitoes, by far the most common way in which humans pick up the disease. However,his recent work involved using bare hands to handle ill juvenile alligators that later were identified as carrying the virus. The _ alligators were being raised at a local aquaculture farm for their meat and hides. The juvenile alligators he handled were _ part of a shipment of 1,000 alligators Geothermal water is an excellent environment or imported from Florida in September. 1 The animals, imported legally, became alligators in southern Idaho. ill almost immediately on arrival,according to the farmer. Hundreds of the alligators died before a connection to WNV was made. The man, in his 40s, has completely recovered. Lab tests conducted at the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare's Bureau of Laboratories and the Centers for Disease Control were positive for WNV. For the entire Idaho news release go to Idaho WNV. West Nile virus Sells Voters on Mosquito Control in Colorado Districts around the state vote to pump more tax money into mosquito abatement By Coleman Cornelius,Denver Post Northern Colorado Bureau Leah Johnson wanted to get rid of blood-sucking bugs around her neighborhood and children's school,where a sign warned "Beware of Mosquitoes"and her 8-year-old daughter routinely got 30 new bites every weekday. Then WNV hit Colorado. And fellow voters in Mesa County, fearing a potentially deadly virus,embraced Johnson's two- year quest for an expanded mosquito-control district on the outskirts of Grand Junction. They agreed on November 4 to pump more tax money into the district. 3 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS The Mesa County district and another in La Plata County will use newly approved property-tax increases in their battle of the bug during next summer's WNV season. Even as Colorado contends with a brutal influenza season, several communities already are mapping mosquito habitat and eyeing emergency funds as they heed health officials'warnings to prepare now for the WNV onslaught that is expected to return with hungry insects. The Mesa County district is among those readying for WNV in summer 2004, when many public-health officials expect the outbreak to worsen on the Western Slope. "I believe West Nile propelled the general population," said Johnson, 35, who lives in East Orchard Mesa on Colorado's Western Slope and pushed for the expanded mosquito-control district around Grand Junction. "That's a fairly substantial part of the thinking of the voters, and the reason they passed it. People are scared." Colorado -known more for its mountains than its mosquitoes - unexpectedly became the nation's WNV hot spot this year, confirming 2,771 cases of human infection and 53 deaths. That's the highest number of human cases and deaths recorded in the nation since WNV emerged in New York in 1999. State health officials are still working to confirm all the illnesses. "You should be discussing plans for mosquito control," John Pape, the state's point man on West Nile virus, is telling communities. "This was a bad virus- it made a lot of people sick this year, and we're going to have to deal with it next year." (The entire article can be found at The Denver Post.) Article Submission We are interested in receiving articles for future publications of the WNV newsletter. Please submit articles to Tom Gibbs,tom. ibbskdoh.wa.gov. Community Comments Let us hear your comments on this newsletter, your needs, or things you would like to see, by sending them to Maryanne Guichard, (360) 236-3391 or maaanne.guichard@doh.wa.gov. WNV Web Resources Washington State Department of Health www.doh.wa.gov/wnv Center for Disease Control hqp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ Washington State University Cooperative Extention http://wnv.wsu.edu/ Cornell University, Center for Environment hLp://www.cfe.comell.edu/erap/WNV Washington State Department of Agriculture http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/Animal Health/Diseases/W estNile V irus/default.htm 4 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS DOH Contact List for West Nile Virus General Public Toll-Free Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS Publications: Brochures/Response Plan/Fact Sheets Laura Harper,(360)236-3380,or laura.harper(2doh.wa.gov. Surveillance: Mosquito Jo Marie Brauner, (360)236-3064,or iomarie.brauner@doh.wa.gov. Surveillance: Dead bird surveillance and general WNV response Tom Gibbs, (360)236-3060,or tom. ig bbs a@doh.wa.gov. Surveillance: Horses,case reporting,laboratory assistance Dr. John Grendon, (360)236-3362,or John. reg ndon(&doh.wa.gov. NPDES: Training,technical assistance Ben Hamilton,(360)236-3364,or benjamin.hamilton@doh.wa.gov. WNV in Humans: Clinical information,case reporting,and laboratory testing Call your local health jurisdiction or DOH Communicable Disease Epidemiology, (206) 361-2914 or(877) 5394344. Assistance with news releases and media response Donn Moyer, (360)2364076,or donn.moyer(&doh.wa. ov. Tim Church, (360)236-4077,or tim.church@doh.wa.gov. WNV Program Management Maryanne Guichard,(360)236-3391,or maryanne.guichard(a4doh.wa.gov. WNV Coordinator Tom Gibbs, (360)236-3060,or tom.gibbs@doh.wa.gov. To subscribe to this newsletter Jill Christensen, (360)236-3000,or jill.christensenAdoh.wa.gov. 5 WNV Hotline 1-866-78VIRUS r .� it •, S V r. Surveillance of Mosquitoes ,la Marie Brakirrer LVashington State Department of Health Purpose: Mosquito Srveill e Determine species present and when Q Determine aburidance Cl Identify/map breeding locations L] Increases efficiency and effectiveness of control tJ� m a ° c r oN 0) Cli CO ON, LULU ? U c� U ar LU % � tB N � C � 'C fi -� ➢ U cf ¢ mt c7 LLj ca 081 �➢ 0 r� Q` cs Gi - ,,,, UtU C3G' IN I Setting Do not place in direct sun 4 J Proect from wind J Hang ai correct height Yjr Adult Surveillance Gravid rain Best method to use for disease a- n testing because the females ` •� have had the chance to acquire - ' disease Gravidr est melhod to use for disease testing * Used to collect egg filled females Used with baited water(fermented water and grass infuusion) Larval Surveys, LIUsed to learn source(breeding sites)and breeding times of mosquitoes LI Equipment-white dipp�r, baiter,strainer, containers and notebook DCollection data—use VVA DOH forms CIA Larval r i i .s Larval Breeding Sites r� Or�,�� ", r � J, Larval Breeding SitesF Larval r eeding Sites .+; Dippingtrue ie A .l•oar I s,,vat. r t, e;,i v. .your shadow behind you Locate larvae Ckly as larvae and prIpad will dive Dip arOLjnd emergent vegetation -floalinIgi ibris Rearing and Pupae DPut larvae/pupae'into an r: emergence container UPupae emerge and fly to top of breeder LJ Remove and process for identification Processing Samples ®a Haodle'rnosgUitOes carefully Ki ck dov,,n with dry ice or in freezer Wl Separate mosquitoes from other insects Packaging Mosquitoes "Z: '4✓, �3w, e snare mosquitoes are dry! �s Reporting a Trapping Data 0Easic Data Collections - Mate without:supportive data is worthless! =`County � • Location • Date • Habitat Description ,t y. ter. Shipping is, Package in Petri tray a:9 Fill out trapping forms completely :1 Ship FedEx to DC>H a.. Why am I being harassed by crows in late spring and how do I cope? The period between June 1 and June 20 is the peak of the yearly period in which nestling crows are reaching the point where they are ready (or not quite ready but they don't know it) to leave the nest. Below is a primer on what is happening in your local crow's nest during this time and how to cope when things go amiss. At age(-27-34 days): Nestlings perch on nest edge, spend a lot of time flapping their wings and gradually begin perching and moving about in tree branches near(often above)nest. At this stage we call them "branchers."They typically begin begging aloud to be fed (a repetitive, insistent, distinctively pleading call—any mom will recognize it immediately). This is a dangerous time as there is relatively little "safety net"of branches around and below many nest trees in the city. A major misjudgment (or several minor ones)by a healthy brancher or a poor jump by a weakling can put it on the ground all too easily. Unless rescued (see below), any kid on the ground downtown is typically a dead kid. At age 31-37 days, depending on the nest site, A fledgling actually takes wing over open ground. Again, this is a critical point, especially Downtown. For nests in wide canopy trees or in tree clusters, this move is often delayed for a week, giving fledgling ample time to gain strength and judgment. For those stuck with some combination of low nest, narrow tree crown, a row of street trees or an isolated nest tree, the risk goes WAY up. The young bird is instinctively capable of perfect, if pedestrian, horizontal flight but judging distance or a landing is another matter. And even if perfectly healthy, it is not yet strong enough to fly far or gain altitude sharply. Healthy/lucky fledglings will make a short, quasi-horizontal flight into a near neighbor tree where they will hang out for up to a day or so. They will then repeat this move over several days near the nest tree, gradually gaining strength and judgment. Flights rapidly become more frequent, stronger, and longer. Within a few more days this first great hurdle is passed—the bird (now called a juvenile) is successfully fledged and will spend the rest of the summer exploring the nearby territory with its sibs, mooching from its parents and learning"the ropes"(like avoiding cars, windows, gulls, etc). Unlucky or weak fledglings will quickly wind up on the ground near the nest tree where most will perish. What Happens when a late stage nestling or early stage fledgling winds up on or near the ground? Panicked, protective crow parents and seemingly persecuted, certainly puzzled, and often annoyed or even frightened human pedestrians is what happens. You may have experienced this. Occasionally, inexperienced parents with low nests may caw or even swoop at people when their kids become"branchers"near the nest, but this is uncommon and short lived if all goes well. More typically, frantic non-stop cawing from near the nest tree and silent "dive-bombing"of passing humans from behind is a sign of a crow kid on or very near the ground and lacking the wing strength to get back up. The closer a person comes to the young bird's location, the more frantic the parents' cawing becomes and the more likely and more daring the swooping becomes. There is typically about a 10 day window during the late nestling-fledging stages when this situation may occur. It rarely lasts more than a few days can be dealt with in two ways. 1. For hapless humans trying to mind their own business: Raising an arm straight above head (like the old "Black Power" salute) as they pass through "critical area"will always keep dive bombing parents at an acceptable distance. Without raised hand, the frantic parents will often come close enough for people to feel the wind of their wings. Nevertheless many parent crows will avoid so close an approach and most(alas not all)will avoid actually making contact. Even for the most desperate parents, contact is nearly always a slap with the feet—startling but harmless. Strikes with the beak do occur(e.g., watch out for the exceptionally bold male at 6'h & Union)but are very rare. Finally,I have found that for most folks, a simple explanation of the reason for the crows'behavior produces a big change for the better in how they deal with it. A sign posted near fledging time helps a lot. 2. For those willing to attempt to defuse the situation: put on a hat and if you like, a pair of light gloves, locate, capture (a large towel can help here), and check out the downed kid (e.g.can it flap both wings, is it obviously damaged in some way). Then if it's old enough (well feathered and nearly as big as its parents)jump-start it (i.e., gently toss it underhanded from the highest place accessible)toward a nearby(-10-30 feet)well branched tree. Remember that a healthy fledgling has little ability to gain altitude,but can fly reasonably well (if not far)horizontally. Sometimes it takes two or three attempts to get the bird to actually land in a tree and stay there. Sometimes jump-starting a downed but seemingly healthy fledgling doesn't work, but often it does. Place a smaller(younger)nestling or injured fledgling in the branches on the ground in a less traveled area, preferably with good cover and let its parents and nature resolve the issue. (or take it to PAWS, etc). The parents will go absolutely crazy while you are pursuing&handling the kid but as before will rarely make contact and will quickly calm down once the kid is up and/or away from people, cars, dogs, and pussycats. University of Washington Urban Crow Research Project ILI Crows In a Nutshell Yearly calendar (Breeding adults) Being a synopsis of local crow behavior and ecology related to WNV surveillance Early Feb.-Late Mar.—Renew pair bonds; choose v nest site. Begin foraging closer to home. Late Mar.-Apr.—Roost on territory; construct nest, r incubate eggs(-18 days);male feeds female on nest. Late Apr.-late May.—Incubation-caring for nestlings rt r" r.;';•` (kids fledge-5 weeks post-hatching). • Early June-late July.—fledgling-juvenile circus. Parents&surviving kids forage close to territory. August-mid-Sept.—molt,breakdown of territoriality, kj ^ •^ ''s use of Temporary summer roosts by families. Late Sept-Oct.—dispersal of young, return to major r roosts at night,forage more widely by day;socialize. Yearly Calendar (non-breeders) Roosting summary Ail non-breeding crows roost communally • Early Feb.-Mid Mar.—Begin getting hassled by "Permanent"(winter)roosts chosen to provide protection breeders when hanging out on their territories. from elements and predators—often near wetlands. • Late Mar.—Continue roosting at major roosts but Locally,winter roost populations can vary from-10,000 experiment a little; Get seriously hassled by (e.g.UW arboretum In winter)to-500-1000(summer). breeders during day—go hang out at Dick's until Eveningg commute.—Roost"staging"with accompanying August.Annoy tourists,Check out potential mates. corvid shennanigans begins-2 hrs pre-sunset;birds • August.—Molt(yearlings acquire adult plumage); settle in trees at deep dusk. check out potential mates. Morning commute.—Chatter begins rising-1 hr.pre- Se t.—Note that breeders are mellowing out& dawn,reaches crescendo at fist light (-30 min.)pre- p g dawn and birds begin erupting from roost in waves. begin expanding foraging activities;check out Roost is empty In 30 min. potential mates. Morning staging mirrors evening,but done less • Oct.-Feb.—forage anywhere hassle free,socialize leisurely—A cup of coffee with mate or buddies and then with everybody, check out potential mates.Weather off to forage and get Into mischief. stinks but Life is good. Age cohorts Plumage color/wear Late nest]ing-FledglingJuvenile-adult(Clockwise) g Fledgling/juvenile Yearling adult ..i 1 Plumage shape (tail) Eyes, Body Feathers, and Beak "Hinge" Skin Fledgling/juvenile Yearling adult Nestling/fledgling Juvenile/sub-adult Breeding adult Mouth color Public Involvement • Reporting Banded birds Assisting with nest monitoring Fledgling/Juvenile Yearling/sub- Breeding adult adult 2 UW Research P Environmental Factors Biotic Factors Anthropogenic Factors Mosquito Synergistic! c Lard d over Larvae is tic change Land Use Predators veal lnfedion ) Vector Control Abiotic Factors m Control \ Water tandtorzn Microclimate Route of Virus ' Incidental Hosts Transmission F` rermrz t� Virus Factors Host Factors Avian Host Avian Host population and susceptibility, Virus Strain Virus t7ecurrenoe and evolutionary dsivibution and Diftckences Distribution resporses movement Vector Community Vector Prevalence Structure and Distribution Vector Factors Vector Competency / Seattle Stud Area Reported crow deaths in King Co. y (Apr.-Oct. 2003) showing relationship to human population density Crow Roosts O Cray Field Sites ` ti�� - �-�a��• ❑ Songbird Field Sites - N Land Cover s Puget Urban Q SO urld Mixed Urban N S Forest # , 0 Water y , t C� Grass,Crops,Bare Soil ?" j 5 0 5 10 Km • x •r .". a''S • eta King County Crow deaths i k Humans/km2 0—0.5 .0.6-5 w F'a t i • r 0 25 5 10 15 Km 10-50 50 Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer April 16, 2003 Contact: Hilary Karasz-Dominguez(206)296-4767 James Apa(206)205-5442 Media Advisory County to announce plan to tackle West Nile virus in King County KING COUNTY, WA—Tomorrow,King County Executive Ron Sims and Dr. Alonzo Plough, Director of Public Health— Seattle & King County, will announce the County's plan to manage West Nile virus once it arrives in King County. Though West Nile virus has not yet been detected in King County, work is underway now to prepare for its eventual arrival. The announcement will be: Thursday,April 17th, 2 p.m. King County Executive Offices 701 5th Avenue,32nd Floor(Columbia Tower) The press conference will: • describe the three-prong approach that King County is taking against West Nile virus • review methods residents can take to limit the chance of being infected with the virus • place West Nile virus in context of other communicable diseases • provide visual demonstration of mosquito larvae collection West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne virus that is spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by biting an infected animal that carries the virus. West Nile virus is not spread by person-to-person contact, nor is it transmitted from birds or other animals to people. The virus was found in a crow in Snohomish last year and is expected to be confirmed in King County in 2003. More information on West Nile virus is available on the Public Health—Seattle&King County West Nile virus webpage: http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile Office of the Director 999 Third Avenue,Suite 1200• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle King County T(206)296-4600 F(206)296-0166• www.metrokc.gov/health Gregory Nickels,Mayor Ron Sims,Executive kli Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer June 16, 2003 Contact: Hilary Karasz-Dominguez(206)296-4767 James Apa(206) 205-5442 Media Advisory Public Health to demonstrate mosquito habitat reduction techniques KING COUNTY, WA—Today, Public Health—Seattle & King County will provide a visual demonstration of how to reduce mosquito habitat in a typical urban backyard. Eliminating artificial mosquito habitat such as buckets, tires, and other containers, is one of the most effective ways to reduce the number of mosquitoes available to bite, and is a key strategy in West Nile virus prevention efforts. The photo opportunity will be: Monday,June 161h, 1 P.M. 6102 30th Avenue NW (Ballard) Members of the press will have the opportunity to: • Videotape Public Health staff demonstrating reduction techniques that the public should undertake on their own property, such as eliminating water from buckets, wheelbarrow, and bird baths • Ask staff questions about other protection measures people can take to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne virus that is spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by biting an infected animal that carries the virus. West Nile virus is not spread by person-to-person contact, nor is it transmitted from birds or other animals to people. The virus was found in a crow in Snohomish last year and is expected to be confirmed in King County in 2003. Though a health concern, West Nile virus is not expected to be a health emergency. More information on West Nile virus is available on the Public Health—Seattle& King County West Nile virus webpage: http://www.metrokc.govihealth/westnile Office of the Director 999 Third Avenue,Suite 1200• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle King County T(206)2964600 F(206)296-0166• www.metrokc.gov/health Gregory I Nickels,Mayor ® Ron Sims,Executive Public Health Seattle & King County HEALTHY PEOPLE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. Alonzo L.Plough,Ph.D.,MPH,Director and Health Officer April 17, 2003, Contact: Hilary Karasz-Dominguez(206) 296-4767 James Apa(206)205-5422 Sims, Public Health Director announce plan to tackle West Nile virus KING COUNTY, WA—Today, King County Executive Ron Sims and Dr. Alonzo Plough, Director of Public Health—Seattle &King County, announced a new plan to manage West Nile virus, which is expected to be found in King County this year. The plan consists of three parts - education, surveillance and control. "Our plan calls for a balanced approach that emphasizes education and surveillance over control," said Ron Sims, King County Executive. "With its focus on limiting the use of larvicides, it protects both people and the environment." When larvicides are absolutely necessary, the plan calls for using the least toxic, most targeted substances available. Plan details: Education: Building on efforts over the winter to educate residents about the ways to remove artificial mosquito breeding habitat by disposing of containers where mosquitoes like to breed, Public Health— Seattle &King County is also recommending wearing appropriate clothing when mosquitoes are biting and the judicious use of insect repellent. "Though most people will never be affected by West Nile virus, it does make sense to remove habitat where feasible, and to protect yourself when mosquitoes are biting,"said Dr. Alonzo Plough, Director of Public Health—Seattle &King County. Surveillance: The surveillance portion of the plan calls for tracking bird deaths, mosquito problem areas, and larvae habitat throughout King County. Crow deaths are often a sign that West Nile virus has arrived in an area,which is why a percentage of the dead crows reported to Public Health will be tested for West Nile virus. Dead birds reported but not tested will be used for tracking purposes. Control: In collaboration with other agencies and jurisdictions, Public Health will be collecting information on mosquito breeding habitats and areas of the county with mosquito problems. This information will be used to help target control efforts. Public Office of the Director 999 Third Avenue,Suite 1200• Seattle,WA 98104-4039 City of Seattle King County T(206)296-4600 F(206)296-0166• www.metrokc.gov/health Gregory Nickels,Mayor Ron Sims,Executive property owners, such as King County,will assess their properties for possible breeding habitat. If control efforts such as habitat modification are not effective, a natural bacterium such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)may be applied. Bt is not toxic to fish, birds, and most insects other than aquatic flies. It is not sprayed onto water,but is applied in the form of pellets or briquettes. What residents can do: 1. Call Public Health if they find a dead crow. 206-205-4394. 2. Reduce habitat and prepare the home: Removing sources of standing water on one's property and around the home reduces mosquito breeding habitat. Recommendations include: • Tipping out barrels,buckets and wheelbarrows • Tipping out containers such as toys, cans or plant saucers • Emptying children's wading pools when not in use • Changing water in birdbaths and animal troughs at least once a week • Getting rid of used tires • Cleaning garden ponds • Recycling old bottles,buckets and cans • Cleaning leaf-clogged gutters • Emptying water from flower pot dishes • Dumping water off of tarps and plastic sheeting • Repairing leaky outdoor faucets • Covering rain barrels with mosquito screens • Repair ripped windows and door screens and make sure they fit tight • Consider adding a screen door to doors that often are left open 3. Take personal protection: When mosquitoes are out—often at dawn and dusk: • Wear long sleeve shirts and long pants. Hats are also useful. • Consider using an insect repellent. Repellents containing the chemical N,N-diethyl- meta-toluamide(DEET) are known to be very effective. Children under the age of two should not use insect repellents containing DEET. It is important to read the label and follow the instructions on the label carefully. West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne virus that is spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by biting an infected animal that carries the virus. West Nile virus is not spread by person-to-person contact,nor is it transmitted from birds or other animals to people. The virus was found in a crow in Snohomish last year and is expected to be confirmed in King County in 2003. Mosquito season,when West Nile virus is of most concern,runs from Spring through late fall. More information: • Public Health—Seattle&King County: http://www.metrokc.gov/health/westnile • Public Health—Seattle&King County West Nile hotline: 206-205-3883 • To report a dead crow: 206-205-4395 (Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 P.M) • State Department of Health htlp://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/Zoo/YVW/WNV.html • The CDC as an insect repellent use and safety page: httn://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ga/insect repellent htm. Where can I find more WEST NILE VIRUS What is West Nile virus? Who is at risk? on West N i to virus? West Nile virus is a serious, even fatal, The risk of getting West Nile virus is Human Health illness. It can affect people, horses, very low, but anyone can become Washington State Department of Health certain types of birds, and other infected. People over 50 years of age www.doh.wa.gov/wnv Do you animals. In 1999, West Nile virus first have the highest risk of serious illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ appeared in the United States in New index.htm lfnow York City. Since that time, it has Insect Repellent Use and Safety spread rapidly throughout the coun- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention try. In 2002, the virus was found for www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ the first time in birds and horses in in sect repellent.htm Washington. Outdoor Workers what9s Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html Equines, Other Livestock, Poultry beit *i ng Washington State Department of Agriculture www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ oue WNVdefault.htm How is it spread? What are the symptoms? US Department of Agriculture www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/ West Nile virus is almost always Most people who are infected with wnv.html spread to people by the bite of an West Nile virus will not get sick. Information Lines infected mosquito. Mosquitoes About 1 in 5 people infected will have Washington Local Number 4 become infected after feeding on birds mild symptoms such as fever, head- 360.236.3980 that carry the virus. West Nile virus is ache, and body aches. Even fewer, Washington Toll-free Number not spread by direct contact with about 1 in 150 people infected, will 1.866.78VIRUS CDC Toll-free Number(TM infected people or animals. As we have more severe symptoms. Severe 1.866.874.2646 learn more about West Nile virus, we symptoms may include headache, may discover other routes of infec- high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, i* Washington State Department o( tion. For more information, visit the disorientation, tremors, convulsions, Health health Web sites listed on the back. muscle weakness, paralysis, and coma. DOH Pub 333-052 3/2003 '' Partially funded by If you have any of these symptoms, US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contact your health care provider. For persons with disabilities,this document is available on request in other formats.Please call 1-800-525-0127. • How can I protect my family? MM What arlir e public healthMM' There is no human vaccine for West Nile virus. The best way to protect yourself is to avoid What should I"do i f I"finj agencies doing in mosquitoes.Take these steps to avoid mosquito bites and reduce the places where mosquitoes a dead bird? Washington state? live and breed around your home. West Nile virus infects certain wild birds. State and local health departments: Crows, jays, ravens, and magpies tend to • Monitor for West Nile virus by trap- Avoid Mosquito Bites Don't Give Mosquitos a Home become sick and die from infection. ping and identifying mosquitoes. Increasing numbers of dead birds may be • Track the number of dead bird reports. r Make sure windows and doors are r Empty anything that holds standing an indication of West Nile virus in your • Collect specific species of dead birds "bug tight." Repair or replace screens. water—old tires, buckets, plastic community. You can help by reporting for laboratory testing. [ Stay indoors at dawn and dusk if covers, flowerpots, and toys. dead crows and other birds to your local y health department, environmental • Notify health care providers to look for possible, when mosquitoes are most r Change the water in your birdbaths, health program. Look in the phone book and report symptoms in patients. active. fountains, wading pools, and animal under County Government—Health. • Notify veterinarians to look for and troughs at least twice a week. Certain dead birds will be tested to report horses and other animals with Wear a long sleeve shirt, long pants, monitor for West Nile virus. signs of West Nile virus. and a hat when going into mosquito- r Recycle unused containers that can While there is no current evidence that • Distribute information on the virus infested areas, such as wetlands or collect water—bottles, cans, and you can get West Nile virus from han- and how to control mosquitoes. woods. buckets. dling dead birds, avoid bare-handed These efforts are designed to identify r Use mosquito repellent when neces- r Make sure roof gutters drain properly; contact. Use gloves or double plastic bags West Nile virus before an outbreak. sary. Read the label and carefully and clean clogged gutters in the spring to place the carcass in a garbage can. Public health officials will alert commu- follow the instructions. Take special and fall. nities about measures that they can take What is an effective care when using repellent on children. to control West Nile virus. r Fix leaky outdoor faucets and mosquito repellent? sprinklers. Repellents that contain DEET are the most effective. DEET products come in Can West Nile virus affect my pets? lotions, creams, gels, sprays, and towelettes. Check the label for the For the latest on West Nile West Nile virus can cause serious illness in horses and donkeys. Though most horses do not chemical name for DEFT:N,N-diethyl-m- virus in Washington, visit get sick, about 1 in 3 horses that do get sick will die. To protect your horses ask your veterinar- toluamide. WWW.doh.WQ.9ov1wnv ian about the West Nile virus vaccine for horses. Follow the same steps as above to reduce Products containing DEET must be used places where mosquitoes live and breed near horse pastures and barns. It is rare that West Nile properly. Read and follow instructions virus will cause illness in dogs, cats, and other animals. on the label. Do not over use repellents. Where can I find more WEST NILE VIRUS What is West Nile virus? Who is at risk? on West Nile virus? West Nile virus is a serious, even fatal, The risk of getting West Nile virus is Human Health illness. It can affect people, horses, very low, but anyone can become Washington State Department of Health certain types of birds, and other infected. People over 50 years of age www.doh.wa.gov/wnv Do ou animals. In 1999, West Nile virus first have the highest risk of serious illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ appeared in the United States in New index.htm 1(now York City. Since that time, it has Insect Repellent Use and Safety spread rapidly throughout the coun- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention try. In 2002, the virus was found for www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ the first time in birds and horses in insect_repellent.htm Washington. Outdoor Workers what's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html Equines, Other Livestock, Poultry b *it *ing Washington State Department of Agriculture www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ ou wNVdefault.htm How is it spread? What are the symptoms? US Department of Agriculture www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/ West Nile virus is almost always Most people who are infected with wnv.html spread to people by the bite of an West Nile virus will not get sick. Information Lines infected mosquito. Mosquitoes About 1 in 5 people infected will have become infected after feeding on birds mild symptoms such as fever, head- Washington Local Number �" ! � g , 360.236.3980 _ V that carry the virus. West Nile virus is ache, and body aches. Even fewer, Washington Toll-free Number A not spread by direct contact with about 1 in 150 people infected, will 1.866.78VIRUS CDC Toll-free Number(TTY) infected people or animals. As we have more severe symptoms. Severe 1.866.874.2646 ` n learn more about West Nile virus, we symptoms may include headache, "" may discover other routes of infec- high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, iAHealth Washington State Department of tion. For more information, visit the disorientation, tremors, convulsions, health Web sites listed on the back. muscle weakness, paralysis, and coma. DOH Pub 333-052 3/2003 Partially funded by If you have any of these symptoms, US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contact your health care provider. For persons with disabilities,this document is available on request in other formats.Please call 1-800-525-0127. • • 7How can I protect my family? MMW"" What areM public health There is no human vaccine for West Nile virus. The best way to protect yourself is to avoid What should I do i f fin agencies doing in 9� mosquitoes.Take these steps to avoid mosquito bites and reduce the places where mosquitoes a dead bird? Washington state? live and breed around your home. West Nile virus infects certain wild birds. State and local health departments: Crows, jays, ravens, and magpies tend to • Monitor for West Nile virus by trap- Avoid Mosquito Bites Don't Give Mosquitos a Home become sick and die from infection. ping and identifying mosquitoes. Increasing numbers of dead birds may be • Track the number of dead bird reports. r Make sure windows and doors are r Empty anything that holds standing an indication of West Nile virus in your "bug tight." Repair or replace screens. water—old tires,buckets, plastic community. You can help by reporting • Collect specific species of dead birds covers, flowerpots, and toys. dead crows and other birds to your local for laboratory testing. r Stay indoors at dawn and dusk, if health department, environmental • Notify health care providers to look for possible, when mosquitoes are most r Change the water in your birdbaths, health program. Look in the phone book and report symptoms in patients. active. fountains, wading pools, and animal under County Government-Health. • Notify veterinarians to look for and troughs at least twice a week. Certain dead birds will be tested to report horses and other animals with Wear a long sleeve shirt, long pants, monitor for West Nile virus. signs of West Nile virus. and a hat when going into mosquito- r Recycle unused containers that can While there is no current evidence that • Distribute information on the virus infested areas, such as wetlands or collect water—bottles, cans, and you can get West Nile virus from han- and how to control mosquitoes. woods. buckets. dling dead birds, avoid bare-handed These efforts are designed to identify ; Use mosquito repellent when neces- r Make sure roof gutters drain properly; contact. Use gloves or double plastic bags West Nile virus before an outbreak. sary. Read the label and carefully and clean clogged gutters in the spring to place the carcass in a garbage can. Public health officials will alert commu- follow the instructions.Take special and fall. nities about measures that they can take What is an effective care when using repellent on children. to control West Nile virus. r Fix leaky outdoor faucets and mosquito repellent? sprinklers. Repellents that contain DEET are the most effective. DEET products come in Can West Nile virus affect my pets? lotions, creams, gels, sprays, and towelettes. Check the label for the For the latest on West Nile West Nile virus can cause serious illness in horses and donkeys. Though most horses do not chemical name for DEET. N,N-diethyl-m- virus in Washington, visit get sick, about 1 in 3 horses that do get sick will die.To protect your horses ask your veterinar- toluamide. WWW.doh.WQ.gov1wnv ian about the West Nile virus vaccine for horses. Follow the same steps as above to reduce Products containing DEET must be used places where mosquitoes live and breed near horse pastures and barns. It is rare that West Nile properly. Read and follow instructions virus will cause illness in dogs, cats, and other animals. on the label. Do not over use repellents. VIRUS M05nde puedo averiguar ma's ' ' OCCIDENTAL ZQue es el virus ZQuien esta en riesgo? sobre el virus del Nilo Occidental? del Nilo Occidental? El riesgo de contraer el virus del Nilo Salud Humana El virus del Nilo Occidental es una Occidental es muy bajo, sin embargo, Departamento de Salud enfermedad grave. Puede afectar a perso- cualquier persona se puede infectar. Las del Estado de Washington ?*.Sabe www.doh.wa.gov/wnv nas, caballos, pajaros y a otros animales. personas mayores de 50 anos tienen Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n En 1999, el virus del Nilo Occidental el riesgo mas alto de contraer la de Enfermedades apareci6 por primera vez en los Estados enfermedad gravemente. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm usted Unidos en la Ciudad de Nueva York. Desde Uso y seguridad de los repelentes esa vez, se ha propagado rapidamente por deinsectos Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n *0 todo el pais. En 2002, se encontr6 el virus de Enfermedades por primera vez en los pajaros y caballos www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ en Washin ton. insect_repellent.htm g que Trabajadores en lugares al exterior Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html te esta Aves, equinos y otros ganados Departamento de Agricultura del Estado de Washington picando .? www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ WNVdefault.htm Ko' mo se propaga? Kuales son los sintomas? WNVde � Depart Estadoa entoUnidos de Agricultura de los Casi siempre el virus del Nilo Occidental Muchas personas infectadas con el virus Estados Unidos www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/wnv.html se propaga a las personas por la picadura del Nilo Occidental no se enferman. Lineas de information de un mosquito infectado, y a su vez, los Aproximadamente 1 de 5 personas Numero pars el area de Olympia ,, mosquitos se infectan despues de infectadas tiene sintomas leves, tales como 360-236-3980 alimentarse de pajaros que portan el virus. fiebre, dolor de cabeza y dolor de cuerpo y Numero de llamadas gratuitas + El virus del Nilo Occidental no se propaga menos personas aun, aproximadamente 1 de Washington 1-866-78VIRUS por contacto directo con personas o de 150 infectadas tienen sintomas mas Numero de llamadas gratuitas CDC(TFY) animates infectados. A medida que graves. Los sintomas graves pueden incluir 1 866-874-2646 sepamos mas sobre el virus del Nilo dolor de cabeza, fiebre alta, rigidez del " Occidental odremos descubrir otras vias cuello estu or desorientaci6n temblores �, P p , � Itiad;ington State D1partnirirt n� �1 1 ea l�� de infecci6n. Para mayor informaci6n, convulsiones, debilidad muscular, paralisis visite los sitios de salud de la red Internet y coma. Si usted tiene alguno de estos DOH Pub 333-052 5/2003 Spanish Parcialmente financiado por Los Centros para el control que se indican al reverso. sintomas, p6ngase en contacto con su y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humans de los Estados Unidos. proveedor de salud. Para personas con discapacitadas,este documento se encuentra disponible en otros formatos,a solicitud. Por favor(lame al telefono 1-800-525-0127. •• • • • • ZQue estan haciendo at Como puedo proteger a mi famiilia? ZQue debo hacer si encuentro respecto las instituciones de un pajaro muerto? salud ublica en el estado de No existe una vacuna humana para el virus del Nilo Occidental. El mejor modo de protegerse p Washington? es evitar los mosquitos.Tome las siguientes acciones para evitar las picaduras de mosquitos y El virus del Nilo Occidental infecta a reducir los lugares donde los mosquitos podrian crecer y reproducirse alrededor de su casa. ciertos pajaros salvajes. Los cuervos, Los departamentos de salud estatales y arrendajos, cornejas y urracas tienden a locales: enfermarse y morir con la infeccion. Una • Controlan el virus del Nilo Occidental mayor cantidad de pajaros muertos podria Evite las picaduras de mosquitos No les de un hogar a los mosquitos ser un indicio de que el virus del Nilo atrapando e identificando mosquitos. f Asegurese de que las ventanas y puertas r Vacie todo to que tenga agua estancada: Occidental esta en su comunidad. Usted • Rastrean la cantidad de informes de pajaros muertos. tengan mallas milimetricas a prueba de llantas viejas,balder, cubiertas plasticas, puede ayudar informando sobre corne as l y insectos." Repare o cambie las mallas macetas y juguetes. otros pajaros muertos al programa de salud • Recolectan especies especificas de pajaros danadas. ambiental del departamento de salud local muertos para pruebas r Cambie el agua de las pilas para pajaros, Vea el directorio telefonico en la seccion de de laboratorio. r- Si es posible, permanezca en el interior fuentes, piscinas para ninos y bebederos Salud y Gobierno del Condado. Algunos • Notifican a los proveedores de salud para durante el anochecer y el crepusculo, que de animales,por to menos dos veces por pajaros muertos seran examinados para que busquen e informen sobre sintomas es cuando los mosquitos estan mas semana. controlar el virus del Nilo Occidental. en pacientes. activos. r Recicle los envases no utilizados que Aunque no hay evidencia actual de que • Notifican a los veterinarios para que 7 Use camisas de mangas largas,pantalones podrian contener agua:tales como usted pueda contraer el virus del Nilo busquen e informen sobre caballos y largos y sombrero cuando vaya por botellas, latas y baldes. Occidental al manejar pajaros muertos, otros animales que tengan senales del lugares infestados de mosquitos, or g q P evite el contacto con las manos virus del Nilo Occidental. ejemplo los bosques o tierras humedas. r Asegurese de que las canaletas de los desprotegidas. Use guantes o bolsas • Distribu en informacion sobre el virus techos drenen adecuadamente y limpie Y Y plasticas dobles para poner al animal sobre como controlar a los r mosquitos. Use repelente contra mosquitos cuando las canaletas atascadas en la primavera y q muerto en la basura. sea necesario. Lea la etiqueta y siga las el otono. Estos esfuerzos estan destinados a instrucciones cuidadosamente.Tenga identificar el virus del Nilo Occidental cuidado especial al usar repelente en los F" Repare los que g teen.exter ores y aspersores �Cual es un repelente eficaz antes de que haya un brote. Los ninos. para regar que goteen. contra los mosquitos? funcionarios de salud publica alertaran Los repelentes que contienen DEET son los a las comunidades sobre las medidas que mas eficaces. Los productos con DEET Occiden para controlar al virus del Nilo iPuede afectar a mis mascotas Eel virus del N ilo Occidental? vienen en lociones, cremas, gels, aerosoles Occidental. y toallitas humedas. Vea la etiqueta para El virus del Nilo Occidental puede causar enfermedades graves en los caballos y los burros. ver el nombre quimico de DEET: Para ver las ultimas noticias sobre Aunque la mayoria de los caballos no se enferman, aproximadamente 1 de 3 caballos que se N, N-dietil-m-toluamida. enferme morira. Para proteger a sus caballos, pregunte a su veterinario sobre la vacuna para el virus del Nilo Occidental caballos contra el virus del Nilo Occidental. Siga los mismos pasos para reducir los lugares Los productos que contienen DEET se en Washington, visite donde los mosquitos puedan vivir y reproducirse cerca de los pastizales de caballos y graneros. deben utilizar en forma apropiada. Lea y iwww.doh.wa gov/wnv Es raro que el virus del Nilo Occidental cause enfermedad en los perros, los gatos y otros siga las instrucciones de la etiqueta. Nunca animales. L use repelentes en exceso. Monde puedo averiguar ma's VIRUS DEL NILO OCCIDENTAL ZQue es el virus ZQuien esta en riesgo? sobre el virus del Nilo Occidental? del Nilo Occidental? El riesgo de contraer el virus del Nilo Salud Humana El virus del Nilo Occidental es una Occidental es muy bajo, sin embargo, Departamento de Salud enfermedad grave. Puede afectar a perso- cualquier persona se puede infectar. Las del Estado de Washington e.Sabe www.dohma.gov/wnv nas, caballos, pajaros y a otros animales. personas mayores de 50 anos tienen Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n En 1999, el virus del Nilo Occidental el riesgo mas alto de contraer la de Enfermedades apareci6 por primera vez en los Estados enfermedad gravemente. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm usted Unidos en la Ciudad de Nueva York. Desde Uso y seguridad de los repelentes de insectos esa vez, se ha propagado rapidamente por Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n 40 todo el pais. En 2002, se encontr6 el virus de Enfermedades por primera vez en los pajaros y caballos www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ en Washin ton. insect_repellent.htm g que Trabajadores en lugares al exterior Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html te esta Aves, equinos y otros ganados Departamento de Agricultura del Estado de Washington picando? www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ iComo se propaga? ZCuales son los sintomas? WNVdefault.htm , Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos Casi siempre el virus del Nilo Occidental Muchas personas infectadas con el virus www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/wnv.html se propaga a las personas por la picadura del Nilo Occidental no se enferman. Lineas de informacion de un mosquito infectado, y a su vez, los Aproximadamente 1 de 5 personas Numero para el area de Olympia t .t .. mosquitos se infectan despues de infectadas tiene sintomas leves, tales como 360-236-3980 "' *} alimentarse de pajaros que portan el virus. fiebre, dolor de cabeza y dolor de cuerpo y Numero de llamadas gratuitas El virus del Nilo Occidental no se propaga menos personas aun, aproximadamente 1 de Washington 1-866-78VIRUS por contacto directo con personas o de 150 infectadas tienen sintomas mas Numero de llamadas gratuitas CDC(TTY) animales infectados. A medida que graves. Los sintomas graves pueden incluir 1-866-874-2646 sepamos mas sobre el virus del Nilo dolor de cabeza, fiebre alta, rigidez del Occidental podremos descubrir otras vias cuello, estupor, desorientaci6n, temblores, 141 nylon State Department o� A Hea l th de infecci6n. Para mayor informacion, convulsiones, debilidad muscular, paralisis visite los sitios de salud de la red Internet y coma. Si usted tiene alguno de estos DOH Pub 333-052 5/2003 Spanish Parcialmente financiado por Los Centros para el Control que se lndlcan al reverso. sintomas, p6ngase en contacto con su y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humans de los Estados Unidos. proveedor de salud. Para personas con discapacitadas,este documento se encuentra disponible en otros formatos,a solicitud. Por favor flame al telefono 1-800-525-0127. 1-866-78VIRUS ZQue estan haciendo at ir Como puedo proteger a mi farnAia? ZQue debo hacer si encuentro respecto las instituciones de un palaro muerto? salud ublica en el estado de No existe una vacuna humana para el virus del Nilo Occidental. El mejor modo de protegerse p es evitar los mosquitos.Tome las siguientes acciones para evitar las picaduras de mosquitos y El virus del Nilo Occidental infecta a Washington? ciertos pajaros salvajes. Los cuervos, reducir los lugares donde los mosquitos podrian crecer y reproducirse alrededor de su casa. Los departamentos de salud estatales y arrendajos, cornejas y urracas tienden a locales: enfermarse y morir con la infecci6n. Una • Controlan el virus del Nilo Occidental mayor cantidad de pajaros muertos podria Evite las picaduras de mosquitos No les de un hogar a los mosquitos ser un indicio de que el virus del Nilo atrapando e identificando mosquitos. f Asegurese de que las ventanas y puertas f Vacie todo to que tenga agua estancada: Occidental esta en su comunidad. Usted • Rastrean la cantidad de informes de tengan mallas milimetricas a prueba de M puede ayudar informando sobre cornejas y Mantas viejas,balder, cubiertas plasticas, pajaros muertos. insectos. Repare o cambie las mallas macetas y juguetes. otros pajaros muertos al programa de salud • Recolectan especies especificas de pajaros danadas. ambiental del departamento de salud local. muertos para pruebas r Cambie el agua de las pilas para pajaros, Vea el directorio telef6nico en la secci6n de de laboratorio. F. Si es posible, permanezca en el interior fuentes, piscinas para ninos y bebederos Salud y Gobierno del Condado. Algunos • Notifican a los proveedores de salud para durante el anochecer y el crepusculo, que de animales, por to menos dos veces por pajaros muertos seran examinados para que busquen e informen sobre sintomas es cuando los mosquitos estan mas semana. controlar el virus del Nilo Occidental. en pacientes. activos. r Recicle los envases no utilizados que Aunque no hay evidencia actual de que • Notifican a los veterinarios para que . Use camisas de mangas largas,pantalones podrian contener agua: tales como usted pueda contraer el virus del Nilo busquen e informen sobre caballos y largos y sombrero cuando vaya por botellas, latas y baldes. Occidental al manejar pajaros muertos, otros animales que tengan senates del lugares infestados de mosquitos,por evite el contacto con las manos virus del Nilo Occidental. em to a los bos ues o tierras hiimedas. r Asegurese de que las canaletas de los j p q desprotegidas. Use guantes o bolsas • Distribu en informaci6n sobre el virus techos drenen adecuadamente y limpie Y Y plasticas dobles para poner al animal sobre c6mo controlar a los mosquitos. r Use repelente contra mosquitos cuando las canaletas atascadas en la primavera y q muerto en la basura. sea necesario. Lea la etiqueta y siga las el otono. Estos esfuerzos estan destinados a instrucciones cuidadosamente.Tenga identificar el virus del Nilo Occidental cuidado especial al usar repelente en los r Repare ar que g exteriores y aspersores Kual es un repelente eficaz antes de que haya un brote. Los ninos. para reg que goteen. contra los mosquitos? funcionarios de salud publica alertaran Los repelentes que contienen DEET son los a las comunidades sobre las medidas que mas eficaces. Los productos con DEET tomaran para controlar al virus del Nilo Ouede afectar a mis mascotas el virus del Nilo Occidental? vienen en lociones, cremas, gels, aerosoles Occidental. y toallitas humedas. Vea la etiqueta para El virus del Nilo Occidental puede causar enfermedades graves en los caballos y los burros.l ver el nombre quimico de DEET: Para ver las ultimas noticias sobre Aunque la mayoria de los caballos no se enferman, aproximadamente 1 de 3 caballos que se N, N-dietil-m-toluamida. enferme morira. Para proteger a sus caballos, pregunte a su veterinario sobre la vacuna para el virus del Nilo Occidental caballos contra el virus del Nilo Occidental. Siga los mismos pasos para reducir los lugares Los productos que contienen DEET se en Washington, visite donde los mosquitos puedan vivir y reproducirse cerca de los pastizales de caballos y graneros. deben utilizar en forma apropiada. Lea y w.doh.wa.gov/wnv Es raro que el virus del Nilo Occidental cause enfermedad en los perros, los gatos y otros siga las instrucciones de la etiqueta. Nunca IML d animales. use repelentes en exceso. VIRUS M05nde puedo averiguar ma's DEL NILO OCCIDENTAL ZQue es el virus ZQuien esta en riesgo? sobre el virus del Nilo Occidental? del Nilo Occidental? El riesgo de contraer el virus del Nilo Salud Humana El virus del Nilo Occidental es una Occidental es muy bajo, sin embargo, Departamento de Salud _ del Estado de Washington enfermedad grave. Puede afectar a perso- cualquier persona se puede infectar. Las ?*.Sabe www.doh.wa.gov/wnv nas, caballos, pajaros y a otros animales. personas mayores de 50 anos tienen Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n w w En 1999, el virus del Nilo Occidental el riesgo mas alto de contraer la de Enfermedades apareci6 por primera vez en los Estados enfermedad gravemente. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm Ub LCU Unidos en la ciudad de Nueva York. Desde Uso y seguridad de los repelentes esa vez, se ha propagado rapidamente por deinsectos Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n todo el pals. En 2002, se encontr6 el virus de Enfermedades por primera vez en los pajaros y caballos www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ en Washin ton. insect_repellent.htm g que Trabajadores en lugares al exterior Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html te esta Aves, equinos y otros ganados Departamento de Agricultura del Estado de Washington picando .? www.wa WNVde.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ Co mo se propaga? Kuales son los sintomas? WNVde fault.htm i Departamento de Agricultura de los Casi siempre el virus del Nilo Occidental Muchas personas infectadas con el virus Estados Unidos www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/wnv.html se propaga a las personas por la picadura del Nilo Occidental no se enferman. Lineas de information de un mosquito infectado, y a su vez, los Aproximadamente 1 de 5 personas Nilmero para el area de Olympia mosquitos se infectan despues de infectadas tiene sintomas leves, tales como 360-236-3980 alimentarse de pajaros que portan el virus. fiebre, dolor de cabeza y dolor de cuerpo y Nfimero de llamadas gratuitas j El virus del Nilo Occidental no se propaga menos personas aun, aproximadamente 1 de Washington 1-866-78VIRUS por contacto directo con personas o de 150 infectadas tienen sintomas mas Numero de llamadas gratuitas CDC(17M animales infectados. A medida que graves. Los sintomas graves pueden incluir 1-866-874-2646 sepamos mas sobre el virus del Nilo dolor de cabeza, fiebre alta, rigidez del Occidental podremos descubrir otras vias cuello, estupor, desorientaci6n, temblores, ��� ,!Health !,m�tonStateDepartmento( Ii Hea l th de infecci6n. Para mayor informaci6n, convulsiones, debilidad muscular, paralisis visite los sitios de salud de la red Internet y coma. Si usted tiene alguno de estos DOH Pub 333-052 5/2003 Spanish Parcialmente financiado por Los Centros para el Control que se indican al reverso. sintomas, p6ngase en contacto con su y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humans de los Estados Unidos. pIoveedor de salud. Para personas con discapacitadas,este documento se encuentra disponible en otros formatos,a solicitud. Por favor llame al tele'fono 1-800-525-0127. 1-866-78VIRUS ZQue estan haciendo al Como puedo proteger a mi farn'Aia? r..--7..6ebo hacer si encuentro respecto las instituciones de njaro muerto? salud ublica en el estado de No existe una vacuna humana para el virus del Nilo Occidental. El mejor modo de protegerse p es evitar los mosquitos.Tome las siguientes acciones para evitar las picaduras de mosquitos y El virus del Nilo Occidental infecta a Washington? ciertos pajaros salvajes. Los cuervos, reducir los lugares donde los mosquitos podrian crecer y reproducirse alrededor de su casa. Los departamentos de salud estatales y arrendajos, cornejas y urracas tienden a locales: enfermarse y morir con la infecci6n. Una • Controlan el virus del Nilo Occidental mayor cantidad de pajaros muertos podria Evite las picaduras de mosquitos No les de un hogar a los mosquitos ser un indicio de que el virus del Nilo atrapando e identificando mosquitos. r Asegurese de que las ventanas y puertas f Vacie todo to que tenga agua estancada: Occidental esta en su comunidad. Usted • Rastrean la cantidad de informer de pajaros muertos. tengan mallas milimetricas a prueba de Mantas viejas,baldes, cubiertas plasticas, puede ayudar informando sobre cornejas y insectos. Repare o cambie las mallas macetas y juguetes. otros pajaros muertos al programa de salud • Recolectan especies especificas de pajaros danadas. ambiental del departamento de salud local. muertos para pruebas r Cambie el agua de las pilas para pajaros, Vea el directorio telef6nico en la secci6n de de laboratorio. 17 Si es posible, permanezca en el interior fuentes, piscinas para ninos y bebederos Salud y Gobierno del Condado. Algunos • Notifican a los proveedores de salud para durante el anochecer y el crepusculo, que de animales, por to menos dos veces por pajaros muertos seran examinados para que busquen e informen sobre sintomas es cuando los mosquitos estan mas semana. controlar el virus del Nilo Occidental. en pacientes. activos. r Recicle los envases no utilizados que Aunque no hay evidencia actual de que • Notifican a los veterinarios para que r7 Use camisas de mangas largas, pantalones podrian contener agua: tales como usted pueda contraer el virus del Nilo busquen e informen sobre caballos y largos y sombrero cuando vaya por botellas, latas y baldes. Occidental al manejar pajaros muertos, otros animales que tengan senales del lugares infestados de mosquitos,por evite el contacto con las manor virus del Nilo Occidental. em to e los bos ues o tierras humedas. r Asegurese de que las canaletas de los 1 P q desprotegidas. Use guantes o bolsas • Distribuyen informaci6n sobre el virus y techos drenen adecuadamente y limpie plasticas dobles para poner al animal sobre c6mo controlar a los mosquitos. r Use repelente contra mosquitos cuando las canaletas atascadas en la primavera y q muerto en la basura. sea necesario. Lea la etiqueta y siga las el otono. Estos esfuerzos estan destinados a i instrucciones cuidadosamente.Tenga identificar el virus del Nilo Occidental cuidado especial al usar repelente en los r Repare ar que g exteriores y aspersores iCual es un repelente eficaz antes de que haya un brote. Los ninos. para reg que goteen. contra los mosquitos? funcionarios de salud publica alertaran Los repelentes que contienen DEET son los a las comunidades sobre las medidas que mas eficaces. Los productos con DEET tomaran para controlar al virus del Nilo i ftede afectar a mis mascotas el virus del Nilo Occidental? vienen en lociones, cremas, gels, aerosoles Occidental. y toallitas humedas. Vea la etiqueta para El virus del Nilo Occidental puede causar enfermedades graves en los caballos y los burros. ver el nombre quimico de DEET- Para Aunque la mayoria de los caballos no se enferman, aproximadamente 1 de 3 caballos que se Para ver las ultimas noticias sobre N, N-dietil-m-toluamida. enferme morira. Para proteger a sus caballos, pregunte a su veterinario sobre la vacuna para el virus del Nilo Occidental caballos contra el virus del Nilo Occidental. Siga los mismos pasos para reducir los lugares Los productos que contienen DEET se en Washington, visite donde los mosquitos puedan vivir y reproducirse cerca de los pastizales de caballos y graneros. deben utilizar en forma apropiada. Lea y i ww.doh.wa.gov1wnv Es raro que el virus del Nilo Occidental cause enfermedad en los perros, los gatos y otros siga las instrucciones de la etiqueta. Nunca animales. use repelentes en exceso. DEL Monde puedo averiguar ma's OCCIDENTAL cQue. es el virus cQuie.n esta en riesgo? sobre el virus del Nilo Occidental? del Nilo Occidental? El riesgo de contraer el virus del Nilo Salud Humana El virus del Nilo Occidental es una Occidental es muy bajo, sin embargo, Departamento de Salud del Estado de Washington ?*.Sabe enfermedad grave. Puede afectar a perso- cualquier persona se puede infectar. Las www.doh.wa.gov/wnv nas, caballos, pajaros y a otros animales. personas mayores de 50 anos tienen Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n En 1999, el virus del Nilo Occidental el riesgo mas alto de contraer la de Enfermedades aparecio por primera vez en los Estados enfermedad gravemente. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm usted Unidos en la Ciudad de Nueva York. Desde Uso y seguridad de los repelentes de insectos esa vez, se ha propagado rapidamente por Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n 40 todo el pals. En 2002, se encontr6 el virus de Enfermedades por primera vez en los pajaros y caballos www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/ en Washin ton. insect_repellent.htm g que Trabajadores en lugares al exterior Centros para el Control y Prevenci6n de Enfermedades www.cdc.gov/niosh/westnileupd.html te esta Aves, equinos y otros ganados Departamento de Agricultura del Estado de Washington picando'.? www.wa.gov/agr/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/ WNVdefault.htm Como se propaga? Kuales son los sintomas? WNVde Depart Estadoa entoUnidos de Agricultura de los Casi siempre el virus del Nilo Occidental Muchas personas infectadas con el virus Estados Unidos www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/wnv.html - se propaga a las personas por la picadura del Nilo Occidental no se enferman. Lineal de informacibn de un mosquito infectado, y a su vez, los Aproximadamente 1 de 5 personas Numero para el area de Olympia t- mosquitos se infectan despues de infectadas tiene sintomas leves, tales como 360-236-3980 alimentarse de pajaros que portan el virus. fiebre, dolor de cabeza y dolor de cuerpo y Numero de llamadas gratuitas El virus del Nilo Occidental no se propaga menos personas aun, aproximadamente 1 de Washington 1-866-78VIRUS por contacto directo con personas o de 150 infectadas tienen sintomas mas Numero de llamadas gratuitas CDC(TrY) animales infectados. A medida que graves. Los sintomas graves pueden incluir 1-866-874 2646 wroksepamos mas sobre el virus del Nilo dolor de cabeza, fiebre alta, rigidez del Occidental podremos descubrir otras vias cuello, estupor, desorientacion, temblores, ��' Washington State Department of �i Health de infection. Para mayor information, convulsiones, debilidad muscular, paralisis visite los sitios de salud de la red Internet coma. Si usted tiene al no de estos DOH Pub 333-052 5/2003 Spanish y Parcialmente financiado por Los Centros Para el Control que se lndlcan al reverso. sintomas, pongase en contacto con su v Prevenci6n de Enfermedades del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humans de los Estados Unidos. proveedor de salud. Para personas con discapacitadas,este documento se encuentra disponible en otros formatos,a solicitud. Por favor Ilame al telefono 1-800-525-0127. •• • • • • ZQue estan haciendo at Como puedo proteger a mi famiilia? iQue debo hater si encuentro respecto las instituciones de un pajaro muerto? salud ublica en el estado de No existe una vacuna humana para el virus del Nilo Occidental. El mejor modo de protegerse p Washington? es evitar los mosquitos.Tome las siguientes acciones para evitar las picaduras de mosquitos y El virus del Nilo Occidental infecta a reducir los lugares donde los mosquitos podrian crecer y reproducirse alrededor de su casa. ciertos pajaros salvajes. Los cuervos, Los departamentos de salud estatales y arrendajos, cornejas y urracas tienden a locales: enfermarse y morir con la infecci6n. Una • Controlan el virus del Nilo Occidental mayor cantidad de pajaros muertos podria Evite las picaduras de mosquitos No les de un hogar a los mosquitos ser un indicio de que el virus del Nilo atrapando e identificando mosquitos. r Asegurese de que las ventanas y puertas F Vacie todo to que tenga agua estancada: Occidental esta en su comunidad. Usted • Rastrean la cantidad de informes de pajaros muertos. tengan mallas milimetricas a prueba de llantas viejas,baldes, cubiertas plasticas, puede ayudar informando sobre corne las y insectos." Repare o cambie las mallas macetas y juguetes. otros pajaros muertos al programa de salud • Recolectan especies especificas de pajaros danadas. ambiental del departamento de salud local. muertos para pruebas r- Cambie el agua de las pilas para pajaros, Vea el directorio telef6nico en la secci6n de de laboratorio. C Si es posible,permanezca en el interior fuentes, piscinas para ninos y bebederos Salud y Gobierno del Condado. Algunos • Notifican a los proveedores de salud para durante el anochecer y el crepusculo, que de animales, por to menos dos veces por pajaros muertos seran examinados para que busquen e informen sobre sintomas es cuando los mosquitos estan mas semana. controlar el virus del Nilo Occidental. en pacientes. activos. r- Recicle los envases no utilizados que Aunque no hay evidencia actual de que • Notifican a los veterinarios para que r' Use camisas de mangas largas, pantalones podrian contener agua:tales como usted pueda contraer el virus del Nilo busquen a informen sobre caballos y largos y sombrero cuando vaya por botellas, latas y baldes. Occidental al manejar pajaros muertos, otros animales que tengan senales del lugares infestados de mosquitos, por evite el contacto con las manos virus del Nilo Occidental. ejemplo los bosques o tierras htzmedas. r Asegurese de que las canaletas de los desprotegidas. Use guantes o bolsas • Distribu en informaci6n sobre el virus techos drenen adecuadamente y limpie Y Y sobre c6mo controlar a los mosquitos. r Use repelente contra mosquitos cuando las canaletas atascadas en la Primavera y plasticas dobles para poner al animal q sea necesario. Lea la etiqueta y siga las el otono. muerto en la basura. Estos esfuerzos estan destinados a instrucciones cuidadosamente.Tenga identificar el virus del Nilo Occidental cuidado especial al usar repelente en los Repare los ue g exteriores y aspersores �Cual es un repelente eficaz antes de que haya un brote. Los ninos. para regar que oteen. contra los mosquitos? funcionarios de salud publica alertaran Los repelentes que contienen DEET son los a las comunidades sobre las medidas que mas eficaces. Los productos con DEET Occiden para controlar al virus del Nilo 0uede afectar a mis mascotas Eel virus del N ilo Occidental? vienen en lociones, cremas, gels, aerosoles Occidental. hu y toallitas medas. Vea la etiqueta para El virus del Nilo Occidental puede causar enfermedades graves en los caballos y los burros. ver el itas h6 quimico de DEET: Para ver las ultimas noticias sobre Aunque la mayoria de los caballos no se enferman, aproximadamente 1 de 3 caballos que se N, N-dietil-m-toluamida. enferme morira. Para proteger a sus caballos, pregunte a su veterinario sobre la vacuna para el virus del Nilo Occidental caballos contra el virus del Nilo Occidental. Siga los mismos pasos para reducir los lugares Los productos que contienen DEET se en Washington, visite donde los mosquitos puedan vivir y reproducirse cerca de los pastizales de caballos y graneros. deben utilizar en forma apropiada. Lea y w.doh.wa.gov/wnv Es raro que el virus del Nilo Occidental cause enfermedad en los perros, los gatos y otros siga las instrucciones de la etiqueta. Nunca animales. use repelentes en exceso. AL PERMIT NO: WAG—992000 Coverage Date: Issuance Date: April 10, 2002 Effective Date: May 10,2002 Expiration Date: May 10, 2007 AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM WASTE DISCHARGE GENERAL PERMIT State of Washington Department of Ecology Olympia, Washington 98504-7600 In compliance with the provisions of Chapter 90.48 Revised Code of Washington as amended and The Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended (The Clean Water Act) Title 33 United States Code, Section 1251 et seq. Until this permit expires,is modified or revoked, Pennittees that have properly obtained coverage by this pern it are authorized to discharge to waters of the state in accordance with the special and general conditions that follow. Nlegan te,P.E., Manager Water Quality Program Department of Ecology f Insert A. for Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Waste Discharge General Permit The following areas are restricted to the use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) only. There are sensitive, threatened, endangered or other species of concern in these particular geographical areas. Use of alternate pesticides, even those listed in the NPDES permit for aquatic mosquito control may be harmful to these species. 1) In Grant County, north of Moses Lake, within the Crab Creek watershed: T21N R27E Sections 1, 12, and 13; T21N R28E Sections 7, 17, 18, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33. 2) In Grant County, south and west of Moses Lake and south of Interstate-90, the northern portion of the Potholes: T19N R27E Sections 33, 34, 35, and 36; T19N R28E Sections 31 and 32; T18N R27E Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16; T18N R28E Sections 5, 6, 17, and 18. 3) Area within and near the Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park wetlands: T24N R27E and 28E. 4) In Kitsap County: lakes, ponds, and wetlands located in T22N R1W Sections 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12. 5) In Pierce and Kitsap counties, Carney Lake, located in T22N R1W. 6) In Klickitat County, west of the Klickitat River, all waters in T3N R12E Sections 28, 29, 32, and 33. 7) In Mason County, on the Kitsap Peninsula: lakes, ponds, and wetlands located in T23N R2W Sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, and 23. 8) In Pierce, Thurston, and Lewis counties, within the Nisqually River watershed: Alder Lake (or Alder Lake Reservoir), located in townships: T15N R4E and 5E. 9) In Pierce County, south of Tacoma, Chambers Creek and associated waters in T20N R2E Sections 26 and 27. 10) In Skamania County, east of Carson, all waters in T3N R8E Sections 23, 24, 25, 26, and 36; T3N R9E Sections 30 and 31. 11) In Thurston County, west of Yelm: lakes, ponds, and wetlands located in T17N R1E Sections 8, 9, 16, and 21. 12) In Thurston County, south of Olympia and east of Interstate-5, within the Black River watershed, the Beaver Creek drainage, located in T16N R2W Sections 9, 10, 11, and 12; T 16N R 1 W Section 7. 13) In Thurston County, south of Olympia and west of Interstate-5, within the Black River watershed: Black River proper from south of Black Lake to the Chehalis River confluence, and the following tributaries, Stony Creek, Dempsey Creek, Salmon Creek, and Blooms Ditch. Legal description as follows for these sensitive areas: T17N R3W Sections 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 35, and 36; T17N R2W Sections 7, 18, 19, and 30; T16N R3W Sections 2, 11, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, and 31; T16N R4W Sections 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36. 14) Site within and along the Columbia River, south of the confluence with the Snake River, in Walla Walla and Benton counties: T7N R31E. For questions, contact Ben Hamilton at (360) 236-3364 or.Benjamin.Hamilton@doh.wa.gov. Washington State Department o/ *Health W. yry rl d y�, a STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY P.O. Box 47600 • Olympia, Washington 98504-7600 (360) 407-6000 * TDO Only (Hearing Impaired) (360) 407.6006 April 30, 2003 Insert B. Minor Permit Modification of Permit No. WAG-992000, Aquatic Mosquito Control NPDES General Permit, regarding Conditions for Monitoring and use of Larvicides The above referenced general National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit was issued by the Washington State Department of Ecology on April 10, 2002 and expires on May 10, 2007. The permit regulates the use of larvicides in waters of the state and sets up a hierarchy of preferred pesticide options. It also requires monitoring,compliance with state pesticide regulations and the FIFRA label, consultation with other agencies as necessary and adherence to approved best management practices for mosquito control. When the permit was issued, monitoring was intended to examine persistence of the insecticides used in WA state environmental conditions. Since that time, Ecology received new information on persistence from the US Environmental Protection Agency for the larvicides allowed for use. A mosquito-borne disease, the West Nile virus has also been positively identified in our state, causing many local governments and others to prepare for mosquito control operations. These preparations will likely result in a significant increase of larvicide use throughout the state, including larvicide use in urban areas and storm drains that have never previously been treated. For these reasons, minor modifications have been made to this permit. The monitoring requirement will be modified to only require reporting what pesticides are used, where they are applied and the quantities applied. Ecology intends to prepare a plan that will ensure that larvicide applications are not resulting in adverse impacts on non-target organisms. There is little or no concern regarding adverse impacts to humans for the permitted larvicides. In addition, the permit is being modified to allow larvicide treatments to commence in the absence of the ability to survey for larvae. Due to the construction of some storm drains and other storm water conveyance structures, access to a mosquito breeding site may be severely limited or not available. In such cases, when the presence of mosquito-borne diseases is positively identified in these areas, larvicide treatments may commence without the previously required dip survey. The following minor permit modifications of Permit No. WAG-992000, Aquatic Mosquito Control NPDES General Permit, are now in effect: Minor Permit Modification for Permit No. 992000 Page 2 April 30, 2003 Section S2. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS states: A. The Permittee shall develop and implement a monitoring plan for the application of pesticides listed in S 1A4. The objective of the monitoring plan is to determine pesticide persistence in a variety of application sites and conditions. Data from EPA-approved persistence studies may be included in the monitoring report but must be identified in the monitoring plan. B. The Permittee shall select from one of the following two options to fulfill this monitoring requirement: 1. The Permittee shall submit a plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites by February 1, 2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. 2. The Permittee may participate in a group monitoring plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites in lieu of an individual monitoring plan. The group plan shall be submitted by February 1, 2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. Section S2. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS are modified (see italicized addition below) to clarify a group monitoring plan option: C. The Permittee shall develop and implement a monitoring plan for the application of pesticides listed in S1A4. The objective of the monitoring plan is to determine pesticide persistence in a variety of application sites and conditions. Data from EPA-approved persistence studies may be included in the monitoring report but must be identified in the monitoring plan. D. The Permittee shall select from one of the following two options to fulfill this monitoring requirement: 1. The Permittee shall submit a plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites by February 1, 2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. 2. The Permittee may participate in a group monitoring plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites in lieu of an individual monitoring plan. The group plan shall be submitted by Februafy 1, 2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option* is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. Submitting a complete report for each application satisfies this requirement: 1) the Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) and the water body name where larvicides were applied—for help see: http://www.ecy.wa. /programsleap/wrias/index.htiyil 2) The center point latitude and longitude to at least 4 decimal places where each larvicide application was made, see TOPOZONE.COM for help; 3) The type of each larvicide and its EPA registration Minor Permit Modification for Permit No. 992000 Page 3 April 30, 2003 number; 4) the amount of larvicide in gallon or pounds that was applied; and S) the acres treated. Rationale: Since the arrival of the West Nile virus in Washington State, many local governments and others new to mosquito control practices are gearing up to apply larvicides during the spring and summer months. These new control operations will result in a sharp increase in the amount of larvicide being applied. Since persistence data for the larvicides allowed for use exists, there may be opportunities for larvicides to concentrate in natural water bodies causing possible adverse effects to non-target organisms. Reporting the type, location, and quantities of larvicides used will be a critical component of Ecology's environmental assessment plan. Section S4. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICESANTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT, part C states: "Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations." Section S4.0 is modified to include the additional provision: Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations or unless the following two conditions exist: 1. The suspected mosquito breeding site is inaccessible for dipping, and 2. Positive identification of vector mosquitoes has been confirmed or the presence of a mosquito-borne disease has been detected in blood hosts in the area of concern. Rationale: Once vector mosquitoes or the diseases they carry have been positively identified in an area, control treatments are warranted. If the cost of treatments is prohibitive, every effort should be made to educate those at risk about minimizing habitat and exposure to mosquitoes. However, finding a dead bird that tests positive for mosquito-borne disease may not mean that vector mosquitoes are breeding in the nearest storm drain. Mosquito control agents will have to know the breeding sites and species of vectors in the area to perform effective mosquito control. Please contact Kathleen Emmett of my staff at (360)407-6478 if you have any questions. Sincerely, Megan White, P.E., Manager Water Quality Program Page 2 of 17 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF PERMIT REPORT SUBMITTALS................................................................4 PERMITCOVERAGE.................................................................................................................5 CI. ACTIVITIES COVERED....................................................................................................5 C2. GEOGRAPHIC AREA COVERED....................................................................................5 C3. HOW CAN COVERAGE BE OBTAINED........................................................................5 SPECIALCONDITIONS.............................................................................................................6 S 1. DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS............................................................................................6 A. Discharges................................................................................................................6 B. Temporary Water Quality Modification..................................................................7 S2. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS....................................................................................7 S3. REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS...........................................8 A. Annual Reporting.....................................................................................................8 B. Records Retention....................................................................................................8 C. Recording of Results................................................................................................9 D. Noncompliance Notification......................... S4. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES/INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT.............9 S5. COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE............................................................................................10 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES.............................................................................11 P1. PUBLIC NOTICE..............................................................................................................11 P2. POSTING REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................I I GENERAL CONDITIONS.........................................................................................................11 G 1. DISCHARGE VIOLATIONS ...........................................................................................I I G2. PROPER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.............................................................12 G3. RIGHT OF ENTRY...........................................................................................................12 G4. NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE IN COVERED ACTIVITIES .......................................12 G5. REVOCATION OF COVERAGE.....................................................................................12 G6. GENERAL PERMIT MODIFICATION OR REVOCATION.........................................13 G7. REPORTING A CAUSE FOR REVOCATION OF COVERAGE ..................................13 G8. TRANSFER OF PERMIT COVERAGE...........................................................................13 G9. TOXIC POLLUTANTS.....................................................................................................14 G10. OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF TITLE 40 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS.....14 G 11. COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER LAWS AND STATUTES.............................................14 G12. ADDITIONAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS........................................................14 G13. REMOVED SUBSTANCES.............................................................................................14 Page 3 of 17 G14. USE OF ACCREDITED LABORATORIES....................................................................14 G15. SIGNATORY REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................................15 G16. REQUESTS TO BE EXCLUDED FROM COVERAGE UNDER A GENERAL PERMIT.............................................................................................................................15 G17. APPEALS..........................................................................................................................16 G18. DUTY TO REAPPLY.......................................................................................................16 G 19. TERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL PERMITS...............................................................16 G20. TERMINATION OF COVERAGE UPON ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT16 G21. ENFORCEMENT..............................................................................................................16 G22. SEVERABILITY........................................................................................•......................17 G23. PAYMENT OF FEES........................................................................................................17 Page 4 of 17 SUMMARY OF PERMIT REPORT SUBMITTALS Refer to the Special and General Conditions of this permit for additional submittal requirements. Permit Submittal Frequency First Submittal Date Section S2.A Annual monitoring Plan Yearly February 1, 2003 S3.D Noncompliance Notification As necessary S5 IPM Manual Once February 1,2003 S3.A Annual Monitoring Report Yearly February 1, 2003 G15. Notice of Change in Authorization As necessary G4. Permit Application for Substantive As necessary Changes to the Discharge G18. Application for Permit Renewal 1/permit cycle November 10, 2006 G8 Notice of Permit Transfer As necessary Page 5 of 17 PERTNUT COVERAGE C1. ACTIVITIES COVERED This general permit shall cover all mosquito control activities that discharge insecticides directly into surface waters of the state of Washington. Mosquito districts and other pesticide applicators are required to be covered by the general permit for the following pre adult life stage pesticiding activities: 1) Into waterbodies that are contiguous with rivers, creeks, and lakes, or 2) Into navigable waters, or 3) In other situations as determined by the Department. C2. GEOGRAPHIC AREA COVERED This general permit covers aquatic mosquito control activities anywhere in the entire state of Washington. The specific areas where mosquito control activities are covered are described and limited by each application for coverage. C3. HOW CAN COVERAGE BE OBTAINED 1. For existing mosquito control districts and applicators with current programs requesting coverage: Notify the Department by submitting a completed application for coverage no later than 90 days after the issuance date of this general permit. Unless the Department responds in writing to the notification, coverage of a discharger under this permit will commence on the effective date of the permit. 2. For new mosquito control districts and applicators that propose to begin activities which will result in a discharge or potential discharge to waters of the state on or after the effective date of this general permit: a. Notify the Department by submission of a completed application form requesting coverage under this permit at least 60 days prior to the planned activity that will result in the discharge to waters of the state. b. Publish twice in a local newspaper of general circulation a notice that an application for coverage has been made pursuant to Section 173-226-130(5)WAC. This notice shall specify the last day of the 30 day public comment period. C. At the end of the 30 day comment period, the Department will accept the application and review all comments prior to making a determination on whether to grant permit coverage. d. The Department intends to notify new applicants by mail of their status concerning coverage under this permit. If the applicant does not receive notification of the coverage decision from Page 6 of 17 the Department, coverage under this permit will continence on the 31 st day following the Department's acceptance of an application form. SPECIAL CONDITIONS S1. DISCHARGE LI_MITATIONS A. Discharges 1. All discharges and activities authorized by this permit shall be consistent with the terms and conditions of this permit. 2. Insecticide applications under this permit shall be for the control of pre-adult mosquitoes only. 3. Beginning on the effective date of this permit and lasting through the expiration date,the Permittee is authorized to discharge the listed aquatic insecticides and associated adjuvants which are listed in this permit into surface waters of the state subject to complying with FIFRA and in consideration of integrated pest management options. 4. Authorized pesticides are: • Bacillus sphaericus • Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti) • Lagenidium giganteum • Paraffinic white mineral oil • Methoprene • Monomolecular Surface films 5. The use of malathion or temephos in surface waters of the State shall be allowed only under either of the following two conditions: a. As a result of consultation between the Department of Agriculture and Department of Ecology and then only in response to the development of pesticide resistance within a population of mosquitoes. Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals shall be a condition of such approval. Page 7 of 17 b. As a result of consultation between the Department of Health and Department of Ecology in response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. 6. Other pesticides may be applied in the context of a research and development effort under the jurisdiction of the Washington State Department of Agriculture through the issuance of a Washington State Experimental Use Permit. 7. A state or local health officer, in agreement with the Department, may order temporary suspension of permit conditions to protect public health in the event of a mosquito-borne disease outbreak. B. Temporary Water Quality Modification The application of insecticides listed in this permit to control mosquitoes is allowed so long as the conditions of this permit are satisfied and the transitory water quality impact is limited to the minimum time necessary to accomplish the desired aquatic pest control objectives. This temporary water quality modification is allowed throughout the permit term,but its effect shall be temporary in a specific location,though locations where it is in effect may be widespread throughout the state anywhere mosquitoes are subject to control and eradication. S2. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS A. The Permittee shall develop and implement a monitoring plan for the application of pesticides listed in S1A4. The objective of the monitoring plan is to determine pesticide persistence in a variety of application sites and conditions. Data from EPA-approved persistence studies may be included in the monitoring report but must be identified in the monitoring plan. B. The Permittee shall select from one of the following two options to fulfill this monitoring requirement: 1. The Permittee shall submit a plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites by February 1,2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. 2. The Permittee may participate in a group monitoring plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites in lieu of an individual monitoring plan. The group plan shall be submitted by February 1,2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. C. The permittee may request suspension of persistence monitoring after the 2003 mosquito control season. Elimination of the persistence monitoring requirement may be granted by the Department, in writing, if the permittee has demonstrated the range of persistence time of the insecticides that it commonly uses in the situations within the mosquito control area. Page 8 of 17 Additional monitoring may be performed to meet other needs. Adverse weather conditions,lack of daylight and other relevant factors related to safety considerations may alter the timing of monitoring but not preclude the requirement that a minimum level of monitoring be performed. The burden of proof for establishing safety- related alterations to the monitoring schedule shall rest with the Pernuttee(s). D. Sampling and Analytical Procedures Samples and measurements taken to meet the requirements of this permit shall be representative of the volume and nature of the monitored parameters. Sampling and analytical methods used to meet the monitoring requirements specified in this permit shall conform to the latest revision of the Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants contained in 40 CFR Part 136 or to the latest revision of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(APRA),unless otherwise specified in this permit or approved in writing by the Department of Ecology (Department). Methods for parameters that have no corresponding sampling or analytical methods described in the above mentioned protocols may be included in the annual monitoring plans. S3. REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS The Permittee shall monitor and report in accordance with the following conditions. The falsification of information submitted to the Department shall constitute a violation of the terms and conditions of this permit. A. Annual Reporting Monitoring results shall be submitted annually. Monitoring results obtained during the previous calendar year shall be reported and be received no later than February 1 of the year following the completed monitoring period. The report shall be sent to the Aquatic Pesticides Team,Water Quality Program,Department of Ecology,PO Box 47600,Olympia,Washington 98504-7600. All laboratory reports providing data for organic and metal parameters shall include the following information: sampling date, sample location, date of analysis,parameter name, CAS number, analytical method/number,method detection limit(MDL), laboratory practical quantitation limit(PQL),reporting units, and concentration detected. Monitoring reports must be submitted annually whether or not monitoring was required. If there was no discharge during a given monitoring period, submit the report with an explanation of why no monitoring was performed. B. Records Retention The Permittee shall retain records of all monitoring information for a minimum of three (3) years. Such information shall include all calibration and maintenance records and all original Page 9 of 17 recordings for continuous monitoring instrumentation, copies of all reports required by this permit,and records of all data used to complete the application for this permit. This period of retention shall be extended during the course of any unresolved litigation regarding the discharge of pollutants by the Permittee or when requested by the Director. C. Recording of Results For each measurement or sample taken,the Permittee shall record the following information: (1)the date, exact place,method, and time of sampling or measurement; (2)the individual who performed the sampling or measurement; (3)the dates the analyses were performed; (4)the individual who performed the analyses; (5)the analytical techniques or methods used; and(6) the results of all analyses. D. Noncompliance Notification In the event the Permittee is unable to comply with any of the terms and conditions of this permit due to any cause,the Permittee shall: 1. Immediately take action to stop, contain, and clean up unauthorized discharges or otherwise stop the noncompliance and correct the problem. 2. Immediately notify the Department of the failure to comply. Compliance with these requirements does not relieve the Permittee from responsibility to maintain continuous compliance with the terms and conditions of this permit or the resulting liability for failure to comply. S4. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICESANTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT A. An Integrated Pest Management Plan(IPMP) shall be prepared and implemented by the Permittee. The IPMP may include a decision tree outlining control options based on site and infestation conditions. 1. In the IPMP, a hierarchy of preferred controls shall be developed. Pesticides that are effective in controlling the mosquito population and are the least toxic to nontarget species shall be used except in response to documented development of resistance or in a declared public health emergency. 2. Following is the approved list of pesticide-based controls in the order of preference in which they should be considered in the mosquito control plan: • Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) • Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b) • Methoprene Granular, Liquid, Pellet, or Briquet Page 10 of 17 • Monomolecular Surface Films • Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffinic white mineral oil shall not be used in waters of the state unless: a. The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk; or b. The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific treatment site; and c. The waterbody is non-fish-bearing(consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife concerning fish and wildlife). 3. In developing the IPM plan,the Permittee shall consult with local governments and State and Federal agencies as needed. B. Malathion and temephos shall be used only in response to a public health concern or documented development of resistance to all less toxic control methods and in accordance with S1 C. Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations. D. Pesticide application practices shall be followed that minimize the potential for development of pesticide resistance. E. Spills of pesticides shall be promptly reported to the appropriate local and state authorities. S5. COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE The Permittee shall submit a copy of its Integrated Pest Management Plan(IPMP)no later than February 1,2003. The IPMP shall be implemented in all aquatic pest control activities engaged in by the Permittee. The Permittee shall adjust the IPMP in accordance with guidance from the Department and resubmit the plan according to the direction of the Department no later than January 1,2004 or six months after written notification of a need for adjustment from the Department,whichever occurs latest. The IPMP may be revised by the permittee if based on valid reasons that promote the principles of IPM. Page 11 of 17 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES P1. PUBLIC NOTICE A. The applicator shall notify the public by direct residential mailing or by publishing a notice in a local newspaper of general circulation(or nearest regional paper if a local paper does not exist) for expected applications of insecticides that have a water use restriction. B. This direct residential mailing or legal notice shall be published at least ten(10)days prior to the first pesticide application of the season. This notice shall include: 1. The pesticide(s)to be used and its active ingredient(s); 2. The approximate date range of treatment; 3. The approximate location(s)to be treated; 4. The water use restrictions or precautions; 5. The posting procedure; and 6. The names and phone numbers of the applicator and the appropriate Ecology regional office. C. Notification to the public regarding mosquito control activities shall continue throughout the treatment season. Notification may include methods other than notices in a newspaper. P2. POSTING REQUIREMENTS Notification shall be posted at all reasonable points of ingress and egress to the treatment areas when insecticides with water use restrictions are applied to waterbodies which are used for water supply,fish and shellfish harvesting, or water contact recreation. GENERAL CONDITIONS G1. DISCHARGE VIOLATIONS The Permittee shall at all times be responsible for continuous compliance with the terms and conditions of this general permit. The Permittee shall be responsible for compliance with any order, directive, or penalty issued by the Department. Page 12 of 17 G2. PROPER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE The Permittee shall at all times properly operate and maintain any facilities or systems of control to achieve compliance with the terms and conditions of the general permit. Where design criteria have been established,the Permittee shall not allow flows or waste loadings to exceed approved design criteria or approved revisions thereto. G3. RIGHT OF ENTRY The Permittee shall allow an authorized representative of the Department,upon the presentation of credentials and such other documents as may be required by law, at reasonable times: A. To enter upon the Permittee's premises in which an effluent source (discharge)is located or in which any records are required to be kept under the terms and conditions of this general permit; B. To have access to and to copy at reasonable costs, any records required to be kept under terms and conditions of the permit; and C. To inspect any monitoring equipment or method of monitoring required in this general permit. G4.NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE IN COVERED ACTIVITIES The Permittee shall submit a new Application for Coverage to the Department when facility expansions,production increases, or process modifications will(1)result in new or substantially increased discharges of pollutants or a change in the nature of the discharge of pollutants or(2) violate the terms and conditions of this general permit. G5.REVOCATION OF COVERAGE Pursuant to Chapter 43.21 B RCW and Chapter 173-226 WAC,the Director may require any discharger authorized by this general permit to apply for and obtain coverage under an individual permit or another more specific and appropriate general permit. Cases where revocation of coverage may be required include,but are not limited to the following: A. Violation of any term or condition of this general permit. B. Obtaining coverage under this general permit by misrepresentation or failure to disclose fully all relevant facts. C. A change in any condition that requires either a temporary or permanent reduction or elimination of the permitted discharge. D. Failure or refusal of the Permittee to allow entry as required in RCW 90.48.090. E. A determination that the permitted activity endangers human health or the environment,or significantly contributes to water quality standards violations. Page 13 of 17 F. Nonpayment of permit fees or penalties assessed pursuant to RCW 90.48.465 and Chapter 173-224 WAC. G. Failure of the Permittee to satisfy the public notice requirements of WAC 173-226-130(5), when applicable. Permittees who have their coverage revoked for cause according to WAC 173-226-240 may request temporary coverage under this permit during the time an individual permit is being developed, provided the request is made within 90 days from the time of revocation and is submitted along with a complete individual permit application form. G6. GENERAL PERMIT MODIFICATION OR REVOCATION General permits may be modified,or revoked and reissued, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 43.21B RCW and Chapter 173-226 WAC. Grounds for modification or revocation and reissuance include,but are not limited to,the following: A. When a change that occurs in the technology or practices for control or abatement of pollutants applicable to the category of dischargers covered under this general permit. B. When effluent limitation guidelines or standards are promulgated pursuant to the FWPCA or Chapter 90.48 RCW for the category of dischargers covered under this general permit. C. When a water quality management plan containing requirements applicable to the category of dischargers covered under this general permit is approved. D. When information is obtained which indicates that cumulative effects on the environment from dischargers covered under this general permit are unacceptable. G7. REPORTING A CAUSE FOR REVOCATION OF COVERAGE A Permittee who knows or has reason to believe that any activity has occurred or will occur which would constitute cause for revocation under condition G7 or 40 CFR 122.62 shall report such information to the Department so that a decision can be made on whether action to revoke coverage under this general permit will be required. The Department may then require submission of a new Application for Coverage under this or another general permit or an application for an individual permit. Submission of a new application does not relieve the Permittee of the duty to comply with all the terms and conditions of the existing general permit until the new application for coverage has been approved. G8. TRANSFER OF PERMIT COVERAGE Coverage under this general permit is automatically transferred to a new discharger if: Page 14 of 17 A. A written signed agreement between the old and new discharger containing a specific date for transfer of permit responsibility and coverage is submitted to the Department; and B. The Department does not notify the old and new discharger of its intent to revoke coverage under the general permit. If this notice is not given, the transfer is effective on the date specified in the written agreement between the old and new discharger. G9. TOXIC POLLUTANTS If any applicable toxic effluent standard or prohibition(including any schedule of compliance specified in such effluent standard or prohibition) is established under section 307(a) of the Clean Water Act for a toxic pollutant and that standard or prohibition is more stringent than any limitation upon such pollutant in this general permit,the Department shall institute proceedings to modify or revoke and reissue this general permit to conform to the new toxic effluent standard or prohibition. G10. OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF TITLE 40 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS All other applicable requirements of 40 CFR 122.41 and 122.42 are incorporated in this general permit by reference. G1I. COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER LAWS AND STATUTES Nothing in the permit shall be construed as excusing the Permittee from compliance with any applicable federal, state,or local statutes, ordinances, or regulations. G12. ADDITIONAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS The Department may establish specific monitoring requirements in addition to those contained in this general permit by administrative order or permit modification. G13. REMOVED SUBSTANCES Collected screenings, grit, solids, sludges,filter backwash, or other pollutants removed in the course of treatment or pollution control of wastewaters shall not be resuspended or reintroduced to the final effluent stream for discharge to state waters. Such removed substances shall be lawfully disposed in an' appropriate manner and shall comply with Chapter 173-303 WAC and Chapter 173-304 WAC. G14. USE OF ACCREDITED LABORATORIES All monitoring data, except for flow, temperature, settleable solids,total residual chlorine, conductivity,pH, and internal process control parameters, shall be prepared by a laboratory registered or accredited under the provisions of,Accreditation of Environmental Laboratories, Chapter 173-50 WAC. Conductivity and pH shall be accredited if the laboratory must otherwise be registered or accredited. Soils and hazardous waste data are exempted from this requirement pending accreditation of laboratories for the analysis of these media by the Department. Page 15 of 17 G15. SIGNATORY REQUIREMENTS All applications,reports, or information submitted to the Department shall be signed and certified. A. All permit applications shall be signed by either a responsible corporate officer of at least the level of vice president of a corporation, a general partner of a partnership, the proprietor of a sole proprietorship,responsible official, or ranking elected official. B. All reports required by this permit and other information requested by the Department shall be signed by a person described above or by a duly authorized representative of that person. A person is a duly authorized representative only if: 1. The authorization is made in writing by a person described above and submitted to the Department. 2. The authorization specifies either an individual or a position having responsibility for the overall operation of a regulated facility, such as the position of plant manager, superintendent,position of equivalent responsibility,or an individual or position having overall responsibility for environmental matters. (A duly authorized representative may thus be either a named individual or any individual occupying a named position.) C. Changes to authorization. If an authorization under paragraph B.2. above is no longer accurate because a different individual or position has responsibility for the overall operation of the facility, a new authorization satisfying the requirements of paragraph B.2. above must be submitted to the Department prior to or together with any reports, information, or applications to be signed by an authorized representative. D. Certification. Any person signing a document under this section shall make the following certification: I certify under penalty of law,that this document and all attachments were prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified personnel properly gathered and evaluated the information submitted. Based on my inquiries of the person or persons who manage the system, or those persons directly responsible for gathering information, the information submitted is,to the best of my knowledge and belief,true,accurate and complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting false information,including the possibility of fines and imprisonment for knowing violations. G16. REQUESTS TO BE EXCLUDED FROM COVERAGE UNDER A GENERAL PERMIT Any discharger authorized by this general permit may request to be excluded from coverage under this general permit by applying for an individual permit. The discharger shall submit to the Director an application as described in WAC 173-220-040 or WAC 173-216-070, whichever is applicable, with reasons supporting the request. The Director shall either issue an individual permit or deny the request with a statement explaining the reason for the denial. Page 16 of 17 G17. APPEALS The terms and conditions of this general permit: A. As they apply to the appropriate class of dischargers are subject to appeal within thirty (30) days of issuance of this general permit in accordance with Chapter 43.21(B) RCW and Chapter 173-226 WAC; and B. As they apply to an individual discharger are subject to appeal in accordance with Chapter 43.21(B)RCW within thirty(30)days of the effective date of coverage of that discharger. Consideration of an appeal of general permit coverage of an individual discharger is limited to the general permit's applicability or non-applicability to that discharger. Appeal of this general permit coverage of an individual discharger shall not affect any other individual dischargers. If the terms and conditions of this general permit are found to be inapplicable to any discharger(s),the matter shall be remanded to the Department for consideration of issuance of an individual permit or permits. G18. DUTY TO REAPPLY The Permittee shall reapply for coverage under this general permit at least one hundred and eighty (180)days prior to the specified expiration date of this general permit. An expired general permit continues in force and effect until a new general permit is issued or until the Department cancels it. Only those facilities that reapply for coverage are covered under the continued permit. G19. TERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL PERMITS Any previously issued individual permit shall remain in effect until terminated in writing by the Department, except that extension of an expired individual permit(pursuant to WAC 173- 220-180(5)) shall terminate upon coverage under this general permit. G20. TERMINATION OF COVERAGE UPON ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT When an individual permit is issued to a discharger otherwise subject to this general permit,the coverage under this general permit for that Permittee is terminated on the effective date of the individual permit. G21. ENFORCEMENT Any violation of the terms and conditions of this general permit, the state Water Pollution Control Act, and the federal Clean Water Act,will be subject to the enforcement sanctions, direct and indirect, as provided for in WAC 173-226-250. Page 17 of 17 G22. SEVERABILITY The provisions of this general permit are severable, and if any provision of this general permit, or application of any provision of this general permit to any circumstance, is held invalid, the application of such provision to other circumstances and the remainder of this general permit shall not be affected thereby. G23. PAYMENT OF FEES The Permittee shall submit payment of fees associated with this permit as assessed by the Department. Page 1 of 30 FACT SHEET FOR AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL GENERAL NPDES PERMIT bA I b q 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit Page 2 of 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pate SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION...............................................................................................2 MOSQUITOLIFE CYCLE .........................................................................................................................2 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS......................................................................................................................2 MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................2 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................2 DESCRIPTION OF MOSQUITO CONTROL ACTIVITIES .......................................................2 MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAMS.........................................................................................................2 CRITERIA FOR COVERAGE UNDER THE GENERAL PERMIT...................................................................2 BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS(BTI):.....................................................................................2 BACILLUS SPHAERICUS:.............................................................................. ..................2 .......................... METHOPRENE..........................................................................................................................................2 MONOMOLECULAR SURFACE FILMS.....................................................................................................2 LARVICIDALOILS....................................................................................................................................2 CHEMICAL LARVICIDES,ORGANOPHOSPHATES....................................................................................2 ENDANGEREDSPECIES.............................................................................................................2 REGULATORY POLLUTION REDUCTION REQUIREMENTS..............................................2 TECHNOLOGY BASED WATER QUALITY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS............................................2 WATER QUALITY BASED REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................2 SEDIMENTQUALITY................................................................................................................................2 SEPACOMPLIANCE................................................................................................................................2 RECEIVING WATER IDENTIFICATION....................................................................................................2 Eligibility and Geographical Area of Coverage...................................................................................2 PROCEDURE FOR CONDITIONAL APPROVAL FOR THE DISCHARGE OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING PRODUCTS NOT SPECIFIED IN THE CURRENT PERMIT.................................................2 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES...........................................................................................................2 OTHER PERMIT CONDITIONS..................................................................................................2 MONITORING...........................................................................................................................................2 REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING.......................................................................................................2 LABACCREDITATION.............................................................................................................................2 SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS............................................................................2 PERMITMODIFICATIONS........................................................................................................................2 WHENCOVERAGE IS EFFECTIVE...........................................................................................................2 RESPONSIBILITY TO COMPLY WITH OTHER REQUIREMENTS............................................................2 GENERALCONDITIONS...........................................................................................................................2 RECOMMENDATION FOR PERMIT ISSUANCE.........................................................................................2 APPENDIX A—PUBLIC OPPORTUNITY TO COMMENT......................................................2 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 3 OF 30 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................................2 APPENDIX D-- RESPONSE TO COMMENTS..........................................................................2 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 4 OF 30 FACT SHEET FOR AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL GENERAL NPDES PERMIT SUMMARY The State of Washington Department of Ecology(Department)has tentatively determined to issue a general permit for the application of insecticides to control mosquitoes in surface waters of the State of Washington. The use of insecticides is subject to the provisions of integrated pest management plans(IPMs). Monitoring is required in certain situations. Any short term toxicity to aquatic organisms is allowed under the terms of the permit and the water quality modification provisions to perform essential activities that protect public health. The proposed terms, limitations and conditions contained herein are tentative and may be subject to change, subsequent to public comments and testimony provided at public hearings. All facilities accepted under the general permit will not be relieved of any responsibility or liability at any time during the life of the permit for: (1)violating or exceeding State water quality standards; or (2)violating any other local, State,or Federal regulation or standard as may pertain to the individual facility. Activities not accepted under the general permit may be required to apply for an individual permit. Any application of insecticide to surface waters of the state requiring NPDES permit coverage found not covered under either the general permit or an individual permit will be considered to be operating without a discharge permit and subject to potential enforcement action. On March 12, 2001,the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the application of an herbicide in compliance with the labeling requirements of Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) did not exempt an irrigation district from needing an NPDES permit (Headwaters, Inc. v. Talent Irrigation District). Ecology, as had many more states,had been issuing orders that were not NPDES permits that placed protective conditions on the use of pesticides in waters of the state. This general permit will replace those short term modifications where pesticide applications are directed into surface waters of the state for the purpose of controlling mosquitoes. INTRODUCTION This fact sheet is a companion document that provides the basis for issuance of the Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES) General Permit. The Department of Ecology (the Department) is proposing to issue this permit, which will allow discharge of wastes from aquatic insecticide applications and from nonchemical methods to control mosquitoes in surface waters of the State of Washington, which are also waters of the United States,pursuant to the provisions of chapters 90.48, 90.52, and 90.54 Revised Code of Washington (RCW) and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act(FWPCA)as amended. This 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 5 OF 30 fact sheet explains the nature of the proposed discharges,the Department's decisions on limiting the pollutants in the wastewater, and the regulatory and technical basis for these decisions. The Federal Clean Water Act(FCWA, 1972),and later modifications (1977, 1981, and 1987), established water quality goals for the navigable(surface)waters of the United States. One of the mechanisms for achieving the goals of the Clean Water Act is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System of permits(NPDES permits),which is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The EPA has delegated responsibility to administer the NPDES permit program to the State of Washington on the basis of Chapter 90.48 RCW which defines the Department of Ecology's authority and obligations in administering the wastewater discharge permit program. The establishment of a general permit for Aquatic Mosquito Control is appropriate due to the similar environmental fate specific to each permitted herbicide,the uniform discharge conditions to which all applications would be subject,the statewide scope of aquatic mosquito control, and the significant reduction of resources necessary for permit handling. However, individual permits will still be considered in those instances where a proposed activity requires more detailed guidance, or when an individual applicator so desires and the Department approves. The regulations adopted by the State include procedures for issuing general permits (Chapter 173-226 WAC), water quality criteria for surface waters (Chapters 173-201A WAC), and sediment management standards (Chapter 173-204 WAC). These regulations require that a permit be issued before discharge of wastes to waters of the state is allowed. The regulations also establish the basis for effluent limitations and other requirements which are to be included in the permit. One of the requirements(WAC 173-226-110) for issuing a general permit under the NPDES permit program is the preparation of a draft permit and an accompanying fact sheet. Public notice of the draft permit,public hearings, comment periods, and public notice of issuance are all required before the general permit is issued(WAC 173-226-130). The fact sheet and draft permit have been reviewed by representatives of the potential permittees and other members of a permit advisory group. Errors and omissions identified in this review have been corrected before going to public notice. After the public comment period has closed, the Department will summarize the substantive comments and the response to each comment. The summary and response to comments will become part of the file on the permit and parties submitting comments will receive a copy of the Department's response. The original fact sheet will not be revised after the public notice is published. Comments and the resultant changes to the permit will be summarized in Appendix D--Response to Comments. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 6 OF 30 E � ` J 4, Larvaciding with diesel oil BACKGROUND INFORMATION A March 12,2001 decision by the Ninth Circuit Court in Headwaters, Inc. v. Talent Irrigation District found that the applicator should have obtained coverage under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)permit prior to application of aquatic pesticides to an irrigation canal in Oregon. The canal discharged water into a creek where a fish kill occurred. The decision addressed residues and other products of aquatic pesticides. Headwaters,Inc. and Oregon Natural Resources Council filed a Clean Water Act citizen suit against the Talent Irrigation District(TID) for applying aquatic herbicide into a system of irrigation canals. Reversing a district court's opinion,the Ninth Circuit held that application of the pesticide in compliance with the labeling requirements of the Federal Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA)did not exempt TID from having to obtain a NPDES permit,and that the irrigation ditches were "waters of the United States" under the Clean Water Act. The Federal Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1979 (FIFRA), as administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA),requires that all persons who apply pesticides classified as restricted use be certified according to the provisions of the act or that they work under the supervision of a certified applicator. Commercial and public applicators must demonstrate a practical knowledge of the principles and practices of pest control and safe use of pesticides,which will be accomplished by means of a"core" examination.In addition, applicators using or supervising the use of any restricted use pesticides purposefully applied to standing or running water(excluding applicators engaged in public health related activities)are required to pass an additional exam to demonstrate competency as described in the code of federal regulations as follows: "Aquatic applicators shall demonstrate practical knowledge of the secondary effects which can be caused by improper application rates, incorrect formulations, and faulty application of restricted pesticides used in this category. They shall demonstrate practical knowledge of various water use situations and the potential of downstream effects. Further,they must have practical knowledge concerning potential pesticide effects on plants, fish, birds,beneficial insects and other organisms which may be present in aquatic environments. Applicants in this 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 7 OF 30 category must demonstrate practical knowledge of the principles of limited area application." (40 CFR 171.4) MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE There are several species of mosquito that readily attack people,and some species are capable of transmitting microbial organisms that cause human diseases such as malaria and encephalitis. The mosquitoes of major concern in Washington belong to the genera Culex, Culiseta, Aedes, and Anopheles. Mosquitoes are classified as Insects of the Diptera order. They undergo a complete metamorphosis,which involves four stages of development, egg, larva,pupa and adult. The first three stages occur in water,but the adult female is an active flying insect that feeds upon the blood of humans and/or animals. The female mosquito lays the eggs directly on water or on moist substrates that may later be flooded with water. The egg later hatches into the larva,which is the stage on which most mosquito districts tend to focus control programs. During the larval stages it continues to feed and grow in size. The larvae go through four growth stages called instars. Once the larvae has developed to the fourth instar it stops feeding and pupates. This is a resting period. At this point the biological control(larvicide)no longer works as a control measure because it requires ingestion by the organism. Draining or emptying the water at this point will kill the pupa, as they are unable to live out of water. The larva transforms into the pupa where internal changes occur and the adult mosquito takes form. After a few hours to a few days in the pupal stage,the adult mosquito emerges from the water surface and seeks shelter in shady,moist areas. Adult mosquitoes must find shelter during the heat to avoid dehydration and are most active during the hours from dawn to dusk. After a brief period of rest the adult female goes in search of a blood meal and the cycle continues. The time frame for this is highly variable anywhere from one to three weeks,depending on the temperature of the water. The warmer the water the quicker the development will be. A very small amount of water in a container in the sun will produce a batch of adult mosquitoes very quickly. Mosquito biology can follow two general scenarios. The first involves those species that lay their eggs in masses or rafts on the water's surface. Some of these species, which are found throughout the U.S., often lay their eggs in natural or artificial water-holding containers found in the domestic environment, or in naturally occurring pools. In summer the entire life cycle, from egg to adult,may be completed in a week or less. The second scenario involves Aedes mosquitoes that lay their eggs on moist soil or other substrates in areas that will be flooded with water later.After about two days, these eggs are ready to hatch, but if not flooded, can withstand drying for months and longer. In inland areas of the U.S. where these mosquitoes breed,heavy rains and flooding can produce millions of mosquitoes in a short time. Similar situations occur along coastal areas with mosquitoes adapted to salt marsh habitats. Some salt marsh mosquitoes are strong fliers and can sometimes travel up to 50 miles from the breeding site. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 8 OF 30 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS Female mosquitoes of nearly all species require blood from vertebrate animals to develop eggs, and many species bite people,pets, and livestock for this purpose. Mosquitoes are found throughout the world and many transmit pathogens which may cause disease. These diseases include mosquito-bome viral encephalitis,dengue,yellow fever, malaria, and filariasis. Most of these diseases have been prominent as endemic or epidemic diseases in the United States in the past,but today, only the insect-borne(arboviral)encephalitides occur annually and dengue occurs periodically in this country. The most important consequence of this is the transmission of microorganisms that cause diseases such as western equine encephalomyelitis and St.Louis encephalitis. Both of these diseases can cause serious, sometimes fatal neurological ailments in people. (Western equine encephalomyelitis virus also causes disease in horses.)Western equine encephalomyelitis infections tend to be more serious in infants while St. Louis encephalitis can be a problem for older people. These viruses are normally infections of birds or small mammals. During such infections, the level of the virus may increase in these infected animals facilitating transmission to humans by mosquitoes. The West Nile virus, which can also cause encephalitis,was found in the northeastern United States for the first time in 1999,and is a good example of this mode of transmission. Human cases of encephalitis range from mild to very severe illnesses that, in a few cases, can be fatal. Other pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes include a protozoan parasite which causes malaria, and Dirofilaria immitis,a parasitic roundworm and the causative agent of dog heartworm. Disease carrying mosquito species are found throughout the U.S.,especially in urban areas and coastal or in inland areas where flooding of low lands frequently occurs. Even when no infectious diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes,they can be a health problem to people and livestock. Mosquito bites can result in secondary infections,allergic reactions,pain, irritation,redness, and itching. MANAGEMENT Mosquitoes are best managed on an area wide basis by public agencies that are either components of local health departments or are independent districts organized specifically for mosquito control. In Washington,there are approximately 12 mosquito and vector control districts. Some are small and have responsibility for mosquito abatement in a few hundred square miles,while the activities of others may encompass one entire county or more. Mosquito control is accomplished by searching out mosquito larvae in standing water and treating the water with a material that kills the larvae. Many materials currently in use are biological in origin and are highly specific for mosquitoes,with little or no effect on other organisms. On occasion,mosquito abatement agencies may also apply chemical pesticides to kill adult mosquitoes,but ordinarily only when adult populations become so large that they cause extreme annoyance to many people or when the threat of disease transmission to people is high. Control of irrigation water in agricultural areas to avoid excess runoff is an important mosquito control 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 9 OF 30 method, but in recent years elimination of small bodies of water that can serve as wildlife habitat has ceased to be a mosquito control option because of habitat preservation concerns. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Mosquito control activities are important to the public health, and responsibility for carrying out these programs rests with state and local governments. The federal government assists states in emergencies and provides training and consultation in vector and vector-borne disease problems when requested by the states. The current interests in ecology and environmental impact of mosquito control measures,and the increasing problems that have resulted from insecticide resistance emphasize the need for"integrated" control programs. IPM is an ecologically based strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that are . compatible with or disrupt these factors as little as possible. IPM includes the use of pesticides, but only after systematic monitoring of mosquito populations indicates a need. Ideally, an IPM program considers all available control actions,including no action, and evaluates the interaction among various control practices, cultural practices,weather, and habitat structure. This approach thus uses a combination of resource management techniques to control mosquito populations with decisions based on surveillance. Fish and game specialists and natural resources biologists should be involved in planning control measures whenever delicate ecosystems could be impacted by mosquito control practices. A good integrated pest management(IPM)program--featuring monitoring for high populations mosquito s o and disease resident education and action to maximize o q p p natural controls and minimize mosquito breeding sites,and larvaciding(killing immature mosquitoes) when necessary--can control mosquitoes more effectively while reducing pesticide exposure to humans and the environment. Insecticides are dispersed only where mosquito larvae are present and not indiscriminately,which is why larvaciding is much sounder than adulticiding. The underlying philosophy of mosquito control is based on the fact that the greatest control impact on mosquito populations will occur when they are concentrated, immobile and accessible. This emphasis focuses on habitat management and controlling the immature stages before the mosquitoes emerge as adults. This policy reduces the need for widespread pesticide application in urban areas. DESCRIPTION OF MOSQUITO CONTROL ACTIVITIES MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAMS In response to these potential disease carrying pests,communities organized the earliest mosquito control programs in the eastern U.S. in the early 1900s. Eventually, other communities created similar programs throughout the country in areas where mosquito problems occurred and where citizens demanded action by local officials. Modern mosquito control programs in the U.S. are multifaceted and include surveillance, source reduction, and a variety of larval and adult mosquito control strategies. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 10 OF 30 Surveillance methods include studying habitats by air,aerial photographs,and topographic maps, and evaluating larval populations.Mosquito control officials also monitor mosquito traps,biting counts, and complaints and reports from the public. Mosquito control activities are initiated once established mosquito threshold populations are exceeded. Seasonal records are kept in concurrence with weather data to predict mosquito larval occurrence and adult flights. Some mosquito control programs conduct surveillance for diseases harbored by birds, including crows, other wild birds, sentinel chicken flocks, and for these diseases in mosquitoes. Source reduction involves eliminating the habitat or modifying the aquatic habitat to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. This measure includes sanitation measures where artificial containers, including discarded automobile tires,which can become mosquito habitats, are collected and properly disposed. Habitat modification may also involve management of impounded water or open marshes to reduce production and survival of the flood water mosquitoes. If habitat modification is not feasible,biological control using fish may be possible. Mosquito control officials often apply biological or chemical larvicides, with selective action and moderate residual activity,to the aquatic habitats. To have the maximum impact on the mosquito population, larvicides are applied during those periods when immature stages are concentrated in the breeding sites and before the adult forms emerge and disperse. CRITERIA FOR COVERAGE UNDER THE GENERAL PERMIT Applicants for the general permit will be screened based on information in the application. The department will consider whether the applicant has a qualified licensed applicator on staff, familiarity with FIFRA and state requirements,and willingness to develop monitoring plans and an IPM, if not already developed. TABLE 1. PERMITTED INSECTICIDES USED FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL Typical Active ingredient Label use rate Use Products Aquabac Bacillus 0.25 to 2 Larvae control Bactimos thuringiensis pints/acre or up israelensis (Bti) to 10 lbs/acre Vectobac Teknar VectoLexW Bacillus sphaericus 0.5 to 1.5 Larvae control in DG (H-5a5b) lbs/acre water with high organic content Altosid Methoprene 2 to 20 lbs/acre Larvae control Agnique Monomolecular 0.2 to 0.5 Larvae and Pupae MMF surface film gal/acre control Golden Bear petroleum distillate 3 to 5 gal/acre Larvae and Pupae 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 11 OF 30 Typical Active ingredient Label use rate Use Products Oil control Bonide Oil Malathion Malathion 0.5 pts/acre Emergency use only Abate Temephos 0.5 to 1.5 Emergency use oz/acre only T_ BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS (BTI): The product known as Bti(Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis) can be as effective as chemical insecticides in liquid and granular form. Bti is an endospore-forming bacterium that is ingested by the actively feeding larvae. When the bacteria Bti encysts, it produces a protein crystal toxic to mosquito and midge larvae. Once the bacteria has been ingested,the toxin disrupts the lining of the larvae's intestine. Bti is highly selective for the first through third instar of mosquito and some gnat larvae. It has no effect on a vast array of other aquatic organisms except midges in the same habitat. Bti strains are sold under the names Bactimos®, Teknar® and Vectobac®. Vectobac is formulated by impregnating corn kernels with bacteria known as Bacillus thuringensus. This bacteria is target specific and must be ingested by the target species to be of any effect. Bti is the primary material used for mosquito control because of its low toxicity to non-target species. Bti is highly pathogenic against Culcidae(mosquitoes) and Simuliidae (blackflies) and has some virulence against certain other Diptera, especially Chironomidae (midges). Lepitdopterans are not generally considered susceptible, with some limited exceptions. Timing of treatment is important and Bti must be applied frequently. Bti has been extensively studied for effects on non-target organisms and environmental consequences of use with no reported adverse effects. It is not toxic to bees. According to several studies,when applied at field application rates,Bti has no reported effect on fish and amphibians. Several studies have found no effect on warm-blooded mammals. Labels indicate that direct contact with the products may cause mild to moderate eye or skin irritation. Bti products are available in liquid,pellet and granular formulations. The type of formulation influences persistence,with the pellet/briquette forms having greater persistence. Generally Bti does not persist long after application, with toxicity persisting from 24 hours to over one month when the pellet/briquette formulation is used because of its slow release formula. Because of its specificity,Bti lacks the ability to recycle readily in insect populations. Factors that influence its 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 12 OF 30 persistence include UV,agitation, sedimentation,water quality and environmental conditions such as pH and temperature. BACILLUS SPHAERICUS: B. sphaericus is a naturally occurring,spore-forming bacterium which produces a protein endotoxin at the time of sporulation. The toxin is only active against the larval stage and must be ingested and digested before it becomes activated.B. sphaericus has the unique property of being able to control mosquito larvae in highly organic aquatic environments such as waste lagoons and stormwater catch basins. B. sphaericus is effective against Culex spp; it is less effective against other species. B. sphaericus is not acutely toxic to freshwater and saltwater invertebrates,honeybees,mayfly larvae, does not appear to be harmful to fish and other marine life,and is not toxic to birds on a subchronic basis. In tests,B. sphaericus was not pathogenic, infective nor toxic in laboratory animals by the oral, dermal,pulmonary or intra-venous routes of exposure. In humans,mild skin and eye irritation can occur with direct contact. VectoLex, the trade name for B. sphaericus,persists for 2-4 weeks after a single application at label rates.B. sphaericus may undergo limited recycling in certain organically rich environments,extending the period of larval control. METHOPRENE Methoprene mimics a natural juvenile hormone, and when present in the larval habitat it keeps immature insects from maturing into adults.Unable to metamorphose,the mosquitoes die in the pupal stage. Methoprene comes in a liquid, granular or pellet form and is applied directly to the water where mosquito larvae are found.When mosquito larvae are exposed to methoprene,their life cycle is disrupted, and they are prevented from reaching maturity or reproducing. Studies indicate that methoprene is of low toxicity and poses little risk to people when used according to label instructions. Methoprene was not shown to have any significant toxicological effects in the standard battery of toxicity studies used to assess Human health effects. The pesticide has very low acute oral and inhalation toxicity potential and is not an eye or skin irritant. Methoprene is also of low acute dermal (skin)toxicity and is not a human skin sensitizer. In laboratory tests,methoprene has been shown to be practically non-toxic to mallard ducks and only slightly toxic to fish. Although it has been observed to be very highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates,results from field studies involving methoprene have shown that it has no lasting adverse effects on populations of invertebrates or other non-target aquatic organisms when used according to label instructions for mosquito control.Negative impacts on aquatic invertebrates were not permanent and the populations were able to recover. Methoprene is not persistent in the environment. It degrades rapidly in water,being susceptible to transformation by sunlight and microorganisms. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 13 OF 30 MONOMOLECULAR SURFACE FILMS MSF is a non-petroleum surface oil that acts as a physicochemical agent by altering the mosquito's habitat. It belongs to the alcohol ethoxylate group of surfactants,which are used in detergent products. MSF disrupts the cohesive properties,which allow mosquitoes to use the water's surface as an interface for breeding. By making the surface "wetter",MSF in effect drowns mosquitoes. MSF kills larvae and pupae by making it impossible for them to keep their breathing tubes above the water's surface. It also kills adult females by entrapping and drowning them when they contact the surface to lay their eggs. Since MSF kills mosquitoes with a physical mechanism (rather than a toxic mechanism), it is not effective in habitats with persistent unidirectional winds of greater than ten miles per hour,or in areas with very choppy water Some species such as the midge, and some arthropods that require attachment to the water surface have been shown to be affected. MMF is non-toxic to most non-target wildlife. The green tree frog progressed normally from tadpole to adult through several generations after being exposed to a constant film presence for six months.MMF is not a skin irritant, is only a mild eye irritant on prolonged or repeated contact, and is considered to be non-toxic by animal tests. As with all pesticides,direct contact should be avoided. The film persistence is dependent on temperature,water flow, amount of bacteria in the water, and the duration and strength of the wind following application. Average persistence under standard use conditions is 5 - 14 days at recommended dosage rates. LARVICIDAL OILS Oils have been used for mosquito control for more than a century. Golden Bear 1111® is a light viscosity oil that spreads quickly and evenly over the water surface,preventing larvae and pupae from obtaining oxygen through the surface film. Oils have always been used as a product of last resort for the control of mosquito pupae, since this stage does not feed but does require oxygen. The only other option would be draining the source. Closer surveillance and timing of other agents and techniques can greatly reduce the need for larvicidal oils. Golden Bear forms a thin sheet of oil on the surface water and persists for 12 to 15 hours. It suffocates many aquatic insects by interfering with the insects'breathing tubes. Apparently, Golden Bear does not affect fish directly because the oil remains on the water's surface for only a short period of time,then evaporates. In fish-bearing waters,it may affect fish indirectly by depleting their food source. Aquatic invertebrates, amphibians,waterfowl; and furbearers may be deleteriously affected. Consequently,to determine whether any species of concern (endangered, threatened, and/or economically valuable) inhabit the area to be treated, coordination with the Department of Fish and Wildlife and Department of Natural Resources' Natural Heritage Program is required before Golden Bear oil may be used. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 14 OF 30 CHEMICAL LARVICIDES,ORGANOPHOSPHATES Costs and complexity of mosquito control have increased markedly since the passage of the Environmental Protection Act in 1969. The increasing number of governmental regulations and permitting bodies,rising costs of alternative chemicals,and the spreading resistance of many vector species to existing pesticides have almost completely changed or eliminated the use of chemical control agents. The emergency use of malathion and temephos is retained under this permit with the permission of the Dept of Health and Ecology. The two situations where malathion and temephos may be used are in response to pesticide resistance and where a public health emergency has been declared. The primary application methods in aquatic mosquito larvae and pupa control are: 1. Hand application: Broadcast spreaders,backpack granulators and liquid sprayers are used to spread control materials either mounted on ATVs or carried by the applicator. 2.Aerial applications: Aerial applications normally use a conventional spray boom to improve coverage with the smaller volume of spray solution applied per acre. The spray produces a large droplet size at low pressure and low volume. The pilot monitors the flow rate to minimize pressure and controls drift additionally through application during lower air temperatures and low wind speed. ENDANGERED SPECIES Currently, EPA is developing a program("The Endangered Species Protection Program")to identify all pesticides whose use may cause adverse impacts on endangered and threatened species and to implement mitigation measures that will eliminate the adverse impacts.The program would require use restrictions to protect endangered and threatened species at the county level. In the future,EPA plans to publish a description of the Endangered Species Program in the Federal Register and have available voluntary county-specific bulletins. REGULATORY POLLUTION REDUCTION REQUIREMENTS Federal and State regulations require that effluent limitations set forth in a NPDES permit must be either technology-or water quality-based. Technology-based limitations are set by regulation or developed on a case-by-case basis (40 CFR 125.3, and Chapter 173-220 WAC). Water quality-based limitations are based upon compliance with the Surface Water Quality Standards (Chapter 173-201A WAC),Ground Water Standards(Chapter 173-200 WAC), Sediment Quality Standards (Chapter 173-204 WAC) or the National Toxics Rule(Federal Register,Volume 57, No. 246, Tuesday, December 22, 1992). The more stringent of these two limits must be chosen for each of the parameters of concern. TECHNOLOGY BASED WATER QUALITY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS Sections 301, 302, 306, and 307 of the FWPCA established discharge standards,prohibitions, and limits based on pollution control technologies. These technology-based limits are "best 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 15 OF 30 practical control technology" (BPT), "best available technology economically achievable" (BAT), and "best conventional pollutant control technology economically achievable" (BCT). Compliance with BPT/BAT/BCT may be established using a "best professional judgment" (BPJ) determination. The State has similar technology-based limits which are described as: "all known, available and reasonable methods of control,prevention, and treatment" (AKART)methods. AKART is referred to in State law under RCW 90.48.010,RCW 90.48.520, 90.52.040 and RCW 90.54.020. The Federal technology-based limits and AKART are similar but not equivalent. AKART: (1) may be established for an industrial category or on a case-by-case basis; (2)may be more stringent than Federal regulations; and(3) includes not only treatment,but also BMPs such as prevention and control methods(i.e. waste minimization,waste/source reduction, or reduction in total contaminant releases to the environment). The Department and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) concur that,historically,most discharge permits have determined AKART as equivalent to BPJ determinations. The pesticide application industry has been regulated by EPA under the terms of the Federal Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, (FIFRA). Use of pesticides are regulated by label use requirements developed by EPA. In developing label use requirements, EPA requires the pesticide manufacturer to register each pesticide and provide evidence that the pesticide will work as promised and that unacceptable environmental harm will be minimized. The standards for environmental protection are different between the CWA and FIFRA. It is the intent of this general permit to authorize mosquito control in a manner that also complies with federal and other state requirements. All WWDPs issued by the department must incorporate requirements to implement reasonable prevention,treatment and control of pollutants. The legislature established in the Washington Pesticide Control Act that prevention of pollution in this case is reasonable in the context of an Integrated Pest Management Plan. IPMs require the investigation of all control options,but stop short of requiring nonchemical pest controls as the preferred option. The goal of IPMs is to establish the most effective means of control whether biological,chemical,nonchem ical,or a combination. Most mosquito control strategies are such a combination. Treatment of the pollutants addressed in this permit is difficult due to the diffuse nature and low concentrations that exist after the pesticides have become waste. The Talent decision established that aquatic pesticides become waste in the water after the pesticide has performed its intended action and the target organisms are controlled. Treatment of waters where pesticide residues threaten to cause unacceptable environmental harm may be needed in some situations,but not routinely. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 16 OF 30 WATER QUALITY BASED REQUIREMENTS The mosquito control activities affect surface waters of the State. These waters are protected by chapter 173-201A WAC, Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters of the State of Washington. The purpose of these standards is to establish the highest quality of State waters, through the reduction or elimination of contaminant discharges to the waters of the State, consistent with:public health;public enjoyment; the propagation and protection of fish, shellfish, and wildlife; and existing and future beneficial uses. This purpose is reached, in part,by compliance with the limitations,terms and conditions of the General Permit. The mosquito control activities which discharge,directly or indirectly,to surface waters shall be required to meet the State water quality standards for Class A and Class AA surface waters as given in chapter 173-201A WAC. The characteristic beneficial uses of Class AA and A surface waters include,but are not limited to,the following: domestic, industrial and agricultural water supply; stock watering;the spawning,rearing, migration and harvesting of fish; the spawning, rearing and harvesting of shellfish;wildlife habitat;recreation(primary contact, sport fishing, boating,aesthetic enjoyment of nature); commerce and navigation. RCW 90.48.035 authorizes establishment of water quality standards for waters of the State. The State has implemented water quality standards in chapter 173-201A WAC. All waste discharge permits issued pursuant to NPDES or SWD regulations are conditioned in such a manner that all authorized discharges shall meet State water quality standards. Standards include an "antidegradation"policy which states that beneficial uses shall be protected. The Department has deemed that,when properly applied and handled in accordance with the terms and conditions of the general permit, mosquito control activities will comply with State water quality standards,will maintain and protect the existing characteristic beneficial uses of the surface waters of the State, and will protect human health.New information regarding previously unknown environmental and human health risks may cause reopening of the general permit. No mixing or dilution zone shall be authorized to the Permittee for any discharge to surface waters under this general permit. The short term water quality modification provisions of the permit will allow the discharges authorized by the general permit to cause a temporary diminishment of some beneficial uses while the water body is altered to protect public health and promote public enjoyment and quality of life. The short term modification will be short in that the actual impairment will be short lived,while the overall availability of authorization extends through the term of the permit. The integrated pest management plan to be developed prior to the second year of the general permit term satisfies the regulatory requirement for a long term plan that allows short term modifications to extend for five years. The activities authorized by this general permit do not have a reasonable potential to cause a violation of state water quality standards (WAC 173-201A) so long as the activities are allowed under the short term water quality mod. The water quality mod provides for an exception to meeting certain provisions of the state water quality standards such as meeting all beneficial uses all the time. Activities covered under this permit are allocated a temporary zone of impact on beneficial uses,but the impact must be transient, and must allow for full restoration of water 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 17 OF 30 quality and protection of beneficial uses upon project completion. The conditions of this permit constitute the requirements of a short term water quality modification. Washington's water quality standards now include 91 numeric health-based criteria that must be considered in NPDES permits. These criteria were promulgated for the state by the U.S. EPA in its National Toxics Rule(Federal Register, Volume 57,No. 246,Tuesday, December 22, 1992). The Department has determined that the applicant's discharge does not contain chemicals of concern based on existing data or knowledge. The discharge will be re-evaluated for impacts to human health at the next permit reissuance. SEDIMENT QUALITY The Department has promulgated aquatic sediment standards (Chapter 173-204 WAC)to protect aquatic biota and human health. These standards state that the Department may require Permittees to evaluate the potential for the discharge to cause a violation of applicable standards (WAC 173-204-400). The Department has determined through a review of the discharger characteristics and effluent characteristics that this discharge has no reasonable potential to violate the Sediment Management Standards. SEPA COMPLIANCE Mosquito control activities have undergone numerous environmental impact evaluations. The use of pesticides are conditioned to mitigate environmental impacts of concern noted in these evaluations. This general permit will undergo SEPA. The conditions of this permit should satisfy any water quality related SEPA concerns. RECEIVING WATER IDENTIFICATION Eligibility and Geographical Area of Coverage For the purposes of the general permit,the mosquito control activities for which the general permit is valid include surface waters of the entire State. Mosquito control activities are scattered throughout the state. MCDs are located in the following counties or areas: Adams County, Benton County, Camano Island, Clark County, Cowlitz County, Curlew(Ferry County), Grant County, Southwest Washington,Rosalia(Whitman County), Columbia and Touchet-Lowden area(Walla Walla County), and Yakima County. Other areas may be treated by private operators. More MCDs may be formed and more places may be treated by contract, especially urban areas. This will occur rapidly if mosquito born diseases begin showing up in the state. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 18 OF 30 Mosquito districts and other pesticide applicators are required to be covered by the general permit for the following pre adult life stage pesticide activities which occur in surface waters of the state: 1) Into waterbodies that are contiguous with rivers, creeks, and lakes, or 2) Into navigable waters, or 3) In other situations as determined by the department. Some mosquito larvacide applications are a low priority because of minimal environmental impact,particularly when compared with the desirability of mosquito control. These situations are derived in part from exclusions to the definition of"waters of the United States"in 33CFR Part 328.3. These include: 1) On land which is in agricultural use where the mosquito control is performed in inconsequential areas such as puddles,hoof prints, or intermittent wet areas, where treatment would have no environmental impact except to mosquito larvae, or 2) In man-made retention or detention ponds for wastewater or stormwater treatment. These situations are described so that the department and the mosquito control industry are not burdened by oversight and permit requirements in situations where a permit would add no additional environmental protection of beneficial uses. The department prefers to focus on the more significant water quality threats for permitting as opposed to the less significant ones that won't adversely affect water quality or related habitat. Much of the mosquito control work consists of applying larvacides in seasonal,isolated, and shallow ponds and agricultural land where no fish are present and the larvacide has no impact on wildlife other than mosquitoes. PROCEDURE FOR CONDITIONAL APPROVAL FOR THE DISCHARGE OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING PRODUCTS NOT SPECIFIED IN THE CURRENT PERMIT The industry indicated that they might lose the use of some pesticides in the current EPA re- registration process and were concerned about the length of time necessary to do a permit modification to allow the use of a new product. In response to this concern a procedure will be developed to allow conditional use of a new product until the next permit renewal. This procedure will require the industry to submit a risk assessment for the Department's approval. This risk assessment must contain 1)verification that the new product will meet the specified general conditions and prohibitions, 2)contain certain specified information about the product and its environmental fate, and 3) specify a monitoring plan to verify performance. Based upon the information in the risk assessment the Department will either grant or deny conditional approval for the use of the new product. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 19 OF 30 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The industry should continue to examine the possibility of alternatives to reduce the need for aquatic pesticides. Such methods include: 1) Applying pesticide only when mosquito larvae are present at a level that will constitute a nuisance. 2) Using the least intrusive method of pesticide application. 3) All errors in application and spills are reported to the proper authority. 4) No spraying of adult mosquitoes over surface waters of the state. 5) Informing the public of planned spray activities. 6) Public education efforts to reduce potential mosquito breeding habitat. 7) Applying a decision matrix concept to the choice of the most appropriate formulation. 8) Staff training in the proper application of pesticides and handling of spills. Labels specify some additional BMPs An important goal of the first permit cycle is to reinforce the concept of reduction in pesticide residuals. A reduction in the discharge of pollutants to waters of the State can be achieved by using proper BMPs,which include integrated pest management and alternative pest control procedures. While many aquatic pesticide applications are already using proper IPMs, some are not adequate to meet the terms and conditions of the general permit which has been developed to protect the quality of State waters. I` OTHER PERMIT CONDITIONS MONITORING Monitoring of residual pesticides may be required to confirm assumptions of safety when applications are performed in compliance with the FIFRA label and state requirements. A Permittee may propose and gain approval for a monitoring plan in lieu of monitoring each application. The Permittee may optionally participate in a group monitoring effort. The intent is to gather information to confirm the assumptions of persistence and toxicity relative to the rate of application. This information may better define the period of temporary diminishment of beneficial uses. REPORTING AND RECORDKEEPING The conditions of S3. are based on the authority to specify any appropriate reporting and recordkeeping requirements to prevent and control waste discharges (WAC 173-226-090). 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 20 OF 30 LAB ACCREDITATION With the exception of certain parameters the permit requires all monitoring data to be prepared by a laboratory registered or accredited under the provisions of Chapter 173-50 WAC, Accreditation of Environmental Laboratories. SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS The general permit requires compliance with federal and state laws and regulations and places no disproportionate burden on small business. The monitoring is flexible and meeting pesticide label requirements is already required under FIFRA. PERMIT MODIFICATIONS The Department may modify this permit to impose new or modified numerical limitations, if necessary to meet Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters, Sediment Quality Standards,or Water Quality Standards for Ground Waters,based on new information obtained from sources such as inspections, effluent monitoring, or Department approved engineering reports. The Department may also modify this permit as a result of new or amended state or federal regulations. WHEN COVERAGE IS EFFECTIVE Unless the Department either responds in writing to any facility's Application for Coverage or obtains relevant written public comment, coverage under this general permit of such a facility will commence on the later of the following: • The fourteenth day following receipt by the Department of a completed and approved Application for Coverage; • The thirty-first(31")day following the end of a thirty(30)day public comment period; or • The effective date of the general permit. If the Department responds in writing to any facility's Application for Coverage or obtains relevant written public comment, coverage under this general permit of such a facility will not commence until the Department is satisfied with the results obtained from written correspondence with the individual facility and/or the public commentor. RESPONSIBILITY TO COMPLY WITH OTHER REQUIREMENTS The Department has established, and will enforce,limits and conditions expressed in the general permit for the discharge of wastes containing various pesticides registered for use by the EPA and the Washington State Department of Agriculture. These agencies will enforce the use, storage and disposal requirements expressed on pesticide labels. The Permittee must comply with both the pesticide label requirements and the general permit conditions. The general permit 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 21 OF 30 does not supersede or preempt Federal or State label requirements or any other applicable laws and regulations. General permit Condition G15 reminds the Permittee of this fact. GENERAL CONDITIONS General Conditions are based directly on State and Federal law and regulations and are included in all aquatic pesticide general permits. RECOMMENDATION FOR PERMIT ISSUANCE The general permit meets all statutory requirements for authorizing a wastewater discharge, including those limitations and conditions believed necessary to control toxics,protect human health, aquatic life, and the beneficial uses of waters of the State of Washington. The Department proposes that the general permit be issued for five(5)years. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 22 OF 30 APPENDIX A - PUBLIC OPPORTUNITY TO COMMENT PUBLIC COMMENT AND INFORMATION A Public Notice of Draft (PNOD) was published in the State Register on February 6, 2002. A public hearing on the draft General Permit will be held on March 12 in the city of Ellensburg at Hal Holmes center. A one hour workshop to explain proposed changes and answer questions will be held immediately preceding the hearings. Interested persons are invited to submit comments regarding the proposed issuance of the General Permit. Comments on the general permit may be delivered at the public hearings as either written or oral testimony. Written comments may also be submitted to the Ecology Office at the address below: Washington State Department of Ecology Water Quality Program Attention: Kathleen Emmett, General Permits Manager PO Box 7600 Olympia, WA 98504-7600 All comments must be submitted by 5 p.m. on March 12, 2002 to be considered in the final permit determination. A responsiveness summary will be prepared and available for public review. It will be sent to all parties who submitted comments by the deadline. The proposed and final general permit, fact sheet,application form, and other related documents are on file and may be inspected and copied from Ecology WebPages: http://www.ecy.wa.jzov/programs/wg/herbicides/npdes develp.html and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. weekdays at the following Department locations: Washington State Department of Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology Central Regional Office Eastern Regional Office 15 West Yakima Avenue, Suite 200 North 4601 Monroe, Suite 202 Yakima, WA 98902 Spokane, WA 99205 (509)454-7298 (509) 456-2874 TDD (509) 454-7673 TDD (509) 458-2055 FAX(509) 575-2809 FAX (509)456-6175 Contact: Ray Latham Contact: Nancy Weller Washington State Department of Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology Northwest Regional Office Southwest Regional Office 3190- 160th Ave. SE PO Box 47775 Bellevue,WA 98008-5452 Olympia,WA 98504-7775 (425)649-7133 (360)407-6300 TDD(435)649-4259 TDD (360)407-6306 FAX(425)649-7098 FAX (360)407-6305 Contact: Tricia Shoblom Contact: Janet Boyd 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 23 OF 30 APPENDIX C — GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS "Administrator" means the administrator of the EPA. "Antidegradation Policy" is as stated in WAC 173-201A-070. "Authorized representative" means: 1. If the entity is a corporation,the president, secretary, treasurer, or a vice-president of the corporation in charge of a principal business function, or any other person who performs similar policy or decision-making functions for the corporation, or the manager of one or more manufacturing,production, or operation facilities, if authority to sign documents has been assigned or delegated to the manager in accordance with corporate procedures; 2. If the entity is a partnership or sole proprietorship,a general partner or proprietor, respectively; and 3. If the entity is a federal, state or local governmental facility,a director or the highest official appointed or designated to oversee the operation and performance of the activities of the government facility, or his/her designee. The individuals described in paragraphs 1 through 3, above,may designate another authorized representative if the authorization is in writing, the authorization specifies the individual or position responsible, and the written authorization is submitted to the Department. "Best management practices (BMPs)" means schedules of activities,prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures,and other management practices to prevent or reduce the pollution of waters of the State and their sediments. BMPs also include,but are not limited to,treatment requirements,operating procedures,and practices to control plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste disposal, or drainage from raw material storage. "Certified applicator" means any individual who is licensed as a commercial pesticide applicator, commercial pesticide operator,public operator,private-commercial applicator, demonstration and research applicator, or certified private applicator,or any other individual who is certified by the director to use or supervise the use of any pesticide which is classified by the EPA or the director as a restricted use pesticide. "Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)" means a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal.Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. Environmental regulations are in Title 40. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 24 OF 30 "Composite sample" means the combined mixture of not less than four(4) "discrete samples" taken at selected intervals based on an increment of either flow or time. Volatile pollutant discrete samples must be combined in the laboratory immediately prior to analysis. Each discrete sample shall be of not less than 200 ml and shall be collected and stored in accordance with procedures prescribed in the most recent edition of Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater27. "Conveyance" means a mechanism for transporting water or wastewater from one location to another location including,but not limited to,pipes, ditches, and channels. "Daily maximum" means the greatest allowable value for any calendar day. "Daily minimum" means the smallest allowable value for any calendar day. "Dangerous waste" means the full universe of wastes regulated by Chapter 173-303 WAC, including hazardous waste. "Degrees C" means temperature measured in degrees Celsius. "Degrees F" means temperature measured in degrees Fahrenheit. "Department" means the Washington State Department of Ecology. "Detention" means the collection of water into a temporary storage device with the subsequent release of water either at a rate slower than the collection rate,or after a specified time period has passed since the time of collection. "Director" means the director of the Washington State Department of Ecology or his/her authorized representative. "Discharger" means an owner or operator of any "facility", 'operation", or activity subject to regulation under Chapter 90.48 RCW. "Discrete sample" means an individual sample which is collected from a wastestream on a one- time basis without consideration to flow or time, except that aliquot collection time should not exceed fifteen(15)minutes in duration. "Effluent limitation" means any restriction established by the local government,the Department, and EPA on quantities,rates, and concentrations of chemical,physical, biological, and/or other effluent constituents which are discharged from point sources to any site including, but not limited to,waters of the state. "Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)" means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or,where appropriate, the term may also be used as a designation for a duly authorized official of said agency. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 25 OF 30 "Erosion" means the wearing away of the land surface by movements of water,wind, ice, or other agents including, but not limited to, such geological processes as gravitational creep. "Existing operation" means an operation which commenced activities resulting in a discharge, or potential discharge,to waters of the state prior to the effective date of the general permit for which a request for coverage is made. "Facility" means the actual individual premises owned or operated by a "discharger" where process or industrial wastewater is discharged. "FWPCA" means the Federal Water Pollution Control Act(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.),as now or as it may be amended. "General permit" means a permit which covers multiple dischargers of a point source category within a designated geographical area, in lieu of individual permits being issued to each discharger. "Gpd" means gallons per day. "Grab sample" is synonymous with "discrete sample". "Ground water" means any natural occurring water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the surface or land or a surface water body. Hazardous waste" means those wastes designated by 40 CFR Part 261, and regulated by the EPA. "Individual permit" means a discharge permit for a single point source or a single facility. "Industrial wastewater" means water or liquid-carried waste from industrial or commercial processes,as distinct from domestic wastewater. These wastes may result from any process or activity of industry,manufacture,trade or business, from the development of any natural resource,or from animal operations such as feedlots,poultry house, or dairies. The term includes contaminated storm water and also, leachate from solid waste facilities. "Mg/L"means milligrams per liter and is equivalent to parts per million(ppm). "Monthly average" means that value determined by the summation of the instantaneous measurements during any single month divided by the number of instantaneous measurements collected during that same single month. "Municipal sewerage system" means a publicly owned domestic wastewater facility or a privately owned domestic wastewater facility that is under contract to a municipality. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 26 OF 30 "New operation" means an operation which commenced activities which result in a discharge, or a potential discharge, to waters of the state on or after the effective date of an applicable general permit. "NPDES" means the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System under section 402 of FWPCA. "Operation" is synonymous with "facility". "Party" means an individual, firm, corporation,association,partnership, co-partnership, consortium, company,joint venture, commercial entity, industry,private corporation,port district, special purpose district, irrigation district,trust, estate,unit of local government, state government agency, federal government agency,Indian tribe, or any other legal entity whatsoever, or their legal representatives, agents,or assignee. "Permit" means an authorization, license,or equivalent control document issued by the Department to implement Chapter 173-200 WAC, Chapter 173-216 WAC and/or Chapter 173- 226 WAC. "Person" is synonymous with "parry". "pH" means the logarithm of the reciprocal of the mass of hydrogen ions in grams per liter of solution. Neutral water, for example,has a pH value of 7 and a hydrogen-ion concentration of 10-7. pH is a measure of a substance's corrosivity(acidity or alkalinity). "Point source"means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance including,but not limited to, any pipe, ditch, channel,tunnel, conduit,well, discrete fissure, container,rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation,or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture. "Pollutant" means any substance discharged,if discharged directly,would alter the chemical, physical,thermal,biological, or radiological integrity of the waters of the state, or would be likely to create a nuisance or render such waters harmful, detrimental or injurious to the public health, safety or welfare, or to any legitimate beneficial use, or to any animal life, either terrestrial or aquatic. Pollutants include, but are not limited to,the following: dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash,sewage, garbage,sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes,biological materials, radioactive materials, heat,wrecked or discarded equipment,rock, sand, cellar dirt,pH,temperature,TSS,turbidity,color, BOD5, TDS, toxicity, odor and industrial,municipal, and agricultural waste. "Priority pollutant" means those substances listed in the federal 40 CFR Part 423, Appendix A, or as may be amended. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 27 OF 30 "Process wastewater" means water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product,by-product, or waste product. "Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)" is synonymous with "municipal sewerage system". "Reasonable times" means at any time during normal business hours; hours during which production, treatment, or discharge occurs; or times when the Department suspects occurrence of a violation. "Regional administrator" means the regional administrator of Region X of the EPA or his/her authorized representative. "Retention" means the collection of water into a permanent storage device,with no subsequent release of water. "Severe property damage" means substantial physical damage to property, damage to the pretreatment facilities or treatment/disposal facilities which causes them to become inoperable, or substantial and permanent loss of natural resources which can reasonably be expected to occur in the absence of a bypass. Severe property damage does not mean economic loss caused by delays or losses in production. "Shall" is mandatory. "Significant" is synonymous with "substantial". "Significant process change" means any change in a facility's processing nature which will result in new or substantially increased discharges of pollutants or a change in the nature of the discharge of pollutants, or violate the terms and conditions of this general permit, including but not limited to, facility expansions,production increases,or process modifications. "Site" means the land or water area where any"facility", "operation",or "activity" is physically located or conducted, including any adjacent land used in connection with such facility, operation, or activity. "Site" also means the land or water area receiving any effluent discharged from any facility, operation, or activity. "Small business" has the meaning given in RCW 43.31.025(4). "Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code" means a classification pursuant to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. "State" means the State of Washington. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 28 OF 30 "Substantial" means any difference in any parameter including,but not limited to,the following: monitoring result,process characteristic,permit term or condition;which the Department considers to be of significant importance, value,degree,amount, or extent. "Surface waters of the state" means all waters defined as "waters of the United States" in 40 CFR 122.2 within the geographic boundaries of the state of Washington. This includes lakes, rivers,ponds, streams,inland waters, salt waters and all other surface waters and watercourses within the jurisdiction of the state of Washington. "Total suspended solids (TSS)" means total suspended matter that either floats on the surface of, or is in suspension in water or wastewater, expressed in mg/L. "Toxic amounts" means any amount, i.e., concentration or volume,of a pollutant which causes, or could potentially cause,the death of, or injury to, fish, animals,vegetation or other desirable resources of the state,or otherwise causes,or could potentially cause, a reduction in the quality of the state's waters below the standards set by the Department or, if no standards have been set, causes significant degradation of water quality,thereby damaging the same. "Toxics'I means those substances listed in the federal priority pollutant list and any other pollutant or combination of pollutants listed as toxic in regulations promulgated by the EPA under section 307 of the FWPCA(33 U.S.C. 1317 et seq.), or the Department under Chapter 173-200 WAC, Chapter 173-201A WAC, or Chapter 173-204 WAC. "Unirrigated" means any lands having not been irrigated within 10 days prior to, or within 60 days after the application of any wastestream. "Upset"means an exceptional incident in which a discharger unintentionally and temporarily is in a state of noncompliance with permit effluent limitations due to factors beyond the reasonable control of the discharger. An upset does not include noncompliance to the extent caused by operational error,improperly designed treatment facilities, inadequate treatment facilities, lack of preventative maintenance, or careless or improper operation thereof. "Wastewater"means liquid-carried human wastes or a combination of liquid-carried waste from residences,business buildings, or industrial establishments. "Waters of the state" means all waters defined as "surface waters of the state" and all waters defined as "waters of the state" in RCW 90.40.020. "Water quality"means the chemical,physical,biological characteristics of water,usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. "Water Quality Preservation Area(WQPA)"means waters which have been designated as high quality waters based upon one or more of the following criteria: 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit PAGE 29 OF 30 1. Waters in designated federal and state parks, monuments,preserves, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas,marine sanctuaries,estuarine research reserves, and wild and scenic rivers; 2. Aquatic habitat having exceptional importance to one or more life stage of a candidate of listed priority species,established by the state Department of Fish& Wildlife,or a federally proposed or listed threatened or endangered species; 3. Rare aquatic habitat, ecological reference sites,or other waters having unique and exceptional ecological or recreational significance. "Water quality standards" means the state of Washington's water quality standards for ground waters of the state (Chapter 173-200 WAC) and the state of Washington's water quality standards for surface waters of the state(Chapter 173-201A WAC). In the absence of other definitions as set forth herein,the definitions as set forth in 40 CFR Part 403.3 shall be used for circumstances concerning the discharge of wastes. 4/17/2002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit .PAGE 30 OF 30 APPENDIX D—RESPONSE TO COMMENTS 4/1712002 Fact Sheet For Aquatic Mosquito Control General NPDES Permit RESPONSE TO COMMENTS RECEIVED DURING THE PUBLIC COMMENT PERIOD FOR THE AQUATIC MOSQUITO CONTROL NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELI_MINATION SYSTEM WASTE DISCHARGE GENERAL PERMIT As required in the "Waste Discharge General Permit Program"rule, 173-226 WAC,this document constitutes a response to all relevant comments received during the public comment period and a brief description of changes, other than editing changes, with the reasons for the changes to the draft general permit. Comments on the draft permit were received between February 6, 2002 and March 12,2002 from the following individuals or organizations. #1 Jim Thompson, Grant County Mosquito District #2 Harvey Ottmar #3 John Jensen, Grant County Mosquito District and Columbia Basin Crop Consultants Association #4 Heather Hansen,Washington Friends of Farms and Forests #5 Tom Haworth, Adams County Mosquito Control District #6 Lou Dooley, Southwest Washington Health District #7 Ivar Odegaard, Grant County Mosquito Board #8 James Henricksen, Benton County Mosquito Control District #9 Tom Gibbs, Washington State Department of Health #10 David Sjogren,Fennimore Chemicals #11 Dick Hickman, Columbia Mosquito Control District The changes to the general permit with the justification for each change are presented in the order of the permit structure. Deletions to the permit text are indicated by strikeout and additions are indicated by bold text. SPECIAL S1. DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS A.Discharges 1. All discharges and activities authorized by this permit shall be consistent with the terms and conditions of this permit. 2. Insecticide applications under this permit shall be for the control of pre-adult mosquitoes only. 3. Beginning on the effective date of this permit and lasting through the expiration date,the Permittee is authorized to discharge the listed aquatic insecticides and associated adjuvants which are listed in this permit into surface waters of the state subject to complying with FIFRA and in consideration of integrated pest management options. 4. Authorized pesticides are: • Bacillus sphaericus • Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti) • Lagenidium giganteum • Paraffinic white mineral oil • Methoprene • Monomolecular Surface films 5. The use of malathion or temephos in surface waters of the State shall be allowed only under either of the following two conditions: a. As a result of consultation between the Department of Agriculture and Department of Ecology and then only in response to the development of pesticide resistance within a population of mosquitoes. Monitoring of insecticide persistence and residuals shall be a condition of such approval. b. As a result of consultation between the Department of Health and Department of Ecology in response to the development of a human health emergency as determined by the Washington State Department of Health. 6. Other pesticides may be applied in the context of a research and development effort under the jurisdiction of the Washington State Department of Agriculture through the issuance of a Washington State Experimental Use Permit. 7. A state or local health officer,in agreement with the department, may order temporary suspension of permit conditions to protect public health in the event of a mosquito-borne disease outbreak. Reason for changes During development of the general permit, the department attempted to accommodate the public health issues and the response to threats that can be spread by constraints on vector control. Even though this permit was developed to place a minimum of additional burdens on the mosquito control efforts, there may still be some administrative requirements and insecticide selection requirements that could hinder a quick response to a serious outbreak of mosquito-bome disease. The Washington State Department of Health,#9, requested a similar additional condition to the permit. S2. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS A. The Permittee shall develop and implement a monitoring plan for the application of pesticides listed in S 1 A4. The objective of the monitoring plan is to determine pesticide persistence in a variety of application sites and conditions. Data from EPA-approved persistence studies may be included in the monitoring report but must be identified in the monitoring plan. B. The Permittee shall select from one of the following two options to fulfill this monitoring requirement: 1. The Permittee shall submit a plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites by February 1,2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. 2. The Perr ittee may participate in a group monitoring plan for monitoring a representative sampling of pesticide application sites in lieu of an individual monitoring plan. The group plan shall be submitted by February 1,2003 and annually thereafter so long as this option is chosen. The monitoring plan shall be implemented beginning in the year 2003 mosquito control season. C. The permittee may request suspension of persistence monitoring after the 2003 mosquito control season. Elimination of the persistence monitoring requirement may be granted by the department, in writing,if the permittee has demonstrated the range of persistence time of the insecticides that it commonly uses in the situations within the mosquito control area. Additional monitoring may be performed to meet other needs. Reason for changes Most commentors questioned the value of monitoring for persistence of insecticides since EPA FIFRA has already examined registration studies from the insecticide registrants. The conclusions from a study of registrant claims conducted by the department several years ago indicate that similar formulations claimed different persistence and decay rates and the reasons where unknown. The length of persistence is critical to the eventual establishment of duration of impairment during the invocation of the short term modifications of water quality. In recognition of the cost and difficulty of monitoring identified by#10, and a request for suspension of monitoring after persistence is known by#11,the department is providing for suspension of monitoring,other than reporting of insecticide use, once the persistence questions have been answered for a permittee. D. Sampling and Analytical Procedures Samples and measurements taken to meet the requirements of this permit shall be representative of the volume and nature of the monitored parameters. Sampling and analytical methods used to meet the monitoring requirements specified in this permit shall conform to the latest revision of the Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants contained in 40 CFR Part 136 or to the latest revision of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(APHA),unless otherwise specified in this permit or approved in writing by the Department of Ecology (Department). Methods for parameters that have no corresponding sampling or analytical methods described in the above mentioned protocols may be included in the annual monitoring plans. Reason for changes This is a clarification based on comments from#10 and the uniqueness of the insecticides approved for mosquito control. S4. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: IPM PLANS A. An Integrated Pest Management Plan(IPMP) shall be prepared and implemented by the Permittee. The IPMP may include a decision tree outlining control options based on site and infestation conditions. 1. In the IPMP,a hierarchy of preferred controls shall be developed. Pesticides that are effective in controlling the mosquito population and are the least toxic to nontarget species shall be used except in response to documented development of resistance or in a declared public health emergency. 2. Following is the approved list of pesticide-based controls in the order of preference in which they should be considered in the mosquito control plan: • Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) • Bacillus sphaericus(H-5a5b) • Methoprene Granular, Liquid, Pellet,or Briquet • Monomolecular Surface Films • Paraffinic white mineral oil. Paraffinic white mineral oil shall not be used in waters of the state unless: a. The mosquito problem is declared a public health risk; or b. The other control agents would be or are known to be ineffective at a specific treatment site; and c. The waterbody is non-fish-bearing (consult Washington State Fish and Wildlife concerning fish and wildlife). 3. In developing the IPM plan, the Permittee shall consult with local governments and State and Federal agencies as needed. B. Malathion and temephos shall be used only in response to a public health concern or documented development of resistance to all less toxic control methods and in accordance with S1 C. Pesticide applications shall not commence unless surveillance of a potential application site indicates a larva/pupa count of greater than ene 0.3 per dip and the need to apply insecticides to control mosquito populations. D. Pesticide application practices shall be followed that minimize the potential for development of pesticide resistance. E. Spills of pesticides shall be promptly reported to the appropriate local and state authorities. Reason for changes The original threshold of one per dip came from a suggestion at the advisory group meeting. Since the basis for the threshold of one came from the group and now the group is expressing valid reasons for changing back to the industry standard,there is no compelling reason to retain the one per dip threshold. Commentors stated that without tying the dip count to the areal extent of the infestation or water body containing larvae,the actual total count of larvae and pupae is unquantifled. Total counts are also relevant to consider in the decision to treat an area or waterbody. S5. COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE The Permittee shall submit a copy of its Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)no later than February 1,2003. The IPM Plan shall be implemented in all aquatic pest control activities engaged in by the Permittee. The Permittee shall adjust the IPM Plan in accordance with guidance from the department and resubmit the plan according to the direction of the department no later than January 1, 2004 or six months after written notification of a need for adjustment from the department, whichever occurs latest. The IPMP may be revised by the permittee if based on valid reasons that promote the principles of IPM. Reason for changes Commentors#1, #3, #4, and#5 were concerned about the role of the department in accepting and suggesting revisions to the IPM plans and about the inflexibility of IPM plans that would result from the process as described in the permit. The ability to revise the IPM plans is now authorized in the permit. PUBLIC NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES P1. PUBLIC NOTICE A. The applicator shall notify the public by direct residential mailing or by publishing a notice in a local newspaper of general circulation(or nearest regional paper if a local paper does not exist) for expected pestiieide-applications of insecticides that have a water use restriction. B. This direct residential mailing or legal notice shall be published at least ten(10)days prior to the first pesticide application of the season. This notice shall include: 1. The pesticide(s)to be used and its active ingredient(s); 2. The approximate date()range of treatment; 3. The approximate location(s)to be treated; 4. Ary The water use restrictions or precautions; 5. The posting procedure; and 6. The names and phone numbers of the applicator and the appropriate Ecology regional office. C. Notification to the public regarding mosquito control activities shall continue throughout the treatment season. Notification may include methods other than notices in a newspaper. P2. POSTING REQUIREMENTS Notification shall be posted at all reasonable points of ingress and egress to the treatment areas when insecticides with water use restrictions are applied to waterbodies which are used for water supply, fish and shellfish harvesting, and water contact recreation. Reasons for changes The public notice in a newspaper is now only required when pesticides with restrictions on water use during and after application are planned to be used for mosquito control. This is more in line with past requirements and was suggested by commentor#1. Commentor#11 suggested an alternative form of notifying the public, direct mailing,which is more likely to communicate the intended application of pesticide. This alternative has been included in the permit. RESPONSES TO OTHER COMMENTS Commentor#4 questioned what criteria for IPM plans would be used by the department in accepting the plans. The criteria have not been developed because neither an engineering report nor an EIS that describes available options and the situations where feasible are available. The department may develop the criteria in the future. The IPMs that are submitted during the permit cycle may form the bases for the criteria. Commentor#4 pointed out that the Pesticide Control Act does not mention IPM and questioned the authority to require IPM plans. The IPM requirements in state law pertain to state agencies and institutions and not the general public. The IPM plan requirement is required on the basis of implementation of all known available and reasonable methods of prevention and control of pollutants. Commentor#5 noted that exemptions for coverage that were in the previous short term water quality modification orders (STMs)were missing from the general permit. The STMs were issued independently of the regulations for NPDES permits. The department had more flexibility with the STMs. The department cannot change the CWA requirements and definitions for the NPDES program. The department may express what priority we will place on mosquito control activities in certain situations. The situations where a permit is not required are stated in the permit and based on regulations implementing the CWA. The situations where the department will generally not take enforcement action are stated in the fact sheet. Commentor#11 pointed out that the word contiguous is defined as "touching"and"nearby." In the context of this general permit, contiguous is equivalent to the term"hydraulically connected and capable of transferring the applied pesticide"to touching or nearby rivers,creeks,and lakes. Many of the comments were based on a misunderstanding of the permit requirements. The department regrets that a clearer understanding was not achieved during the permit development process prior to issuance of the draft permit. The department will endeavor to reduce any confusion through this response to comments and during the administration of the general permit. Insert A. Condition S4,Restricted Areas and Times for Fish and Wildlife for the Aquatic Mosquito Control National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit No. WAG-992000 Restricted Wildlife Areas from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife: The following areas are restricted to the use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (H-5a5b) only. There are sensitive, threatened, endangered or other species of concern in these particular geographical areas. Use of alternate pesticides, even those listed in the NPDES permit for aquatic mosquito control may be harmful to these species. 1) Grant County, north of Moses Lake, within the Crab Creek watershed: T21N R27E Sections 1, 12, and 13; T21N R28E Sections 7, 17, 18, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33. 2) Grant County, south and west of Moses Lake and south of Interstate-90, the northern portion of the Potholes: T19N R27E Sections 33, 34, 35, and 36; T19N R28E Sections 31 and 32; T18N R27E Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16; T18N R28E Sections 5, 6, 17, and 18. 3) Grant County, area within and near the Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park wetlands: T24N R27E and 28E. 4) Kitsap County: lakes,ponds, and wetlands located in T22N RI W Sections 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12. 5) Klickitat County, west of the Klickitat River, all waters in T3N R12E Sections 28, 29, 32, and 33. 6) Mason County, on the Kitsap Peninsula: lakes,ponds, and wetlands located in T23N R2W Sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, and 23. 7) Pierce and Kitsap counties, Carney Lake, located in T22N R1 W. 8) Pierce, Thurston, and Lewis counties, within the Nisqually River watershed: Alder Lake (or Alder Lake Reservoir), located in townships: T15N R4E and 5E. 9) Pierce County, south of Tacoma, Chambers Creek and associated waters in T20N R2E Sections 26 and 27. 10) Skamania County, east of Carson, all waters in T3N R8E Sections 23, 24, 25, 26, and 36; T3N R9E Sections 30 and 31. 11) Thurston County, west of Yelm: lakes, ponds, and wetlands located in T17N R1E Sections 8, 9, 16, and 21. 12) Thurston County, south of Olympia and east of Interstate-5,within the Black River watershed,the Beaver Creek drainage, located in T16N R2W Sections 9, 10, 11, and 12; T16N Rl W Section 7. 13) Thurston County, south of Olympia and west of Interstate-5, within the Black River watershed: Black River proper from south of Black Lake to the Chehalis River confluence, and the following tributaries, Stony Creek, Dempsey Creek, Salmon Creek, and Blooms Ditch. Legal description as follows for these sensitive areas: T17N R3W Sections 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 35, and 36; T17N R2W Sections 7, 18, 19, and 30; T16N R3W Sections 2, 11, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, and 31; T16N R4W Sections 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36. 14) Site within and along the Columbia River, south of the confluence with the Snake River, in Walla Walla and Benton counties: T7N R31 E. Timing Window Table for Fish from the WA Department of Fish and Wildlife: Timing constraints have been added to these waters to protect the associated fish. The following areas are restricted to the use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (H-5a5b) only, before the given date. For the Snake River system a second range of dates to avoid treatment is also given, for the protection of endangered fall chinook juveniles. LMB stands for large mouth bass. In general, the most vulnerable juvenile salmonids have migrated out of the affected waters by July 15. Large mouth bass develop beyond the sac fry stage earlier in the southern half of the state, thus a two- tiered timing strategy in waters that have LMB, but no salmonid use. In the case of salmonid use, data for this timing table came from the StreamNet database. This is a dynamic database, which undergoes maintenance and update. If there are substantial changes in documented fish use over time, we will update this table. We suggest further consultation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concerning bull trout protection, and National Marine Fisheries Service concerning listed runs of chum and chinook. Chelan County: Chelan—July 15,bull trout Fish—July 15, LMB Roses—July 15, LMB Wapato—July 15, LMB Clallam County: Sutherland Lake—July 15, chinook, coho, pink, chum, steelhead Clark County: Lacamas—July 15, cutthroat Caterpillar Slough—July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead, cutthroat Lake River—July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead, cutthroat Columbia County: Herbert G. West Lake and the Snake River—July 1, LMB, salmonids; avoid Sept. 15 to Nov. 15 for endangered fall chinook. Cowlitz County: Kress—July 1, LMB Silver—July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead, cutthroat, LMB Solo Slough—July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead Willow Grove Sloughs—July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead Franklin County: Herbert G. West Lake and the Snake River—July 1, LMB, salmonids; avoid Sept. 15 to Nov. 15 for endangered fall chinook. Sacajawea—July 15, LMB, salmonids; avoid Sept. 15-Nov. 15, endangered fall chinook Scooteney Reservoir—July 1, LMB • Grant County: Billy Clapp-July 1, LMB Moses-July 1, LMB Priest Rapids-July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead Stan Coffin-July 1, LMB Evergreen Reservoir-July 1, LMB Potholes Reservoirs-July 1, LMB, avoid Northern leopard frog habitat (consult with WDFW about location) Grays Harbor County: Duck-July 1, LMB Jefferson County: Leland-July 1, LMB King County: Desire-July 15, LMB Angle-July 15, LMB Green-July 15, LMB Leota-July 15, LMB Haller-July 15, LMB Phantom-July 15, LMB Sammamish-July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead, sockeye,bull trout, LMB Union-July 15, LMB Fenwick-July 15, LMB Killarney-July 15, LMB Meridian-July 15, LMB Pine-July 15, LMB Sawyer-July 15, coho, steelhead, LMB Spring-July 15, LMB Steel-July 15, LMB Washington-July 15, chinook, coho, sockeye, steelhead, bull trout, LMB Kitsap County: Long-July 15, coho, chum, LMB Square-July 1, LMB Wye-July 1, LMB Klickitat County: Celilo-July 15, salmonids Horsethief-July 1, LMB Spearfish-July 1, LMB Columbia River-July 15, salmonids, LMB Lewis County: Mayfield-July 15, chinook, coho, LMB Carlisle-July 15, coho, LMB Riffe-July 15, chinook, coho, LMB Plummer-July 1, LMB Swofford Pond-July 15, chinook, coho, LMB Chehalis River-July 15, chinook, coho, chum, steelhead Mason County: Isabella-July 15, coho, steelhead, LMB Island-July 1, LMB Limerick-July 15, coho, LMB Mason-July 15, coho, LMB Spencer-July 1, LMB Okanogan County: Conconully-July 15, LMB Osooyos-July 15, sockeye, steelhead, LMB Palmer-July 15, LMB Whitestone-July 15, LMB Okanogan River-July 15, sockeye, steelhead, LMB Pacific County: Black-July 1, LMB Loomis-July 1, LMB Pend Oreille County: Davis-July 15, LMB Diamond-July 15, LMB Pend Oreille River-July 15, bull trout, LMB Pierce County: Louise-July 1, LMB Harts-July 15, chinook, coho, chum, sockeye, pink, steelhead Steilacoom-July 15, coho, LMB Spanaway-July 15, coho, LMB Kapowsin-July 15, coho, steelhead, bull trout, LMB Ohop-July 15, chinook, coho, chum, sockeye,pink, steelhead, cutthroat, LMB Tanwax-July 15, chinook, coho, chum, sockeye, pink, steelhead, cutthroat, LMB Tapps-July 1, LMB Whitman-July 15, chinook, coho, chum, sockeye,pink, steelhead, LMB Skagit County: Big-July 15, coho, steelhead, bull trout, LMB Campbell-July 15, LMB Beaver-July 15, coho, LMB Clear-July 15, coho, LMB McMurray-July 15, coho, LMB Skamania County: Drano-July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead Columbia River-July 15, chinook, coho, chum, steelhead, LMB Snohomish County: Roesiger-July 15, chinook, coho, chum, sockeye,pink, steelhead, bull trout, LMB Goodwin-July 15, LMB Silver-July 15, LMB Ketchum-July 15, LMB Crystal-July 15, coho Shoecraft-July 15, LMB Mill Creek-July 15, chinook, coho, chum Spokane County: Eloika-July 15, LMB Liberty-July 15, LMB Medical-July 15, LMB Clear-July 15, LMB Newman-July 15, LMB Silver-July 15, LMB Stevens County: Loon-July 15, LMB Waitts-July 15, LMB Thurston County: Hicks-July 1, LMB Long-July 1, LMB Scott-July 1, LMB Lois-July 15, coho, chum, steelhead Clear-July 1, LMB Lawrence-July 1, LMB Pattison-July 1, LMB Offut-July 1, LMB Long-July 1, LMB Elbow-July 1, LMB Munn-July 1, LMB Chehalis River-July 15, chinook, coho, steelhead Walla Walla County: Herbert G. West Lake and the Snake River-July 1, LMB, salmonids; avoid Sept. 15 to Nov. 15 for endangered fall chinook. Wahkiakum County: Columbia River - July 15, salmonids Brooks Slough-July 15, salmonids Whatcom County: Terrell-July 15, LMB Whatcom-July 15, LMB Whitman County: Lower Granite-July 1, LMB, salmonids; Avoid Sept. 15 -Nov. 15, endangered fall chinook Snake River-July 1, LMB, salmonids; Avoid Sept. 15 -Nov. 15, endangered fall chinook Yakima County: Byron Lake-July 1, LMB Yakima River-July 15, salmonids j�'JL-07-2003 MON 11 :53 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO. 2062960189 P. 01 Ll C Il Ctc-1 t I Sk',ILLIL' 1r I"'ing Collmy 1i-i..A-L.I-1fYr`*F.'0P"LF HFA'ITH'Y 'r 0,M'N1 N 1-T I E S". FAX A kx i zo L. P,(j t igh,Ph.D.,Mt N,Wror to r.wi il I toafti 1 0 f1i cot If you receive this FAX in orror, please contact the sender and discard this FAX. e -J_&,vv 71 2.ejcj To From 1X It Phone rill je. wNjcjyt/,:_t11wqJ:ax "Mb- 7-C(6 cd 16"1 I s on nail_ 1C CA For Your information Per our phone conversation Tb process the alt-ndind order Please respond to the 'c.)Llached Par your requust Please sign the, attachod and return Whilo you were 0LA( URGENT! Message: c,"I )f CLN)Z-)aI 'h \,J f\ V J-C. Y2 wj;� C, y 0 G 0 C I JVJ 1'01 iWel ItIl I 100111 5 1.1\1 1 05 1) iY1 16 UT) I I i r J A\,vi o it Si iiftl 70(l ')i i tilo,VV, 'W I i I 03P OTV Of Kim)County ~ `Z -07-2003 MO0 11 :53 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO. 2062960189 P. 02 . `. DIP COUNTS for MOSQUITO LARVAE SURVEILLANCE in KING COUNTY ' '-----_-_--' - | �����UCT����S �� ������������ | � _' � -=~"�"-, MANAGEMENT-_-..�-__- _.' ------ PURP��f: Dipping is used to indicate the presence o,absence of mosquito activity in a body of water. The average xumherofbrvooinaserie.qo[dips Is an0uBh Indication of the dcgoeo[mosquito activity /n the water sampled. As part o[its West Nile virus (VVNV) surveillance and control program, Public Health--Sea0e & King County iS maintaining Ddatabase and mapping mosquito larval densities throughout King County. This information will he compared 1.0 SLINcillance data and mapping of dead bird reports, mosquito complaint repm[3, crows ieaUog positive for VVNV, equine cases, and human cases. In addition, demonstration of mosquitgacUvity is required by the State permit before |a|vacidiDg. Lan/a! surveillance via dipping may also be used to ho|pclohermine the effectiveness of mosquito hBbiLat reduction measures or of |urvadding. : Dipping involves use of a standardized white plastic dipping cup (1.5 cup volurne) affixed tna long handle. The CLIP 1S dipped into the body of water [0be sampled and the number nfmosquito larva on coch dip couoLedmnd recorded. A n)in)murn of dips is suggested, but more may be counted for larger bodies OfVv6ior. Motion, shadows and noise may cause the |arvaoto scatter ordive, so the water should bc approached quietly and from a direction that will not cast a shadow onto the area tobe dipped. Trainingi/liheirchoiqua /s available from Public Health staff. Please contact Kim Moore at (?]6)296'3999u/bvc'n7,711u1,kiin8���miq In addition, larvae collected by clipping may be placed in a "mosquito breedcr^ond hatched for sub/niadnoLot))eVVADuporinooniofHea|th, Offip* o[ Environnnento| Hoo|LhandSaheh/. The hatched adults will be examined and classified as to mosciLRO species and number of fernales. Adult mosquitoes can also be collected directly bvus)ng special mosquito traps. Moxe/h/b/nxoNo/ su/vni5Don fovrns, owd sfiippli�q inforrnation are avai/,7b/e fiox.)o Marie Bram/er at(360)2336-3054 or by ewiail at 'PrRwi : Data collection forms for dip counts are pad of this packet. They should be photocopied us neod[d and USE-d to record the location of the dipping, type Vf water sampled, the counts and other nz|evunt information. It is important,to record the location using eiLhorGlS coordinates, parcel number oraccurate street address os the larval surveillance data will bc mapped using GISsoftware. NA91MENI: A Site has been set tip un the King County Intranet at ' The u5eroanne|s*wnwdata and the posm*0n1ispassword. This site allows agencies to directly enter data from the Dip Count form. Copies o[the-se instructions and the (Iota collection ho,nn may also be printed from the site, Problems with tho Zntirme/site shoulel be repoit���4-7ion Hookinsby c-mada/ Agencies such as City governments unable to access the KC Intranet site may submit the hard copies of their data cu||ec\ion hn/nnsbo Public Health-Seatt|e&King County for data entry. Public Health will also provided individualized reports to agencies conducting larval surveillance. Contact,Kim Al000eat(2D6) 286-j.998mrby i7joore0mgtr g to arrange for data entlyanxfoh1a Public Health-Seal Wa0 King County, Environmental Health Division, PH: (2O0) 2-OS'4]94 FAX: 396~U189 ' . KL-07-2003 MON 11 :54 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO. 2062960189 P. 03 We zi Nile Virus DaLi Form - tftsquito Larvae Count Form :11;c•ucy Name: �--.—� - I�ac•ilily Nau►r: �~� Facility ID: lhain('olic•ci A BY: � First,last name � D'ou oC(_'.11e�liuu: � (c? J/1/03) Location of Sample: Record all that iv available CPS('om(1inate: F —� A1np WGS'84-Tat nndLong in decimal dogrees uptu 4-5 clec;m(d plarrs Parcvl Na►mber: F Staeel Aalclress: F City: F Typo of W1I01,S.amplc'cl: Chcrh Only 01W C Storm water pond r Caalca gain/storm drain r' VVa.,ticancl,wcoclland rond,march,swa�tap ' C• Natural Ponrl or Lake r Cow ainer(e.g.,lire,lire pile, trough,ornamental rand, loof lop('ttichmenl) t' 0111c) (1)cscrihc WOW) Describe; lf'1}pe of*Wato Sfimplcd is Other; blcsga�ilo I.;icv;le Count: (;dips'rrggc•slcd:inure clips may he made for larger bodie_r of tinter:record la)vne cuuni fr)r each (lip) Pip lit: �^ Dip v(dum should not exceed 3 digits ]lip 112: Dip 114. hip ii5: Dip 96: Dip 1t'7: � Dip#A: 1 — Dip 119: Dip 1110: Dala Filt(;rcal Fly: H")•ilo irct and Iasi cram"a.c used nn email till1)://hatlit)a)v.iiictrokc.povAv(.I).,ite/Wily/TillcoLiiit- r.w p 05/19/2003 JUL-07-2003 MON 10:33 AN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO, 2062960189 P. 01 jltpublic Health SC'Wfk' 11 Kinly, (:01ITILY MAITHY I"[011I.F. IfFALI'IfY COMMUNiriFF. FAX Alonzo L Howjfj, MpI 1,j)irt,(,fC)r ji),j N',V11)016cef Ifyoti rc!ccive this FAX in error, Please contact the sender and discard this FAX. Da to 1.1[ :ol From rom . .------- Fax III q, " Phone Fax 0 1 Cl V.-r,K c For your information Per OUr phone conversation To procoss (lie altnhed order Please respond to the attached [",]"I"C"r your re(ILICSt U Pleaso sign the altachcd and return W I 1110 YOU WCII`e ()tit RURGENT1 M ers s a g e: y�p Uk CIA kvl Fri vicofmw I i!.1 I ic-.dt I I Si:f'i!. F)ikl 0"Y7 I ii it u A vUt I I (VA I 1Q,-I 16 J.r' City of 1twve G JUL-07-2003 MON 10:33 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO, 2062960189 P. 02 kin,,courttyjc�ru nal.c:��rrr - Sting; iii Aubikm aims to manage West Nile virus: Pest technicin... Pa,;e I of 2 77 .,771, ' Click Hereri: Y1r� ; a`�i ;? � ze, t la�.i(ii,l (comcast. K kingcounty Journal.com Archive I Mytown I C'lassilieds I Hoino Delivery I Advertising I Contacl Us Ho —" F-1� t�.idc� Sting in Auburn aims to manage West Mile virus: Pest technicians abuzz with } rwei►ag M�.Ws ideas on mosquito war flr ep sporl SVtj�t.'.4 2.003-06-23 0 .bii-,iion by Jamie Swift t; bitkiarik's Journal Reportr;r ILIiit'st(3!�e!s ' [.i'virt.4 AUBURN -- With West Nile virus continuing its march across the United States, the j..:;; Friterrtaiti. city has Invested in a mosquito management plan. ?� 1R/ra nlort's ;30Urtial Olyinpta-based Eden Advanced Pest Technologies will be testing and monitoring ' 1�itt, t`i9<i1) 21 Auburn detention ponds for West Nile over the next several months. 6c::'E r h Art;h:ive The contract could run through October, costing the city about $15,000. ` L'6/or.'rt [d a vs Eden also is implementing mosquito programs for Sea-Tac Airport, Mercer Island zinc) several school districts and private companies. In Auburn, techniclan a will provide ' 'mosquito larval surveillance" and be 6�9y�totva► monitoring mosquito breeding activity, according to Eden Advanced Pest C laz ;Sifics3 Technologies. U irvir_ides will be applied to key breeding sites. "11'itfC14 West Nile has been found in 43 states, resulting in more than 4,000 human cases 414 0,11 hei. and 2S4 deaths, Lott,,; , Crossword Only recently has West Nile become a local concern. No human cases of West Nile I1ilt e-vt have been confirmed In this state, but experts expect infections this year. Two lior'os,c rl:e birds and two horses in the state were found to have the disease last year, and M to v;rrs mosquito types that cagrry the virus are now active, Eden officials said. K o m o ' V ' 'Only certain mosquitoes carrjr the virus," Eden spokeswoman Jacqueline Dodd 1V Li.-,;tirit,s said. hlr3 Ut; In fact, of the 2,500 different species of mosquitoes throughout the world, only C elivi-:ry nine sperios are known vectors of West Nile. Aclver'tisiryt7 , oho, With US The West Nile: virus is actually a disease of birds, according to the Centers for Aboot LV; Disease Control and Prevention. Humans become infected when bitten by a writ ac-t t.ts mosquito chat had been feeding on a infected bird. More than 140 species of birds have been infected and the CDS estimates that more than 1 million birds have died. hu17://�`wN-.kinptcc�trnivjcrnrn;tLcoi�i/sited/st;�ry/html/135363 06/2.3/2003 JUL-07-2003 MON 10:33 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO. 2062960189 P. 03 ;1%-iuZ;col.nilyjo1irii;it.cuni - Stile; iii Auburn aims to lnana c; West Nile virus: Pest technicia... Page 2 of 2 Horses also are at great risk, with more than 11,000 cases as of Decernber 2002, according to tho CDC. El ifir+slsidc: South County: King County Journal King County Journal 1705 132nd Ave. N.E. 600 Washington Ave,South Helievur, WA !18005-2251 Kent, WA 98032 PI1ano:425-455-,Z221 Phone: 253-872-6600 (r �' Fax:425-635-0602 Fax: 253-854-1006 All materials Copyright (c) 2003 Horvitz Newspapers, Inc. Any questions? See our contact page. 1>ltp://www.l;ing,a�uii(�jouny�Lc,��ril/�itecl!stcry/html!135363 06/23/2003 JUL-07-2003 MON 10:34 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO. 2062960189 P. 04 Allachnrrcnt 3-A Larval Surveillance Procedures ( ) (Modified front O'hi;tl.ley, 1989) HOW teals; 'ainer 'tl,wh ntodiliecl ite 4p0 b,rstcr, tea shr'i'lcr, ell-capacity dipper; n sulall flipeltc or eyedropper; turkey bilge MIT, while erltullel pan, bouts, vials, G oz. Oastic bags or some olirer Win of container Ar collecting larvae; labels for the collections; and a pencil. A Gl'S (�CCiVCI.should ;d:,a I)o used !o obtain dnt' for (i1S. Potential lar•ec(ling JbIG A Mosguitocs will breed anywhere bird bass, there is Standitlg; water such as iccsbass,pionL pots, stt>rril drains, amunchlurivatcd Swimming pools. Natum] breeding; habitnis h1dude temporary flooded arms, dilches, tidal or freshwater wetlands, au(1 other arens will, sLIndiug.;water. Flowing writer or bodies of water slll)ject suil to wind ar Wave action are not (lblc bre�ciling habitat for nlosquitoe . Whin scarching for ri,osquilo lnrvac, it is ncccuary to Proceed slow'y and carefully.the area to be insper.tcd with enlilion,n.s heavy fool"IDS will crcale vibrntions that disl uli J mic ille'n la diva to the bottomh likewise, avoid disliKancc ottbe water, as this will QC tau srmle N..;nIt. Approach the area to be sampletl will, talc sun ill ollc's Ia C; t11is prevents slmdows Owl also dislurb lnrvac and CMUSc them to dive. lfwind is of signific�)nt rn;l�rlitudc clipping shoaled ro dung on tilt wilutw<ud sick of the habitat where lnrvac and pgme will be most hr,avily c(�nccntr,rlcd. Mosquito larvae are may c•onfinud to the n i-gins Of a body of water and will nut be found in opco, deep watt r. 10% should be done around nOnjing debris, nquallc all(I Crlli r'�L')it vcg,ela(ic n, IQ, and lice siurups in the water n l�resoncc of lnrvac. an(I g1ulan(�befbrc 1,,ug;irlrlin`t tolclihs,,cs r'.round the uulrgins. Look for the 011C n,nst oh1 o rccocoir.t: that each area to be checked rn<-►y cantata' a nurilber of different nricrcoh'lbitots,and each ,l'ay conkiin the hwvac of dilremnt species. l.canl to rccog;rlizc clif*fel•(:nl microtlnbitals within all -Ireo; cnch One of these should be �(ut,,ple(1 ill Ol.& to obtain a co mproliensive picture ref the area's pecicS COi11g)o;;il]Orl. C,'ollectioll Medlods: 'flu; kind of mosquito one is looking; for, as well as the type of habitat one is wc)rkinz� in, will detern'ine the dipping; tecWuq,e used, if Geld pemomml are. f<ut)iliar with the g;e;trcr'a) breedirig hahils of the major species lbund within their county, (1)cy will be able to Clli.li)SC the Inost approprioic tec"1141e to oblairl the most reliable results. 771c following; eight techniques fc,l sniriplinr; r)'e)scluit ) larvae and pupae with the slr)ndal-d pint dipper iue effective: I. ('hc� Shallow Skin! -AtiolMelcs larvae are normally fol'rld I""long urNnc'e, t (Ile Slrf9et of the Wnle ri ; n ; s. 1eycabecollecle(iIvi(h,skin)nling stroke rlcuiz the s n nhallow, with one side of the dipper pressed just below the stlrf ce. End the stroke just before the dipper is filled,to Prevent overflowinh. l.. 1'nrtial subn)crsi0'11 -Around cn'crgent vtsgcl;,tion, logs ti11(I tree SlLlr)ll]S, larv;te may l>c� r.lrmvil into tile; dipper by subiliorg?itjg Orle celgc So that O, wcricr flow; rapidly info the dip(,e�r. Ill Ibis melhod, the dipper is strttiollnry within the w;e r. 3. C'orliPlr to suhnrej;iou - Ccrlairl C_'illicinc larvae (SUCiI ns species ofA(!(Ies clad 1'sorn�)1u)r�I) ere veiy ztc(iv0. arul 11. My We below the stuglec «'hcrl disturbed. In this case, ,) clIUCk Idunge ofihe dipper below the surfrtec oflhe water is retluircd, hriirg�iug; ih(+ dipl:c:r b"" up (hroug;h the subnlc'rg;ed lnrvac. Ilring; the dialler bock tip ca,( fu11y, fey �iv(,id It)sinl_�, the larvae will' overflow Current. JUL-07-2003 MON 10:34 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX N0, 2062960189 P. 05 �l. Uiphcr_r�s ,�tack ,muil(1 - This is an e sP060lly useful teclulique in woodland pools, fen e<uly season sl�ceiis. Submerge the clipper completely within the woodland pool, e,oinlr, (10wit into the bottom 1i11er if necessary. Use the white clipper as a background against which lau•voe sill(] pupae can be SpOtte(l. ( ome up urtclerncalh lire larvae with the dipper, 00W again, brine, the dipper up er(relirlly, to avoid losing its Conti llfs. 5. 1ac1w- ` nlclh<►d -'1'lljs irrlcihod is useful in situations where the water is shallow, wish mull, leaf Tiller, ar otl►c•r debris olt the substrate. Specintcrls can be collected by Fl(shill- lI,(:(NI)per dovvrt into the material Oil 01C bOttoml and Jelling the;;hallow surface wale r and rnoseprito larvae.flow directly info the dipper. G, Scrtltilt�;- "171is method is used in pernl�tllecIt or semi-1lcrmulcnt habitats conLiinirll; cluml,�; of vcl;clution, such:1S tussocks. I)ip fr•0It1 the water in, towards file tussock, acid crld by usul j,, t.11e dipper to scrape up against the base of 111C vcget:ltion to dislo(1l;0 any larvae]•,resent. 7, Sitnplc SCcmp - 'I'llis is the technique which seems to he most cn►ll.ulonly used by licld Pcrsaru)el for l.uval survejllancc and is the one referred to in Much of the Iiter,,(ure -is "llic standard clipl-ling procedure." 'lire technique involves si111 1 acoo in li111 o.Cwater out of Ilabhtlt. It is useful ill a wide vnriety oft►1,lats, esl>cci.,lly t( r Collecting Full(, 8., ,Sant rn,usli -As tire; name in(ljcalcs, this is a procedure to tllili7.0 w11er) Collductirll; wilt n1t1rSh larval surveillanc(;. In the ease of salt marsh Potholes, <lij) ill a 1leimlber of spotsaround the cdl,e of lllz` p(ltilole, dipping in toward the e(lge. Sa1111)1e the middle of tlic pothole; using cilller a skinulring or scoophig stroke. In areas containing numerous pot)loles, nmkl�sure se;vcr-rd arc sru71Plod, not just one or two. Use the sank Combination of'Itcl►nidues to sa.ulplc r(salt u1,1r h 1,;,)l. It is important to rccol.'lliie that, (hare arc different techniques which can he used in different 11:Ibilat lyres. Wlienc:vcr dippint> for irr►nr 1111'e r110STlitocs, regardless of the teelluiclI used, it is ilr�llr,rtnnt to lock fin actu l 1�resenee of larvae;before clipping, and to proceed enrefiilly and 1'aY aticltli<ut 10~rvh:lt you ruo<loi►tfr. `,ever;]] Species ol•mosguito ;u•c tlot routinely collected by dipper. These inclu(le: + Ace. albol)iclus: 'fires + Ate, Wrolmllms: hock l,00ls, tires • Ae, triscriolus.Trcchole.s,tires, containers • :hr. borbcri: '1'1rellc,lc5, tires, containers y C'r�. hcrrinrl�ct►tc: Perm-,ment water with erllcrgent vegetation + t S. mclrrrlui-w Cedar and rod rnriple swamps, occasiorl<tlly iires l + Or. (rlbn: '!'rccholes; tires, containers • th. siYnif,<<: Trecholas, tires, containers + I'r. r. .rcplc rrtriurr�rlJs: '1'rce1101cs, tires,cont.•litlers )V) sm;thii: Pitcl►er 1►l;ults The turkey hastet is tell itlexpollsive, rcadi'ly avnihible tool that is very nscful for sanlplirll; tires, conlainers alid tro,c:hol es..'Jill e teal strainer Can be used to concentrate atld sort sampivs. i�fodifyinl; a 11:rrul•ohe:(,ItQd bile rainp by removilig the intakc valve converts the pllrnh to a syrill}=,� cap;1b1e of(Irclev�nn ull a cuturrin of water (Walker and Crams, 1996). The modified bile llulllll r:ul s1]s(1 l>ie nsc(1 1c7 s;lntl.11e treelloles, tires and various olller containers. Matcrial collccte(1 l)y bill:e pull]]] or buster can he crllptied into a white ellanlel pall, f►'oln which 111c mosquito larvae sire lltcll removed. JUL-07-2003 MON 10:34 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO. 2062960189 1 06 S ink >rie Cottnty Xlcalth District - 1,act Sttect �--the Bite on MosqUztoes Ivfusquiu)es arc atnone the ,lost serious and arutoying insect pests that have a direct itt)pari on lrt.rruan.• Mosquitoes can carry hiunan disease a ents such as nialaria, e-ncepltalitis, yellow fever, (tcrt�,tre atrcj filati;tsi:�. In r,I,c Llniu(1c,tcs, the l;rrn:lry ri.asons for controlling mosquitoes are the annoyance caused by their gists and the 11':1rttn1issiOn of lnt,uan and equine viral encephalitis and dog hcartworrn. In the Sl,ok:(r:c areas incidcucc of ntoscluito-!elated disease is very rare. Mosquitoes in this area are pr iut.rt ily ccusi�}crcd mris�r+cc j•,srs. All develop h, w ttc r that is still or very slow-moving. Mosquitoes develop through four distinct stages: epe larva, pupa .rod adult. c,, � 1 1 Mosrjuito egss are dtpositecl either in j-,cniaanent�'ac� strait('s or in te.h mini at the edges of anrporaty water sites to irate!, when flooding occurs. 1 l,� Cal 4')t:,;,�� ;< n,-rally l:.,s o ts two to six days, and it can last as lone, as five years in some species <crtd is r_.apawc of survivira, lteecinl; tttnperatures. The Inrvno of .111 triosfjuitr,r:s live in water. They have adapted to a wide variety of habitats, in(.ludin{ pC1,111:r.nt nt 17011,9s, tnarslics, woodland pools, tree !toles, and artificial containers (suet, as Old riri:5). llle laraa,e uke hour to ten days to corn}Mete their devcloprnent, defending, on tlae species, vgae.t temperature ato other factors. 'nicy pass through four separate developmental stages, or hums' anus.! after 111" fourth larval stage, tb(: mosquito pupates. "f e' lat)y srmei ing from one w ten clays. T.)ur%nf; this time, the mosquito undergoes metamorphosis e•�<(•nt,tall�� erncrf;ing, or Iaircl,1t11? ittw an adult. 'the adult at this sea � S (fc,nalr runt la ,. ge will matt, take a blood meal y), y a batch of cWjs, and seek another meal ro repeat the cycle. *Flle average life spats of an act>rlt one to two tnontlis; however, some can ovcrwin(er and live up to six months. The ;rclult mosquito f;errt:, ►tas .1 fltgl•,t ranto; of 112 to :? miles but has been documented to range as Nr as 5 to 20 nips, The adult mosquitoes are generally irtracred to 11,0it, body warmth and c;:,!>an (.liati(le (e�-patty! brc:uh). !>(r, to pr.,l,rt}.ttiotr �rowtli, art inc'reashig nurnber of housing developnternts are being built in arc:is will, hil;la rnos(1uW l•,rr•vailcnr.e. 7h lefore, safe: and effec►ive tosquito control stratenics rc:<juir( eni,re: ::tt: t ti<,r�, tinge: :,uc1 c!lurt, Lal,c.rial►y where personal healt}t and eeolo�ieal concerns limit !>,strcicJc use:s. (air){,d n:,, clt,itr,.c(,r,rrr>) rcquires a combination of several pest control measures inclridins; e<�ntrrn.ntity ;;ul,l�crrt�ci professional control as well as individual effort. TChe following facts n"d cowrc l infe�rtn.ttiorr havi been listed to provide solutions to mosquito problems. JU[-07-7003 MON 10:35 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEATH FAX NO 2062960189 P. 07 � . Wolbativ; Old tires Wading pooLs i"IM Mors Wells Fernale Female Adult _- --_� � Pusi|iOu JUL-07-2003 MON 10:35 AM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO. 2062960189 P. 08 mosQUITO C()NTROX S - Ca reduce exposure to rrr op imc, d1C following cate,Dries of control strategy earl be ..1Pplied: 111Y5i,C31 C:c.frltx'ol.,. 1- ! I.rologic.il COlxt'rOLS Cllemir<tl CoxltroLs d Pxp.eir window alhd door he following is a list of sc.rcen.�. A. Fide variety of chemical orgalusrns that kill or feed on controls arc available for The 1rroS(luitoes: maxtal;ctaeut of mosquitoes. �c r(�(:rl porches, clec:ks or f;a'e,tyo.;• 'f'txese controls can be A.l7rp111pods ((reslr water shrimp) separated i ito the follo1jing Allis categories_ C"lacrlc. Carefully Cott• staltdirr��' 111cl(swilnmers lOw-lyillt; areas and 13:rcteli:l (Bacillus thurin (ensis dr;ri.ri nr ;ld" 1i11 ru:rririal wltc::tl istaclensis-T37I) E Repellents fc:;rsil,Ic:• L-'ir-ds * Surface Filers (larvicide) Cra b:-, ]tels:iir Iraky outdoor r.wcets 1)ra gorlilics aticl I,.arvac .:r,d ;'lplinkicrs. * bisect Gr•owtl, Regillatorr.s Fish (j;arttbusi;l afftnis, goldfish, s�ur,pAS) * Superibsorbent Polym(rs 1iG+:tp► l:rwu au(i <,,rcl�rr 1T1atw0j-lns irxil;;,lior, rnirlrtiltl. Frogs � Lar^c•icides (chemical lonrlgi application (o water habitat) w I-Ki v sc'. 'ur (1:1511 (vralrt `idler liir^ti C(,lt[.71rt(;I S' 1�C('t1CS Ground-1?ogjgirig/Acrial 1ic Hydra Aplalic�ti(jns (adultac-ide) « +:l� 1lorss4 raid €�.urlcis don,, holies es es .riuJ olIQ113,- Parasitic Nexnato&,; u'orkir,jt l�r (Rom-nnornernlis culcivoiax) Wei) y(,trr brass cut short aml PL-C&ICiouS Alosquito Larvae shrubbery well a icuntc:c)• Predacious Suails !� C-hane, Nvawr in twuglts `'l)idcls lhu ntahls, Or !rd hi E�aths rwi ccWater VirUSCS Ir Scorltiorrs Water Strider:S tree WNW rcr,rovc: (lip( srtirlrps h�� �5.'_.G} g 7� ' i�'(-;fir mc�„luitn t,ctrir1; aril �� 1c)rtG; Ali c'.vr- cic.�tlritict ul,en . I')rr:<e ,vcrtc-• Al,rAPi;,;ion ('i c1;;:r-nicals and insecticides for mosquito control should be Pc:rfermed by a ],roles<iur,al lic,:nwd lmsricicie alzj licator. Use of over the counter pesticides map present ho:11(h risks to ar,irrr:rls arrd 111c• c nv iorun:nt. Maw be sure to R1.AD THE LAli)✓I, When using pesticides and mpellm, 1`0110w imtruc[ior,s -mt) l,recautions for specific use only. Do not exceed rccanutrerul;rJ (onrc.n(rations or dc,.�a;<: a±rl lic;uign r,remr than rnanufac :,nto;,nts. The use of conc(:nttations and 11,I)lications which ale a,rcr��' rcci,rnnuptdations cart present health hazard; (0 people and the envi,onntcnt. JUL-07-2003 MON 10:36 AN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAX NO, 2062960189 P. 09 A WORD ABOUT REPELLENTS Peve lien is provi(le, Pcrsomfl inotection from Mosquitoes and reduce the need 10 Spray pesticides cave" cllt4c- ecosyi.-'teflls. DUN', of die'llYlt0olomide, is the most widely sold repellem, and is nvailable in code('on )lions tip to 100%. A %vord of (=tion:r-Recent research suggests (C) IIJ0, skin 1711--ly be lwmdous, especially (0' that repeated applications of children. To 111iniTnJ'zC the possibility of adverse to DIMIT, the following recamions are suggested: WL-,,"'- 10118 S)cews and 1(jng pants When possible, and apply repellent to cloi_hij}?, to reduce exi)osure 40 (DI-JIT Carl (11nm8c some synthetic materials). Apply rq)(-.ljerjj ,;patijj'jjy only 10 exposed skiii or clothing. Avoid -'I7)l)1Yin,9 high-t-oriccraintion products to the skin. DEFT concentrations not exceeding 3070 are One nriplication Will 13.SL 4-8' hours. Samration does not increase effectiveness. Avoid zipplyijig lepe110111S to �)orjjoLs of children's Imuds that arc likely to have contact with eyes or Inouth. Nc!vt" on wounds,' irritated skin or sunburn. Do not irxlutle 01 illncsl rei7ellenis or diern inro the eyes. Wash reixliont-treatc6,11 skirl wiler, repellent we is no longer needed. a suspe.ctccl rcacaon to 1iA'z,'C('( (Crallents occurs, wash treated skin and call a Physician. Take the lc'Pell(�14 10 the PhYsiCian for labc) infol'IT136011. w Christine O. Gregoire ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WASHINGTON 2425 Bristol Ct SW • PO Box 40109 • Olympia WA 98504-0109 October 13, 2003 RECEIVED Mr. Allen Quynn OCT 15 2003 City of Renton CjTy OF RENMS 1055 South Grady Way, 5th Floor UTILrry...r ON Renton Washington, 98055 Dear Mr. Quynn: I am an Assistant Attorney General representing the Washington State Department of Health. The purpose of this letter is to inform you that the challenge regarding the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES") permit for mosquito control issued by the Department of Ecology to the Department of Health, filed with the Pollution Control Hearings Board, Jerry Lee Dierker v. Departments of Ecology and Health, PCHB No. 03-057, has been terminated. Mr. Dierker decided to withdraw the appeal. Very Truly Yours, 4 A"Z�6r-- MARK O. BREVARD Assistant Attorney General (360) 664-4963 MOB:jkc cc: Ben Hamilton Tom Young ® 18 i� by GAY # 2 T Christine O. Gregoire ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WASHINGTON 2425 Bristol Ct SW • PO Box 40109 • Olympia WA 98504-0109 June 25, 2003 RECEIVED Mr. Allen Quynn J U N 2 6 2003 City of Renton CITY O RENTON 1055 South Grady Way, 5th Floor SYSTEMS Renton Washington, 98055 Dear Mr. Allen Quynn: I am an Assistant Attorney General representing the Washington State Department of Health. The purpose of this letter is to inform you that a challenge regarding the issuance of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES") permit for mosquito control issued by the Department of Ecology to the Department of Health has been filed with the Pollution Control Hearings Board. The case is Jerry Lee Dierker v. Departments of Ecology and Health, PCHB No. 03-057. It is my understanding that the Department of Health accepted your Application and Agreement for Coverage to proceed with mosquito control activity under Health's general NPDES permit coverage. Because of this, we are providing you with notice of Mr. Dierker's appeal, with the encouragement of the Board. The Board is currently considering Mr. Dierker's motion for a stay of the NPDES permit. We have not yet received a ruling on this issue and no further activity in the case has been scheduled yet. We will inform you of the decision on the request for stay and the case schedule once that information is received. Very Truly Yours, LILIA LOPEZ Assistant Attorney General (360) 586-6474 cc: Ben Hamilton Tom Young Jerry L. Dierker Christine O. Gregoire �. ATTORNEY GENERAL OASHINGTON AGRICULTURE AND HEALTH ., ,fit- n,: PO BOX 40109 A';. FRO"OLYMPIA WA 98504-0109 MR. ALLEN QUYNN CITY OF RENTON 1055 S GRADY WY, 5TH FLR RENTON WA 98055 iidd3-f0 .S-+'_.2:r: 11.11,.,.1,1,.I,1.,,N,,.1,1.,11,,,1,1,1,1„1.1,,,11.1 The Seattle Times: Local News: West Nile has arrived: Virus found in dead bird Page 1 of 4 Election 2002 'Be an._nformed.._voter._Learn m_o.re 1 %labout this year's ballot initiativesorl Your guide to the arts land races. x TimesA Service of The Seaftle ompany - ,. (tic$eatt1CYIl11CS ll l� IVY L t1 : Home Conta� __..:❑ :: Searct HOME Thursday,October 03,2002-12:09 a.m. Pacific Site index ' « Local news west Nile has arrived: Virus found in dead birdE t By Carol M.Ostrom Seattle Times staff reporter Health experts said it was just a matter of wY o Nik,ii.,wrct,,,ns time, and yesterday, time ran out: . ai, erti e' _. Laboratory tests on a dead raven found 0 n 1i ode in Eastern Washington confirmed that the o bird was infected with West Nile virus. ®' 0 o The case, in Pend Oreille County, is the first time West Nile has been detected in O: Washington, state health-department p E-mail this article officials said. Enter f 15 Print this article `Z Search.web archive and yo The virus, carried by mosquitoes, has weekly been detected in 43 other states. In 33 plus cl states, a total of 2,530 human cases Other links have been confirmed, and 125 people 0 Department of..Health..._West Nile Granc have died, according to the Centers for trip - information Disease Control and Prevention. No Cente_r..s.._for_.Disease Control and to the locally acquired human cases of West Prevention Nile have been reported in Washington—yet. But health-department officials have long warned they didn't expect Washington to be immune to the virus. Their advice? Don't panic, but cover up, use repellent, and start a search-and- destroy mission targeting mosquito-breeding areas in standing water. "People need to be a little more aware of what they can do to protect 1 I themselves," said Jack Lilja, manager of the West Nile Virus Surveillance Program for the Washington State Department of Health. He advised putting screens on windows and avoiding being outside in early morning and early evening, when mosquitoes tend to bite. Change the water in the birdbath weekly, and don't let water accumulate in containers outside. On a larger scale, the arrival of West Nile may force some jurisdictions to rethink provisions for protecting wetlands and for dealing with stormwater http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/134547414_westnile03m.html 10/03/2002 The Seattle Times: Local News: West Nile has arrived: Virus found in dead bird Page 2 of 4 runoff, officials said. Donn Moyer, spokesman for the state Department of Health, said his agency was working with the Department of Ecology on the issue. Lilja said the use of larvicides—bacteria that kill mosquito larvae—likely wou pTcT-Iay a parT.- =be "The whole issue of stormwater collection and treatmerevisited to come up with some new systems to prevebreeding ground for mosquitoes, no doubt about it,"The raven was spotted by alert citizens in Newport, w Spokane on the Idaho border. It first appeared sick, then died. Because residents had heard about the state's dead bird surveillance program, which seeks reports of dead birds, especially those in the corvid family—crows, ravens, magpies and jays— they called the Northeast Tri County Health District, said Matt Schanz, environmental-health supervisor for the district. "We've been trying to push this message pretty hard over the summer: Here's what to watch for ... and if they see a bird that's ill or dead, to contact us." Schanz said he wasn't surprised by To reduce the risk news that the bird had the virus. "One of those things we anticipated was that there was this possibility, as this virus was moving west ... I • wear long-sleeved shirts don't think we fell off our chairs." and Leslon pants in mosquito- Very likely, this bird won't be the . Use mosquito repellants last with West Nile, officials said. containing DEFT. An additional 10 birds found dead in Washington are awaiting testing . Install screens on doors at the National Wildlife Health and windows. Center Laboratory in Wisconsin, Lilja said. • Dispose of outside containers with standing Of the approximately 50 mosquito water that could breed PP Y q mosquitoes. species found in this state, at least nine could be carriers, he said. All . Change water in birdbaths counties in the state, with the weekly. possible exception of one, have at least one type of carrier mosquito. .Take precautions when outside at dusk or dawn Moyer noted that very few of the when mosquitoes are most people infected with the virus show active. symptoms. Of those who do, few require treatment. Of those who Dead Bird Surveillance require treatment, few require Program: hospitalization. And of those, only a small percentage die. The Washington state Department of Health encourages people to report "I don't mean to minimize dead birds to local health anybody's suffering, but from a big- departments. Crows and picture perspective, no person other comagp such as p P P P ravens, magpies and jays, within Washington has acquired the are particularly susceptible, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/134547414_westnile03m.html 10/03/2002 The Seattle Times: Local News: West Nile has arrived: Virus found in dead bird Page 3 of 4 disease here," he said. "The fact as are raptors, such as that it's here in a bird is relevant hawks, eagles and falcons. and important, but It's just as To report a dead bird in King important to note that we have not county, call the West Nile im p virus hotline: 206-205-3883. had a single human case here yet." More information is available on King County's Web site: www.metrokc.aovLhea.IthLwestnile The virus, first identified in Africa in or on the state's West Nile 1937, came to the United States in virus Website: 1999. Scientists believe it is www.don.wa.go_v..Le ph !ts zoo WNVLWNV.html. dispersed by migratory birds bitten For national information and b virus-carrying mosquitoes. The detailed advisories on use of y y g q repellents: The Centers for virus spreads via mosquitoes, and Disease Control and cannot be transmitted from human Prevention at to human or from human to www.cdc.goy/ncidodLdvbid/westnile/ . mosquito. But horses—and in a couple of cases, dogs— have Source: Washington State acquired the disease. Department of Health; Department of Health — Seattle &King County. The virus has been detected in the nation's blood supply, which has scientists scrambling to formulate a test. At the Puget Sound Blood Center, spokesman Keith Warnack said they continue to screen out donors with flulike symptoms that could be caused by the virus. Symptoms of the virus range from mild (low fever, headaches, body aches, a skin rash and swollen lymph glands)to severe (high fever, stupor, vomiting, tremors, coma, and even swelling of the brain or spinal cord). There is no vaccine. Special mosquito-control districts exist in several areas across the state. Many were established years ago to deal with Western Equine Encephalitis, which resulted in many deaths in the 1930s and '40s, Lilja said. Outbreaks of the disease continued into the '70s and early'80s. The mosquito-control districts, including a few in Western Washington, are established by initiative and usually don't cover a whole county. They range from a few acres to thousands of acres, and were formed by citizens voting to tax themselves to raise money for mosquito-eradication efforts, he said. With the advent of West Nile, creation of the districts may get renewed attention. State funds for eradication are not available at this point, officials said. Lilja says he's grateful the West Nile discovery was made now, as the onset of cold weather makes both exposed human skin and clouds of mosquitoes rarer sights. "We're fortunate that we found this late in the year," he said. "It's a heads-up to people that we need to do some things over the coming months to prepare for spring and summer." Carol M. Ostrom. 206 464 2249 or costrom@seattletimes._com. Copyright O 2002 The Seattle Tunes Company More local news headlines http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/134547414_westnlleO3m.html 10/03/2002 The Seattle Times: Local News: West Nile has arrived: Virus found in dead bird Page 4 of 4 SeattleAreaHomesxom Search For Homes. Free Professional Assistance i i - e c seattietimes.com home Local news I Sports I Business&technology I Education I Investigation &special projects N.atign_&wor_I.d I Personal.._te. hnolog.y I Obituaries I Edit.4rials_&_opinion I _Go_lumnsts I Ent ertainment_&the Arts. 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