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Home My WebLink AboutLUA25-000312 Iden's Dealer Services MIDP (Redacted) Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington Privileged information in this document has been redacted. Submitted to: Iden’s Dealer Services, LLC Submitted by: Historical Research Associates, Inc. Karla Hambelton, MA, RPA Jordan Pickrell, PhD, RPA HRA Seattle, Washington March 2026 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington This project was implemented by HRA Principal Investigator Jordan Pickrell, PhD, RPA, who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s professional qualifications standards for archaeology. This report is intended for the exclusive use of the Client and its representatives. It contains professional conclusions and recommendations concerning the potential for project-related impacts to archaeological resources based on the results of HRA’s investigation. It should not be considered to constitute project clearance regarding the treatment of archaeological resources or permission to proceed with the project described in lieu of review by the appropriate reviewing or permitting agency. This report should be submitted to the appropriate state and local review agencies for their comments prior to the commencement of the project. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington i Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH 4 2.1 PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES 4 2.2 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 18 2.3 CEMETERIES 8 2.4 HISTORIC-PERIOD MAPS 8 2.5 DAHP ARCHAEOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL 13 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 14 3.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 14 3.2 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION 15 3.3 FAUNA 15 4 CULTURAL CONTEXT 17 4.1 INDIGENOUS HISTORY 17 4.2 OTHER HISTORIC-PERIOD DEVELOPMENTS 22 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPECTATIONS 26 6 POTENTIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 27 6.1 PRECONTACT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 27 6.2 HISTORIC-PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 27 7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING PROCEDURES AND INADVERTENT DISCOVERY PLAN 29 7.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING PROCEDURES 29 7.2 PROCEDURES TO FOLLOW WHEN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITOR IS NOT PRESENT 32 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1 1 Introduction Iden’s Dealer Services, LLC (Iden’s), is proposing improvements to their property (the Project). The Project is located at 102 Lake Ave. S, Renton, King County, Washington. The parcel is approximately 0.5 acres and is owned by Iden’s Dealer Services, LLC (parcel no. 3806000045), in Township 23 North, Range 5 East, Section 18, Willamette Meridian (Figure 1-1). The area of impacts (AI) for the Project encompasses the entire 0.5-acre parcel. The AI includes an existing commercial building, surrounded by paved surfaces. There are no permeable surfaces within the AI (Figure 1-2). The Project proposes new parking areas and drainage. Ground disturbance will occur during installation of a wash bay at the northeast corner of the building and connection an associated drain line to the existing sewer (maximum depth 5 ft). Additional ground disturbance will consist of grading in the parking lot to reconfigure parking areas and planters north and south of the building (maximum depth 2 ft) and installation of wrought iron fencing to replace the existing chain link fencing along the south and east property lines. Project plans are provided in Appendix A. The Project will require a conditional use permit (CUP) from the City of Renton, making it subject to the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). SEPA outlines a process for identifying possible environmental impacts that may result from governmental decisions and requires that agencies consider impacts to cultural resources during the environmental review process for their projects (Washington Department of Ecology 2024). Under SEPA, the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) and other consulting parties provide technical expertise and may issue formal opinions to local governments and other state agencies regarding a project’s potential impacts to historic properties (i.e., resources that are eligible for listing in or listed in the National Register of Historic Places [NRHP]). Upon receiving a request from the Duwamish Tribe, the City of Renton added a condition to the CUP for the Project requiring an archaeological monitoring and inadvertent discovery plan (MIDP) and archaeological monitoring during ground disturbance for the Project. Regulations in the Revised Code of Washington (RCW), including RCW 27.44, Indian Graves and Records, and RCW 27.53, Archaeological Sites and Resources (as amended), also apply. No state or federal funds are anticipated for the Project. Iden’s retained Historical Research Associates, Inc. (HRA), to provide archaeological investigations in support of the Project including the following background records and literature review and MIDP. This report will guide subsequent archaeological monitoring during ground disturbance for the Project. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 2 Figure 1-1. AI shown on a topographic quadrangle map. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 3 Figure 1-2. AI shown on recent aerial imagery. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 4 2 Archival Research HRA conducted an archival record search Archaeologist Karla Hambelton reviewed the DAHP online database (Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data [WISAARD]) for archaeological site records, cultural resources survey reports, historic register information, and cemetery records. She also reviewed the statewide archaeological risk assessment model on WISAARD, which shows risk levels for encountering archaeological resources within the AI. Additionally, staff searched HRA’s in-house library for information on the environmental, archaeological, and historical context of the AI and vicinity. They reviewed historic-period plats from the U.S. Surveyor General (USSG) General Land Office (GLO) for the presence of structures and features that might have been present within the AI, as well as indicators of potential archaeological sites and past land-use patterns. They also reviewed other historic-period maps and atlases (i.e., Kroll, Metsker, Sanborn, and U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] maps) for historic- period structures, sites, features, and changes in the vicinity of the AI. In addition, they reviewed ethnographic sources (e.g., Hilbert et al. 2001; Thrush 2007) for information regarding place names, burials, and land-use practices. 2.1 Previous Cultural Resource Studies There have been 72 previous cultural resources studies since 1995 (Table 2-1). None have taken place within the AI itself. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 6 The remainder of the subsurface surveys included thirteen associated with commercial construction (Boersema 2006; Hodges 2004, 2007; Hodges and Piston 2005; Kaehler 2007; Kramer et al. 2016; Metz and Cooper 2014; Shong 2003; Smith and Hoffman 2007; Trudel and Larson 2003a, 2003b, 2003c, 2003d). In addition to shovel probing, sonic coring (Kaehler 2007) and backhoe trenching (Shong 2003) were utilized. Four subsurface surveys were conducted in support of transportation infrastructure (Bowden and Dampf 2005; Bundy 2008; Ives et al. 2016; Smith et al. 2014), and an additional four subsurface surveys were conducted in support of sewage and storm drainage infrastructure (Berger 2009a; Dellert and Silverman 2010; Junge 2017; Trost and Boersema 2021). The remaining two subsurface survey reports discussed the results of fieldwork in support of recreational infrastructure (Baldwin et al. 2016) and a salmon brood stock site developed by Seattle Public Utilities (Boersema 2008). Archaeological monitoring projects comprise eleven of the cultural resources studies in the vicinity of the AI. The remainder of the monitoring studies included four monitoring projects associated with the development of storm drainage infrastructure (Baldwin 2011; Carrilho et al. 2016; Dellert et al. 2012; Shong et al. 2015), two in support of utility pipe infrastructure projects (Johnson Humphries and Gargett 2018; Shantry 2018), two that monitored commercial construction (Hannum 2021; Robbins and Larson 1998), and one associated with the development of transportation infrastructure (Shong 2007). Four pedestrian surveys since 1995. Of these, three were associated with transportation infrastructure (Baldwin et al. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 7 2020; Juell 2011; Rooke 2012), and one was associated with communications infrastructure (Sharp et al. 1997). Visual reconnaissance or dashboard studies constitute another four of the cultural resource surveys since 1995. Two were associated with transportation infrastructure improvement projects (Berger 2007a, 2007b). Another dashboard study was completed in advance of flood control modifications to the Cedar River (Celmer 1995), while the fourth of these studies was conducted in support of the construction of a veterans’ center (Berger 2009b). One additional study presents only historic property inventories and evaluations in advance of flood control infrastructure improvements (Kent 2007), and another report is an addendum consisting solely of responses from King County Metro Transit to DAHP comments on an earlier report that is outside of the current Project’s research radius (Doncaster and Yellin 2021). Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1334586 Cedar River Reconnaissance Survey Celmer 1995 0.31 mi northeast None 1339761 Cultural Resources Assessment of the Schneider Homes Renton Apartments Project, Renton, King County, Washington Lewarch et al. 1996 0.45 mi southwest None 1340265 Report on the Cultural Resources Inventory Completed for the Proposed Worldcom Seattle to Salt Lake City Fiber Optic Line Part 4. Washington – Addendum Supplemental Survey and Monitoring Sharp et al. 1997 0.92 mi east None 1339806 Cultural Resources Monitoring for Construction Excavation of the Schneider Homes Renton Apartments Project, King County Robbins and Larson 1998 0.45 mi southwest None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 8 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1339895 Archaeological Consultation at South Grady Way and Wells Street Storm Drain Trench Kramer and Larson 2001b 0.65 mi southeast None 1342207 Results of the Cultural Resources Assessment for Renton Fitness (Fred Meyer Shopping Center) King County, Washington Shong 2003 0.5 mi southwest None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 9 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1342573 Preliminary Findings for the Proposed Renton Retail Site, Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, City of Renton, King County, Washington Trudel and Larson 2003a 0.14 mi south None 1342600 Preliminary Results for the Proposed Community Health Care Facility Project, City of Renton, Archaeological and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington Trudel and Larson 2003b 470 ft southwest None 1342653 Renton Retail Site, Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington Trudel and Larson 2003c 0.14 mi south None 1342713 Community Health Care Facility, City of Renton, Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington Trudel and Larson 2003d 450 ft southwest None 1342760 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Salvation Army Food Bank Warehouse/Office Building, Renton, King County, Washington Hodges 2004 350 ft northwest None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 10 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1344552 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Merrill Gardens at Renton Centre, Renton, King County, Washington Hodges and Piston 2005 0.36 mi east None 1346750 I-405 Renton Nickel Improvement Project I-5 to SR 169 Cultural Resources Discipline Report Bowden and Dampf 2005 0.62 mi southeast None 1347338 Archaeological Investigations for Fifth and Williams Apartments, Renton, King County, Washington Boersema 2006 0.57 mi southeast None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 11 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1349789 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the South Lake Washington Roadway Improvement Project Hodges 2007 0.96 mi northeast None 1349836 Cultural Resources Survey for the 2007 Cedar River at Renton Section 205 Levee and Wall Flood Protection Repair Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington Kent 2007 0.61 mi north None 1349929 Archaeological Monitoring for the South Lake Washington Roadway Improvement Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington Shong 2007 0.75 mi northeast None 1349984 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue/Hardie Avenue Project: Hardie Avenue Railroad Bridge Replacement, Renton, King County, Washington Berger 2007a 0.5 mi south None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 12 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1349985 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue/Hardie Avenue Project: Rainier Avenue and Shattuck Avenue Railroad Bridge Replacement, Renton, King County, Washington Berger 2007b 0.48 mi south None 1350292 Cultural Resource Inventory of the Columbia Bank Parcel, King County, Washington Smith and Hoffman 2007 0.7 mi southwest None 1682766 Archaeological Assessment of the Bob Bridge Toyota Expansion Project, Renton, King County, Washington Kaehler 2007 0.56 mi southwest None 1351608 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Cedar River Sockeye Brood Stock Site, Renton, King County, Washington Boersema 2008 0.74 mi southeast None 1352477 Interstate 405 Corridor Survey: Phase 1 Interstate 5 to State Route 169 Improvements Project Bundy 2008 0.61 mi southeast None 1352458 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue South Transit Improvement and Shattuck Avenue South Storm Drain Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington Berger 2009a 435 ft southwest None 1352904 Cultural Resources Assessment of the Renton Lutheran Compass Center – Regional Veterans Complex Project, Renton, King County, WA Berger 2009b 0.21 mi southeast None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 13 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1354596 Cultural Resources Discipline Report for the Burien to Renton RapidRide—F Line Project, NEPA Documented Categorical Exclusion Rooke 2010 0.11 mi south None 1354713 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the City of Renton Lake Avenue South Storm System Project, King County, Washington Dellert and Silverman 2010 0.12 mi south None 1339887 Cultural Resources Inventory of the Proposed Washington Light Lanes Project, Route 5 Backbone Interstate-405 (MP 0 to MP 11) From Intersatte-5 to Interstate-90 Juell 2011 0.63 mi southeast None 1682487 Archaeological Monitoring of Trenching for the Rainier Avenue South Transit Improvement and Shattuck Avenue South Storm Drain Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington Baldwin 2011 660 ft southwest None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 14 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1682763 Final Archaeological Monitoring Report for the Lake Avenue South Storm System Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington Dellert et al. 2012 0.13 mi south None 1683232 Cultural Resources Discipline Report for the RapidRide—F Line, NEPA Documented Categorical Exclusion Project—Addendum: Historical Archaeological, and Cultural Resources Discipline Report—Addendum Rooke 2012 0.27 mi east None 1686391 Cultural Resources Survey for the Washington State Department of Transportation’s I-105/SR 167 Direct Connector Project, King County, Washington Smith et al. 2014 0.62 mi southeast None 1690970 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Renton Center Senior Living Project in King County, Washington Metz and Cooper 2014 0.43 mi south None 1686829 Results of Cultural Resources Monitoring for the SW 7th Street/Naches Avenue SW Storm System Improvement Project-Phase 1, Renton, King County, Washington Shong et al. 2015 0.73 mi southwest None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 15 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1688490 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Lake Washington Loop Trail Project, Renton, King County, Washington Baldwin et al. 2016 0.11 mi north None 1689501 Cultural Resources Survey for the Washington State Department of Transportation’s I-105: SR 169 to I-90 Improvements Project, King County, Washington Ives et al. 2016 0.87 mi east None 1691956 Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Renton Commons Project, King County, Washington Kramer et al. 2016 0.2 mi southeast None 1691963 Results of Cultural Resources Monitoring for the SW 7th Street/Naches Avenue SW Storm System Improvement Project-Phase 2, Renton, King County, Washington Carrilho et al. 2016 0.74 mi southwest None 1689846 Archaeological Monitoring of Gate D-50 Excavations Anderson 2017 0.29 mi northeast None 1692080 Thunder Hills Sanitary Sewer Interceptor Replacement Project Cultural Resource Assessment Report Junge 2017 0.97 mi southeast None 1691575 Archaeological Monitoring Letter Report: Pothole Exploration for the Eastside Interceptor Section 2 (ESI2) Phase II Project, Renton, King County, Washington Johnson Humphries and Gargett 2018 0.71 mi northeast None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 16 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials 1691576 Results of Archaeological Monitoring of Boreholes for the Eastside Interceptor Section 2 (ESI2) Phase II Renton, King County, Washington Shantry 2018 0.7 mi northeast None 1693420 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue Street Level Modifications Project, Renton, King County, Washington Baldwin et al. 2020 320 ft west None 1694867 Results of Archaeological Monitoring for the Chick-fil-A Commercial Development, Renton, Washington Hannum 2021 0.31 mi southwest None 1695237 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Burnett Ave S and Williams Ave S Water Quality Retrofit Project, City of Renton, Washington Trost and Boersema 2021 0.35 mi east None 1697990 RapidRide I Line Cultural Resources Technical Report Addendum Doncaster and Yellin 2021 0.23 mi south None REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 17 Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Since 1995, Listed Chronologically. NADB # Title Reference Distance and Direction from AI Cultural Materials REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 19 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 2 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 3 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 4 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 6 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 7 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 8 2.3 Cemeteries 2.4 Historic-Period Maps The AI first appears on an 1865 GLO map, where it is depicted along the Black River and within H. H. Tobin’s 317.68-acre claim (DLC No. 37; Figure 2-2). In 1856, Erasmus Smithers married the widowed Diana Tobin and filed on 160 acres adjacent to Tobin’s DLC, bringing their holdings to 480 acres, which included much of present downtown Renton (Shong and Rinck 2011). E. Smither’s homestead is depicted on the GLO map along the Black River approximately 1 mi south of the AI. There is a road or trail running west–east located 0.25 mi south of the AI. Furthermore, there is an “Indian Village” drawn onto the map that is located approximately 1.25 mi south of the AI (GLO 1865). Throughout the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, maps show the platted townsite of Renton approximately 0.5 mi southeast of the AI and centered along the Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad (USGS 1895). A 1907 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) map shows dispersed residential development along S Tobin Ave. and northeast of the AI. This map shows the AI partially within a back channel of the Black River. USACE 1907). By 1936, the Black River is shown as “dry,” resulting from construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal (see Section 3.1; Metsker 1936). A 1937 aerial photo shows the AI encompassing undeveloped land immediately east of the Black River and REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 9 immediately west of the high school (King County 1937). A 1940 aerial photo shows a small outbuilding within the AI that appears to be associated with expanding residential development along S Tobin Ave. (NETROnline 2026). A 1954 aerial photo shows a new house within the AI, one of several new residential developments along Tobin Ave (King County 1954). The house was removed sometime between 1969 and 1977. The AI remained vacant until 1981 when the current commercial building was constructed (NETROnline 2026). REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 10 Figure 2-2. AI shown on the 1856 GLO map. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 11 REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 12 Figure 2-4. AI shown on the 1954 King County aerial map; REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 13 2.5 DAHP Archaeological Risk Assessment Model DAHP has generated an archaeological risk assessment model for the likelihood of encountering archaeological sites based on statewide information and large-scale factors. Information on geology, soils, site types, landforms, and features depicted on GLO maps were used to establish or predict probabilities for archaeological resources throughout the state. The DAHP model uses five categories: Low Risk, Moderately Low Risk, Moderate Risk, High Risk, and Very High Risk. The DAHP model indicates that the AI is High Risk to Very High Risk for archaeological resources. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 14 3 Environmental Context 3.1 Topography and Geology The AI is located near the confluence of Lake Washington and the Cedar River in Renton. This area lies within the northern half of the Puget Trough Physiographic Province of western Washington. The north–south trough of the Puget Lowland separates the Olympic Mountains to the west from the Cascade Range to the east. This lowland region was carved out by glacial activity during the final period of Pleistocene glaciation of western Washington (the Vashon Stade; Franklin and Dyrness 1973:17). As the glaciers retreated at the end of the Pleistocene, the coastal and adjacent lowlands experienced isostatic rebound and were extensively colonized by new plant and animal communities. The sediments overlaying bedrock in the vicinity of the AI consist of Quaternary alluvium, characterized by unconsolidated or semi-consolidated alluvial clay, silt, sand, gravel, or cobble deposits, with peat, muck, and diatomite. Tertiary fragmental and continental volcanic rocks are also present in the vicinity, to the west of the AI; these consist of Pleistocene coarse sand and gravel stream terrace deposits, moderately sorted gravels and cobbles with silt, clay, and tephra interbedding (Washington State Department of Natural Resources 2023). The soils within the AI are classified as Urban land, which broadly refers to disturbed soils and imported fill sediment resulting from construction activity (Snyder et al. 1973:33; U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA] Soil Survey 2024). No native soils are mapped within the AI, although previous archaeological work immediately adjacent to the AI revealed that sediments underlying fill strata included a buried A horizon, which is likely Pilchuck loamy fine sand, based on historical soil mapping, and both low- and high-energy alluvium (Shong and Rinck 2011:31–37). Additionally, the topography of the land including and surrounding the AI has been significantly altered over time as a result of both natural and human causes. The Cedar River, originally part of an ice-marginal river that developed during the retreat of the Puget lobe of the Vashon glacier, has altered its course several times. Its outflows have been into Lake Washington, the Black River, and the Duwamish Valley. Additionally, both Lake Washington and the Cedar River discharged water into the Black River, which connected the Cedar River to the Duwamish River (Mullineaux 1970:65). Flooding and other events such as the Osceola Mudflow also impacted the flows of rivers and streams throughout the region (Mullineaux 1970:66). REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 15 The most recent and dramatic adjustments to the Cedar and Black Rivers have occurred in relation to the construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal (Ship Canal). The Ship Canal was constructed at the turn of the twentieth century to provide navigable access between the Puget Sound’s saltwater and Lake Washington’s fresh water. Before the Shop Canal was built, the Cedar River flowed into Lake Washington, and Lake Washington’s and Lake Union’s nominal elevations were 30 ft and 21 ft above mean sea level (amsl), respectively. In 1916, however, the final link between the two lakes and Puget Sound, the Chittenden Locks and Dam, was finished, completing the Ship Canal, and greatly affecting Lake Washington. Between August and October 1916, Lake Washington was gradually lowered between 9 and 10 ft, exposing a broad, wave-cut terrace around the lake periphery. The lake ceased flowing into the Black River and began discharging through the Ship Canal. In addition, the Cedar River, which previously discharged into the Black River to the south, was diverted to discharge into the lake. The Cedar River, eventually channelized, then replaced the Sammamish River as the largest tributary feeding the lake (Chrzastowski 1983:1–6; Galster and LaPrade 1991:287– 288). The Black River lowered until the stream ceased to exist (Thrush 2007:97). 3.2 Climate and Vegetation The AI and vicinity are located within a Tsuga heterophylla, or western hemlock, vegetation zone. The dominant climax species in this zone include Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga meniesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata), with red alder (Alnus rubra) and big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) dominating in disturbed areas (Franklin and Dyrness 1973:72). Understory species commonly present in the forested areas of this zone include vine maple (Acer circinatum), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), western yew (Taxus brevifolia), Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), salal (Gaultheria shallon), trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus), devil’s club (Oplopanax horridus), and creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula; Franklin and Dyrness 1973). The AI is completely void of vegetation. Much of the native vegetation within surrounding areas has been replaced by landscaping or removed for development. The regional climate is characterized by cool summers and mild, relatively wet winters (Suttles and Lane 1990:17). 3.3 Fauna Historically common animal species in the vicinity of the AI included black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), elk (Cervus elaphus), black bear (Ursus REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 16 americanus), cougar (Felis concolor), bobcat (Felis rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), fisher (Mustela sp.), marten (Mustela sp.), muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), beaver (Castor canadensis), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and a variety of owls, ducks, and small songbirds. Large mammals had fairly extensive ranges and were more common in upland areas. Riverine and wetland habitats typically support a specialized but diverse array of fauna that includes raccoon (Procyon lotor), river otter (Lutra canadensis), beaver, and a variety of migratory waterfowl and woodland birds (Eder 2002; Kruckeberg 1991; Larrison 1967). The AI is directly south of Lake Washington, which is home to several species of fish, including coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), and Chinook (O. tshawytscha), Coho (O. kistuch), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Oncorhynchus species are also present in the Cedar River and would have been historically present in the Black River as well (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2024). REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 17 4 Cultural Context A discussion of the current archaeological and ethnographic knowledge of the region where the AI is located is essential to establishing a context for any archaeological materials that may be identified as the result of a study such as this one. The context statement that follows is provided with a significant caveat; this information is based largely on the written record, from publicly available scholarly literature and from ethnographic and archaeological research held in DAHP’s database. A thorough and thoughtful understanding of the region’s cultural context should consider the voices of the people living here today who have ancestral ties to the area. Such information would highlight use of the area and its resources in the past, as well as the continued use by Indigenous peoples in the present day and into the future. 4.1 Indigenous History This report adopts a culture historical sequence for western Washington developed by Kopperl and colleagues (2016a) for King County. This sequence establishes five analytic periods, taking into consideration previous chronologies developed by culture historians (Ames and Maschner 1999; Butler 1961; Kidd 1964) and environmental data such as geological and paleobotanical records. Analytic Period I spans 14,000 to 12,000 years before present (B.P.); the key developments that constitute this period include the deglaciation of western Washington and the colonization of the region by flora, fauna, and highly mobile hunter-gatherers. Analytic Period II (12,000 to 8000 B.P.) was characterized by continued environmental change and human adaptation of land-use strategies in response. Analytic Period III, from 8000 to 5000 B.P., saw a period of reorganized hunter- gatherer subsistence patterns as the climate approached the maritime conditions that persist to the present day. Analytic Period IV (5000 to 2500 B.P.) was marked by additional changes in economy and technology; this is also the period to which shell middens are dated. Analytic Period V covers the time between 2500 B.P. and the beginnings of non-Indigenous colonization. This time period was one of rapid changes in social organization in response to environmental factors like the 1100 B.P. earthquake, as well as responses to colonization. Microblades and various projectile point types have been used to argue for occupation across Washington from the late Analytic Period I onward (e.g., Chatters et al. 2011; Greengo and Houston 1971; Kopperl et al. 2016a:93). Examples include the Manis Mastodon Site near Sequim, , which dates from roughly 13,800 B.P. and consists of the remains of a REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 18 mammoth located in a peat bog with a human-made bone point lodged in a rib fragment (Waters et al. 2011); and the Bison antiquus Site on Orcas Island , which contains butchered bone on the well-preserved remains of an extinct species of bison that dated to 11,990 radiocarbon years B.P. (Kenady et al. 2011). Excavations at the Bear Creek Site in , indicate that the site was occupied between 12,670 and 9,936 cal B.P. (Kopperl et al. 2016b:227). This site contained a diverse stone tool kit including unfluted concave base points. The site has been interpreted as a short-term occupation site and has yielded evidence of mammal, fish, and plant exploitation (Kopperl et al. 2010). The Manis and Bear Creek Sites demonstrate the implementation of diverse tool kits and subsistence strategies, indicating their occupants’ working knowledge of the landscapes and available resources (Kopperl et al. 2016b). Identifiable faunal remains are rare at Analytic Period II and III sites, making inferences about subsistence difficult, but mammal and fish remains, protein residues, and FMR associated with cooking have been reported from Analytic Period II and III sites in the Puget Sound region, such as Sites 45SN28, 45SN303, 45SN48N, and 45SN49A (Chatters et al. 2011; Stilson and Chatters 1981). Analytic Period III saw the development of a wider variety of resource-acquisition strategies (Ames and Maschner 1999:67; Kopperl et al. 2016a:116). Evidence from Analytic Period IV sites is indicative of a cultural shift towards sedentarism and changes to social organization. Analytic Period IV is also characterized by an increasing number of archaeological sites (Kopperl et al. 2016a:118). These sites indicate that marine resources also became more heavily used, and groups resided in increasingly larger settlements for longer periods of time. Larson and Lewarch’s (1995) excavations at the illustrate the cultural sequence with data that spans Analytic Periods IV and V. From 4250 to 200 B.P., site function was not static, but there was a shift from a base camp to a resource extraction location over the approximately 5,000-year period this location was in use. The presence of personal adornment items in earlier deposits may indicate differentiation in status within groups. Analytic Period V is well documented, and a majority of the region’s known sites can be dated to this time, during which the general ethnographic pattern appears to have developed (Ames and Maschner 1999; Wessen 1988). Increased reliance on stored foods and controlled access to resources also developed during Analytic Period V. Salmon harvesting, berry processing, and even shellfish gathering require a great deal of well-developed social organization to implement on the scale of what is observed through the archaeological record REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 19 . Although this “pattern” is thought to have been somewhat modified by the introduction of Euroamerican goods and practices, it was one of collector-like settlement patterns with winter village occupations and complex social organization. The AI is located within the traditional territory of the Lushootseed-speaking Duwamish, who have lived across the broader, present-day Seattle and Lake Washington region since time immemorial. They participated in a generalized Coast Salish culture, which was adapted toward the riverine and marine environment (Duwamish Tribe 2018). Duwamish territory includes lands along the Duwamish, Cedar, and Black Rivers and their tributaries, as well as around Lake Washington. The Duwamish inhabitants of villages around Lake Washington were called Xatcua’bc (“lake dwellers”), in contrast to the Sxwaldja’bc (“saltwater dwellers”) living on Puget Sound (Hilbert et al. 2001:45; Suttles and Lane 1990:485–486; Swanton 1978 [1952]:26). Riverine and terrestrial food resources constituted most of the diets of the Duwamish peoples living farther inland. Salmon was a key component of Duwamish diet and culture, and several species were extensively harvested during their spawning seasons (Duwamish Tribe 2018). Southern Coast Salish peoples used wood weirs and lift nets to catch salmon and other fish in rivers and creeks. They hunted terrestrial mammals, especially black tail deer and elk, typically using the bow and arrow (Suttles and Lane 1990:489). Numerous edible roots and bulbs, such as bracken, camas, and wapato, were also gathered across the region, and berries represented important local plant food resources for the Duwamish (Duwamish Tribe 2018). As with other Southern Coast Salish cultures, the Duwamish practiced a semi- sedentary lifestyle, which made use of permanent winter villages and temporary summer encampments. Small bands would travel along the lakes and rivers to hunt and forage for plant resources during the summer months, returning to their permanent settlements for the ceremonially rich winter season and to intensively fish in the spring and fall (Suttles and Lane 1990). The three documented Duwamish villages were situated along the shore of Lake Washington or along the Black and Cedar Rivers (all place names discussed below utilize the Lushootseed orthography and translation provided by Hilbert et al. 2001, unless otherwise identified). The northernmost village was dǝxwǝbqwuɁ, or “Place Where Fresh Water Thrown,” Another village, Sbabadid or “Small Hills,” was . The third known village was dǝxwudidǝw, “Place of Little REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 20 Cedar River,” Additional known place names in the vicinity include four locations known for fishing or canoeing, seven landform-related place names, and two locations known for their historic-period structures. The fishing and canoeing places are dxwšicabdxw (“To Thrust or Shove Into Something”), a canoe-launching spot within the marshes along Lake Washington xwacǝgwiɫ (“To Lift a Canoe” or “To Pull a Canoe”), a canoe portage ; štulǝgwǝli (“Place of a River”), a creek where fish weirs were placed, ; and tuɁaɫǝdalɁtxw (“King Salmon House”), a deep spot along the Black River, with abundant fish (Hilbert et al. 2001:95–101, 148–152). Seven Lushootseed place names are attested in the vicinity that referred to landforms or other topographical features included the following. Four locations are : P3E’swi3, “Pressed, Crowded Back” (Waterman orthography and translation), a spot on the south shore of Lake Washington; Spapɫ x̌ad (“Marshes,” “Bogs,” or “Wetlands”) used to designate the marshes from Lake Washington to the Black River; šǝ(q)qid (“Above Head”) for the place where the Black River met the waters of Lake Washington; and Tcitc3o’yaqw (Waterman orthography, no translation available) for a place near the head of the Black River. Additionally, there were Sp’atus (“Going Around in a Long Circle,” Waterman orthography and translation), a place to the north of the Black River, ; Ts3u’ts3ubuls (“Rocky,” Waterman orthography and translation), a rocky area along the Black River south of Sbabadid and and Pa’pxwEtsut (“Place Where Water is Swift,” Waterman orthography and translation), the location where a creek diverged from the Black River (Hilbert et al. 2001:95–101, 148–152). A final two known place names belong to locations known for their historic-period structures. SkEte’lubc (Waterman orthography) . U3a’x (“Gravel Always Falling,” Waterman orthography and translation) refers to a location . (Hilbert et al. 2001:95– 101, 148–152). Representatives of the Duwamish, Suquamish, Stkamish, Skopamish, Smulkamish, and numerous other Indigenous groups in the Puget Sound area were signatories of REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 21 the Treaty of Point Elliott in 1855. The reservations promised in the treaty were not immediately established, however. In 1864, President Abraham Lincoln signed an executive order to create the Port Madison Reservation, where many Suquamish people moved; the Duwamish and other signatories of the Treaty of Point Elliott were also eligible to relocate there (Royce 1899:834–835). In 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant established the Muckleshoot Reservation by executive order; Stkamish, Skopamish, Smulkamish, and some Duwamish peoples relocated to the reservation, which is near present-day Auburn, Washington (Royce 1899:872–873). Due in part to political organizing on the part of White residents of Seattle, a planned Duwamish reservation was never established. In 1856, Seattle’s Indigenous population began to be forcibly relocated to the West Point Reservation in what is now Discovery Park. At the same time, local business owner Henry Yesler convinced many not to relocate and instead stay at housing on the site of his mill. Those who stayed continued to be central in building the economy of the budding city. The lack of segregation angered a growing contingent of colonizers, and in 1865, City Ordinance 5 was enacted, which forbade Indigenous peoples from living in the town of Seattle. The ordinance stated that any employer engaging the services of Indigenous peoples must provide housing on their private property, and only during their period of employment. In 1866, community leaders Arthur Denny, David Denny, David Maynard, and Yesler led a petition that protested the creation of a Duwamish reservation along the Black River south of Seattle. Their reasoning was that Indigenous-White relations were adequately managed and friendly already, and a reservation in that location was unnecessary and would upset that relationship. In the ensuing years, some Duwamish who had remained would be forcibly relocated to the nearest reservation in Port Madison (Thrush 2007). Four Duwamish families remained in the Renton area as late as 1900, including the Moses family, . James Moses (likely a descendant of Chief William Stoda, a leader of the communities at Sbabadid and dǝxwudidǝw) constructed the homestead between the late 1880s and the early 1900s. He and his wife Jennie resided there until their deaths in 1915 and 1937, respectively; their son Joseph also lived in the residence on his family’s traditional lands until his death in 1954 (Boba 2025; Shong and Rinck 2011). In 2001, the U.S. Department of the Interior issued a Final Determination to Acknowledge the Duwamish Tribal Organization (The Duwamish Tribe and Cecile Hansen v. Deb Haaland et al., U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington, “First Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief,” filed May 11, 2022). That recognition, however, was reversed the following year (Duwamish Tribe 2023). In 2025, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington determined that the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 22 Department of the Interior must reconsider the Duwamish Tribe’s recognition claim (The Duwamish Tribe and Cecile Hansen v. Deb Haaland et al., U.S. District Court for the Western Washington District of Washington, “Order,” filed January 30, 2025). A decision is pending as of the submittal of this application. 4.2 Other Historic-Period Developments Non-Indigenous exploration and colonization began at the confluence of the Black and Cedar Rivers near the southern tip of Lake Washington in 1853, when Henry Tobin claimed a portion of the traditional lands of the Duwamish and established a mill that fed lumber to the short-lived Duwamish Coal Company for its new coal mine. Mining was interrupted by the Treaty Wars of 1855, during which Tobin’s mill was burned. Tobin died soon after, and his widow, Diana Tobin, married Erasmus Smithers, who also held land in the region. Between them, the couple owned almost 500 acres in today’s King County by 1857. Other early non-Indigenous colonizers included W. P Smith and Peter Andrews, who also acquired DLCs, as well as Christian C. Clymer, who served as Renton’s postmaster for many years (Bagley 1929; Rochester 1998; Stein and Boba 2024). Mining would not pick up again until the 1870s, when Smithers discovered more coal in the region and founded his own coal mine with the financial support of Captain William Renton, an investor who also founded his own mills, hotels, and rail operations around the Puget Sound. By 1877, Renton and his partners had built the first stretch of the Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad, which went straight from Seattle to the coal producing mines of Renton. Smithers’s mine would soon be joined by others, and the growing mining industry attracted new workers to the region. Smithers, with partners I. B. Morris and C. B. Shattuck, platted the town of Renton, named after his beneficiary, in 1875, and it grew to include Chinese, Indigenous, Black, and White mine workers, some of whom faced systemic discrimination, as under the Chinese Exclusion Act of the 1880s, which restricted emigration and led to deportations and violence against Chinese people throughout the last decades of the nineteenth century (National Archives 2024). Initially known as a rough mining camp, the town of Renton developed into a commercial hub near the turn of the century, developing a commercial core, churches, a post office, and a bank. A number of industrial efforts, including automobile, brick, tile, cigar, and glass plants, were established in Renton, supplementing the well-established lumber and coal industries. The City of Renton was incorporated in 1901. By 1910, Renton was home to 2,740 people, according to historian Clarence Bagley. It included a number of small schoolhouses, including one built in 1853, believed to be the first schoolhouse in King County. In 1911, REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 23 Renton built a new high school near the Moses Homestead for more than $65,000. (Bagley 1929; Renton High School 2024). The 1911 campus would struggle to keep students through four years of high school, as many were pulled to enter the work force, but students would soon develop a sense of identity and shared pride as baseball and football teams, debate and literary societies, and a newspaper were established (Stewart 2010). As it grew, the city of Renton was one of many small towns subject to regular flooding in the valleys along Washington’s major rivers. In the early years of the twentieth century, the Cedar and Black Rivers were routed away from each other to control flooding in Renton. However, when the Ship Canal was constructed at the head of Lake Washington, linking the lake to the Puget Sound in 1916, the lake’s water level permanently dropped, leaving the Black River to dry up (Stein and Boba 2024). In the early decades of the twentieth century, building materials including fire brick, brick pavers, ornamental tiles, roofing tiles, and clay pipes were manufactured in Renton from Washington clay, and a cement plant and a compressed gas plant helped support local industry. The city was surrounded by rich agricultural land, and regional farms, many owned by Japanese American farmers, provided poultry, milk, vegetables, and berries. In town, farmers kept greenhouses and nurseries, providing flowers, ornamental plants, and vegetables (Boba 2021). Due to its location, linked by rail and by water to large transportation networks, Renton was able to export its goods nationally and internationally, further growing its economy. By the end of the 1920s, the city boasted a Carnegie Library, public park, municipal and school buildings, water and sewer system, and as of 1929, “a splendid system of street lighting” (Bagley 1929). Renton High School was one of four schools in the city, employing 13 of Renton’s 41 teachers (Bagley 1929). It was replaced by a new building in 1931–1932 (DAHP 2024b; Wissell 1978). Additional growth led to expanding railroad, streetcar, and highway networks, further linking Renton to communities and economies across the region (Stein and Boba 2024). The 1930s were dominated by the economic downturn of the Great Depression. For industrial towns, the slowing of development and construction, along with reduced exports, led to workers on the docks, in plants, and in mines either losing their jobs or facing drastically reduced hours. Fishing, ship building, coal mining, and lumber mills all faced reductions, and companies across all sectors of the economy reduced their output or closed completely. Resulting tensions led to political upheaval, volunteer collectives seeking self-reliance, and labor unrest. In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president, and plans for the New Deal began to take shape (Wilma 2002). Public programs like the Works Projects Administration (WPA), supported by the federal government, led to massive construction projects and REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 24 many small local improvements that put people with diverse skills and levels of experience back to work. In Renton, the WPA built a new fire house, later used as the Renton History Museum, and installed a mural called “Miners at Work” at the Renton library (University of California, Berkeley 2024). Also as part of the WPA effort, writers and researchers compiled a guidebook for the state, calling Renton: The largest and most active trading center in the vicinity of Seattle. . . . the main street is flanked by one- and two-story frame and brick buildings, some with false fronts reminiscent of early twentieth- century architecture. Many Italian and Austrian names appear above stores and on the windows of taverns, shoe shops, and greengrocer establishments. The Star of Italy and the Italian-American Council are active associations within the town [WPA 1941]. When the United States entered World War II in support of the Allies, the economy in Washington and throughout the country boomed. Local industries, including ship building and aircraft manufacturing, ramped up. Boeing moved to Renton in 1941 and produced B-19 bombers at its local plant at the southern end of Lake Washington (Stein and Boba 2024). The increase in manufacturing drew additional workers to the West, some of whom settled in temporary housing like the “Renton Highlands,” meant to ease the local housing crunch. To rent in the Highlands, people had to prove they were employed in the defense industry. Many worked for either Boeing, Pacific Car and Foundry, or Kenworth Motor Car, Renton’s three largest employers in the early 1940s (Stewart 2019). While the war effort attracted a more diverse work force to Washington, bringing many Black families west, it had a devastating impact on Japanese Americans in Washington, who were relocated to incarceration camps for the duration of the war, losing their livelihoods, communities, homes, and many of their social connections. Many families would never return to Washington (Boba 2021; Stein and Boba 2024). As the World War II era came to a close, Renton annexed the temporary housing that helped support the war effort, and the city’s population continued to diversify, as Renton proved attractive to new residents from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East (Stein and Boba 2024). After the end of World War II, many industries pivoted to peacetime development. Boeing began transitioning to commercial jets, and Renton workers produced the first Boeing 707 jet-powered commercial airliner in 1957. Advancements continued, and Renton workers soon began assembling the Boeing 727, which took its first flight from the Renton Municipal Airport just north of Renton High School in 1963. The plane was designed to need a shorter runway and to be flexible enough to handle shorter flights between municipal airports. It proved hugely popular, and between 1962 and 1984, more than 1,800 Model 727s REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 25 were built. The next iteration of the passenger jet, the Boeing 737, would make its maiden voyage from Everett’s Paine Field in 1967, and then become the primary airplane constructed at the Boeing assembly plant in Renton (Boba 2024a, 2024b; Swopes 2019). The 1970s saw downturns associated with shakeups in the aeronautics industry that hit the Seattle area and cities like Renton particularly hard, as many of the region’s best jobs were tied to Boeing, which shed employees into the 1970s. While the recession would pass, and Boeing would begin accepting new orders from military clients and growing again by the 1980s, the region lost parts of its skilled workforce. City planners and politicians began to build diversity into their goals, so as not to be too reliant on a single employer or industry again (Stein 2019). During the last decades of the twentieth century, changes in city planning led to the construction of large regional shopping centers and other entertainments that drew people away from traditional downtowns, including Renton’s. More residential and commercial development took place on the outskirts of town, and Renton struggled to control the kinds of businesses that relocated to the city center. In a 1980s legal fight that reached the U.S. Supreme Court, the City of Renton won the right to regulate where businesses like adult movie theaters could locate, thereby keeping them out of the struggling downtown (City of Renton 2024). Retail, manufacturing, and distribution contributed to the city’s economy into the twenty-first century, along with Boeing, and a new wave of businesses and local residents were attracted to the city’s downtown. Additional development included a new performing arts center at Renton High School, completed in 2003; a new shopping area on formerly undeveloped Boeing land near Lake Washington; and new hotels and apartments (City of Renton 2024). REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 26 5 Archaeological Expectations Based on the background records and literature review, the AI has a very high probability for both historic-period and precontact archaeological resources to be present. The AI was situated along the Black River before it was drained and was in the immediate vicinity of abundant resources that were important to Indigenous peoples. The earliest historical development in the immediate vicinity of the AI was the Moses Homestead. Finally, remnants of the former ca. 1954 house may also be present within the AI. Construction of this house and subsequent development for the current commercial property may have impacted both precontact and historic-period archaeological deposits within the AI and/or may have resulted in placement of fill materials in one or more locations. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 27 6 Potential Archaeological Resources The background records and literature review indicates that the likelihood of identifying archaeological resources within the AI is very high. However, late twentieth century disturbance observed on the parcel lowers the likelihood of encountering intact archaeological resources. Regardless, a wide array of archaeological artifacts and features, either intact or not, could be present. Examples of archaeological artifacts that could be identified during construction and that would require implementation of measures outlined in Section 7 are summarized here, with photos in Appendix B. 6.1 Precontact Archaeological Sites All precontact archaeological sites are protected by law. A permit from DAHP is required before a precontact site may be disturbed. Precontact cultural material that is protected by law and could be present within the AI includes, but is not limited to: • Buried layers of dark soil with layers of shell, charcoal, FMR, and fish and mammal bones; • Non-natural sediment or stone deposits that may be related to activity areas; • Stone, bone, shell, horn, or antler tools that may include projectile points (arrowheads), scrapers, cutting tools, wood working wedges or axes, and grinding stones; • Stone tools or stone flakes; • Buried cobbles that may indicate a hearth feature; and • Perennially damp areas, which may have preservation conditions that allow for remnants of wood and other plant fibers; in these locations, there may be remains including fragments of basketry, woven mats or hats, wood tools, or carved pieces. 6.2 Historic-Period Archaeological Sites A permit from DAHP is required in order to disturb any historic-period archaeological site that is eligible for listing (or listed) in the NRHP. Any identified historic-period archaeological sites will be evaluated by a professional archaeologist, who will, on behalf of the City of Renton, consult with DAHP for a determination of the site’s eligibility for listing in the NRHP. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 28 Historic-period cultural materials that could be present within the AI could include, but are not limited to: • Beads (made of glass, ceramic, or cut stone), clothing closures (e.g., buttons, hooks and eyes), and leather fragments; • Old ceramic fragments or intact ceramic vessels, especially those with blue- and-white painted designs, stamps on vessel bases, or thick walls indicating crockery; • Sawed animal bone fragments, solder-sealed or punch-opened food and beverage cans; • Glass bottles, bottle fragments, or bottle bases, especially in colors such as brown (not amber), black, cobalt or aqua blue, yellow, pink, or amethyst; and • Concrete foundations, milled lumber fragments, knob-and-tube electrical insulators, coal slag, railroad ties and spikes, brick fragments, square-headed nails, or other miscellaneous corroded metal pieces. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 29 7 Archaeological Monitoring Procedures and Inadvertent Discovery Plan If at any time cultural materials are identified, Iden’s will take appropriate steps, including, when necessary, consulting with a professional archaeologist to determine whether the materials may be an archaeological site. Iden’s and their contractors will take reasonable steps to protect the materials. Work in the immediate area will not resume until after consultation and treatment of the materials has been completed or the materials have been adequately protected. If any ground disturbance reveals human remains, the procedures listed in Section 8 will be followed. 7.1 Archaeological Monitoring Procedures The procedures outlined below will be followed during archaeological monitoring for the Project. 1. Archaeological monitoring will take place during all ground-disturbing activities within the AI. 2. Iden’s will arrange for a professional archaeologist who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s (SOI’s) qualifications (36 CFR Part 61; required by the State of Washington in RCW 27.53.030.8) to provide oversight for all monitoring activities within the AI. If an archaeologist meeting the qualifications is not available but an experienced archaeologist is available, they will be allowed to do so under the supervision of a professional archaeologist. The archaeologist will be on site to monitor ground-disturbing activities that expose, or have the potential to expose, subsurface sediments and will also be available on an on-call basis. 3. The professional archaeologist will conduct an archaeological awareness briefing with all contractors participating in ground disturbance on or before the first day of construction, before the ground disturbance begins. Additional archaeological awareness briefings may be scheduled on an as-needed basis. The archaeological awareness briefing will present this MIDP and explain procedures and requirements for both archaeological monitoring and the inadvertent discovery of cultural resources or human remains. 4. The monitoring archaeologist will record the work as follows: daily activities will be recorded on a Monitoring Form and in a field notebook; and overview photographs of the demolition locations, along with detailed photographs of REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 30 particular locations, work in progress, and precontact or historic-period cultural materials, will be promptly logged on the Monitoring Form (Appendix C). The locations of areas that have been monitored will be noted on maps of the AI. 5. The monitoring archaeologist will follow instructions from Iden’s onsite representative or construction contractor in matters pertaining to safety. 6. During ground disturbance, the archaeological monitor will examine exposed sediments. Equipment will include, as appropriate, a shovel, trowel, and screen of ¼-inch mesh. The archaeologist will watch for precontact or historic-period artifacts, layers/lenses of organic material or shell, and organically enriched midden soils that might indicate past human use. If the archaeological monitor or any member of the work force believes that they have encountered precontact archaeological materials (including but not limited to, intact deposits of midden sediments; clusters of FMR, charcoal, or other evidence of fire-related activities; and faunal remains in association with stone chips or tools) or historic-period archaeological materials (such as refuse concentrations, machinery fragments, or house foundations) in any portion of the AI, the archaeologist will direct the field crew to stop excavation work in the immediate area. If the archaeologist is not present at the time of discovery, Iden’s contractor will be responsible for stopping excavation work and immediately contacting the archaeologist (see Section 7.2). 7. Iden’s or its representative will authorize the archaeologist to stop the work if it appears that ground-disturbing activities may have revealed an archaeological resource. The work may continue at another location at least 50 ft away, assuming an archaeologist is present to monitor the work. Iden’s will inform the demolition contractor(s) about the archaeologist’s monitoring work and make provisions, within its agreement with the contractor, for work stoppage, and when applicable, for inspection of possible cultural deposits. 8. During work stoppage, the monitoring archaeologist will identify whether the resource is a) an isolate, b) an intact archaeological deposit/feature or redeposited precontact site, c) historic-period artifacts in fill, or d) other materials. The archaeologist will take notes on the location observed (e.g., depth in metric units below surface), the sedimentary context, and other pertinent information, and will document the area with photographs. a. Isolate: An isolate is one distinct artifact or a few fragments of the same artifact that are too far away (typically more than 30 m or approximately 100 ft) from other cultural materials (over 50 years old) to be considered part of a site. Additional sampling of the surrounding area may take place at the direction of the archaeologist to confirm the nature of the isolate. The isolate will be recorded on a Washington State Archaeological Site Inventory Form, and photographs will be taken. Appropriate treatment measures of the isolate, if any, will be determined by a professional archaeologist on behalf of the City of REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 31 Renton, in consultation with DAHP and the Tribes, following the steps outlined in Step 9, below. b. Intact Archaeological Deposit/Feature or Redeposited Precontact Site: Two or more distinct and temporally diagnostic artifacts or one feature (immovable object such as a concrete foundation or artifact concentration) within a 30 m (approximately 100 ft) area are considered an archaeological site. Depending on size and nature, archaeological deposits may take longer than isolates to record on a Washington State Archaeological Site Inventory Form. If an intact archaeological deposit/feature or a reposited precontact site (such as artifacts in fill) is identified, the archaeologist must stop work, document the site, and, for historic-period sites, assess its NRHP eligibility. The archaeologist will inform Iden’s and must also, on behalf of the City of Renton, consult with DAHP and the Tribes, following the steps outlined in Step 9, below. No further demolition or other ground- disturbing activities will occur within 50 ft of the location until DAHP and the Tribes have assessed the NRHP eligibility of the resource (if historic period) and determined the appropriate treatment measures, if needed. c. Historic-Period Artifacts in Fill: The AI may contain historic-period or modern fill that was imported from another location or redeposited as fill from another location within the AI. Artifacts in fill could include building materials and mass-produced glass, ceramic, or metal objects that have lost their original provenience and thus their ability to provide archaeological insight beyond basic artifact identification. These artifacts will be documented in monitoring notes and photographed. Limited investigation around the artifacts may be necessary to determine if additional materials are present and/or to confirm the artifacts are entirely within fill. After the archaeologist has confirmed the artifacts are in fill and fully documented them, work may resume without any further consultation. d. Other: Buried utility lines associated with extant buildings and structures; debris from demolition that took place less than 50 years ago; materials less than 50 years old, or that are not temporally diagnostic such as clay pipe, are not archaeological. No further action to record or protect these materials is necessary. 9. Within 24 hours of the initial identification, and once the site has been preliminarily characterized, the professional archaeologist will contact the City and DAHP, who will contact the cultural resources representatives of the affected Tribes (see Appendix D), to seek consultation regarding identified isolates, intact archaeological deposits or features, and redeposited precontact sites. Under RCW 27.53, all precontact archaeological sites are protected regardless of significance or eligibility for national, state, and/or local historic registers. A determination of eligibility for listing in the NRHP by REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 32 DAHP must be obtained for historic-period resources. It is presumed that historic-period resources are eligible for listing in the NRHP until and unless DAHP makes a determination that they are not. If a precontact or NRHP- eligible historic resource cannot be avoided by the Project, the consulting parties will consult on an appropriate form of treatment. Treatment measures may include mapping, photography, subsurface testing, sample collection, and/or other activities, as determined appropriate by DAHP and Tribal representatives. Precontact and NRHP-eligible historic-period resources will require a permit to disturb under RCW 27.53. Appropriate treatment measures will be stipulated under a permit obtained from DAHP. 10.When monitoring work has been completed, the professional archaeologist will prepare a report discussing the methods and results of the work. The draft report will be provided to Iden’s and the City of Renton within 30 days of completion of monitoring work. After a 30-day review period, the archaeologist will make revisions that take into account review comments. The archaeologist will provide a final copy for distribution to the affected Tribes and DAHP. 7.2 Procedures to Follow When an Archaeological Monitor is Not Present If cultural materials are identified during demolition and associated ground- disturbing activities when an archaeologist is not present, all activities within 50 ft of the materials will be halted. Iden’s and the City of Renton will be immediately contacted. Iden’s will then be responsible for implementing the following procedures. 1. Iden’s or its representative will immediately contact the professional archaeologist and describe the cultural materials to ascertain the proper next steps. 2. The buffer zone of 50 ft will be protected at all times. 3. The professional archaeologist or an archaeological monitor will then implement the monitoring procedures as described in Section 7.1 above. Work in the immediate area surrounding the cultural materials will not resume until the above steps have taken place and cultural materials have been adequately assessed and protected. In the event that human remains are identified, the procedures listed in Section 8 will be followed. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 33 8 Inadvertent Discovery of Human Remains Any human remains that are identified during Project-related excavation will be treated with dignity and respect. In the event that human remains are identified, the following procedures are to be followed to ensure compliance with RCW 68.50 Human Remains, RCW 68.60: Abandoned and Historic Cemeteries and Historic Graves, and RCW 27.44: Indian Graves and Records. If ground-disturbing activities encounter human skeletal remains during demolition or other Project-related activities, then all activity must cease that may cause further disturbance to those remains, and the area of the remains must be secured and protected from further disturbance. Cover the remains with a tarp or other materials (not soil or rocks) for temporary protection in place and shield them from being photographed. Do not call or speak with the media about the remains specifically. The identification of human skeletal remains must be reported to the King County Medical Examiner and local law enforcement in the most expeditious manner possible. The remains should not be touched, moved, photographed, or further disturbed. The King County Medical Examiner will assume jurisdiction over the human skeletal remains and make a determination of whether those remains are forensic or non- forensic. If the King County Medical Examiner determines the remains are non- forensic, then they will report that finding to DAHP, who will then take jurisdiction over those remains and report them to the appropriate cemeteries and affected Tribes. The State Physical Anthropologist will make a determination of whether the remains are Indigenous or non-Indigenous and report that finding to any appropriate cemeteries and the affected Tribes. DAHP will then handle all consultation with the affected parties as to the future preservation, excavation, and disposition of the remains. No project work may resume until after consultation and implementation of any treatment measures. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 35 Berger, Margaret 2007a Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue/Hardie Avenue Project: Hardie Avenue Railroad Bridge Replacement, Renton, King County, Washington. Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc., Bainbridge Island, Washington. Prepared for Widener and Associates, Everett, Washington. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2007b Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue/Hardie Avenue Project: Rainier Avenue and Shattuck Avenue Railroad Bridge Replacement, Renton, King County, Washington. Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc., Bainbridge Island, Washington. Prepared for Widener and Associates, Everett, Washington. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2009a Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue South Transit Improvement and Shattuck Avenue South Storm Drain Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington. Cultural Resource Consultants, Inc., Bainbridge Island, Washington. Prepared for Widener and Associates, Everett, Washington. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2009b Cultural Resources Assessment of the Renton Lutheran Compass Center – Regional Veterans Complex Project, Renton, King County, WA. Cultural Resource Consultants, Inc., Bainbridge Island, Washington. Prepared for Shelter Resources. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Boba, Eleanor 2021 Strong Roots: Renton’s Japanese Flower Growers. Renton Historical Society and Museum Quarterly, 52(2). Electronic document, https://cdnsm5- hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_7922657/Image/City%20Hall/ Community%20Services/Museum/Newsletters/2021-03_sm.pdf, accessed May 7, 2024. 2024a First Boeing 727 Trijet Takes Off from Renton Airport on its Maiden Flight on February 9, 1962. HistoryLink Essay 3568. Electronic document, https://www.historylink.org/file/3568, accessed May 7, 2024. 2024b Prototype Boeing 737 Short-Range Passenger Jet Makes Its Maiden Flight on April 9, 1967. HistoryLink Essay 3568. Electronic document, https://www.historylink.org/file/3569, accessed May 7, 2024. 2025 The Moses Family of Renton: Last Duwamish People on the Black River. HistoryLink Essay 23289. Electronic document, https://www.historylink.org/File/23289, accessed February 27, 2026. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 52 Wessen, Gary C. 1988 Prehistoric Cultural Resources of Island County. Wessen & Associates, Seattle, Washington. Prepared for Washington State Department of Community Development. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Wilma, David 2002 Great Depression, 1929–1939. HistoryLink Essay 3717. Electronic document, https://www.historylink.org/file/3717, accessed May 6, 2024. Wissell, Jayne 1978 King County Historic Sites Survey: Renton High School. Electronic document, https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/32378/PropertyInventory/1617676, accessed May 2, 2024. Writers’ Program of the Works Projects Administration (WPA) 1941 Washington: A Guide to the Evergreen State. Binfords and Mort, Portland, Oregon. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington A-1 Appendix A: Construction Plans REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-1 Appendix B: Examples of Archaeological Artifacts and Features that Require Treatment REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-2 Figure B-1. Shell midden and layered stratigraphy of shell and blackened soil. Figure B-2. Examples of stone tools. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-3 Figure B-3. Examples of stone flakes and tools. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-4 Figure B-4. Examples of hearth (oven) and fire features. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-5 Figure B-5. Examples of perishable artifacts. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-6 Figure B-6. Example of a historic-period building foundation. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-7 Figure B-7. Example of a historic-period wood/corduroy road. Figure B-8. Examples of historic-period artifacts. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington B-8 Figure B-9. Example of bottles from historic-period debris dump. REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington C-1 Appendix C: Monitoring Form REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington C-2 Project Name and Number Name Date Total Hours on Site Hours Travel Safety Meeting ☐ Yes ☐No Issues Weather Conditions Site Location Site Setting- Ground visibility, materials visible on surface, etc. Nature of Construction Activity- Skidding, grubbing, scraping, excavating, demolition, etc.? Equipment working in vicinity of Site(s) Types and number of machines Workers Present Names and Companies Visitors/Other Monitors Names and Companies Arch Monitoring Activities Describe in full if equipment was stopped or asked to move Notes on Discussions with others- HRA, other contractors, Tribes Halt? ☐ Temporary ☐ Extended Reason? Client/Agency Contacted? ☐ Yes ☐No Contact Name Time of Call? ☐am Instructions- Halt activities, continue to monitor, etc. Camera Number Photo Numbers Camera Number Photo Numbers REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington D-1 Appendix D: Project Contact List REDACTED Version Desktop Review and Archaeological Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Iden’s Dealer Services Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington D-2 Table D-1. Project Contact List Iden’s Dealer Services, LLC Rob Risinger MJS Investors Telephone: 425-417-6004 Email: robr@msjinvestors.com City of Renton Permitting Department Ian Harris Associate Planner 1055 S Grady Way Renton WA 98057 Telephone: 425-430-7286 City of Renton Police Department Chief J. Schuldt Renton Police Department 1055 South Grady Way Renton, WA 98057 Telephone: 425-430-7500 King County Medical Examiner J. Matthew Lacy, Chief Medical Officer King County Medical Examiner’s Office 325 9th Avenue, Box 359792 Seattle, WA 98104-2499 Telephone: 206-731-3232 Fax: 206-731-8555 Email: jlacy@kingcounty.gov Archaeological Consultant Jordan Pickrell, Senior Archaeologist Historical Research Associates, Inc. Telephone: 206-550-8686 Email: jpickrell@hrassoc.com Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) Local Government Archaeologist Tamela Smart PO Box 48343 Olympia, WA 98501 Telephone: 360-628-2755 Email: Tamela.Smart@dahp.wa.gov State Physical Anthropologist Dr. Guy Tasa PO Box 48343 Olympia, WA 98501 Telephone: 360-790-1633 (office) Email: Guy.tasa@dahp.wa.gov Muckleshoot Tribe Laura Murphy, Archaeologist, Cultural Resources 39015 172nd Avenue SE Auburn, WA 98092 Telephone: 253-876-3272 Email: laura.murphy@muckleshoot.nsn.us Snoqualmie Nation Steven Moses, Director of Archaeology and Historic Preservation PO Box 969 8130 Railroad Avenue, Suite 103 Snoqualmie, WA 98065 Telephone: 425-495-6097 Email: steve@snoqualmietribe.us dahp@snoqualmietribe.us Stillaguamish Tribe Jodee Davison, THPO, Cultural Resources 3322 236th St. NE Arlington, WA 98223 Telephone: 360-652-7362 (Ext. 226) Email: THPO@stillaguamish.com Suquamish Tribe Stephanie Trudel, THPO Cultural Resources PO Box 498 Suquamish, WA 98392-0498 Telephone: 360-394-8533 Email: strudel@Suquamish.nsn.us Tulalip Tribe Richard Young, Cultural Resources Hibulb Cultural Center and Natural History Preserve 6410 23rd Avenue NE Tulalip, WA 98271 Telephone: 360-716-2652 Email: ryoung@tulaliptribes-nsn.gov Duwamish Tribe John Boddy, THPO 4705 W Marginal Way SW Seattle, WA 98106-1514 Telephone: 206-431-1582 Email: cecile@duwamishtribe.org Nancy Sackman, Tribal Councilwoman; Cultural Preservation Officer Telephone: 206-856-2564 Email: preservationdept@duwamishtribe.org