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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSWP272264(15) SEPA 1 COPY 1 ' Wetland Delineation Report 1 i � 1 Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects 1 1 November 1995 1 Prepared for 1 City of Renton, Washington 1 1 Prepared by ' HARZA 1 Wetland Delineation Report i 1 Maplewood Creek Flooding and i Habitat Improvement Projects 1 ' November t995 Prepared for City of Renton, Washington Prepared by HARZA Wetland Delineation Report TABLE OF CONTENTS ' 1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................1 2.0 Methods.............................................................................................................I 3.0 Results...............................................................................................................3 3.1 Sedimentation Ponds.....................................................................................................3 3.1.1 Soils .................................................................................................................. 3.1.2 Hydrology ...........................................................................................................4 3.1.3 Vegetation...........................................................................................................4 i3.1.4 Functions and Values..........................................................................................5 3.2 Maplewood Creek High-Flow Channel........................................................................5 3.2.1 Soils .......................................................... ..5 3.2.2 Hydrology ...........................................................................................................6 3.2.3 Vegetation...........................................................................................................6 3.2.4 Functions and Values..........................................................................................7 4.0 Conclusions and Recommendations...............................................................7 5.0 Literature Cited ...............................................................................................9 Figure 1. Existing and Future Wetlands Tables 1. Wetland Types, Acres and Conditions 2. Plants Encountered in the Project Area 3. Wetland Functions and Values - Upper Sediment Basin 4. Wetland Functions and Values - Lower Sediment Basin 5. Wetland Functions and Values - High-Flow Channel (Maplewood Creek) ' Photo Sheets 1. Upper Sedimentation Basin, November 1993 and November 1995 2. Lower Sedimentation Basin, November 1993 and November 1995 3. High-Flow Channel (Maplewood Creek) November 1993 and November 1995 Appendix 1. Field Data Sheets showing Soils, Hydrology, and Vegetation Data for each Soil Pit Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page ii WP095PROA71610WER.AND.D000U21PM110.27 AM\SDC Wetland Delineation Report WETLAND DELINEATION REPORT MAPLEWOOD CREEK FLOODING AND HABITAT IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS 1 1.0 Introduction The Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects includes three separate projects: 1) diversion of Maplewood Creek flows into a new, low-flow fish passage channel that will be constructed through the golf course; 2) reconstruction and improvement of the existing sedimentation basin; 3) high-flow capacity improvements in the existing Maplewood Creek channel as it traverses Maplewood Golf Course. Project features are shown on Figure 1. Engineering design and more detailed information about each of these components is provided in separate reports (Maplewood Creek Sedimentation Basin Reconstruction and Improvement Project Phase 1 Design Report, November 1994; and Maplewood Creek Fish Passage Channel Riparian and Instream Habitat Report, July, 1995). This wetland delineation report addresses the effects of the project on approximately 0.42 acres of open water, perennial stream, and palustrine emergent wetlands associated with two man-made sedimentation ponds and a channelized reach of Maplewood Creek. (Photos of these areas are included at the end of this report.) The proposed low-flow channel would not affect wetlands, but would convert approximately 1 acre of uplands that are now maintained as fairways, tees, greens and cart paths to 0.34 acres of perennial stream and 0.68 acres of palustrine shrub wetland. Together with the expanded sediment pond and riparian plantings adjacent to the ponds, a total of 1.45 acres of wetland would be created or enhanced. The sediment basins and their associated wetlands do not meet the City of Renton definition for regulated wetlands because they are maintained as stormwater management I facilities. Wetlandq along the existing Maplewood Creek channel meet the City's definition of Category 3 wetlands because they have been disturbed by channelization, grading, excavation, and mowing. According to the City's Wetland Management Ordinance, buffer areas for a Category 3 wetland within the urban area designation would usually include 25 feet on either side of a wetland. At this site the proposed construction and maintenance activities are similar to current existing activities, and no impacts are expected. Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 1 WPC\95PR0A7163G\WETLAND.D0001/21/96\III-.27 AM\SDC Wetland Delineation Report i Under the City,s Ordinance a ratio of 1.5: 1 is typically required for Category 3 wetlands. The proposed low flow channel is designed to provide on-site mitigation at a ratio of 3:1 for all wetland impacts, including those associated with the sedimentation basins. Although some of the mitigation will be out-of-kind (i.e. palustrine scrub shrub instead of palustrine emergent vegetation), wetland functions and values are expected to be much higher than the existing wetlands that will be affected. All wetlands in the Project area will fall under Corps of Engineer jurisdiction, and it is anticipated that the proposed mitigation will be adequate to meet Corps requirements. A summary of existing conditions and proposed actions is provided in Table 1. Tables 2, 3 and 4 summarize existing and future wetland functions and values. Mitigation plans at the conceptual level are included in the reports mentioned above. 1 2.0 Methods ' The following maps and documents were reviewed prior to conducting site visits in April of 1994 and in March, April and November of 1995: 1:12,000 aerial photograph (1989) • Soil Conservation Service maps (1973) • National Wetland Inventory (NWI) map, Renton quad (1973) • Critical Areas Inventory (City of Renton, June 1991) • King County Sensitive Areas Map Folio (1990) • Maplewood Creek Basin Plan (1989) • Cedar River Current and Future Conditions Report (1993) Neither the sedimentation ponds nor the creek channel are mapped as wetland on the NWI maps or on Renton's Critical Areas Inventory. Based on the initial site visit in April, 1994. tthe occurrence of wetlands was observed to follow topographic contours, with no wetlands appearing outside the ordinary high water mark of the sediment ponds or Maplewood Creek. 1 Office delineation was selected as an appropriate methodology, but site visits conducted in March, April and November of 1995 were used to obtain soils, hydrology and vegetation data to support office delineation of wetland boundaries. Soils, hydrology and vegetation data for each soil pit were recorded on routine site field data sheets taken from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1987 Manual for Delineation of Jurisdictional Wetlands. These data sheets are appended to this report (Appendix 1). Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 2 WPC115PROA716101WEfLAND-D0001/21/76U0.27 ANI\SDC Wetland Delineation Report 1 The King County Soil Conservation Service was contacted to determine whether mapped soils are listed as hydric. In the field, soil pits were dug at certain locations to determine the presence or absence of hydric soil indicators, such as gleying, mottling, low chroma, streaking, rhizospheres or organic pans. Colors were determined using Munsell Soil Color Charts (1990). ' Hydrologic data was obtained through continuous HSPF simulations (King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, 1993) and field observations. ' All plants encountered in the field are listed in Table 5. Plants that could not be identified in the field were keyed in the office according to Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973). Their status as wetland indicators was determined according to Reed (1988) and Reed (1993) as NL (not listed); FACU, FACU-, or FACU+ (facultative upland); FAC, FAC-, or FAC+ (facultative); FACW, FACW-, or FACW+ (facultative wetland); or OBL (obligate). Wetland functions were evaluated for the upper sediment pond, lower sediment pond and high-flow channel separately, according to a rating system developed by King County (Surface Water Management Division, Ruth Schaefer, 1993). Existing and future values (summarized in Tables 3, 4 and 5) were estimated in the ability of these wetlands to improve water quality, moderate flood flows and store flood water, recharge groundwater, provide wildlife habitat (including primary productivity, species diversity, structural diversity for forage and cover), reduce erosion, and support aquatic resources (including fish and aquatic macro invertebrates). The wetlands' function in socioeconomics and aesthetics was also evaluated. Cultural and education functions were not evaluated, since they are essentially absent at this site. 3.0 Results I3.1 Sedimentation Ponds ' Two existing sedimentation ponds will be affected by this project. The upper pond consists of a small concrete dam that was built in the 1930's to provide irrigation for an orchard 1 that was later converted to the present-day golf course. The lower pond was built for sediment control. However, the two ponds together have proven inadequate for this purpose, are filled with sediments, and have been damaged by floods. Both ponds are maintained by the City of Renton Department of Parks and Recreation through excavation of accumulated sediment, usually on an annual basis. i 1 Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 3 WPC\95PROJ\7163&WETLAND.D0001/21/96\10 27 AM\SDC Wetland Delineation Report 3.1.1 Soils In April, 1994, the upper pond was approximately 0.07 acres in size, with water depths of 1 to 2 feet. Since that time, the pond has filled with silts, sands and gravels, covering an area approximately 0.05 acres in size, with 0.02 acres of stream running through it. The lower sediment pond is similar in character to the upper basin. Much of the area that ' was defined as open water in 1994 has been replaced with a vegetated sand/gravel bar that is now approximately 0.12 acres in size. The area of open water is approximately 0.06 acres in size. Soils at both the upper and lower sediment ponds are mapped as Alderwood gravelly sandy loam-Kitsap silt loam (SCS 1973). This soil type is listed by the County as having hydric soil inclusions. Soil pit#1 (see Figure 1) contained gravelly, silty sand, without hydric soil indicators. This material has been recently deposited, and likely originated on adjacent unstable banks or from upstream erosion. No organic component was present. Soil pit#2 contained dark brown sandy loam (10 YR 3/3). No hydric soil indicators were observed. 1 Soil pit#3 contained gravelly sand, without hydric soil indicators, and is also of recent origin. Soil pit#4 contained gravelly sand with large cobbles and appeared to be native material, trather than imported fill. No hydric soil indicators were observed. t3.1.2 Hydrology Water depths observed on April 26, 1994, March 4, 1995, April 11, 1995, and November 4, 1995 were variable in the stream and ponds. Although groundwater seeps were noted along both sideslopes of the ravine, the primary source of hydrology is surface flow from Maplewood ' Creek. Based on continuous HSPF simulation of over 42 years (October 1948-June 1991), annual average flow is 3.2 cfs, with highest flows occurring from December through March, and lowest flows occurring between July and October. Modeled daily flows indicate that flows exceed 20 cfs from 5 to 7 days per year, primarily during the winter. The peak flow for the 2- year, 24-hour storm was 118 cfs. Soil on the bars in both the upper and lower sediment ponds were saturated at the surface. Soil in the pits on the east bank of the upper pond and the southwest dike of the lower basin were not saturated at 24 inches. Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 1 WPCI95PROA7163G\WETLAND.D0001/23PNA10.27 AMSDC Wetland Delineation Report ' 3.1.3 Vegetation The west bank of the upper pond is rip-rapped and appears stable. It is sparsely vegetated with grasses, such as annual bluegrass (Poa annua, FAC, and Agrostis tenuis, FAC ) and forbs, ' predominantly Robert's geranium (Geranium robertianum, not listed). The east bank of the pond is steep and unstable; slumps and slides are evident. Riparian ' vegetation on the east bank consists of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, FACU), alder (Alnus rubra, FAC), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla, FACU-) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata, FAC). Swordfern (Polytichum munitum, FACU) predominates in the understory, and very little herbaceous vegetation is present. Red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa, FACU), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis, FAC+) and maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum, FAC) are present in a small seep near the head of the pond. Within the pond, the dominant species were few-seeded bittercress (Cardamine oligosperma, FAC), fountain miner's lettuce (Montia fontana, OBL) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis alba, FAC). Vegetation on the east bank of the lower sediment pond is similar to that described for the upper sediment pond, and does not meet wetland vegetation criteria. A fringe of palustrine emergent vegetation is present on the dike south and west of the pond, and adjacent to the dam abutment on the east side of the pond. Species include common horsetail (Equisetum arvense, FAC), giant horsetail (Equisetum telmateia, FACW) and creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens, FACW). Wetland vegetation criteria are met. Higher on the bank, the dominant species are FACU, including hairy cat's ear (Hypochaeris radicata), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), white clover (Trifolium repens), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense) and FAC to FAC-, including annual bluegrass, colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis), and velvet grass (Holcus lanatus). ' 3.1.4 Functions and Values Current values are low in all areas evaluated. Values are low due primarily to small size and the effects of flooding, sediment deposition, erosion, and excavation. It is anticipated that the proposed project will increase wetland values in the areas of water quality improvement, erosion protection, aquatic resources (primarily fisheries), socioeconomics and aesthetics. No significant adverse impacts are anticipated, and no net loss of wetlands would occur. An area 1 that currently supports annual herbaceous wetland vegetation would be removed, but palustrine scrub-shrub habitat, and a more stable riparian environment, would be created. Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 5 WPC\95PROA7161G\W ETLAND_DOOO I/27/'M\IO.27 A W SDC Wetland Delineation Report Creek 3.2 MaplewoodHigh-Flow Channel The project reach of Maplewood Creek has been channelized to run in a straight course from the lower sediment pond through the Maplewood Golf Course to State Route 169, where it enters a 72-inch RCP culvert buried adjacent to the railroad bed, before emptying into the Cedar River. Until the spring of 1995, vegetation along the channel was mowed regularly so that it would not interfere with golf course play. Mowing has been temporarily discontinued while grading and landscaping activities for the golf course are underway. One large-diameter (34 inches) cottonwood is present on the west bank. Several Douglas fir saplings were recently planted along the east bank. 3.2.1 Soils 1 The existing creek channel is narrow and confined as it traverses approximately 300 feet from the existing dam at the lower sediment pond to the bridge leading to the abandoned clubhouse. Soils are mapped as Alderwood gravelly sandy loam-Kitsap silt loam. In the reach crossing the golf course, soils are mapped as Puyallup fine sandy loam, also with hydric inclusions. Length of the open channel as the stream crosses the golf course is approximately 950 feet, with a shallower gradient, i.e., 2 to 4 percent. The wetted width varies, with short stretches 2 feet wide, increasing to as much as 12 feet where gravel deposition has occurred. The 1 average wetted width is 3 feet, and the bank angle varies from almost vertical to 3:1. Four soil pits (pits 5, 6, 7 and 8) were dug along the channel (Figure 1). Pit #5, located 1 foot from the ordinary high water mark (OHWM) contained very dark grayish brown sandy loam (IOYR 3/2), with inclusions of coarse gray sand at 18 inches. Soils were saturated and the pit filled rapidly. Pit 46, located 4 feet from the OHWM contained dark brown gravelly, sandy loam, (10YR 3/3). Soil was not saturated at 24 inches. Pit 47 was located 4 feet above the OHMW approximately 120 feet downstream from the Pits 45 and 46. It contained dark brown (10 YR 3/3) gravelly, sandy loam with many cobbles. ' Pit 98 was located 3 feet from the OHWM approximately 400 feet downstream from Pit #7. It contained very dark grayish brown sandy loam, with a low chroma(1 OYR 3/2) and bright mottles (IOYR 4/6 and 5YR 4/6). Inclusions of coarse gray sand and gray clay were noted at 18 inches. Soil was saturated at 18 inches. Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 6 WPC\95PR01\7167G\WETLAND.D00111/23/Wr\11I.27 ANCSDC Wetland Delineation Report 3.2.2 Hydrology In addition to surface flows from Maplewood Creek(described above), hydrology is contributed by regular golf course irrigation. The depth to seasonal water table is listed as 4 to 5 ' feet for this soil type, but is probably higher in this particular vicinity, representing an additional source of hydrology. ' 3.2.3 Vegetation From the dam at the lower sediment pond, the banks of Maplewood Creek are vertical and overgrown with dense Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor, FACU), with young western redcedar and alder growing along the east side beyond the blackberry thicket. Some snowberry (Symphoricarpus albus, FACU) is also present. As the creek crosses the golf course, vegetation along the channel is mixed, and predominantly herbaceous. Vegetation in the channel is no longer being mowed, and patches of 1 Himalayan blackberry and scattered locust(Robinia pseudo-acacia, FACU), butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii, not listed), alder, cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa, FAC), Scouler willow (Salix scouleriana, FAC) and Pacific willow(Salix lasiandra, FACW) seedlings and saplings have appeared since the spring of 1994. Herbaceous species within the channel are predominantly grasses, and include annual bluegrass, velvet grass, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea, FACW) and turf grasses (colonial bentgrass, perennial rye, and fescue varieties). Non-wetland forbs include a mix of weedy species, such as dandelion, hairy cat's ear, common and lance-leaved plantain (Plantago major, P. lanceolata), white clover and red clover(Trifolium pratense). In addition to patches of reed canarygrass, scattered wetland plants include soft rush ' (Juncus effusus, FACW), creeping buttercup, smartweed (Polygonum spp., FACW), brooklime (Veronica americana, OBL), large-leaved avens (Geum macrophyllum, FACW+), and Watson's 1 willow-herb (Epilobium watsonii, FACW-). 3.2.4 Functions and Values Current low values in all areas are due primarily to the creation and maintenance of this channel as a drainage ditch to convey water across the golf course, disturbance due to maintenance, the presence of blocks to fish passage, and the absence of high-quality riparian 1 habitat. The proposed low flow channel is expected to have moderate to high values in all Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 7 WPC195PROA716JG\WEfLAND.DOC\ul/21/v6\111:27 AM\SDC Wetland Delineation Report ' wetland functions except flood flow alteration and groundwater exchange. No significant adverse impacts are expected, and no net loss of wetlands would occur. Approximately 0.17 acres of weedy herbaceous wetland and 0.09 acres of perennial stream would be replaced by 0.34 acres of perennial stream and 0.68 acres of palustrine scrub-shrub. 4.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ' Wetland soil indicators were found in only I of 8 soil pits, presumably due to natural events, i.e., sediment deposition, or human activities, such as excavation, diking, damming and channelizing, which have created an "atypical situation". Therefore, where both hydrology and wetland vegetation criteria were met, hydric soils were presumed and the area was defined as wetland. Where hydrology indicators were also missing, and wetland vegetation was FAC only, the area was defined as upland. At the upper sediment pond, wetland areas were defined as the area filled in within the ordinary high water mark, including approximately 0.02 acres of perennial stream and 0.05 acres of herbaceous emergent wetland. The objectives of the project are to notch the existing upper concrete dam to allow fish passage, excavate sediments from behind the dam, and return the upper sediment pond to natural stream flows. The east bank will be stabilized using rip-rap and/or geotextiles and willow and dogwood cuttings will be planted to provide palustrine shrub cover. It is expected that native vegetation also will re-establish along the new shoreline of the stream. At the lower sediment pond, wetlands were delineated as the filled in area of the pond ' within the ordinary high water mark, and a narrow fringe of weedy herbaceous wetland along the lower portion of the dike. Approximately 0.06 acres of the pond's substrate and 0.03 acres of ' herbaceous wetland vegetation will be excavated. The objectives for the lower sediment pond are to remove the existing dike, expand the 1 sediment pond into an existing paved parking area, and install a fish passage facility and high- flow spillway. All disturbed soils would then be revegetated, using primarily hydrophytic shrubs. In order to maintain access into the pond for regular excavation of sediments, only a small portion of the new shoreline will be planted with emergent vegetation. Wetlands along the creek were delineated as the perennial stream itself and a band of palustrine emergent wetland following the contours along the creek, with an average width of 3 ' horizontal feet on either side of the ordinary high water mark. Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 8 WPC\95PROA7163G\WETLAND.D00111/271M\I 1..05 AM\SDC Wetland Delineation Report Water will be diverted from the existing Maplewood Creek high-flow channel to the proposed low-flow channel. It is anticipated that the high-flow channel will carry surface water only when flows from the sediment ponds are 20 cfs or greater. However, due to the high water table in the reach through the golf course, many of the same FAC and FACW plant species will continue to grow in the dewatered channel, unless it is graded and revegetated with turf grasses, consistent with adjacent fairways. ' The objectives for the new low-flow channel are to excavate a meandering stream course, ' installing log weirs, boulders and a gravel substrate that will create high-quality fish habitat. The banks of the channel cross-sections, depending on elevation, will be planted with palustrine scrub-shrub species, including a mix of native and native hybrid willows, dogwoods, spiraeas, and Pacific ninebark closest to the water. Vine maple, salal, Oregon grape and honeysuckle will be planted at higher elevations. The proposed projects are not expected to have significant adverse effects. The area of existing wetland that will be affected is small (less than 0.5 acres), and wetland functions are low. It is anticipated that slope stabilization at the upper sediment pond, expansion of the lower pond, and creation of a low-flow channel, together with revegetation focusing on native species ' and provision of high-quality riparian habitat, will adequately compensate for the effects of the projects on wetlands. 1 Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Page 9 WPOI)SPROA71630WEn.nrro.DOC%Oln3roe11 i:os AM%SDC ' Wetland Delineation Report 5.0 Literature Cited Harza Northwest. 1994. Maplewood Creek Sedimentation Basin Reconstruction and Improvement Project. Phase 1 Design Report. ' Harza Northwest. 1995. Maplewood Creek Fish Passage Channel: Riparian and Instream Habitat Report. Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of ' Washington Press, Seattle and London. 730pp. King County Department of Public Works. 1993. Cedar River Current and Future Conditions Report. Surface Water Management Division. Munsell Color. 1990. Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1990 Edition Revised. Munsell Color. MacBeth Division of Kollmorgen Instruments Corporation. Baltimore, MD. Parametrix. 1989. Maplewood Creek Basin Plan. City of Renton, Public Works Department, Stormwater Utility Division. Reed, Jr., P.B. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Northwest (Region 9). U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (26.9), May ' 1988. Reed, Jr., P.B. 1993. 1993 Supplement to list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Northwest (Region 9). Supplement to U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ' Biological Report 88(26.9) May 1988. Schaefer, R. 1993. Wetland Functions and Values Rating Form. King County Department of Public Works. Soil Conservation Service. 1973. Soil Survey: King County Area, Washington. U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service and Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1987. Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. Technical Report Y-87-1. Environmental Laboratory. Department of the Army. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. i Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Pa-e 10 WPC\95PR01\7161O\WETLAND.DOC\01/21/'M\I11-27 AKASDC Wetland Delineation Report UPPER SEDIMENT P(DND 2 EX'S T!N G CONCRE7' DAM TC BE NOTCHED CAIM. TC BE REVO'V!E,,D EXISTING CON'�RE TE 3 .......... 4 ........... ........... CT 44 C., ............. :EIST'NG SED!MENT OND Af. 4- - . PRCPOSED Fic-l"i LADDE X P R ........... PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS TO SEDIMENT POND ..................... -TINIG PARKING LO, �TO BE ABANCCDNED) .................. .................. . ... 4! .......... I .......... —XIST ING CLUBHO,-ISE O BE REE�JO'VED" .... 5 ......... , ................ ........... ............ ........... .............. ............ ...................... ................. .............. .......... ................. F.......... ......... PROP L FISH PASSAGEOSED O CHANNW-FLOWEL........... Z ,(el • .4 • ................... 0:1 PITS .... . . ... .... .......... VA� EXiST;NG WETLANDS _Ek\FP CTED BY PROjEr-T EXISTING MAPL1_-',VUGD' . ......... 4 CREED: PROPOSED PONDS ........ AND "NETLANDS 8 .... ......... .......... ...... EXISTiNG GXF CQI_"RSE GREENS .4 ­110J EXISIING WSDOT— Ar, F:SH LADDER EXiSTING TREES Q ..................... PROPOSED BRIDGE (TYPICALj PROPOSED HIGH-FLOW ' �f2,q \ ........... CAPACITY IMPROVEMENTS EXISTING CONTGURS `2.0 FT iNTERVALS) S c c I c in �'el Figure I Lower Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Existing and Future Wetlands Table 1. Wetland Types,Acres and Conditions n Existing Existing Proposed Actions and Future Future BLocation Type Acres Existing Conditions Future Conditions Type Acres N Q Upper perennial stream 0.02 Shallow pond now filled with sediments;Remove fish passage barrier; perennial stream 0.02 n Sediment recently vegetated with herbaceous stabilize banks;return to palushine shrub 0.06 f0 Basin palusirine emergent 0.05 wetland plants. Regularly excavated natural stream flows;plant Q h to remove sediments. rip-rap and new shoreline with willow and dogwood cuttings. Lower open water 0.15 Shallow pond with bank failure on Replace existing dam with fish open water pond 0.28 A Sediment (0.06 east bank;dike on south and west passage facility;expand pond Basin excavated) banks. Annually excavated to into uplands. Contour east remove sediments,recently bank and replant. Regular Q palustrine emergent 0.12 vegetated with reed canarygrass excavation of sediments at Q (0.03 and creeping buttercup. Narrow lower end of pond only. excavated) band of similar vegetation at d waterline on existing dike. Plant new shoreline with palustrine shrub 0.05 a palustrine shrub and emergent palustrine emergent 0.02 aspecies. High-Flow perennial stream 0.09 Channeled stream;staight route Divert water into new low-flow upland b Channel through golf course to cuivert under channel. 0 (existing SR 169;substrate varies;bank y Maplewood failures repaired with rip-rap and Creek) quarry spolls. palustrine emergent 0.17 Narrow band of riparian vegetation Grade,contour and replant Includes Himalayan blackberry,turf consistent with existing grasses,reed canarygrass,soft rush; golf course features. no tree or shrub cover. Regularly mowed. Proposed upland Golf course fairways,greens,tees Excavate meandering stream perennial stream 0.34 Low-Flow and cart paths. Regular mowing,plus course;line with bentonite clay; palustrine shrub 0.68 b Channel current construction/landscaping install log weirs,boulders, projects. gravel substrate;plant banks with mix of hydrophytic and _Q upland shrub species. o a Total Wetland Acres Affected 0.42 Total Wetland Acres Created 1.45 Werland Delineation Report Table 2. Plants Encountered in the Project Area ' COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME TREES Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum Red alder Alnus rubra Cottonwood Populus trichocarpo Douglas fir Pseudotsugo menziesii ' Black locust Robinia pseudo-acacia Western redcedor Thuja plicato Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla ' SHRUBS AND WOODY VINES Vine maple Acer circinatum ' Butterfly bush Buddleja davidii Sala[ Goultheria shollon Indian plum Oemleria cerasiformes ' Devil's club Oploponax horridum Currant Ribes spp. Himalayan blackberry Rubus discolor Thimb[eberry Rubus parvitlora Salmonberry Rubus spectobilis Pacific blackberry Rubus ursinus Red elderberry Sombucus rocemosa Snowberry Symphoricarpos o1bus Pacific willow Salix losiondra Scouler willow Solix scouleriona FORKS Few-seeded bittercress Cardamine occidentolis Western bittercress Cardamine oligosperma Enchanter's nightshade Circaea alpina Creeping thistle Cirsium arvense Scouler's corydalis Corydolis scouted Common horsetail Equisetum arvense Giant horsetail Equisetum telmateia Catchweed bedstraw Golium oporine Bedstraw Golium spp. Robert's geranium Geranium robertionum Large-leaved ovens Geum macrophyllum Slender-stemmed waterieaf Hydrophyllum tenuipes Common St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum Hairy cat's ear Hypochaeris rodicato Touch-me-not Impatiens noli-tongere Fountain miners lettuce Montio fontona Lower Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects W PC'\95PRo1\71�PIOP02 Dorn VIIAYcf a Mn3DC ' Wetland Delineation Report Table 2., continued Forget-me-not Myosotis laxa Small-flowered nemophila Nemophila parviflora Lance-leaved plantain Plantago lanceolate Common plantain Plantago major Smartweed Polygonum spp. Creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens ' Sheep sorrel Rumex ocetosello Curly dock Rumex crispus Bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcomaro ' Dandelion Taroxocum officinale Fringe-cup Tellima grandiflora Youth-on-age Tolmeia menziesii Red clover Trifolium protense White clover Trifolium repens Stinging nettle Urtica dicica ' Brooklime Veronica americans Tiny vetch Vicia hirsute ' GRASSES, SEDGES, RUSHES Creeping bentgrass Agrostis olba ' Colonial bentgrass Agrostis tenuis Dewey's sedge Corex deweyona Red fescus Festuca rubro Velvet grass Holcus lonatus Soft rush Juncus effusus Perennial rye Lolium perenne Reed canarygrass Phalaris orundinacea Annual bluegrass Poo onnuo ' FERNS and CLUBMOSSES Maidenhair fern Adiontum pedatum ' Lady fern Athyrium filix-femina Spike clubmoss Lycopodium clovatum Swordfern Polystichum munitum Lower Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects wrc�93non716MrnnoroaoocnlrnIgYMoa AMMO rWetland Delineation Report ' Table 3. Wetland Functions and Values - Upper Sediment Basin Function EAstin Values Future Values es Notched Dam) ' Water Quality Low: pond is filled with Moderate: stabilized east bank, rip-rap Improvement sediment; east bank is unstable; joint-planted with palustrine shrub species. riparian vegetation insufficient Additional native riparian species to fitter or retain sediments. anticipated to re-establish along new streambank. Flood Flow Alteration/ Low: pond is filled with Low to moderate: increased Storm Water Control sediment; banks steep and density would help to slow riparian vegetation insufficient flood water, but little storage anticipated. ' to slow water velocities. Groundwater Low: size is small, but Low: size somewhat smaller; Exchange permanent inundation and no other effects. ' underlying permeable strata may allow pond to recharge roundwater. Natural Biological Low: little vegetation structure, Low to moderate: improved species Support(terrestrial low species diversity, no diversity and structure. habitat) habitat features (I.e.,snags, ' dead and down material) Erosion/Shoreline Low: riparian vegetation High: blostabilization would Protection insufficient to protect shoreline reduce erosion potential Aquatic Resources Low: barrier to fish passage; High: barrier removed; return to poor habitat for resident fish. natural flow regime. Socioeconomics Low: does not provide flood Moderate: would not provide protection or improve water flood protection, but would improve quality; little fish production. water quality and fisheries resources. Aesthetics Low- barren rip-rap,unstable Moderate- bank stabilization and slide; riparian vegetation plantings would blend into typical of disturbed areas. forested hillside. i 1 ' Lower Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects wrO93?*on71Oer9orazooa11f=/WMo«AM%MC Wetland Delineation Report Table 4. Wetland Functions and Values - Lower Sediment Basin Function Existing Values Future Values (Expanded Basin) ' Water Quality Low: pond Is filled with Moderate to high: Increased sediment storage Improvement sediment;east bank Is unstable; capacity;plantings would help to filter and riparian vegetation Insufficient and retain sediments. to filter or retain sediments. ' Flood Flow Alteration/ Low: pond Is filled with Low to moderate: Increased flood storage and Storm Water Control sediment; banks steep and Increased stem density would help to attenuate riparian vegetation Insufficient floods. to slow water velocities. Groundwater Low: size Is small,but Low: Increase In size not likely to Exchange permanent Inundation and significantly Increase groundwater recharge. ' underlying permeable strata may allow pond to recharge roundwater. ' Natural Biological Low: little vegetation structure, Moderate: plantings would Increase species Support(terrestrial low species diversity,no diversity and structure. habitat) habitat features(Le.,snags, dead and down material) ' Erosion/Shoreline Low: riparian vegetation Moderate to high:shoreline plantings would help Protection Insufficient to protect shoreline to reduce erosion potential ' Aquatic Resources Low: barrier to fish passage; High: barrier replaced with passage facility; or habitat for resident fish. riparian plantings would Improve fish habitat. ' Socioeconomics Low:does not provide flood Moderate: would provide limited flood protection or Improve water protection:would Improve water quality quality:little fish production, and fish production. Aesthetics Low: riparian vegetation weedy, Moderate: bank stabilization and typical of disturbed areas. plantings would blend Into forested hillside. Lower Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects Y.*M"reonnoanor02.no 1=19 W"A>k-ac Wetland Delineation Report Table 5. Wetland Functions and Values- High-Flow Charnel (Maplewood Creek) Function Existing Values Future Values Low-Flow Channel) Water Quality Low: banks are unstable; Moderate: palustrine shrub and herbaceous Improvement riparian vegetation insufficient plantings would help to filter and retain to filter or retain sediments. sediments;flood routing to high-flow channel would reduce sediment contribution. Flood Flow Alteration/ Low: creek is channeiized and Low to moderate: channel design provides Storm Water Control flows direct to Cedar River with overbank floodway; riparian plantings and no overbank floodway;riparian increased stem densities would help to slow vegetation Insufficient to flood velocities. attenuate flood flows. Groundwater Moderate: permanent flow and Low to moderate: bentonite clay liner may Exchange underlying permeable strata reduce opportunity for groundwater recharge. allow groundwater recharge. ' Natural Biological Low: little vegetation structure, Moderate: plantings would increase species Support(terrestrial low species diversity,no diversity and structure. Less maintenance habitat) habitat features,high levels disturbance,but recreation disturbance would of disturbance due to both continue to limit wildlife use. maintenance and recreation. iErosion/Shoreline Low: riparian vegetation Moderate: high-flood routing to high-flow ■ Protection• insufficient to protect shoreline; channel,channel shape,and bank plantings several areas of instability. would help to reduce erosion potential. Aquatic Resources Low: poor habitat for resident High: flood routing to high-flow channel would fish due to winter floods, prevent winter flooding;channel cross-sections insufficient flows in summer,no would stabilize summer flows; log weirs and streamside cover,no instream boulder placement would create instream habitat features. diversity and improved conditions for aquatic invertebrates;plantings would provide shade and cover. Socioeconomics Low:winter floods deposit silts, High: flood routing to high-flow channel would ' sands and gravels on fairways, reduce maintenance costs and improve water requiring frequent maintenance; quality and fish production. fish production is low. ' Aesthetics Low: channel has the High: meandering configuration,instream habitat appearance of a weedy ditch. habitat features and riparian plantings would create views similar to natural stream. Lower Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects w7anpeonhovhnar02.coatiramro►04 AW=C Wetland Delineation ii •.i Upper Sedimentation Basin, • •' 1993. Upper • - •ti* Basin, • vember ! .. 1995. • • Sheet I Wetland Delineation Report ir Lower Sedimentation Basin,November 1993 t �rY 1� Lower Sedimentation Basin,November 1995. Photo Sheet 2 Lower M o MaplewoodFloodingloS and Habitat Improvement Projects o� � Wetland Delineation Report High-Flow Channel (Maplewood Creek) ' November 1993. d 4 — f ' ` ' ✓ *Mt High-Flow Channel (Maplewood Creek) _ 1f _ ?..' r � , '� November 1993. L* Photo Sheet 3 1 Lower Maplewood Creek Flooding and Habitat Improvement Projects WPC\95PRO1\71610\PI0P02.DOC✓11/22195/09:03 AWSDC 1 1 APPENDIX 1 Field Data Sheets Showing Soils, Hydrology, and Vegetation Data for each Soil Pit 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 DATA. FORM 1 • WETLAND DETERMINATION Applicant n Application Project Name: /�—�'��� Number: Name: State: County: i Legal Description: Township: �/V Range: rj� ' Date: Plot� _ Section: (s Vegetation (list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (5 if only i or 2 layers) ) . Indicate species with observed morphological or known physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status Tre Herbs 1. 7. vvL bf a .� 7o 1 3. 9. 11�r6Sfi S R.1 �fG}G 5 Sa 1 n s/shrubs Woo vines 4y%„ 1644 105 r ` AC S 5 4. 10. I �C3�- 5. 11. ' .. 6. 12. z of species that Are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC: J, . Other indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes 1/ No Basis: Soil .o O Ate/ (� ' ��s S �' Series and p � On hydric soils list? Yes No�. Mottled: Yes No__Z_. Mottle color: Matrix color: l4j Gleyed: Yes No_x_ Other indicators: Hydnic soils: Yes No Basis: Hydrology Inundated: Yes No X Depth of standing water: _ Saturated soils: Yes V No Depth to saturated soil : Other indicators: Wetland hydrology: Yes No Basis: u/i4�vy-. (04W/J ' Atypical situation: Yes No Normal Circumstance�? Yes_1 No Wetland Determin ion: Wetland ✓ Nonvetland /00/ I Comments: _ {.� C ` �N iY- D -7 7` dam vC Deterr+tned b.: G .. 1 � DATA. FORM I — WETLAND DETERMINATION Applicant Application P r Pp Project �(�(a�y o/ Name: l.' b Number: Name: ff ( "—avaxvL State: W7� _County: Legal Description: Township:Z M Range: ISE ' Date: �lJr Plot . : L Section: 115 Vegetation [list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (S if only 1 or 2 layers) ] . Indicate species with observed morphological or known ' physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status Trees f Herbs D 1 / c i. In 4 �t ��y r F��' —�5 7. 10 � 1 �r</►�t Wl r'I�1►'1�+L1"'� 6 A G � 20 2. �Seb f5 q, h K'+��f�S ii �=�'J�t. S 8. T 1 3. T� `t l� J 9. Saplings/shrubs Woody vines ' 4. b L t,0 YA CZ+v✓.sa FA GLt, Z 10. �ws S. L� 11. �t�k5 ��scola•-- ����- Z5 6. 12. 1 of species that are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC: 5 Other indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes No Basis: Soil Series and phase: � 'oa w� On hydric soils list? Yes No Mottled: Yes ; No x Mottle color: Matrix color: lo.YQ 3 3 Cleyed: Yes No Other indicators: Hydr.ic soils: Yes No �; Basis: ' Hydrology Inundated: Yes No k Depth of standing water: Saturated soils: Yes ; No x Depth to saturated soil : Other indicators: Wetland hydrology: Yes ; No X Basis: ' Atypical situation: Yes ; No x Normal Circumstances? Yes / No Wetland Determination: Wetland ; Nonwetland Comments: Determined b.: � ( ' B2 DATA, FOR?! 1 • WETLAND DETERMINATION ' Applicant�t Application Project Name: '"�A o Number: Name: �.t,✓paQ� State: y County: f Legal Description: Township:�Y Ran ge:y5F Date: Plot . : . Section: 115 ' Vegetation [list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (5 if only 1 or 2 layers) ] . Indicate species with observed morphological or known ' physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status ' Tr Herbs 1. 77 P nki%,vV �s r� FAGS✓ to 2. 8. Ca -44ml'we, lb/ S�P.✓nc�V FA G LO 3. 9. A6y-,, ix I x FA C, Saplings/shrubs Woody vines W' JC4 ��o GG� ,F'9 G 4- I Q ' 4. S(,jC F/qG l lo. F� r ay Ct, FA SO 5. �%Pw1Ks ��aG..rpA� F�G T 11. 6. 12. z of species that are OBL, FACW,, and/or FAC: Other indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes V No Basis: Soil �l���d�+ ' Series and phase: S 'D On hydric soils list .? Yes N04 Mottled: Yes No X Mottle color: ?latrix color: (b ` k- 3�, Cleyed: Yes No X _ •Other indicators: Hydr.ic soils: Yes No^�; Basis: ' Hydrology Inundated: Yes No X Depth of standing water: Saturated soils: Yes ; No Depth to saturated soil: SG 4-1e, Other indicators: ' Wetland hydrology: YesV ; No Basis VL C1-}G Itt ' Atypical situation: Yes V No Normal Circum ces? Yes No Wetly Deter"mination: Wetland ✓ ; Nonwetland Comm nts: Determined bv: G� L N ��.✓ CAS , a z o l h kA,. DATA. FOR14 1 WETLAND DETERMINATION Applicant Application Project Nate: a Nu=ber: Name: ' State: County:� Legal Description: Towns hlp:Z3 J\J Range:Date: ( 1 Plot Section: ' Vegetation [list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (5 if only 1 or 2 layers) ] . Indicate species with observed morphological or known physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status Trees Herbs i. 7. 2. 8.v �l�x/uvYtlwta'���GL F�C 5 t3. 9.2c,v1 u h L VZ re114 S Gli✓ �� Saplings/shrubs Woody vines t �1�ts s( zo p/0y— FAat 10. (- l --�, TtWIC 5. �w�p� tm-5 i VA. t S L'14 CL 11. 6. 12. / Z of species that are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC: 65. Other. indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes No Basis: Soil A I6{o o=d ravel tt'�Vt l ti ' Series and phase: K/� 5 � �c�tt•� On hydric soils list'. Yes No, " Mottled: Yes ; No,_. Mottle color: Nacrix color: /O�Q Cleyed: Yes No)<f _ Other indicators: ' Hydr.ic soils: Yes No Basis: Hydrology Inundated: Yes No_'1L_. Depth of standing water: Saturated soils: Yes ; NoL—. Depth to saturated soil: Other indicators: Wetland hydrology: Yes ; Nox_. Basis: Atypical situat�;es : Yes7/es; No Normal Circumat ? Yes No Wetland De rmination• Wetland Nonvetland Comments:� c_"o ' � Deter-mined b.: B2 DATA. FORM 1 WETLAND DETERMINATION Applicant � Application Project Name. I( fiti'ti� Number: Name: Lvne7f, State: LLA _County: K'n, _ _Le al Description: Tovnship:23 L Range:5E Date: Plot I�Fe!T� Section: ZZ- ' Vegetation [list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (5 if only 1 or 2 layers) ] . Indicate species with observed morphological or known ' physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status ' Trees Herbs i. 7. tL kr.1ariS Gt'f H►�{i v1 R CG4�- � C�W OD 2. 8, Gam^`_Z/f`c vvt 3. 9. 'f o a, a�n�t�. FAC- 5 Saplings/shrubs Woody vines ' 4. 1�- its (�i S G% �'C.L L 5 10. 5o 14 h i,,A L (7(w FAG"t T 5. 11. 6. 12. z of species that Are OBL. FACW, and/or FAC: yJ . Other indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes V/' No Basis: Soil a� Series and phase: fLtLig �.� �0 On hydric soils list .? Yes No Mottled: Yes ; No • Mottle color: 1 p• Matrix color: 0 Cleyed: Yes No Other indicators: low✓ rQZvlcL� Hydr.ic soils: Yes No ; Basis: ' Hydrology Inundated: Yes Depth of standing water: ff cr Saturated soils: Yes No_:� No , Depth to saturated soil: `Z Other indicators: ' Wetland hydrology: Yes No Basis: Atypical situation: Yes ;/No Normal Circumstances? Yes V No / 1 Wetland Determination: , Wetland ; Nonvetland Comments: Determined bv: 82 DATk FORM I WETLAND DETERMINATION 1 Applicant � Application Project e Nam : G o Q� Number: Name: /BWe OL ' State: County:.I Legal Description: Township:D_Range:S Dace: �l (� l(� Plot Section: ZZ ' Vegetation [list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (5 if only 1 or 2 layers) ] . Indicate species with observed morphological or known physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status ' Trees Herbs 1. 7. dEq�t SG�H++�1 a rv�.vi FA G S 2. 8. /1(/ro sf� ie nit;S FA C, 10 3. 9. Poa. An n u.c`. Ff�C- ! O Sa lin s/shrubs Woody vines 4. A F iG _ T 10. Pula - �f u��/ « s�G•,,/ 5. P-Fulw5 fri�,4oGGty- r-ACG ( 11. 6. 0I'S Co ��" �19 G L(. ZO 12. 1 of species that are OBL, FACW,, and/or FAC: r5. Other indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes J No Basis: Soil ' Series and phase: Q' 00,44l, On hydrlc soils list? Yes Nox Mottled: Yes ; No _. Mottle color: Matrix color: JOYI2. aj,3 Cleyed:' Yes No Other indicators: Hydr.ic soils: Yes No X Basis: Hydrology Inundated: Yes No Y Depth of standing water: ' Saturated soils: Yes ; No—L—. Depth to saturated soil : , Ocher indicators: Wetland hydrology:1 Yes No Basis:Atypical situation: Yes `� ; No Normal Circumstances? Yes V No ' Wetland Determination: Wetland yonwetland X Comments: C/tt A-►1 VV_'�7�O� Determined bv: ' B2 DATA. FOR-4 1 _ WETLAND DETERMINATIn. ' Applicant Application Projject Name: Number: Name: (Ltd State: County: Legal Description: Township: Range:6-F Date: ►l Plo_l Z�j�Z� Section: Vegetation [list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (5 if only 1 or 2 layers) ) . Indicate species with observed morphological or known physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status Trees Herbs 1. 7. Ara sf;s f kip F/I G 30 2. 8. ( °ct, Q►'1►'1 L-t�-- F4 G I n 3. 9, +�,L.�, -1 FnGtL Z� Saplings/shrubs Woody vines 4• f� �wl�ts 'v��G�c�rG T" v>_-�s 5• 6. 12. z of species that are OBL. FACW. and/or FAC: Other indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes No Basis: Soil Series and phase: 1k a� �- On hydric soils list .' Yes ; No Mottled: Yes ; No Mottle Mottle color: `latrix color: Gleyed: Yes No Other indicators: Hydr.ic soils: Yes No Basis: ' Hydrology Inundated: Yes No X Depth of standing water: ' Saturated soils: Yes No X Depth to saturated soil: Other indicators: Wetland hydrology: Yes No Basis: Atypical situation: Yes / No Normal Circumstances? Yes ✓ No Wetland Determination: Wetland Nonvetland k Comments: Beter++lned by: /h 82 DATk FORM I ! WETLAND DETERMINATION ' Applicant Gr Application Project Name: Number: Name: (GWCO� State: ViA County: Legal Description: Township:Z) Range:Jee Date: It 6 Plot (� Section: ZZ Vegetation (list the three dominant species in each vegetation layer (5 if only 1 or 2 layers) ). Indicate species with observed morphological or known ! physiological adaptations with an asterisk. Indicator Indicator Species Status Species Status Tree Herbs 7. RAY-, �i-_5 1�mw 5 f��_A 2- 8. a�Gn-rs 3' 9. �6A G1 vj rl l�L� G4 Saplings/shrubs Woody vines ! 4. poP� �s fYo ,�ca r�� -- 10. 5. Q(,1 VJ ✓� 0 T 11. 6. 12. ' z of species that Are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC: Other indicators: Hydrophytic vegetation: Yes No Basis: Soil DD JJ Series and phase:` 411L^ 'j " On hydric soils list? Yes No x ! Mottled: Yes ; No Mottle color: 10 k4 - Matrix color: 10tp, I Cleyed: Yes No Other indicators: " ! Hydr-ic soils: Yes�o Basis: ! Hydrology Inundated: Yes No . Depth of standing water: Saturated soils: Yes V/ No Depth to saturated soil:19 ' Other indicators: ' Wetland hydrology: Yes ; No Basis: ' Atypical situation: Yes No Normal Circumstances? Yes No / ' Wetland Determination- Wetland y/ Nonvetland Comments: _ / 14;q v-�&lrz / ! /• //Q' De t o rr i ne d b v: L B2 � � � � i i � � r � � � � � � � � �