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HomeMy WebLinkAbout361 Rainier Monitoring Tech Memo_Final.pdf Australia • Belgium • Canada • Colombia • Ecuador • Germany • Indonesia • Kenya • New Zealand • Nigeria • Papua New Guinea • Peru • Philippines • Singapore • United Arab Emirates • United Kingdom • United States • Operations in over 100 countries Cardno, Inc. 801 2nd Avenue Suite 1150 Seattle, WA 98104 USA Phone 206 269 0104 Fax 206 269 0098 www.cardno.com Technical Memorandum Date: January 13, 2021 To: Don Ikeler Chick-fil-A, Inc. 15635 Alton Parkway, Suite 350 Irvine, CA 92618 From: Michelle Hannum, MLitt RE: Results of Archaeological Monitoring for the Chick-fil-A Commercial Development, Renton, Washington DAHP Project No. 2020-12-07743 CONFIDENTIAL This technical memorandum describes the results of the archaeological monitoring completed between August 3 and November 13, 2020, for the Chick-fil-A Commercial Development Project (project) located at 361 Rainier Avenue S, Renton, King County , Washington. The subject property covers 0.96 acre, and is located in Section 18 of Township 23 North, Range 5 East of the Willamette Meridian (Figures 1 and 2). The project is subject to review under the Washington State Environmental Policy Act (Revised Code of Washington [RCW] 43.21C), submitted through the City of Renton (City). On October 3, 2018, the City received a letter from the Washington State Department of Archeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) rec ommending the following mitigation measures: preparation of an Inadvertent Discoveries Plan (IDP) by a professional archaeologist; professional archaeological monitoring during all ground disturbing activities (e.g., geotechnical testing, concrete removal, utility removal and replacement, and building excavation); and allow Tribes be provided the opportunity to have a tribal monitor on-site. To that end, 4G Development and Consulting, Inc. retained Cardno, Inc. (Cardno) to prepare a Monitoring and Inadverte nt Discovery Plan (MIDP) (Hannum and Ferris 2020); and Chick-fil-A, Inc. retained Cardno to conduct the archaeological monitoring during ground disturbing activities. 1.0 Introduction Chick-fil-A, Inc. is in the process of constructing an approximate 4,000-square-foot fast food restaurant with two vehicle drive-through lanes and 47 surface parking spaces. The project wa s vacant, however, the former Diamond Lil’s Casino (built post-1970), located in the northern portion of the project, was demolished as part of the project. Prior to ground disturbing activities, the project contained a surface parking area and vacant unimproved area containing grasses and erosion control planting. Vehicle access to the proposed commercial development is via a relocated driveway on Rainier Ave S and within an existing easement in the abutting Renton Shopping Center . Construction of the facility included new stormwater infrastructure and landscaping. Frontage improvements consisting of a new 8-foot-wide sidewalk, 6-foot-wide planter strip, street lights, and drainage conveyance was recently constructed as part of a corridor capital improvement project by the City and are not included in Chick-fil-A’s proposed construction plans. 2 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 1. The project area shown on a portion of the Renton U.S. Geological Survey map (1978). 3 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 2. The project area shown on a 2018 orthophoto. 4 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Cardno provided archaeological monitoring services for ground disturbing activities associated with construction of the project. These services included a focused review of existing cultural resources records within 1.0 mile of the project area, monitoring the excavation of ground disturbing activities, and preparation of this technical memorandum documenting the monitoring results. 2.0 Cultural Resources Regulations The project is subject to several state laws and regulations. In Washington State, precontact and historic archaeological sites are protected on both public and private lands. The Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) (Revised Code of Washington [RCW ] 43.21C) and the implementing rules contained in Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 197-11 SEPA (RCW 43.21C) the identification of historic, archaeological, and cultural resources listed in or eligible for national, state, or local registers. Measures must be considered to reduce or control impacts to identified historic properties affected by a proposed project. Within the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 27.44 and RCW 27.53.060, it requires that a person obtain a permit from the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) before excavating, removing, or altering Native American human remains or archaeological resources in Washington. A failure to obtain a permit is punishable by fines and penalties under RCW 27.53.095 and criminal prosecution under RCW 27.53.090. In addition, if a person(s) violates this statute and knowingly disturb or alter an archaeological site, the DAHP is allowed to issue civil penalties of up to $5,000, in addition to site restoration costs and investigative costs p er RCW 27.53.095. Restorative and monetary remedies do not prevent concerned Indian tribes from undertaking civil action in state or federal court, or law enforcement agencies from undertaking criminal investigation or prosecution. If human remains and/or burials are disturbed, RCW 27.44.050 allows an affected Indian tribe to undertake civil action. Additionally, the excavation of human remains without a permit is a felony. RCW 68.60, Abandoned and Historic Cemeteries and Historic Graves, requires “expeditious” notification of local law enforcement and the coroner if skeletal human remains are discovered. Failure to notify is considered a misdemeanor. 5 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com 3.0 Archival Research Results Cardno conducted a background search and literature review of existing cultural resource records; Washington Heritage Register (WHR), Washington State Heritage Barn Register (WHBR), and National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listings; previous cultural resources investigations; previously recorded archaeological sites; and any known or potential traditional cultural properties (TCPs) in and within 1.0 mile (mi) (1.6 kilometer [km]) of the project area. Cardno obtained records from the Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data (WISAARD) database on March 24 - 26, 2020. Additional resources reviewed included U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), General Land Office (GLO), and historic maps available online. According to the DAHP’s predictive model available on the WISAARD online database, there is a very high risk for encountering buried archaeological deposits in the project area. 3.1 Previous Investigations The background research on WISAARD indicated that there have been 54 previously conducted cultural resource surveys within 1.0 mi (1.6 km) of the project area (Table 1), and that 26 of these surveys fall within 0.25 mi (0.4 km) of the project area. None of the previously completed cultural resources surveys overlap with the current project area. Table 1. Cultural Resources Investigations within 1.0 mi (1.6 km) of the Project Area (n=54) Year Author(s) Report Title NADB Number Report Type 2018 Berger Skyway Park Improvements Cultural Resources Risk Assessment, Renton, King County, Washington 1692087 Survey 2018 Humphries and Gargett Archaeological Monitoring Letter Report: Pothole Exploration for the Eastside Interceptor Section 2 (ESI2) Phase II Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1691575 Monitoring 2018 Shantry Results of Archaeological Monitoring of Boreholes for the Eastside Interceptor Section 2 (ESI2) Phase II Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1691576 Monitoring 2017 Junge Thunder Hills Sanitary Sewer Interceptor Replacement Cultural Resource Assessment Report 1692080 Survey 2016 Baldwin et al. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Lake Washington Loop Trail Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1688490 Survey 2016 Carrilho et al. Results of Cultural Resources Monitoring for the SW 7th Street/Naches Avenue SW Storm System Improvement Project-Phase 2, Renton, King County, Washington 1691963 Monitoring 2016 Ives et al. Cultural Resources Survey for the Washington State Department of Transportation’s I-405: SR 169 to I-90 Improvements Project, King County, Washington 1689501 Survey 2016 Kramer et al. Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Renton Commons Project, King County, Washington 1691956 Survey 2015 Shong et al. Results of Cultural Resources Monitoring for the SW 7th Street/Naches Avenue SW Storm System Improvement Project-Phase 2, Renton, King County, Washington 1686829 Monitoring 2015 Smith et al. Cultural Resources Survey for the Washington State Department of Transportation’s I-405/SR 167 Direct Connector Project, King County, Washington 1686391 Survey 6 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Year Author(s) Report Title NADB Number Report Type 2014 Baldwin and Chambers Cultural Resources Assessment for the Logan Avenue North Roadway Improvements Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1686039 Survey 2014 Butler Renton Municipal Airport Runway Blast Wall Replacement Project, Site 45KI01218 Determination of Eligibility 1686449 Survey / NRHP Determination 2014 Metz and Cooper Cultural Resources Assessment for the Renton C enter Senior Living Project in King County, Washington 1690970 Survey 2014 Shong and Miss Addendum to the Cultural Resources Overview for the SW 7th Street/Naches Avenue SW Storm System Improvement Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1684885 Survey 2012 Dellert et al. Final Archaeological Monitoring Report for the Lake Avenue South Storm System Project, City of Renton, king County, Washington 1682763 Monitoring 2012 Rooke Cultural Resources Discipline Report for the RapidRide – F Line, NEPA Documented Categorical Exclusion Project -- Addendum 1683232 Survey 2011 Baldwin Archaeological Monitoring of Trenching for the Rainier Avenue South Transit Improvement and Shattuck Avenue South Drain Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington 1682487 Monitoring 2011 Shong and Rinck Archaeological Assessment for Phase I of the Renton High School Field Improvement Project, King County, Washington 1681688 Survey 2010 Dellert and Silverman Archaeological Resources Assessment for the City of Renton Lake Avenue South System Project, King County, Washington 1354713 Survey 2010 Lenz A Cultural Resources Survey of Proposed Autozone Property, Renton, Washington 1686691 Survey 2010 Rooke Cultural Resources Discipline Report for the Burien to Renton RapidRide – F Line Project, NEPA Documented Categorical Exclusion Final Historical, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources Discipline Report 1354596 Survey 2009 Berger Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue South Transit Improvement and Shattuck Avenue South Storm Drain Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington 1352458 Survey 2009a Berger and Hartmann Cultural Resources Assessment of the Renton Lutheran Compass Center – Regional Veterans Complex Project, Renton, King County, WA 1352904 Survey 2009b Berger and Hartmann Cultural Resources Assessment of the Renton Lutheran Compass Center – Regional Veterans Complex Project, Renton, King County, WA 1352904 Architectural Property Inventory 2008 Boersema Cultural Resources Assessment for the Cedar River Sockeye Brood Stock Site, Renton, King County, Washington 1351608 Survey 7 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Year Author(s) Report Title NADB Number Report Type 2008 Bundy Interstate 405 Corridor Survey: Phase I Interstate 5 to State Route 169 Improvements Project 1352447 Survey 2007a Berger Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue/Hardie Avenue Project: Hardie Avenue Railroad Bridge Replacement, Renton, King County, Washington 1349984 Survey 2007b Berger Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue/Hardie Avenue Project: Hardie Avenue Railroad Bridge Replacement, Renton, King County, Washington 1349985 Survey 2007 Kaehler Archaeological Assessment of the Bob Bridge Toyota Expansion Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1682766 Survey 2007 Smith and Hoffman Cultural Resource Inventory of the Columbia Bank Parcel, King County, Washington 1350292 Survey 2006 Boersema Archaeological Investigations for Fifth and Williams Apartments, Renton, King County, Washington 1347338 Survey 2006 Lewarch Renton High School Indian Site (45KI501) Archaeological Data Recovery, King County, Washington 1347769 Data Recovery 2005 Bowden and Dampf I-405, Renton Nickel Improvement Project I-5 to SR 169 Cultural Resources Discipline Report 1346750 Survey 2005 Hodges and Piston Cultural Resources Assessment for the Merrill Gardens at Renton Centre, Renton, King County, Washington 1344552 Survey 2005 Shantry Fish Processing and Consumption on the Black River Classification of Features at 45KI501 and 45KI51 Puget Sound WA 1346243 Thesis 2004 Kaehler et al. Data Recovery Excavations at the Henry Moses Aquatic Center Site (45KI686), Renton, King County Washington 1343167 Data Recovery 2004 Hodges Cultural Resources Assessment for the Salvation Army Food Bank Warehouse/Office Building Renton, King County, Washington 1342760 Survey 2004 Hodges and Piston Cultural Resources Assessment for the Parkside at 95 Burnett Development Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1343769 Survey 2003 Lewarch Data Recovery Excavations at the Henry Moses Aquatic Center Site (45KI686) 1342536 Data Recovery 2003 Shong and Hodges Results of the Cultural Resources Assessment for Renton Fitness (Fred Meyer Shopping Center) King County, Washington 1342207 Survey 2003a Trudel and Larson Preliminary Results for the Community Health Care Facility, City of Renton, Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington 1342713 Survey and TCP Study 2003b Trudel and Larson Community Health Care Facility, City of Renton, Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington 1342713 Survey and TCP Study 8 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Year Author(s) Report Title NADB Number Report Type 2003c Trudel and Larson Preliminary Findings for the Proposed Renton Retail Site, Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington 1342573 Survey and TCP Study 2003d Trudel and Larson Renton Retail Site, Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington 1342653 Survey and TCP Study 2001 Juell Cultural Resources Inventory of the Proposed Washington Light Lanes Project: Route 5 Backbone Interstate 405 (MP 0 to MP 11) from Interstate 5 to Interstate 90 1339887 Survey 2001 Kramer et al. Renton High School Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington 1340709 Survey and TCP Study 2001a Kramer and Larson Archaeological Consultation at South Grady Way and Wells Street Storm Drain Trench 1339895 Monitoring 2001b Kramer and Larson Archaeological Monitoring of Backhoe Sample Points at the Renton High School Indian Site (45KI501) 1339905 Monitoring 2001a Lewarch and Larson Renton High School Indian Site (45KI501), Renton, King County, Washington, Summary of Site Identification, Tribal Consultation, and Redesign of Utility Lines to Avoid Archaeological Deposits 1339902 Consultation 2001b Lewarch and Larson Renton High School Indian Site (45KI501), Renton, King County, Washington, Consultation with the Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, the Duwamish Tribe and the Suquamish Tribe 1339903 Consultation 1999 Courtois et al. Central Link Light Rail Transit Project Seattle, Tukwila and SeaTac, Washington: Final Technical Report 1339816 Survey 1998 Robbins and Larson Cultural Resource Monitoring for Construction Excavation of the Schneider Homes Renton Apartments Project, King County 1339806 Monitoring 1996 Lewarch et al. Cultural Resources Assessment of the Schneider Homes Renton Apartments Project, Renton, King County, Washington 1339761 Survey 1995 Celmer Cedar River Reconnaissance Survey 1334586 Survey 9 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com 3.2 Archaeological Resources The background research on WISAARD indicated that there are 19 previously archaeological sites recorded within 1.0 mi (1.6 km) of the project. Of these, six are pre-contact sites, twelve are historic sites, and one is a multi - component site. Eight sites are within 0.25 mi (0.4 km) of the project area, and described below. Site 45KI00051 is the ethnohistoric residential village of Sba’badi’d (Hanley 1979). The site contained a proto -historic assemblage of traditional artifacts composed of flaked and ground-stone tools, modified bone and antler tools, and early historic trade items that may have been obtained directly or indirectly from the George Vancouver expedition in 1792. Excavations revealed stratified archaeological deposits representing a longhouse dating to AD 1790 -1825 (Chatters 1981). A later period component of the site dating to the mid -19th century may represent habitation associated with the treaty -era Williams Camp. Additional occupation surfaces date to the mid- to late-19th century (Reid 1991). Investigations in the 1990s during various studies revealing thin strata containing historic -period copper and iron artifacts, hearth features, human remains and mortuary items (Lewarch et al. 1996; Robbins and Larson 1998; Stump 1990). Cultural deposits were identified between approximately 1.5 and 3 feet (ft) (0.5 and 1 meters [m]) below surface. Site 45KI00051 is 0.19 mi (0.32 km) west-southwest of the project area. Site 45KI00439 is a multi-component site identified during archaeological monitoring of a commercial development (Lewarch 1994). The site contains hunter -fisher -gatherer midden. There are five features include concentrations of fire modified rock and calcined bone as well as charcoal, burned sand, oxidized soils and two pieces of jasper debitage. Midden deposits and features were observed to depths over 3.3 ft (1 m) below the contemporary ground surface. The historic component dates post-1850s. The site is located along what was once the Black River. Site 45KI00439 is 0.17 mi (0.28 km) southwest of the project. Site 45KI00501 is a pre-contact village site (Lewarch 2001), approximately 200 ft (61 m) west of 45KI00439. The primary archaeological deposits were approximately 3 f t (0.9 m) below the ground surface and separated by layers of culturally-sterile flood alluvium and represented several pre-contact occupations to a maximum depth of 6 ft (1.5 m). Most of the occupation surfaces were horizontally extensive marked by discre te areas of burned matrix containing small fragments of charcoal, ash, and calcined fish and mammal bone. Radiocarbon analysis on charcoal from features and occupation surfaces returned dates ranging between 550 and 200 BP (Lewarch 2006). The site was identified during construction activities at the Renton High School, and several non -contiguous areas of the site were identified. Site 45KI00501 is 0.25 mi (0.42 km) northeast of the project. Sites 45KI0109 and 45KI01010 are 600 ft (183 m) west and 50 ft (15 m) west of 45KI00501, respectively. The Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad (45KI00538) site consists of 16.5 mi (27.5 km) of the total railroad, which connected Seattle to Newcastle (Hudson 1996). At the time of recordation, there were 9 mi (15 km) of acti ve railroad between Seattle and Renton, while the remaining 7.5 mi (12.5 km) of the recorded railroad was abandoned grade that was repurposed into a pedestrian trail. The site is 0.22 mi (0.37 km) south of the project area. Dexudidew (45KI00587), the Little Cedar River Fishing Site, includes two hunter -fisher-gatherer occupation surfaces in the alluvial floodplain sediments of the once-extant Black River (Lewarch 2004). The occupation layers were sandy silt, approximately 2-5 cm thick and were separated by 2-5 cm of coarse red-orange sand. The occupation lenses contained flecks and chunks of charcoal, fragments of fire modified rock, flecks of calcined fish bone, flecks of calcined shell, and pieces of jasper and chalcedony lithic debitage. The occupation lens at 45KI005 87 is similar to the thin strata with charcoal flecks and low densities of lithic debitage observed at 45KI00501, located 700 ft (213 m) northeast, and 4500051, located 2,000 ft (610 m) southwest. Site 45KI00587 is 0.17 mi (0.28 km) northeast of the project area. 10 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resource Sites within 1 mi (1.6 km) of the Project Area (n=19). Site Number Site Name Site Type NRHP Eligibility (NRHP) Determination Recorded by Distance Relative to Project Area 45KI00051 Sba’badi’d Pre-contact Camp Unevaluated Hanley (1979) 0.19 mi (0.32 km) west- southwest 45KI00059 n/a Pre-contact Village Unevaluated Vance (1980) 0.55 mi (0.92 km) west- southwest 45KI00211 Renton Coal Mine Historic Mining Property Listed in WHR Tingwall et al. (2007) 0.72 mi (1.2 km) southeast 45KI00285 n/a Historic Railroad Unevaluated Cavazos (1985) 0.53 mi (0.88 km) south- southwest 45KI00439 n/a Multi-component Unevaluated Lewarch (1994) 0.17 mi (0.28 km) southwest 45KI00501 n/a Pre-contact Village Unevaluated Lewarch (2001) 0.25 mi (0.42 km) northeast 45KI00538 Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad Historic Railroad Not Eligible / Potentially / Unevaluated Hudson (1996) 0.22 mi (0.37 km) south 45KI00542 n/a Historic Debris Scatter Unevaluated Norman (1996) 1 mi (1.6 km) east 45KI00587 Dexudidew Pre-contact Village Unevaluated Lewarch (2004) 0.17 mi (0.28 km) northeast 45KI00686 n/a Pre-contact Camp Unevaluated Lewarch (2003) 1 mi (1.6 km) east-northeast 45KI00759 n/a Historic Debris Scatter Unevaluated Kaehler and Thompson (2007) 0.31 mi (0.52 km) southwest 45KI00767 Talbot Road Dam Historic Dam Unevaluated Bundy and Chidley (2007) 1 mi (1.6 km) southeast 45KI00848 Renton Glass Company Historic Industrial Structure (Ruin) Not Eligible Juell (2009) 0.70 mi (1.2 km) southeast 45KI01009 Moses Homestead Historic Debris Scatter Unevaluated Shong (2011) 0.25 mi (0.42 km) north- northeast 45KI01010 n/a Pre-contact Camp Unevaluated Shong (2011) 0.20 mi (0.33 km) northeast 45KI01206 n/a Historic Debris Scatter Unevaluated Smith (2014) 0.92 mi (1.53 km) south 45KI01210 n/a Historic Public Works Unevaluated Metz (2014) 0.22 mi (0.37 km) southwest 11 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Site Number Site Name Site Type NRHP Eligibility (NRHP) Determination Recorded by Distance Relative to Project Area 45KI01218 n/a Historic Debris Scatter Not Eligible Stegner (2014) 0.46 mi (0.77 km) north- northeast 45KI01344 n/a Historic Debris Scatter Unevaluated Anderson (2017) 0.60 mi (1.0 km) northeast Site 45KI01009 is a historic debris scatter representing the Moses family homestead, the last Duwamish Indian family in the town of Renton (Shong 2011a). Early to middle 20th ce ntury domestic debris was recovered from 20-180 centimeters below surface (cmbs) in the vicinity of the homestead. Most of the historic debris was encountered below fill and typically within a buried A horizon just west of the former house footprint. No foundation was observed. Hist oric maps and aerial photographs show the homestead just east of the once-extant Black River, and approximately 0.25 mi (0.4 km) south of the historic confluence of the Cedar and former Black rivers. The homestead consisted of a two - room cabin with an attached lean-to structure and outbuilding. The house was built sometime before ca. 1900. The house was situated at, or very near the ethnographic -period Duwamish settlements skah-TELBSH, located just below the historic confluence of the Cedar and Black river s, and TuxE'b-qo, located at the confluence (Buerge 1985). Site 45KI01009 is approximately 215 ft (66 m) northwest of 45KI01010. Site 45KI01009 is 0.25 mi (0.4 km) north -northeast of the project area. Site 45KI01010 is a pre-contact camp. The site has a lithic artifact concentration and a shell midden (Shong 2011b). Subsurface testing encountered archaeological materials between 20 -60 cmbs at the west end of the site, and included a core, split cobble, and primary and secondary reduction flakes. With the exception of a red jasper flake, all other lithic material was a fine to medium grain local material. The midden between 140 -220 cmbs in the eastern half of the site, and consisted of approximately 20 cm of organically -rich, charcoal-stained, silty -fine sand containing fire-modified rock, flaked-stone artifacts, and calcined faunal remains. The archaeological deposits within the midden are similar to the lower cultural strata documented at 45KI00501, located approximately 164 ft (50 m) east of 45KI01010 (Kramer et al. 2001; Lewarch 2006). Site 45KI01010 is near the ethnographic -period Duwamish settlement skah-TELBSH, noted by Buerge (1985) as just below the historic confluence of the Cedar and Black rivers. Site 45KI01010 is 0.20 mi (0.33 km) northeast of the project area. Site 45KI01210 consists of three wooden pilings. The pilings are approximately 7.5 ft (2.3 m) apart (Metz 2014). The exposed pilings were approximately 2.5 to 3 ft (0.76 to 0.91 m) tall and comprised of treated cut timbers. There was no cultural material associated with the pilings. Based on historic maps and aerial photographs of the former location of the Black River coursed along the present-day location of Hardie Avenue SW. The pilings appear to have been built along the eastern margin of the river to prevent it from migrating or undercutting the river’s bank prior to the river being cut off from Lake Washington in 1916. This site is 0.22 mi (0.37 km) southwest of the project area. 4.0 Results of Archaeological Monitoring Cardno archaeologi sts Michelle Hannum, MLitt, Cassandra Kacin, MA, and Tyler McWilliams monitored ground disturbing activities over the course of 26 days between August 3 through and October 12, 2020 (Table 3). No pre- contact or historic archaeological sites or isolated finds were identified during archaeological monitoring of projec t excavation. Ms. Hannum, who directly supervised the project, meets the Secretary of Interior’s professional qualifications standards for archaeology . On July 13, 2020, Ms. Hannum emailed the following Indian tribes (in alphabetical order) to provide notification that monitoring would be occurring on the project beginning July 15, 2020: Puyallup Tribe of Indians, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Snoqualmie Indian Tribe, and Suquamish Tribe. 12 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Table 3. Dates of Archaeological Monitor ing and Monitor s for the Project Date Monitor Begin Time / End Time Ground Disturbing Activity Results 07/15/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 8:00 AM Site visit during demolition No cultural material 08/03/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 3:00 PM Electrical trench No cultural material 08/12/2020 Cassandra Kacin 7:00 AM – 4:00 PM Potholing and electrical trench No cultural material 08/14/2020 Cassandra Kacin 7:00 AM – 4:00 PM Trenching No cultural material 08/17/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 4:00 PM Footprint trenching for commercial structure No cultural material 08/18/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 4:00 PM Footprint trenching for commercial structure No cultural material 09/01/2020 Cassandra Kacin 7:45 AM – 12:45 PM Excavation for vault No cultural material 09/02/2020 Cassandra Kacin 7:30 AM – 11:45 AM Excavation for vault No cultural material 09/03/2020 Cassandra Kacin 7:30 AM – 4:00 PM Excavation of four vaults No cultural material 09/08/2020 Cassandra Kacin 7:00 AM – 7:30 AM Excavation for vault No cultural material 09/09/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 5:00 PM Re-excavation of four vaults No cultural material 09/10/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 5:00 PM Re-excavation of four vaults and utility trench No cultural material 09/11/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 5:00 PM Utility trenching No cultural material 09/14/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 5:00 PM Utility trenching No cultural material 09/15/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Utility trenching No cultural material 09/16/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Utility trenching No cultural material 09/17/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Utility trenching Non-diagnostic colorless bottle in disturbed soils 09/24/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Trenching No cultural material 09/29/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Mass excavation No cultural material 09/30/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Mass excavation No cultural material 10/01/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Mass excavation No cultural material 13 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Date Monitor Begin Time / End Time Ground Disturbing Activity Results 10/02/2020 Tyler McWilliams 7:30 AM – 4:30 PM Mass excavation No cultural material 10/05/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 5:00 PM Utility trenching No cultural material 10/06/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 5:00 PM Utility trenching No cultural material 10/12/2020 Michelle Hannum 7:00 AM – 5:00 PM Utility trenching No cultural material 11/13/2020 Michelle Hannum 8:00 PM – 1:00 AM Utility trenching No cultural material ESI, based in Boise, Idaho, was the general contractor for project build. Strickland & Sons, based in Buckley, Washington, completed all ground-disturbing construction activities. Strickland & Sons used a John Deere 50G excavator for trenching and a John Deere 200LC for mass excavation. Cardno archaeologists monitored the project under the guidance of a Monitoring and Inadvertent Discovery Plan (MIDP) that was previously prepared for the project (Hannum 2020). Archaeologists inspected all disturbed areas and the recovered soil or sediment for indications of such archaeological resources. Ground -disturbing activities included asphalt removal, subsurface structure demolition, utility removal, geotech pier drilling, utility trenching, vault installation, and mass excavation. The monitor stood in close proximity to heavy equipment in order to view subsurface deposits as they were exposed, and made all reasonable efforts to ensure safety and noninterf erence. The monitor was in close communication with the project manager and/or construction manager and equipment operators to ensure adequate opportunity for observation and documentation. 4.1 Daily Summaries July 05, 2020 Cardno completed a site visit during demolition clean-up of the casino that stood at the project area. This structure was built post-1980 and as such, was not documented. August 03, 2020 Cardno monitored ground disturbing activities on August 3, 2020. Ground disturbing activities included the excavation of a trench for a temporary underground electrical line. The trench began at the existing utility box located at the northern boundary of the project, and continued east for 90 ft (27.4 m). From this point, the trench continued south for 100 ft (30.5 m), terminating near an existing underground water line (Figures 3 and 4) for a total of 190 ft (57.9 m) long. The trench was 3 ft (0.9 m) wide and reached an average depth of 40 inches (1.01 m) below ground surface . The soil profile along the east/west trending trench exhibited a brown (10YR4/3) sand (fill) over a reddish brown (5YR4/4) silty clay mottled with a yellowish brown (10YR5/8) silty clay (native soils). Fill reached depths of approximately 20 inches (0.5 m) bgs (Figures 5 and 6). One broken non-diagnostic colorless bottle was observed in the fill, as well as several modern pipes (e.g., PVC, concrete, and terracotta). No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the footprint trenching. 14 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 3 Utility trench located along the northern border of the project area. View to the west. Photo taken August 03, 2020. 15 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 4 Utility trench located along the northern border leading to existing vault . View to the south. Photo taken August 03, 2020. 16 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 5 Utility trench soil profile. View to the north. Photo taken August 03, 2020. 17 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 6 Utility trench soil profile. View to the north. Photo taken August 03, 2020. The soil profile along the north/south trending trench contained an imported brown (10YR4/3) sandy fill over a layer of asphalt. Below the asphalt was a layer of imported gravel typical of asphalt installation. A reddish brown (5YR4/4) silty clay mottled with a yellowish brown (10YR5/8) silty clay (native soils) was observed below the gravel. A pocket of dark bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay was observed under the gravel (Figures 7 and 8). Fill reached depths of approximately 20 inches (0.5 m) bgs. One existing underground powerline was observed near the water box. 18 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 7 Utility trench soil profile. View to the northeast . Photo taken August 03, 2020. Figure 8 Excavation along utility trench. View to the north-northeast. Photo taken August 03, 2020. 19 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com August 12, 2020 Cardno monitoring ground disturbing activities on August 12, 2020. Ground disturbing activities included the excavation of two potholes and re-excavation of the trench for the temporary underground electrical line monitored on August 3. Potholes were excavated to determine the depth of a buried layer of asphalt, and the excavation of a previously excavated and disturbed segment of utility trench. One pothole measured 6.2 ft (1.9 m) wide, 7.5 ft (2.3 m) long, and 0.8 ft (0.24 m) deep. The second pothole measured 5.9 ft (1.8 m) wide, 6.9 ft (2.1 m) long, and 1.4 ft (0.44 m) deep. The soil profile of both potholes consisted of sandy silt (fill) with imported gravel inclusions. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the potholes or trenching. August 14, 2020 Cardno continued monitoring ground disturbing activities for trenching on August 14, 2020. The west -east segment of the utility trench measured approximately 4.8 ft (1.45 m) wide, 82 ft (25 m) long, and 2 ft (0.63 m) deep. The trench is “L” shaped, and the north-south segment measured approximately 8.2 ft (2.5 m) wide, 49.2 ft (15 m) long, and 2.1 ft (0.65 m) deep. At approximately 49.2 ft (15 m) south of the utility trench turn, the trench was widened to accommodate a cement vault. The soil profile within the utility trench consisted of disturbed brown sandy silt fill with frequent inclusions of cobble and gravel (0-32 cm bgs); disturbed brown clay silt fill (32-40 cm bgs); and a mottled gray and brown silty clay (40-65 cm bgs). Modern debris (e.g., glass, floor times, asphalt, and plastic) was observed in the top two fill layers. No precontact or historic c ultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the footprint trenching. August 17, 2020 Cardno monitored ground disturbing activities on August 17, 2020. Ground disturbing activities included the excavation of a trench outlining the footprint of the commercial building, which will be located in the southern portion of the project area. The trench is generally rectangular, and measured approximately 75 ft (22.8 m) long, 50 ft (15.2 m) wide, and reached a maximum depth of 2 ft (0.61 m) (Figures 9, 10, and 11). The soil profile exhibited a brown (10YR4/3) sandy fill over a reddish brown (5YR4/4) silty clay mottled with a yellowish brown (10YR5/8) silty clay (native soils). Fill reached depths of approximately 20 inches (0.5 m) bgs. A pocket of dark bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay was observed under the gravel. No cultural material, features, or buried occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the footprint trenching. 20 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 9 Overview of the proposed building footprint. View to the east -southeast. Photo taken August 17, 2020. Figure 10 Excavation of the trenching of the building footprint. View to the northwest. Photo taken August 17, 2020. 21 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 11 Excavation of the trenching of the building footprint. View to the west. Photo taken August 17, 2020. August 18, 2020 Cardno continued monitoring for ground disturbing acti vities associated with the trench outlining the footprint of the commercial building. The trench is rectangular, and measured approximately 75 ft (22.8 m) long, 50 ft (15.3 m) wide, and reached a maximum depth of 2 ft (0.61 m). The soil profile exhibited a brown (10YR4/3) sandy fill over a reddish brown (5YR4/4) silty clay mottled with a yellowish brown (10YR5/8) silty clay (native soils). Fill reached depths of approximately 20 inches (0.5 m) bgs. A pocket of dark bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay was observed under the gravel. No cultural material, features, or buried occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the footprint trenching. 22 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com September 01, 2020 Cardno monitored ground disturbing activities on September 1, 2020, which included the excavation of a pit for a vault. The pit, located in the northwestern portion of the project (Figure 12), was approximately 4.3 ft (1.3 m) deep, 9.8 ft (3 m) long, and 4.9 ft (1.5 m) wide. The soil profile exhibited a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt (fill) unde rlain by a reddish brown (5YR4/4) silty clay mottled with a yellowish brown (10YR5/8) silty clay. In the middle of this layer was a layer of imported gravel and an intact drainage pipe trending east-west. Beneath this was a layer of bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay. Fill was observed to 3.3 ft (1 m) bgs. No cultural material, features, or buried occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the vault installation. September 02, 2020 Cardno monitored ground disturbing activities on September 2, 2020, which included the excavation of a pit for another vault. The pit, located in the west central portion of the project (Figure 13), was approximately 3.9 ft (1.2 m) deep, 9.8 ft (3 m) long, and 3.3 ft (1 m) wide. The soil profile exhibited a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt (fill) underlain by a layer of asphalt. Below the asphalt was a layer of imported gravel. A thin reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay layer was observed below the gravel. Underneath this was a yellowish brown (10YR5/8) silty clay, underlain by a layer of bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay. Fill was observed to 1.6 ft (0.5 m) bgs, and contained modern debris. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring for the vault installation. September 03, 2020 Cardno monitored four excavation pits for additional vaults on September 3, 2020. One pit, located in the southwe st portion of the project, was excavated prior to the archaeologist arriving on site; however, the soil profile was observed upon arrival. The soil profile exhibited a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt (fill) underlain by a layer of asphalt. Below the asphalt was a layer of gravel. A reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay was observed below the gravel, beneath which was a layer of bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay. Fill was observed to a depth of 4.6 ft (1.4 m) bgs. This pit was approximately 9.8 ft (3 m) wide, 4.9 ft (1.5 m) wide, and 5.4 ft (1.45 m) deep. The second pit was excavated in the north-central portion of the project; and measured 9.8 ft (3 m) long, 6.6 ft (2 m) wide, and 4.9 ft (1.5 m) deep. The third pit, excavated in the central portion of the project area, was approximately 13.1 ft (4 m) long, 13.1 ft (4 m) wide, and 8 ft (2.45 m) deep. The fourth pit was approximately 9.8 ft (3 m) long, 8.2 ft (2.5 m) wide, and 6.2 ft (1.9 m) deep; and was located immediately southeast of the third pit (Figures 14 and 15). The soil profiles for the three monitored pits consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel intermixed with modern debris (including plastic bags, coffee cups) and building material associated with the former casino. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. Beneath this was a layer of bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay. Fill reached a depth of 3.9 ft (1.2 m) bgs. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the four vaults. September 08, 2020 Cardno observed clean-up of spoils at the vaults that were excavated on September 3, 2020. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring activities. September 09, 2020 Cardno monitored the re-excavation of the four vaults that were excavated on September 3, 2020 due to installation error in depth. The soil profiles consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel intermixed with modern debris (including plastic bags, coffee cups) and building material assoc iated with the former casino. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. Beneath this was a layer of bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay. Fill reached a depth of 3.9 ft (1.2 m) bgs. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the vaults. 23 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 12 Excavation of for a vault located in northwestern portion of the project. View to the east. Photo taken September 1, 2020. Figure 13 Excavation of for a vault located in the west -central portion of the project. View to the east. Photo taken September 2, 2020. 24 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 14 Excavation of four vault locations in the central portion of the project area. View to the east. Photo taken September 3, 2020. Figure 15 Excavation of four vault locations in the central portion of the project area. View to the east. Photo taken September 3, 2020. 25 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com September 10, 2020 Cardno monitored the re-excavation of the four vaults that were excavated on September 3, 2020, as well as a north- south trending utility trench along the western edge of the project area (Figure 16). The trench measured 140 ft (42.7 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. The soil profile consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the vaults. September 11, 2020 Cardno monitored the excavation of an east-west trending trench, which connected the trench excavated on September 10 to the four vaults. The trench measured 60 ft (18.3 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. The soil profile consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. September 14, 2020 Cardno monitored the continuation of trenching for the north-south utility trench that was excavated on September 10, 2020. The trench measured 140 ft (42.7 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. The soil profile consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. September 15, 2020 Cardno monitored the continuation of trenching for the north-south utility trench that was excavated on September 10 and 14, 2020. The trench measured 140 ft (42.7 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. The soil profiles consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay . No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. September 16, 2020 Cardno monitored excavations along the east-west trending trench that connects the trench excavated on September 11 to the four vaults (Figure 17). The trench measured 60 ft (18.3 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. The soil profiles consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. September 17, 2020 Cardno monitored the excavation of a north-south trending trench located at the northern edge of the project area (Figures 18 and 19). The trench measured 35 ft (10.7 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and 3 ft 0.9 m) deep. A portion of this trench intersected with trenching monitored in A ugust 3, 2020 and highly disturbed. A colorless bottle was observed in the fill layer. The bottle is non-diagnostic, in a disturbed context, and was not recorded as an isolated find. 26 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 16 North-south trending utility trench to be excavated marked in orange paint. View to the north. Photo taken September 10, 2020. Figure 17 East-west trending utility trench to be excavated marked in orange paint and leading to vault locations. View to the north. Photo taken September 16, 2020. 27 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 18 Utility trench to be excavated at the northern portion of the project area. View to the north. Photo taken September 17, 2020. Figure 19 Utility trench excavated at the northern portion of the project area. View to the north. Photo taken September 17, 2020. 28 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com September 24, 2020 Cardno monitored trenching along the northern edge of the commercial structure footprint (Figures 20 and 21). The trench measured approximately 75 ft (22.9 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. This is adjacent to the trench excavated for the footprint, and the soil profile exhibited a brown (10YR4/3) sand (fill) over a reddish brown (5YR4/4) silty clay mottled with a yellowish brown (10YR5 /8) silty clay (native soils). Fill reached depths of approximately 20 inches (0.5 m) bgs. A pocket of dark bluish gray (Gley 3/3/1) silty clay was observed under the gravel. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the footprint trenching. September 29, 2020 Cardno monitored general mass excavations across the project area, which reached a maximum depth of 12 ft (3.7 m) (Figures 22 and 23). Soil profile exhibited several layers of fill over patches of gray clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of ma ss excavations. September 30, 2020 Cardno continued monitoring of general mass excavations. Excavations reached a maximum depth of 12 ft (3.7 m). Soil profile exhibited several layers of fill over patches of gray clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of mass excavations. October 01, 2020 Cardno continued monitoring of general mass excavations. Excavations reached a maximum depth of 12 ft (3.7 m). Soil profile exhibited several layers of fill over patches of gray clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of mass excavations. October 02, 2020 Cardno continued monitoring of general mass excavations. Excavations reached a maximum depth of 12 ft (3.7 m). Soil profile exhibited several layers of fill over patches of gray clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of mass excavations. October 05, 2020 Cardno monitored additional trenching for the north-south utility trench that was excavated on September 10, 2020. The trench measured 140 ft (42.7 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and depths were increased to 5 ft (1.5 m) bgs (Figure 24). The soil profile consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. 29 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 20 Location of trench to be excavated along the footprint of the building. View to the west. Photo taken September 24, 2020. Figure 21 Trench profile along the footprint of the building. View to the west. Photo taken September 24, 2020. 30 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 22 Mass excavation. View to the northeast. Photo taken September 29, 2020. Figure 23 Soil profile in mass excavation. View to the east. Photo taken September 29, 2020. 31 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 24 Trench excavations. View to the southwest. Photo taken October 5, 2020. October 06, 2020 Cardno monitored additional trenching for the north-south utility trench crew that was excavated on September 10, 2020. The trench measured 140 ft (42.7 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and depths were increased to 5 ft (1.5 m) bgs (Figure 25). The soil profile consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silt y clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. October 12, 2020 Cardno monitored continued trenching for the north-south utility trench crew that was excavated September 10, 2020. The trench measured 140 ft (42.7 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, and depths were increased to 5 ft (1.5 m) bgs. The soil profile consisted of a brown (10YR 4/3) sandy silt layer over a layer of gravel. All layers represent fill episodes. This layer gradually transitioned to a layer of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay mottled with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. November 13, 2020 Cardno monitored the excavations of two utility trenches that crossed the entrance to the Fred Meyer shopping plaza. These excavations were conducted at night. Both trenches were oriented north-south, and measured approximately 50 ft (15 m) long, 5 ft (1.5 m) wide, and 5 ft (1.5 m) deep. The soil profile revealed several layers of imported fill related to recent commercial development and transportation maintenance. No cultural material, features, or bur ied occupation surfaces were observed during monitoring of the trenching. 32 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Figure 25 Trench excavations. View to the southeast. Photo taken October 6, 2020 33 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com 5.0 Summary The background research on WISAARD indicated that there are 19 previously archaeological sites recorded within 1.0 mi (1.6 km) of the project. Of these, six are pre-contact sites, twelve are historic sites, and one is a multi - component site. Eight sites are within 0.25 mi (0.4 km) of the project. According to the DAHP’s predictive model available on the WISAARD online database, ther e wa s a very high risk for encountering buried archaeological deposits in the project area; and Cardno archaeologists monitored all ground disturbing activities. Over the course of 26 days, between July 15 and November 13, 2020, Cardno monitored the excavation of various utility trenches, vault installments, building footprint, and mass excavation. Soil profiles exhibited numerous episodes of fill. Native soils (gray clay) were observed below fill in several areas of the project area. No pre-contact or historic archaeological sites or isolated finds were identified during archaeological monitoring of project excavation. Project excavation is complete. As such, no further cultural resources work is recommended. 34 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com 6.0 References Cited Anderson, Erik 2017 State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45KI01344. On file at the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Baldwin, Garth 2011 Archaeological Monitoring of Trenching for the Rainier Avenue South Tr ansit Improvement and Shattuck Avenue South Storm Drain Project, City of Renton, King County, Washington. Report prepared for Widener & Associates. Report prepared by Drayton Archaeology. Baldwin, Garth and Jennifer Chambers 2014 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Logan Avenue North Roadway Improvements Project, Renton, King County, Washington. Report prepared for Widener & Associates. 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Report prepared by Equinox Research and Consulting International, Inc. 37 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Ives, Ryan, Jennifer Thomas, Stephen Emerson, Jason Jones, and Timothy J. Smith 2016 Cultural Resources Survey for the Washington State Department of Transportation’s I -405: SR 169 to I -90 Improvements Project, King County, Washington. Report prepared for Washington State Department of Transportation, Northwest Region. Report prepared by Archaeological and Historical Services. Juell, Kenneth E. 2009 State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45KI00848. On file at the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2011 Cultural Resources Inventory of the proposed Washington Light Lanes Project: Route 5 Backbone Interstate 405 (MP 0 to MP 11) from Interstate 5 to Interstate 90. Report prepared for Universal Communication Networks – Washington, Inc. and David Evans & Associates, Inc. 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Report prepared by Columbia Geotechnical Associates, Inc. 38 January 13, 2021 Chick-fil-A, Inc. www.cardno.com Lewarch, Dennis E. 1994 Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45KI00439. On file at the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2001 Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45KI00501. On file at the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2003a Data Recovery Excavations at the Henry Moses Aquatic Center Site (45KI86). Report prepared for Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Report prepared by Larson Anthropological Archaeological Services Unlimited. 2003b Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45KI00686. On file at the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2004 Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45KI00587. 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