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CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET
Project Number: 2024-09-06723
Author: Emma A. Graves
Title of Report: Cultural Resource Assessment of Renton School District Parking
Lot, Renton, King County, Washington
Date of Report: September 23, 2024
County: King Section: 8 Township: 23 N Range: 5 E
Quad: Renton, WA (2023) Acres: 0.45
PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes
Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? Yes No
Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No
TCP(s) found? Yes No
Replace a draft? Yes No
Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No
Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No
DAHP Archaeological Site #:
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Cultural Resource Assessment of Renton School District Parking Lot, Renton,
King County, Washington
Prepared By:
Emma A. Graves, B.A.
Principal Investigator:
Garth L. Baldwin, M.A., RPA 16248
Prepared For:
Lisa Klein, AICP | Associate Principal
AHBL, Inc.
2215 North 30th Street, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98403
Drayton Archaeology Report: 0824O
September 23, 2024
DRAYTON ARCHAEOLOGY
PO Box 782 - Blaine, WA 98231-0782 - www.draytonarchaeology.com
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O i
CONTENTS
Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Regulatory Context ......................................................................................................................... 2
Project Location and Description.................................................................................................... 2
Background Review ........................................................................................................................ 7
Natural Environmental Setting ................................................................................................... 7
Geology and Topography ....................................................................................................... 7
Soils ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Flora and Fauna ....................................................................................................................... 8
Cultural Context .......................................................................................................................... 9
Precontact .............................................................................................................................. 10
Ethnographic ......................................................................................................................... 11
Historic Period ...................................................................................................................... 12
Cultural Resource Management Inventories and Documented Resources ............................... 13
Previous Cultural Resources and Sites ................................................................................. 13
National Registered Historic Places (NRHP) ....................................................................... 15
Recorded Cemeteries ............................................................................................................ 16
Cultural Resource Expectations .................................................................................................... 16
Field Investigation ........................................................................................................................ 16
Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................................. 24
Inadvertent Discovery Protocols ................................................................................................... 24
Archaeological Resources ......................................................................................................... 24
Human Burials, Remains, or Unidentified Bone(s) .................................................................. 25
References ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Appendix A: Shovel Probe Index ................................................................................................. 33
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1. A portion of the Renton, WA (2023) 7.5' USGS quad map of the project area. ............. 3
Figure 2. An aerial image illustrating the project area. ................................................................... 4
Figure 3. Site plans (1 of 2), courtesy of ABHL ............................................................................. 5
Figure 4. Site plans (2 of 2), courtesy of ABHL. ............................................................................ 6
Table 1. Cultural resource studies recorded within an approximate 1.6 km (one-mile) radius of
the project area. ..................................................................................................................... 14
Table 2. Recorded archaeological/historic sites within a 1.6 km (one-mile) radius of the project
area. ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 5. An aerial image illustrating test pit and shovel probe locations. ................................... 22
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O ii
LIST OF PHOTOS
Photo 1. Overview, north, of the project area from the southwest corner. ................................... 17
Photo 2. Southern overview of the project area from the northwest corner. ................................ 18
Photo 3. An overgrown portion of the project area, view is east. ................................................. 18
Photo 4. Test Pit 2 being mechanically excavated, view is west. ................................................. 19
Photo 5. Archaeological field technician screening a portion of the soil removed from Test Pit 1.
............................................................................................................................................... 20
Photo 6. The soil profile of Test Pit 1. .......................................................................................... 20
Photo 7. The typical soil profile observed in shovel probe EG 2. ................................................ 23
Photo 8. Shovel probe GA 3 showing the typical soil profile. ..................................................... 23
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 1
Cultural Resource Assessment of Renton School District Parking Lot, Renton, King County,
Washington
Authors: Emma A. Graves
Date: September 23, 2024
Location: Renton, King County, Washington
USGS Quad: Renton, WA 7.5-minute USGS Quadrangle (2023)
Township, Range, Section: T 23 N R 5 E S 8
SUMMARY
Drayton Archaeology (Drayton) was retained by AHBL to conduct an archaeological assessment
of 420 Park Avenue N (TPNs: 7224000676 and 7224000675), Renton, Washington for the
proposed construction of additional parking. The project involves the removal of a portion of
impervious parking area and the incorporation of present greenspace (lawn) to increase the size of
the parking lot for more capacity. At present an unpaved portion of the property will be
incorporated into the larger (proposed) parking lot. The purpose of this review is to assess the
project footprint for cultural resources that could complicate the proposed work. This
archaeological assessment was conducted to satisfy compliance requirements under the City of
Renton (the City) State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) checklist and, if cultural resources are
encountered, through RCW 27.53 as administered by the Washington Department of Archaeology
and Historic Preservation (DAHP).
Drayton’s cultural resources assessment consisted of a thorough background review, field
investigation, and production of this report. Background review concluded the project is in an area
of moderate probability for cultural resources based primarily on nearby cultural surveys, the 10
archaeological sites located within about one mile, as well as the topography, and ecological
context. On-site fieldwork included systematic visual inspection and subsurface investigation of
the project footprint. No precontact or historic archaeological deposits were encountered within
the project area during Drayton’s field investigation. Drayton recommends the project proceed
with no additional archaeological oversight.
Although no archaeological management or mitigation measures are recommended, the project is
located within an area of moderate probability for encountering cultural resources. A general
inadvertent discovery plan (IDP) for the information of all involved in the project is located at the
end of this document. It is the responsibility of all involved to ensure proper consideration for
cultural resources and to develop archaeological mitigation strategies, as needed.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 2
REGULATORY CONTEXT
The subject project is being reviewed and permitted through the City of Renton (the City) and is
subject to SEPA. SEPA requires that impacts on cultural resources be considered during the public
environmental review process. Under SEPA, the DAHP is the sole agency with technical expertise
regarding cultural resources and provides formal opinions to local governments and other state
agencies on a site’s significance and the impact of proposed projects upon such sites.
If archaeological resources are located, the project is subject to Washington State laws addressing
the protection of archaeological sites and Native American burials. The Archaeological Sites and
Resources Act (RCW 27.53) prohibits the disturbance of known precontact and historic
archaeological sites on public or private lands. The Indian Graves and Records Act (RCW 27.44)
prohibits the disturbance of American Indian graves and requires re-interment under the
supervision of the affected Indian tribe if inadvertent disturbance by construction or other activity
occurs.
PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
The project area consists of a approximate 587 square feet (0.45 acre) portion of the existing
parking lot at 420 Park Avenue N (TPNs: 7224000676 and 7224000675), Renton, Washington in
Township 23 North, Range 5 East, Section 8, of the Willamette Meridian (Figures 1 and 2). The
project, as proposed, involves the removal of portions of existing impervious surface and
undeveloped greenspaces (presently lawn) to increase the overall size of the existing parking lot,
providing more vehicle capacity (Figures 3 and 4). The total maximum depth of planned grading
and/or excavation is approximately six feet (or two meters) below the present surface to
accommodate proposed stormwater structures.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 3
Figure 1. A portion of the Renton, WA (2023) 7.5' USGS quad map of the project area.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 4
Figure 2. An aerial image illustrating the project area.
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Figure 3. Site plans (1 of 2), courtesy of ABHL
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Figure 4. Site plans (2 of 2), courtesy of ABHL.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 7
BACKGROUND REVIEW
An investigation of available archives informs us of the potential for encountering cultural
resources within project areas. Drayton’s consulted archives include documents related to
precontact and historic environmental and cultural contexts, previously recorded cultural resources
studies and site records, and selected published local historic accounts. Archaeological records are
obtained from the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation’s
(DAHP) Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data
(WISAARD). WISAARD is a restricted-access searchable geographic information system
containing locations of previously recorded cultural resources surveys conducted post-1995,
archaeological sites, historic sites, National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) sites, and
cemeteries and burials. For this project, Drayton reviewed cultural resource archives documented
within an approximate 1.6 kilometer (km) or one-mile (mi) radius of the project area.
The following sections detail the environmental, cultural, and archaeological circumstances that
inform Drayton’s archaeological assessment of the project area.
Natural Environmental Setting
The environmental setting of the region is presented here to appreciate the unique geologic
conditions responsible for the landscape formations that affected the lifeways of early inhabitants.
Natural geologic conditions also provide baseline context for the cultural resources assessment to
better understand how the landscape has been culturally modified by various human activities.
Geology and Topography
The project area lies within the Puget Lowland physiographic province. The Puget Lowland is a
physiographic province shaped by at least four (4) periods of extensive glaciation during the
Pleistocene (Easterbrook 2003, Waitt and Thorson 1983; Lasmanis 1991). Periodic glaciation
depressed and deeply scoured bedrock depositing sediments that were continually reworked as
glaciers advanced and retreated. These events resulted in the deposition of glacial till and outwash
across much of the region at the end of the last glacial period, the Fraser Glaciation (Easterbrook
2003). The Vashon Stade of the Frasier Glaciation began approximately 18,000 years ago. This
ice sheet advanced from British Columbia to just south of Olympia, enveloping the entire Puget
Lowland (Porter and Swanson 1998). This tremendous volume of ice scoured the underlying
bedrock and helped shape the present-day landscape. The ice retreated to present-day Seattle
approximately 13,500 years ago, and large areas south of Seattle were covered by recessional
outwash sands and gravel.
As the ice retreated, marine waters entered the lowlands carved out by the glacier, filling the Puget
Sound. Seawater lifted the ice causing it to fracture into berg ice. Everson glaciomarine drift
deposits dating between 12,500 and 11,500 years before present (BP) were released from the
melting glacial ice and deposited on the sea floor across the northern and central Puget Lowland
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 8
(Easterbrook 2003). The enormous weight of the ice depressed the land and as the crust rebounded,
relative sea levels fell, exposing drift deposits (Clague and James 2002; Easterbrook 2003). The
Cordilleran ice sheet advanced during the Sumas Stade of the Fraser Glaciation, ca. 11,600 to
10,000 BP, depositing glacial till and outwash sediments in northwestern Washington (Kovanen
and Easterbrook 2002).
The Cordilleran ice sheet disappeared approximately 10,000 years ago, bringing an end to the Ice
Age in this region. The melted ice resulted in the transport and deposit of rocks, sand, soil, and
debris along the regions scoured by the glacier. These deposited materials came to be called, “great
lowland fill” (Booth and Goldstein 1994). Rivers and streams altered the landscape by downcutting
through this glacial till and outwash for the next 10,000 years. The thousands of rivers and streams
within the Puget Lowland carved out valleys, created deltas, filled bays, and buried low-lying
shorelines, creating the modern landscape. The underlying geology in the area consists of Tertiary
sedimentary rocks (Lapen 2000). The bedrock is the Padden member of the Chuckanut Formation.
The Padden Member consists of sandstone and conglomerate alternating with mudstone and minor
amounts of coal dating to the late Eocene (Lapen 2000). These sedimentary rocks formed in a
broad river floodplain prior to the formation of the Cascade Mountains (Mustoe et al. 2007).
Soils
The University of California Davis Agriculture and Natural Resources, in conjunction with the
United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation District, developed an
interactive soil survey application that provides a description of native soils in specific locales.
According to the UC Davis SoilWeb database, soils within the project area are mapped as urban
land. There is no description info on the soil stratigraphy of the area (UCDavis SoilWeb n.d.).
Flora and Fauna
The project area is located within the Western Hemlock or Tsuga heterophylla vegetation zone.
The Western Hemlock Zone extends from the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, along the coast and
inland western slopes of the Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon states, to Sonoma County
in California. Dominating the mild and humid regions along the coast the Western Hemlock Zone
is influenced by maritime climatic zones (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Native vegetation includes
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and vine maple (Acer circinatum). Native Understory
vegetation includes bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), black raspberry or blackcap (Rubus
occidentalis), currants and gooseberries (Ribes spp.), deer fern (Blechnum spicant), devil’s club
(Oplopanax horridus), huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.), Indian plum or Oso berry (Oemleria
cerasiformis), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa), snowberry
(Symphoricarpos albus), sword fern (Polystichum munitum) and trailing blackberry (Rubus
ursinus) (Franklin and Dyrness 1973; Pojar and MacKinnon 1994). Large areas of prairie, oak
woodland, and pine forest are distributed throughout the southern Puget Sound basin (Franklin and
Dyrness 1973).
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 9
There is abundant and variable fauna, both past and present, native to the Seattle-Tacoma area and
in the surrounding waters. Marine mammals include orca (Orcinus orca), gray (Eschrichtius
robustus), and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whales, sea lions (Otariidae spp.), sea otters
(Enhydra lutris), Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Over
300 species of seasonal and permanent birds are present. Raptors such as bald eagles (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), northern harriers (Circus hudsonius), and
Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) frequent the inland and shoreline habitats. Shorebirds and
waterfowl including snow geese (Anser caerulescens), trumpeter (Cygnus buccinator) and tundra
(Cygnus columbianus) swans, great blue heron (Ardea erodias), goose (Branta canadensis), wood
duck (Aix sponsa), green-winged teal (Anas crecca), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), northern
pintail (Anas acuta), gadwall (Anas strepera), American wigeon (Anas americana), and red-
winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) often find refuge in the salt and freshwater marshes.
Fish, such as cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), dolly varden (Salvelinus malma), rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), steelhead
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka),
chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and chum salmon
(Oncorhynchus keta) are diversely available within the Puget Sound River valleys. Additionally,
kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) is found in Lake Washington (Suttles and Lane 1990). Shellfish,
including littleneck clam (Leukoma staminea), butter clams (Saxidomus giganteus), horse clams
(Tresus capax), cockles (Clinocardium nuttallii), geoducks (Panopea generosa), bay mussels
(Mytilus edulis), and native oysters (Ostrea lurida) are also widely found within saltwater sources.
In the past, the region supported a variety of large and small terrestrial mammals. Large mammal
species include elk /wapiti (Cervus canadensis), blacktail deer (Odocoileus hemionus), mountain
lion (Puma concolor), and black bear (Ursus americanus). Small mammals include rabbits
(Leporidae spp.), beaver (Castor canadensis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), coyote (Canis latrans),
northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), Townsend’s chipmunk
(Tamias townsendii), and Douglas’ squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii).
Cultural Context
A broad discussion of regional land use in the vicinity of the project area provides contextual
information regarding past inhabitants and the activities in which they engaged. It is important to
note that many of the name designations applied to Native inhabitants (particularly during contact
and early historic periods), are those given by European explorers, Euro-American settlers, and
others compiling information for treaty purposes.
Human occupation of the Puget Lowland is well documented in several archaeological,
ethnographic, and oral historical records (e.g., Ames and Maschner 1999; Greengo and Houston
1970; Larson and Lewarch 1995; Moss 2011; Nelson 1990; Suttles 1974). British Columbia
Northwest Coast Culture traditions are closely related and can be viewed in Borden (1950; 1975),
Carlson and Dalla Bona (1996), Fladmark (1982), and Matson and Coupland (1995).
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 10
Precontact
Puget Lowland archaeology has traditionally been subdivided into three time periods: the early
(approximately 12,000 to 5,000 years BP), middle (approximately 5,000 to 1,000 BP) and late
periods (approximately 1,000 to 250 BP) (Carlson 1983). However, calibrated radiocarbon dates
from the Bear Creek site (45KI839) located in Redmond, Washington date to 12,420 - 12,690 years
BP (Kopperl et al. 2015). The date ranges associated with the archaeological time periods of this
region are fluid and subject to change when new sites are located and dated.
The early period is characterized by activities to support habitation within subsistence practices
along river terraces or outwash channels. Tool technology is primarily characterized by flaked
stone tools including fluted projectile points, leaf-shaped points, and cobble-derived tools. These
artifacts are often attributed to the Olcott phase, named after the site-type near Arlington and
Granite Falls (Baldwin 2008; Kidd 1964; Mattson 1985). As suggested by Mattson (1985) and
Kidd (1964), Olcott sites are generally located away from modern shorelines, where occupation
took place along terraces of active water courses of the time. Today, these past habitation areas are
often found away from modern rivers, as the course of waterways and channels have shifted over
time. Besides the lithic assemblage, little faunal or organic evidence dates to this period - likely a
result of poor preservation due to soil composition and elapsed time. The lack of organic evidence
and the abundance of lithic materials unintentionally skew the archaeological record to suggest a
specialization of terrestrial hunting practices.
The middle period coincides with a stabilization of the physical environment and climate to
modern conditions. The middle period is noted for its increased artifact and trait diversity including
a full woodworking toolkit comprised of bone and antler implements, art and ornamental objects,
status differentiation in burials, and extremely specialized fishing and sea-mammal hunting
technologies (Ames and Maschner 1999; Matson and Coupland 1995; Moss 2011; Wessen 1990).
Lithic technology becomes specialized to include smaller notched points and ground stone (Moss
2011; Nelson 1990; Wessen 1990). Shell midden sites first appeared during this period, indicating
a transition to a predominantly maritime-based subsistence pattern (Matson and Coupland 1995;
Nelson 1990; Thompson 1978). Although structural elements such as post molds have been
identified (Moss 2011; Nelson 1990), habitation structures have not been excavated.
The late period is dominated by a settlement pattern along the coastline, streams, and rivers that
show evidence of increased fortification (Ames and Maschner 1999; Matson and Coupland 1995;
Moss 2011). Rising sea levels and riparian environments supporting large salmon runs allowed
salmon to become a predominant food source (Moss 2011; Wessen 1990). The late period is
generally recognized by an apparent decrease in artifact diversity. Stone carving and chipped stone
technologies nearly disappear, while trade goods (indicating extensive trade networks along the
coast and with inland plateau peoples), increase (Moss 2011; Nelson 1990; Thompson 1978).
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 11
Ethnographic
The project area is in the traditional territory of the Dxʷdəwʔabš or the Duwamish. Conflicting
reports exist regarding the extent of the traditional Duwamish Territory. Gibbs reported in 1877
that the Duwamish and Sukwamish occupied Elliott Bay, Bainbridge Island, and a portion of the
peninsula between Hood Canal and Admiralty Inlet (Indian Claims Commission 1974). Haberlin
and Gunther (1930) report that the Duwamish, Dux̣uduwa’bc, also nicknamed the Renton Indians,
lived about the present site of Seattle, with their territory extending from Muckleshoot lands in the
south to Suquamish territory in the north. Waterman describes the Duwamish people of the Little
Cedar River, as living in the present town of Renton, at the southern end of Lake Washington, but
that the name Duwamish refers to people living at a specific locality near a certain spring (Hilbert
et al. 2001).
More broadly, people who lived in the area were part of a group known as the Southern Coast
Salish which covered a wide swath of Puget Sound, from as far north as the Fraser Valley and
south to Mount Rainier (Ames 2003). The Duwamish spoke a southern dialect of Lushootseed
(Suttles and Lane 1990), a linguistic group reported to have extended from Samish Bay to the
southern extent of Puget Sound, including the major surrounding river drainages. The strongest
cultural ties were held between groups within the same drainage system, though the Lushootseed
social network extended throughout the Southern Coast Salish region.
Precontact and ethnographic Duwamish settlements, like other Coast Salish groups, were often
located along major waterways and at the heads of bays or inlets where abundant resources of
coastal and estuarine environments supported a relatively rich, diverse, and reliable subsistence
base. During the winter months, these groups lived in large villages of cedar plank houses at
permanent settlements and during the spring and summer in seasonal encampments while fishing,
hunting, and plant and berry collecting. Specialized fishing for salmon using traps, prongs, and
nets was conducted. Anadromous fish found in creeks would likely have been taken using weirs
and willow and stone traps (Greengo and Houston 1970; Suttles and Lane 1990).
According to Suttles and Lane (1990), vegetable foods were more common among the Southern
Coast Salish compared to other groups along the Pacific coast, with bracken, camas, and wapato
being the most imported. Vegetable foods, along with salmon, waterfowl, shellfish, and cedar bark
were processed using a wide variety of stone, bone, antler, and wooden tools. Cedar was heavily
used by the Southern Coast Salish by removing large strips of the bark and processing the material
down to fibers that could be woven into clothing, mats, blankets, and rope (Suttles and Lane 1990).
Following the arrival of Euro-American settlers in Puget Sound by the mid-1850s and subsequent
negotiations between Tribal groups and the United States government in 1855, Tribal groups ceded
their territorial lands to the United States government. The Sammamish were thought to have been
assigned to the Tulalip (formerly the Snohomish) or Suquamish (Port Madison) Reservation, while
other subgroups of the Duwamish were forced to other reservations, including the Muckleshoot
(Ruby and Brown 1992).
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 12
Ethnographic work conducted by Thomas Talbot Waterman (T.T. Waterman), a prominent
northwest ethno-geographer, represents a vast reference of Native American village locations
within the Puget Sound region. After studying under Franz Boaz in 1909 and 1910, Waterman
spent 1918- 1920 teaching anthropology and sociology at the University of Washington where he
recruited students to assist with his ethno-geographic analysis of the Puget Sound (Hilbert et al.
2001). Through his work, Waterman recorded over one (1) thousand names of village locations
and place names occupied by the people of the Sound. Waterman never published this work, and
in 1998 Vi (taqw səblu) Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai (ʔəswəli) Zahir took on the task of
transcribing Waterman’s work into the Lushootseed alphabet, as well as mapping the place names
into a manuscript for publication. Shoreline landmark sites are common, especially those located
in protected bays or located at headlands, or at the mouths of streams. People living around Lake
Washington were collectively known as Xacua'bs or hah-choo-AHBSH, or ‘lake dwellers’; that is,
people of HAH-choo, meaning ‘a large lake’ and referring to present-day Lake Washington. These
people were described as composing an independent social group geographically located between
the Duwamish and Snoqualmie (Ballard 1929; Hilbert et al. 2001).
Two (2) ethnographically recorded place names are located on the shores of Lake Washington.
s€ayahus or “a type of monster,” is located opposite the north end of Mercer Island on the shore
of Lake Washington, (Hilbert et al. 2001). s€ayahus refers to a supernatural monster that lived at
this location. Hwoqwe’yEqaiEks or “rushes used for a certain kind of matting,” is located just north
of s€ayahus and was the location for a certain type of rush that was smaller than a cattail (Hilbert
et al. 2001).
Historic Period
Robert Gray was the first American to explore the coastline of Washington State in 1788 - 1789.
Captain George Vancouver of Britain explored the Puget Sound region extensively and claimed
the entire territory for the British government in 1792. The Americans and their government
largely ignored Vancouver’s claim of the territory for Britain (Ritter 2003). The 1803 Louisiana
Purchase extended American territory into the Northwest with undetermined boundaries. The
Lewis and Clark expedition began the formal effort by the United States to explore and eventually
settle the northwest. From 1818 until the early 1840s, the United States and Britain agreed to
coexist in the Oregon Territory, which extended from the northern border of California to the
southern border of Alaska and included all land west of the Rocky Mountains.
Following closely on the heels of explorers were those in search of profits from the land’s abundant
resources. Loggers and trappers could easily collect these resources and transport them over water
to larger ports. To gain control of the northwest, the British established a northwest branch of the
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) consisting of French-Canadian and British fur traders. The HBC
became Britain’s legal extension in the territory. They operated from their base at Fort Vancouver,
near present-day Vancouver in Clark County, as well as at Fort Nisqually, established in 1833.
Fort Nisqually served as a halfway point between Fort Vancouver and trading posts in Canada,
serving as a trading location with many Puget Sound groups (Ruby and Brown 1992; Kirk and
Alexander 1995).
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 13
The late 1830s brought with it many Americans migrating into the northwest from areas in the east
because of economic depression and poor farming conditions. In 1850, the Donation Land Claim
Act (DLC) was enacted by Congress to increase the American population in the region. The Land
Act allowed any man over the age of 18 years to claim 320 acres of land if it was cultivated for at
least four (4) years. If the man was married, he could claim an additional 320 acres. In the period
of just a few years, the Northwest experienced a relative increase in population (Avery 1965).
Opportunities for logging, gravel mining, and farming brought settlers to Lake Washington from
the 1860s onward (Harvey 1993). Workers at logging camps and lumber mills processed timber
into lumber and shingles, subsequently shipped by steamer to Seattle. By 1900, nearly all the old-
growth timber around Lake Washington was gone (Davis 1973).
Lake Washington underwent significant changes in the early 1900s. In 1912 the Cedar River was
dredged by a commercial waterway district to stabilize the channel. Before channelization, the
Cedar River flowed into the Black River but would periodically flood and migrate northward into
Lake Washington. To control flooding and stabilize the channel the Cedar River was dredged and
permanently diverted into Lake Washington and the former adjacent wetlands were filled with slag
imported from the Renton coalmines. Following the in-filling of the former estuary, the area has
been extensively developed and now serves as an industrial area.
Though many attempts to create a channel from the freshwater to the saltwater had been
undertaken during the previous decades, it was not until the early 1900s that Mercer’s idea to link
Lake Washington to Puget Sound finally came to fruition as construction began in earnest on the
locks and canals (Williams 2017). Water levels in the lakes needed to be at equal elevations,
resulting in Lake Washington being lowered by nearly three (3) meters (m) or nine (9) feet (ft)
through the canal and the Montlake Cut. Numerous boatyards sprang up along the shores of Lake
Union at the time, becoming one (1) of the top wooden boat-building centers in the world (Becker
2007). The grand opening celebration of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and Government Locks
occurred in 1917 (Williams 2017), providing more industrial opportunities to arise in the area.
Between 1907 and 1911, and again from 1928 to 1931, efforts were conducted to regrade Denny
Hill, transforming the gentle valley into an open plain.
Cultural Resource Management Inventories and Documented Resources
Previous cultural resources studies conducted in the vicinity of the subject project were reviewed
to provide archaeological context for this assessment. The review of past work, along with the
specific topographic and ecological contexts of a particular property contributes to the construction
of expectations for, and determining the probability of, encountering cultural resources.
Previous Cultural Resources and Sites
A review of the DAHP’s WISAARD database was conducted on September 5, 2024. According
to the available data on WISAARD, fifty-three (53) cultural resources studies are recorded within
a 1.6 km (one-mile) radius of the project area, the ten most relevant studies in proximity to the
project are listed in Table 1. These studies were largely conducted to satisfy regulatory compliance
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 14
related to infrastructure and development projects or occur near site 45KI01344 a historic debris
scatter consisting of glass, stoneware, and bone-China fragments (Andersen 2017). Nine other
archaeological sites are recorded within a 1.6 km (one-mile) radius of the project area (Table 2).
Table 1. Cultural resource studies recorded within an approximate 1.6 km (one-mile) radius of the
project area.
Citation Report Title Results
Graves et al.
2023
Cultural Resource Assessment of a Comcast Fiber Installation at Renton
High School (400 S 2nd Street [Parcel 0007200060]), Renton, King County,
Washington
Negative
Trost and
Boersema 2021
Cultural Resources Assessment for the Burnett Ave S and Williams Ave S
Water Quality Retrofit Project, City of Renton, Washington
Negative
Baldwin et al.
2019
Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue Street Level
Modifications Project, Renton, King County, Washington
Negative
Kramer et al.
2016
Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Renton Commons Project, King
County, Washington
Negative
Baldwin and
Chambers 2014
Cultural Resources Assessment for the Logan Avenue North Roadway
Improvements Project, Renton, King County, Washington
Negative
Shong and
Rinck 2011
Archaeological Assessment for Phase 1 of the Renton High School Field
Improvement Project King County, Washington
45KI1009,
45KI1010
Kanaby 2011 Cultural Resources Survey for Cedar River 205 Levee Repair Project on the
Cedar River in Renton, Washington Sections 7 of Township 23 North Range
5 East
Negative
Lenz 2010 A Cultural Resources Survey of Proposed Autozone Property, Renton,
Washington
Negative
Dellert and
Silverman 2010
Archaeological Resources Assessment for the City of Renton Lake Avenue
South Storm System Project, King County, Washington
Negative
Berger 2009 Cultural Resources Assessment of the Renton Lutheran Compass Center –
Regional Veterans Complex Project, Renton, King County, WA
Negative
Table 2. Recorded archaeological/historic sites within a 1.6 km (one-mile) radius of the project area.
Smithsonian
Number
Site Type Site Description Year Recorded Updated
45KI01686 Historic Road Mid twentieth century rail trolly line and brick
road
2023 2023
45KI01344 Historic Debris Scatter Stoneware fragment, bone China fragment,
window glass fragment, clear glass lid, glass
fragments (brown, blue, green), condiment
bottle
2017 2017
45KI01218 Historic Debris 5 condiment bottles, 8 clear glass fragments,
canning jar lid, fiesta ceramic fragments (cup
and plate, cobalt and turquoise), 4 whiteware
ceramics (one decorated), wire nails and metal
fragments
2014 2014
45KI01009 Historic Debris Wire nails, glass fragments (clear, green,
amber, brown), two vessel glass shards
(brown, clear), whiteware, terracotta,
porcelain fragments, coal fragments, railroad
spike
2011 2011
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 15
Smithsonian
Number
Site Type Site Description Year Recorded Updated
45KI00587 Precontact
Hunting/Fishing Camp
Fire Modified rocks, charcoal, calcified fish
bone and shell, jasper and chalcedony
debitage
2004 2004
45KI00686 Precontact Hearths Two hearth features, fire modified rocks,
charcoal
2003 2003
45KI00501 Precontact Habitation Flat shell midden strata, possible hearth
features
2001 2001
45KI00538 Historic Railroad Railroad tunnel, ties, trestles, spikes, bridges,
telephone poles, ceramic fragments, switches
and lights
1996 1996
45KI00542 Historic Debris Brick piles (bricks labeled «Renton» or
«Columoi»), drainage tiles, railroad ties,
cartwheels (labeled «Craftsman/Ball
Bearing»), aluminum roofing/siding
1996 1996
The nearest site to the project area is 45KI01344, a historic debris scatter. Located approximately
half a mile southwest of the proposed project area, on the west bank of the Cedar River, in between
the southeast side of the Renton Municipal Airport and Perimeter Rd. The site mainly consists of
glass fragments (clear, brown, blue, green) from lids, windows and containers, an intact condiment
bottle was also found. A singular instance of stoneware and bone China fragments have been
recorded. (Andersen 2017)
National Registered Historic Places (NRHP)
There are three NRHP eligible properties within a 1.6 km (one mile) radius of the project. The
closest property is 45KI00209, a historic fire station located on the intersection of Houser Way S
and Mill Ave S, approximately 1.13 km (0.70 miles) south from the project area. The fire station
completed construction in 1942, designed by Ivan M. Palmaw in the Art Deco style, to replace the
old wooden fire station built at the turn of the century for Renton’s firefighters. The growing
population of Renton from Boeing company employees caused a strain on the original fire station
and the federal government sent funds to build a station to house a larger capacity of firefighters.
The structure itself has had very little change in design. (Jayne and Collins 1978)
The second closest property is 45KI00074, a substation built by the Snoqualmie Falls Power
Company, located on 1017 South 3rd Street approximately 1.17 km (0.73 miles) south from the
project area. The square brick building was originally built in 1898 to connect the city of Renton
to the newly constructed hydroelectric powered grid. Although home use of electricity wasn’t
possible until 1909. The grid ran for 153 miles total in length from Snoqualmie to Seattle and
Tacoma. Over time the original companies would merge into Puget Sound Power in 1940 and later
into Puget Sound Energy. (Collins 1981)
The last historic property is 45KI01259 is located at 710 South 3rd Street, approximately 1.2 km
(0.75 miles) south of the project area. 45KI01259 is the FW Woolworth Co. store, originally two
separate buildings, the store was part of a popular chain of retail stores that helped facilitate the
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 16
growth of Renton when it opened in 1954. FW Woolworth used a self-service model, the first in
Washington. Later additions were added to the structure itself in later renovations and expansions.
(Allyn 2015)
Recorded Cemeteries
There is one cemetery recorded within a 1.6 km (one-mile) radius of the project area. 45KI00888
is a historic cemetery located on Blaine Ave NE approximately 1.2 km (0.75 miles) southeast of
the project area. Mt Oliver Cemetery was built in 1891 for the Residents of Renton (Sartori 1891).
In 2010 the remains of 205 indigenous people were buried within the cemetery (Compton 2010).
CULTURAL RESOURCE EXPECTATIONS
Based on the preceding background review, Drayton concludes that the project is located within
an area of moderate probability for historic-era or precontact cultural deposits, structures, or
isolated items. This assessment is based on nearby cultural surveys as well as the ten archaeological
sites located within a mile.
If precontact materials are present, they may include remnants associated with habitation,
subsistence practices, or ceremonial activities. Shell midden, vestiges of temporary habitation
areas and dwellings, lithic scatters, trails, hearths, fire modified rock, faunal remains, and other
materials associated with precontact life may be represented. Historic-era remnants of early Euro-
American settlement and subsequent occupation are also considered.
FIELD INVESTIGATION
Drayton employs standard archaeological field methods to assess the potential for cultural
resources within the project area. Field methods include a thorough visual inspection of the
property and subsurface examination of soils. Visual inspection includes a detailed surface survey
of the areas proposed for ground alteration (or other impact) to examine existing ground
disturbances and locate surficial cultural materials or structures with historic or archaeological
importance or cultural concern. Subsurface examination through the excavation of shovel probes
or large-scale mechanical excavation provides a detailed sample of soil conditions to assess the
potential for, or presence/absence of, buried archaeological deposits. Subsurface excavation is
typically dependent upon considerations of the landform, topography, project proposal, and
geologic conditions.
Drayton’s archaeological assessment was conducted on September 13, 2024, by archaeological
field technicians Emma Graves and Guy Adamo. The weather conditions were cloudy with
seasonal temperatures. A visual inspection of the project area was conducted to examine the
terrain, observe existing ground disturbances, and locate surficial cultural materials. The project
area is in an urban area along Park Ave North and North 5th Street (Photos 1 & 2). There are two
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 17
parking lots within the project area as well as two large grassy areas. Many buried utilities are
located within the project area. Portions of the project area are very overgrown (Photo 3). No
cultural materials were observed during the visual inspection of the APE.
Photo 1. Overview, north, of the project area from the southwest corner.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 18
Photo 2. Southern overview of the project area from the northwest corner.
Photo 3. An overgrown portion of the project area, view is east.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 19
Two (2) geo-test pits were mechanically excavated throughout the project area (Photos 4). The
excavated test pits consisted of mechanically excavated trenches approximately 1 meter (3 feet)
wide, 2 – 3 meters (6.5 – 9.8 feet) long, and 3.3 meters (11 feet) deep. Portions of the soil were
sample screened (Photo 5). The test pits were completely backfilled, and the locations were marked
with a GPS point to compose a site sketch map. The soil stratigraphy observed in these test pits is
documented in Appendix A (Photo 6). No cultural materials were observed during the geo-test
monitoring.
Photo 4. Test Pit 2 being mechanically excavated, view is west.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 20
Photo 5. Archaeological field technician screening a portion of the soil removed from Test Pit 1.
Photo 6. The soil profile of Test Pit 1.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 21
Five (5) shovel probes were excavated within the project area (Figure 5). Standard shovel probes
consist of cylindrical pits measuring approximately 40 cm (15.75 in) in diameter. No
predetermined target depth is set for probing, as depths are based upon geologic conditions, water
table, degree of disturbance, and professional judgment. Ideally, shovel probes are considered
complete when at least 20 cm (approx. 8 in) of sterile soils are observed or an intact stratum of
glacial deposits is encountered. Soils excavated from probes were screened through a shaker screen
with quarter-inch hardware cloth. The shovel probes were completely backfilled, and the locations
marked with a GPS to compose a site sketch map.
Soil profiles were mostly consistent with the previously described soils mapped for the area. The
typical soil profile observed consisted of an initial layer of grayish dark brown to gray-brown silty
loam, and a second pale gray to grayish brown clay loam to silt (Photos 7 & 8). A description of
the soil sequence and composition of each shovel probe is described fully in Appendix A. No
cultural materials were encountered during the field investigation.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 22
Figure 5. An aerial image illustrating test pit and shovel probe locations.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 23
Photo 7. The typical soil profile observed in shovel probe EG 2.
Photo 8. Shovel probe GA 3 showing the typical soil profile.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 24
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Drayton’s cultural resources assessment consisted of a thorough background examination, field
investigation, and production of this report. A professional archaeologist who meets or exceeds
the criteria set forth in RCW: 27.53 conducted this review and concluded the project is located in
an area of moderate probability for cultural resources. This assessment is based primarily on
nearby cultural surveys, the ten archaeological sites located within a mile as well as the project’s
proximity to known archaeological sites, topography, and ecological context. No cultural materials
were located during the field investigation. Based on the results of this review, Drayton
recommends that the project proceed without further archaeological oversight.
Subsurface testing is employed as a cost-effective means to evaluate subsurface conditions and
locate buried cultural resources; however, it is not exhaustive. Therefore, no shovel testing regimen
is 100% accurate in recovering or locating buried cultural resources. Regardless, Washington State
law provides for the protection of all archaeological resources under Washington State Revised
Codes of Washington (RCW) Chapter 27.53, Archaeological Sites and Resources. Be advised that
the unauthorized removal, theft, and/or destruction of archaeological resources and sites are strictly
prohibited. Further, this statute provides for prosecution and financial penalties, including
consultation and the recovery of archaeological resources, for those found in violation. Additional
legal oversight is provided for Indian burials and grave offerings under RCW Chapter 27.44,
Indian Graves and Records. RCW 27.44 states that the willful removal, mutilation, defacing,
and/or destruction of Indian burials constitute a Class C felony. Washington legal code, RCW
68.50.645 - Duty to Notify, provides a strict protocol for the notification of law enforcement and
other interested parties if any human remains, regardless of perceived patrimony, are encountered.
The following section, Inadvertent Discovery Protocols, outlines the recommended procedures
that property owners, project managers, construction crews, and others responsible for work should
follow if cultural materials are encountered during project activities.
INADVERTENT DISCOVERY PROTOCOLS
Archaeological Resources
If archaeological resources (e.g., shell midden, faunal remains (bones), stone tools, historic glass,
metal, or other materials) are observed during project activities, all work in the immediate vicinity
must stop and the area secured. The project archaeologist must be contacted immediately to inspect
the materials and contact relevant parties. An assessment of the materials and consultation with
government and tribal cultural resources staff is a requirement of Washington law. Once the
situation has been assessed, steps to proceed can be determined.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 25
Human Burials, Remains, or Unidentified Bone(s)
If human remains or indeterminate bones are encountered, work must stop immediately. The area
surrounding the remains must be secured and of adequate size to protect them from further
disturbance until the DAHP provides notice to proceed. The discovery of any human skeletal
remains must be reported to law enforcement immediately. The county medical examiner/coroner
will assume jurisdiction over the human skeletal remains to determine whether those remains are
forensic or non-forensic. If the county medical examiner/coroner determines the remains are non-
forensic, the State Physical Anthropologist at the DAHP will assume jurisdiction over the remains.
The DAHP will notify appropriate cemeteries and all affected tribes of the disturbed remains. The
State Physical Anthropologist will determine whether the remains are Native or Non-Native origin
and report that finding to appropriate cemeteries and affected tribes. The DAHP will handle all
consultation with the affected parties as to the future preservation, excavation, and deposition of
the remains and authorize a timeline for the continuation of work.
Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 26
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Drayton Archaeology Report 0824O 33
APPENDIX A: SHOVEL PROBE INDEX
DEPTH
BELOW
SURFACE
(CM)
SOIL DESCRIPTIONS RESULTS
GA 1
0 – 40 Grayish dark brown silty loam, loose, high number of rounded cobbles and gravel,
modern trash Modern trash
40 – 68 Pale gray silty loam, compact mottling, very low number of rounded cobbles and
gravel
GA 2
0 – 16 Dark brown silty loam, loose, fine roots, high number of rounded cobbles and
gravel
Modern trash
(ceramic
tiles, plastic,
concrete)
16 – 52 Pale gray clay loam, compacted, friable, mottling, glacial
GA 3
0 – 50 Pale brown silty loam, very compacted medium to fine roots, high number of
rounded cobbles/gravel
Negative
EG 1
0 – 12 Gray silty sand, compacted, fine roots, approximately 40-60% gravel Negative
12 – 29 Gray rock, compacted, chunks of concrete Modern trash
(concrete)
29 – 54 Brown silty clay, blocky, compacted, orange iron mottling Negative
EG 2
0 – 13 Grayish dark brown silty loam, loose, high number of rounded cobbles and gravel,
modern trash
Modern
Trash
13 – 33 Grayish brown gravelly silt with compacted gravel Negative
33 – 57 Brown silt with clay and orange iron mottling
Test Pit 1
Layer 1 Gray-brown silty sandy loam, gravelly, rounded and small cobbles
Layer 2 Orangish brown gravelly silt, with some small cobbles, modern trash (plastic and concrete)
Layer 3 Brown silt with clay and orange iron mottling
Layer 4 Blueish gray sandy silt with orange iron mottling
Layer 5 Blueish gray silty clay
Test Pit 2
Layer 1 Gray-brown silty sandy loam, gravelly, rounded and small cobbles
Layer 2 Concrete
Layer 3 Gray-brown loam with a high percentage of small angular gravels
Layer 4 Brown silt with clay and orange iron mottling, some wood chunks
Layer 5 Brown sand coarse grain with some gray mottling
Layer 6 Blueish gray silty clay