HomeMy WebLinkAboutRES 4443MAKING OUR WATERSHED FIT FOR A KING
Salmon Habitat Plan
2021 Update
GREEN/DUWAMISH AND
CENTRAL PUGET SOUND WATERSHED
Water Resource Inventory Area 9 (WRIA 9)
Approved by the WRIA 9 Watershed Ecosystem Forum on
February 11, 2021
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
3
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed
Water Resource Inventory Area 9 (WRIA 9)
Approved by the WRIA 9 Watershed Ecosystem Forum on February 11, 2021
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Water Resource Investory Area 9 (WRIA 9). 2021.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Water-
shed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update. Making Our
Watershed Fit for a King. Approved by the Watershed
Ecosystem Forum February 11, 2021.
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Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update
MAKING OUR WATERSHED FIT FOR A KING
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE4
Contents
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................................................8
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................................10
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................11
Chapter 1: Background ................................................................................................................................................................13
Regional Salmon Recovery Context ..........................................................................................................................................13
WRIA 9 Organizational Structure ..................................................................................................................................................15
Equity and Social Justice ...................................................................................................................................................................15
Chapter 2: Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed – A Snapshot .......................................17
Chapter 3: The Chinook Salmon Life Cycle – Connecting a Diverse Watershed ...........................................23
Adult Upstream Migration/Spawning ......................................................................................................................................23
Egg Incubation/Emergence .............................................................................................................................................................23
Juvenile Freshwater Rearing/Migration .................................................................................................................................24
Juvenile Estuary Rearing ....................................................................................................................................................................24
Marine Nearshore Rearing ...............................................................................................................................................................25
Ocean Migration .......................................................................................................................................................................................25
Chapter 4: Current Population Status and Recovery Goals .....................................................................................27
Viable Salmon Population Criteria – Current Status and Goals ...........................................................................27
Habitat Goals – Implementation Targets ...............................................................................................................................30
Chapter 5: Strategic Assessment Update - New Science on Priority Pressures ...........................................33
Priority Pressures (Basin of Focus) ............................................................................................................................................33
Chapter 6: Recovery Strategies .............................................................................................................................................49
Strategy: Restore and Improve Fish Passage ...................................................................................................................49
Strategy: Protect, Restore and Enhance Floodplain Connectivity .....................................................................51
Strategy: Protect, Restore, and Enhance Channel Complexity and Edge Habitat ...............................52
Strategy: Protect, Restore, and Enhance Riparian Corridors ...............................................................................53
Strategy: Protect, Restore, and Enhance Sediment and Water Quality .......................................................55
Strategy: Protect, Restore and Enhance Marine Shorelines .................................................................................58
Strategy: Protect, Restore and Enhance Estuarine Habitat ....................................................................................60
Strategy: Protect, Restore and Enhance Instream Flows and Cold Water Refugia ............................62
Strategy: Expand Public Awareness and Education ....................................................................................................64
Strategy: Integrate Agricultural Protection and Salmon Recovery Initiatives .........................................66
Strategy: Integrate Salmon Recovery into Land Use Planning ...........................................................................68
Plan Implementation and Funding ..............................................................................................................................................70
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
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ROGER TABOR
Chapter 7: Capital Projects ......................................................................................................................................................73
Project Prioritization ................................................................................................................................................................................74
Capital Project Information by Subwatershed. ...................................................................................................................75
Marine Nearshore Subwatershed ...............................................................................................................................76
Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed ..........................................................................................................................102
Lower Green River Subwatershed ............................................................................................................................118
Middle Green River Subwatershed .........................................................................................................................146
Upper Green River Subwatershed ..........................................................................................................................160
Chapter 8: Implementation Strategy .................................................................................................................................163
Annual Funding Package.................................................................................................................................................................. 163
Salmon Recovery Funding............................................................................................................................................................... 164
WRIA 9 CWM Funding Allocation.............................................................................................................................................. 164
Outyear Project Planning (6-year CPIP)............................................................................................................................... 165
Performance Management............................................................................................................................................................. 165
Chapter 9: Monitoring and Adaptive Management ....................................................................................................167
Adaptive Management Framework.......................................................................................................................................... 167
Implementation Monitoring............................................................................................................................................................ 168
Effectiveness Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................. 168
Validation Monitoring........................................................................................................................................................................... 170
Chapter 10: References ............................................................................................................................................................173
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE6
List of Figures
Figure 1. Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Chinook salmon recovery timeline. ........................................14
Figure 2. Green/Duwamish (WRIA 9) Watershed Map............................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3. Green/Duwamish (WRIA 9) Land Use Designations Map ................................................................................................21
Figure 4. The Salmon Cycle ............................................................................................................................................................................................24
Figure 5. Primary Chinook salmon life history types in the Green River (updated and modified
from Ruggerone and Weitkamp 2004). ...........................................................................................................................................25
Figure 6. Green River Chinook salmon escapement. .................................................................................................................................29
Figure 7. Howard Hanson Dam spring water storage and allocation. ..........................................................................................34
Figure 8. Projected impacts to Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound salmon as a
result of climate change. .............................................................................................................................................................................36
Figure 9. Coastal squeeze in nearshore graphic along the Puget Sound Nearshore refers to
the shallow areas where forage fish spawn are being squeezed out of existence by
shoreline armoring and sea level rise (Coastal Geologic Services). ........................................................................37
Figure 10. Plot of 7-DMax water temperatures for the 2015 and 2016 calendar years measured
by King County at the Whitney Bridge station (GRT10) compared to 7-DMax
temperaturesmeasured from 2001-2014. ........................................................................................................................................39
Figure 11. Representative tributary mouth habitats associated with flapgate flood
control structures. .............................................................................................................................................................................................41
Figure 12. Spawners-recruit plots showing abundance of fry and parr produced based on
estimated adult Chinook salmon escapement (Anderson and Topping 2018). ...............................................43
Figure 13. Chinook salmon that enter the estuarine waters as fry (< 60 mm) experience
very low marine survival rates ...............................................................................................................................................................44
Figure 14. Shoreline modification identified during Marine Shoreline Monitoring and
Compliance Project (Ecology). ...............................................................................................................................................................46
Figure 15. Juvenile fish passage barriers block juvenile Chinook salmon access to important
rearing habitat in non-natal tributaries (Mike Perfetti) .......................................................................................................50
Figure 16. Healthy juvenile chinook sampled from a non-natal tributary in 2018 (Chris Gregersen) .....................50
Figure 17. The Lower Russell Road Levee Setback Project is a multi-benefit project that
provides flood risk reduction, habitat restoration, and recreational enhancements. ..................................51
Figure 18. Progress towards the watershed revegetation goals established in the WRIA 9
Re-Green the Green Strategy. .................................................................................................................................................................54
Figure 19. Stormwater-induced mortality in coho salmon in Miller Creek, Normandy Park ..........................................57
Figure 20. Before and after Phase II restoration of Seahurst Park in the City of Burien ....................................................58
Figure 21. Duwamish Gardens created 1.3 acres of shallow water rearing habitat in a critically
important transition zone of the Duwamish Estuary. Subsequent monitoring has
documented extensive use of the site by juvenile Chinook salmon. ........................................................................61
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
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Figure 22. Before (2013) and after (2019) restoration photos of the Big Springs Creek. ..................................................63
Figure 23. A community volunteer examines a salmon carcass as part of the Miller/Walker
Basin Community Salmon Investigation. ....................................................................................................................................66
Figure 24. The Riverview Park Project created approximately 800 ft of side channel to
increasing juvenile Chinook rearing and refuge habitat in the Lower Green River. ...................................71
Figure 25. Number of Projects by Subwatershed ...........................................................................................................................................72
Figure 26. Marine Nearshore Subwatershed Projects (Map) ................................................................................................................77
Figure 27. Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed Projects (Map) ...........................................................................................................103
Figure 28. Lower Green River Subwatershed Projects (Map) ..............................................................................................................119
Figure 29. Middle Green River Subwatershed Projects (Map) ...........................................................................................................147
Figure 30. Upper Green River Subwatershed Projects (Map ..............................................................................................................160
Figure 31. Types of monitoring used to evaluate management strategies and adapt
them as necessary ......................................................................................................................................................................................168
Figure 32. Adaptive management decision framework. .........................................................................................................................169
List of Tables
Table 1. Viable Salmon Population (VSP) Goals ............................................................................................................................................28
Table 2. Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Habitat Goals. .............................................................................................31
Table 3. Marine Nearshore Subwatershed Tier 3 Projects ....................................................................................................................98
Table 4. Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed Tier 3 Projects ..................................................................................................................116
Table 5. Lower Green River Subwatershed Tier 3 Projects ................................................................................................................144
Table 6. Middle Green River Subwatershed Tier 3 Projects ...............................................................................................................158
Appendices
Appendix A: An Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Chemical Contaminants to Chinook Salmon
in the Green/Duwamish Watershed
Appendix B: A Synthesis of Changes in our Knowledge of Chinook Salmon Productivity and Habitat
Uses in WRIA 9 (2004 – 2016)
Appendix C: Green River Temperature and Salmon
Appendix D: WRIA 9 Climate Change Impacts on Salmon
Appendix E: Capital Project Evaluation Template
Appendix F: Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plan
Appendix G: Recovery Strategies
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE8
Foreward
On behalf of the Green Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed (WRIA 9) Watershed Ecosystem
Forum, we are pleased to present this update to the 2005 WRIA 9 Salmon Habitat Plan, “Making Our
Watershed Fit for a King” (2005 Plan). The 2021 WRIA 9 Salmon Plan Update (Plan Update) represents
a renewed commitment to salmon recovery efforts in WRIA 9 and provides a science-based framework
for identifying, prioritizing and implementing salmon recovery actions over the next 10-15 years. It
refines and adds key recovery strategies based on new science and ensures resources will continue to
be directed to where they provide the greatest benefit for Chinook salmon.
The original 2005 Plan translated science into actions. Plan implementation by multiple WRIA 9
entities in the last 15 years helped leverage over $200 million of local, state and federal funding
to realign more than 2 miles of levees to reconnect floodplains, restore over 4,500 feet of marine
shoreline and revegetate 500 acres of riparian habitat. While we recognize these achievements, we
also acknowledge that salmon recovery is a long-term endeavor that requires continued coordinated
action. Chinook salmon numbers remain critically low and human population growth and climate
change are only magnifying the challenges we face in salmon recovery.
Chinook salmon are an integral part of our regional identity. The Watershed Ecosystem Forum - a
regional partnership of 17 local governments, state resource agencies, business interests and non-
profit organizations – is collectively committed to implementing actions that will improve watershed
conditions for our salmon populations. Plan implementation supports more than just salmon recovery;
it supports tribal treaty rights, community flood hazard reduction, water quality improvement, open
space protection, and outdoor recreation.
While the Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed has faced numerous challenges,
we are optimistic about the future of our watershed. The downstream fish passage facility at Howard
Hansen Dam, clean-up of the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund sites, and a regional commitment
to integrated floodplain management reflect a projected investment of hundreds of millions of dollars
over the next 10-15 years. As we work towards an improved future, we are reminded of a quote from a
historical planning guide for the Green River corridor:
Forward edits
In third paragraph, second line, recommend inserting “and” between “business interests”
and “non-profit”
There are extra spaces in several places between words. That may be a graphics issue, but
in case it can be fixed, I found them in the following places:
i. Second paragraph, 3rd line, between “than” and “2”
ii. Second paragraph, 5th line, between “is” and “a”
iii. Third paragraph, 3rd line, between “collectively” and “committed”
iv. Fourth paragraph, 1st line between “While” and “the”
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
9
As we look at the Green River corridor, we must say, ‘This is the way the
people want it to be.’ Therefore, in each locality, someone should steadily be
asking, ‘is this the way we want it to be, now and in the future?’ The ultimate
condition of the Green River Basin should be the result of informed and far-
sighted public decisions.
River of Green, 1978
We look forward to collaborating with all our local, state, federal, and tribal partners in realizing our
collective vision for this watershed and welcoming back ever stronger runs of salmon.
Sincerely,
Councilmember Nancy Tosta
City of Burien
Co-Chair
WRIA 9 Watershed Ecosystem Forum
Councilmember Lisa Herbold
City of Seattle
Co-Chair
WRIA 9 Watershed Ecosystem Forum
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE10
Acknowledgements
Primary Authors
Matthew Goehring, WRIA 9
Kollin Higgins, King County
Doug Osterman, WRIA 9
Suzanna Smith, WRIA 9
Report Preparation
GIS Analysis: Todd Klinka, King
County
Design: Laurel Preston, King County
Watershed Ecosystem
Forum
Chris Stearns, Auburn
Tamie Deady, Black Diamond
Nancy Tosta, Burien
Jennifer Harjehausen, Covington
Matt Pina, Des Moines
Chris Searcy, Enumclaw
Lydia Assefa-Dawson, Federal Way
Dana Ralph, Kent
Dow Constantine, King County
Susan West, Normandy Park
Valerie O’Halloran, Renton
Erin Sitterly, SeaTac
Lisa Herbold, Seattle
Scott Dewhirst, Tacoma Public
Utilities
Allan Ekberg, Tukwila
Wendy McDermott, American Rivers
Katie Moxley, Boeing Company
Steve Lee, Covington Water District
James Rassmussen, Green/Duwa-
mish Watershed Alliance
Burr Mosby, King Conservation
District
Michelle Clark, King County Flood
Control District
Jeanette Dorner, Mid-Sound Fisheries
Enhancement Group
Sandy Kilroy, Port of Seattle
Max Prinsen, SHADOW
Jeff Dillon, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers
Weston Brinkley, Green-Duwamish
Urban Waters Partnership
Cleo Neculae, Washington State
Department of Ecology
Stewart Reinbold, Washington
Department of Fish and Wildlife
Joe Miles, Washington Department of
Natural Resources
Implementation Technical
Committee
Joe Anderson, Washington State
Department of Fish and Wildlife
Kerry Bauman, King County
Katie Beaver, King County
Elizabeth Butler, Washington State
Recreation and Conservation Office
David Casey, City of Maple Valley
Jeanette Dorner, Mid Sound Fisheries
Alexandra Doty, Puget Sound
Partnership
Joseph Farah, City of Renton
Larry Fisher, Washington State
Department of Fish and Wildlife
Matthew Goehring, WRIA 9
Chris Gregersen, King County
Meara Heubach, City of Kent
Kollin Higgins, King County
Josh Kahan, King County
Katherine Lynch, Seattle Public
Utilities
Nathan Malmborg, US Army Corps
Kathy Minsch, City of Seattle
Kathryn Moxley, Boeing
Cleo Neculae, Washington State
Department of Ecology
Nikolas Novotny, Tacoma Water
Jessica Olmstead, Washington State
Department of Natural Resources
Brandon Parsons, American Rivers
Mike Perfetti, City of Tukwila
Dennis Robertson, City of Tukwila
Patty Robinson, King County
Suzanna Smith, WRIA 9
Rowena Valencia-Gica, City of Kent
Financial Support
Funding provided by the WRIA 9
Interlocal Agreement among 17
local government partners and
Cooperative Watershed Management
funds provided by the King County
Flood Control District.
Management Committee
Chris Stearns, City of Auburn
Jennifer Harjehausen, City of Covington
Lydia Assefa-Dawson, Federal Way
Toni Troutner, City of Kent
Josh Baldi, King County
Susan West, City of Normandy Park
Valerie O’Halloran, City of Renton
Susan Saffery, City of Seattle
Former WRIA 9 Leadership
Bill Peloza, City of Auburn
Marlla Mhoon, City of Covington
Dennis Roberton, City of Tukwila
Doug Osterman, WRIA 9
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
11
Executive Summary
as Threatened. Population abundance, productivity,
diversity and spatial distribution have not improved,
and in some cases have continued to decline.
A Strategic Assessment Update summarizes new
research findings that address important data gaps
identified in the 2005 Plan. New information related
to habitat use and fish productivity, climate change,
temperature, and contaminants supported a
reassessment of functional linages between priority
stressors, habitat conditions, and VSP parameters.
This information serves as the foundation for the
other core elements of the Plan Update.
Although the Plan Update maintains existing
NOAA-approved VSP goals, it introduces new 10-year
habitat goals (implementation targets) that represent
continued progress towards the long-term necessary
future conditions for achieving a viable salmon popu-
lation, as outlined in 2005 Plan. The numerical targets
for key habitats serve as a benchmark for evaluating
plan implementation over time and informing ongo-
ing adaptive management.
The Plan Update outlines a portfolio of 12 recov-
ery strategies – including embedded policies and
programs – to address priority pressures; increase
salmon abundance, productivity, and diversity; and
build long-term population resiliency. Successful
This document updates the 2005 Green/Duwamish
and Central Puget Sound Watershed (WRIA 9),
Making Our Watershed Fit for a King, Salmon Habitat
Plan. The 2005 Plan served as the blueprint for
salmon habitat recovery in WRIA 9 for 15 years. It is
fitting that the Puget Sound Regional Council award-
ed the original 2005 Plan a Vision 2020 Award. Al-
though the Plan Update reflects over a decade of new
science regarding salmon conservation and recovery
since the award, the core recovery strategies and un-
derlying scientific framework remain largely valid to-
day and continue to provide an important foundation
for salmon recovery. The Plan Update – designed to
be a stand-alone document – is intended to update,
not replace, the 2005 Plan. The two documents, along
with the 2014 Duwamish Blueprint and the 2016 Re-
green the Green, provide a science-based framework
for identifying, prioritizing and implementing salmon
recovery actions.
This document provides a status update for Green
River Chinook salmon using the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-approved
viable salmon population (VSP) criteria. Over 20 years
have passed since the listing of the Puget Sound
Chinook salmon evolutionarily significant unit (ESU)
under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Despite
significant investments and large-scale restoration
projects, Green River Chinook salmon remain listed
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE12
implementation hinges on partner coordination and
investment to ensure local land use planning, capi-
tal investment programs, and community outreach
messaging are consistent with identified watershed
priorities.
An updated list of capital projects was developed
in partnership with interlocal agreement member
jurisdictions, non-profit partners, state agencies,
and others engaged in salmon recovery. The updat-
ed project list identifies 127 capital habitat projects
across the five subwatersheds. Individuals projects
are ranked within their specific subwatershed – not
across subwatersheds. Projects are tiered based on
overall benefit towards recovery and to provide con-
text for the level of financial need. Tier 1 projects have
significant potential to advance recovery and sub-
stantively contribute to habitat goals. Tier 2 and Tier 3
have moderate and limited potential, respectively, to
advance recovery and contribute to achieving habitat
goals.
The Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plan
MAMP) outlines monitoring priorities intended to
help evaluate progress and inform strategic adapta-
tion of the recovery strategies. The MAMP establishes
a framework for (1) tracking implementation goals,
2) assessing project effectiveness, (3) evaluating
habitat status and trends, (4) evaluating the popula-
tion status of Green River Chinook salmon, and
4) prioritizing research and monitoring investments.
This framework will guide data collection to support
regular assessment of progress and allow the WRIA
to reassess prioritization and sequencing of recovery
actions. PHOTO: ELI BROWNELL Green River Natural Area
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
13
Chapter 1:
Background
The 2005 Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound
Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan, Making Our Water-
shed Fit for a King, represented the culmination of
over five years of technical reconnaissance, research,
and policy development. The Plan was a local wa-
tershed-based response to the federal government’s
1999 listing of Puget Sound Chinook salmon as
threatened” under the Endangered Species Act. The
2005 Plan – which received a Puget Sound Regional
Council Vision 2020 Award – translated a tremendous
wealth of science into discrete policy recommenda-
tions and management actions necessary to sup-
port recovery of natural origin Green River Chinook
salmon.
The 2005 Plan provided the blueprint for Chinook
salmon recovery in the Green/Duwamish and Central
Puget Sound for 15 years. It helped watershed part-
ners leverage upwards of $200 million dollars of local,
state and federal funding for salmon recovery. Plan
implementation resulted in nearly 2 miles of levee
setbacks, over 4,500 feet of marine shoreline resto-
ration, and approximately 500 acres of revegetation.
Despite of these accomplishments, the continued
decline of Chinook salmon – both locally and region-
ally – highlights the urgent need for expanding and
accelerating recovery efforts.
This Salmon Habitat Plan Update represents the next
chapter of salmon recovery efforts in the Green/
Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed. It
provides a science-based framework for identify-
ing, prioritizing and implementing salmon recovery
actions over the next 10-15 years. The integration of
over a decade of new science informed important
refinements to recovery priorities and investment
strategies outlined in the 2005 Plan. These refine-
ments reflect the watershed’s commitment to adap-
tive management and ensure that limited resources
are directed to where they can provide the greatest
benefit towards Chinook salmon recovery. Although
the focus of this plan is on Chinook salmon recovery,
implementation will also provide parallel benefits to
other salmon and steelhead.
Regional Salmon Recovery Context
This addendum updates the Green/Duwamish and
Central Puget Sound watershed chapter of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAA)-approved 2007 Puget Sound Salmon Recov-
ery Plan. The Green River Chinook salmon popula-
tion is one of six Chinook salmon populations in the
Central/South sub-basin and one of 22 remaining
populations in the Puget Sound Chinook salmon evo-
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE14
Why does the data on salmon abundance begin to improve in 1975?
The quality of data on annual salmon population runs improves starting in
1975, when the Washington Department of Fisheries (predecessor to the
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife) initiated data collection in
response to the federal court mandate to develop and share annual abun-
dance of salmon returning to individual rivers in Puget Sound.
Chinook Salmon
Recovery Timeline
Puget Sound
Chinook
listed as
threatened
species
Population 2016
Seattle: 689,000
Green River 1963
Howard Hanson Dam Built
Lowest number
of natural origin
spawners (182)
recorded in the
Green River
1870 1881 1890 19091906 1913 1916 1950197519631919 2009
0k
750k
250k
150k
50k
550k
450k
350k
650k
1975WILDPUGETSOUNDCHINOOK
SALMON RUN
SIZE Puget
Sound
Wild Chinook
Population Logging 1881 First splash dam built for
logging in
Washington Railroad 1870 Northern Pacific Railroad survey
triggers land boom Harbor
Island finished 1909 Much of the Duwamish Estuary
filled for
industry Population 1890 Seattle
population 42,
000 Population 1950
Seattle 465,000
Green River 1919 Private
levee construction begins
throughout the river
Cedar River 1916 Diverted away from
the Green River,
into Lake Washington
White River 1906 Diverted out of the Green River into
the
Puyallup River
201920161999 Natural
spawners Green River
Chinook salmon escapement 1803_8972a_Green_River_Salmon_
Timeline_WRIA9.ai
WRIA 9 Chinook
salmon abundance goals:1,
000–4,
200 27,000
returning natural origin spawning adult
fish by 2025
returning natural origin spawning
adults by 2055
Source: WDFW
salmonid
stock inventory
0 1,
000 2,
000 3,
000 4,
000 5,
000 6,
000 7,
000 8,000 1975198019851990199520002005201020152020Figure 1. Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Chinook
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
15
lutionary significant unit (ESU). NOAA ESU recovery
criteria require status improvement in all populations
and two to four viable populations in each of the
sub-basins.
The Puget Sound Partnership (Partnership), the state
agency leading the region’s collective effort to restore
and protect Puget Sound, serves as the regional
salmon organization for the 15 lead entities within the
Puget Sound, advised by the Puget Sound Salmon
Recovery Council. The Partnership co-manages the
Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund and
works in partnership with the Governor’s Salmon
Recovery Office and Recreation and Conservation Of-
fice (RCO) on statewide salmon recovery issues. The
Salmon Recovery Funding Board, facilitated by the
RCO, is a Governor-appointed 10-person board with a
primary responsibility for making grants and loans for
salmon habitat projects and salmon recovery activ-
ities. This salmon recovery infrastructure, and the
grant and loans for habitat project implementation,
is supported through state and federal funds from
NOAA’s Pacific Coast Salmon Recovery Fund and the
State Salmon Recovery Funding. Additionally, within
Puget Sound, salmon recovery is supported by the
Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund.
WRIA 9 Organizational Structure
Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 9 serves as
a lead entity for salmon recovery under the State
of Washington’s watershed-based framework for
salmon recovery established under RCW 77.85. It is
a watershed-based organization comprised of local,
state and federal partners, non-profit organizations,
business interests, and citizens. Per statute, WRIA
9 is mandated to “compile a list of habitat projects,
establish priorities for individual projects, define the
sequence for project implementation, and submit
these activities as the habitat project list. The com-
mittee shall also identify potential federal, state, local,
and private funding sources.”
The 17 local governments within the Green/Duwa-
mish and Central Puget Sound Watershed (WRIA
9) formalized a partnership under an interlocal
agreement (ILA) (WRIA 9 ILA) in 2000. The initial
ILA (2000–2005) funded a strategic, science-based
assessment of the watershed and a long-term, com-
prehensive recovery plan for the Green River Chinook
salmon population. Following approval of the 2005
Salmon Habitat Plan, the local government partners
forged a 10-year ILA from 2007–2017 intended to
guide plan implementation and adaptive manage-
ment. The ongoing commitment to watershed-based
salmon recovery was renewed in 2017. The current
ILA extends through 2025.
The WRIA 9 Watershed Ecosystem Forum (WEF)
serves as the advisory body for plan implementation
and adaptive management. It is comprised of elected
officials from the ILA partners and other watershed
stakeholders. The Management Committee serves as
the executive committee to the WEF. It directs work
plan development and manages the ILA budget.
The Implementation Technical Committee (ITC) is
a technical- and policy-focused subcommittee that
supports plan implementation and adaptive manage-
ment. The ITC defines monitoring and research prior-
ities, interprets new technical information as it relates
to salmon recovery, and provides science-based
recommendations to WEF.
Equity and Social Justice
Salmon recovery efforts within the Green/Duwa-
mish and Central Puget Sound watershed overlap
with numerous communities experiencing deeply
entrenched social, economic, and environmental
inequities. Race and place influence opportunity
and quality of life. People of color, immigrants, and
low-income residents experience inequities in access
to key determinants of equity – including access to
parks and natural resources. Although best available
science drives project identification and prioritization,
equity and social justice (ESJ) issues should be care-
fully considered. Applying an ESJ lens to habitat pro-
jects can help ensure salmon recovery efforts align
with ESJ initiatives and do not inadvertently reinforce
existing inequities. Integrating residents and commu-
nity-based organizations into project design can help
build community support and achieve multi-benefit
outcomes that advance equity in the watershed.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE16
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
17
Chapter 2:
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed
A Snapshot
The Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Wa-
tershed spans 575 square miles of diverse landscape,
ranging from an industrial waterfront to preserved old
growth forest. This section provides a high-level over-
view of the five subwatersheds (Upper Green, Middle
Green, Lower Green, Duwamish, and Nearshore) that
serve as an overarching framework for salmon
recovery. It also provides context for the strategies
and actions outlined in subsequent chapters. For
a more comprehensive review, please refer to the
Chapter 3 of the 2005 Salmon Habitat Plan.
The Upper Green Subwatershed extends up-
stream of Howard Hanson Dam, river mile 64.5, and
represents approximately 45 percent of the Green/
Duwamish River watershed. Historically, the Upper
Green provided important spawning and freshwater
rearing habitat for Chinook salmon. It encompasses
between 78-165 miles of suitable instream habitat,
although fish passage has been blocked by a combi-
nation of the Tacoma Headworks Diversion Dam and
Howard Hanson Dam since 1911.
Checkered ownership in the subwatershed compli-
cates coordinated land management. Although the
primary land use is commercial forestry, the Upper
Green also serves at the primary municipal water
supply for the City of Tacoma. Additionally, a road and
railroad alignment have constrained the river in plac-
es, the Upper Green Subwatershed is largely undevel-
oped and contains relatively high-quality, yet currently
inaccessible, aquatic habitat. Long-term recovery of
Chinook salmon depends on providing fish passage to
the Upper Watershed.
The Middle Green Subwatershed extends
between river miles 64.5 and 32. It includes the two
largest tributaries to the Green River – Soos and
Newaukum Creeks. Low-velocity habitats, including
off-channel habitats, sidechannels, floodplain
wetlands, and river edge, provide important rearing
and refuge habitat for juvenile Chinook.
Land use in the Middle Green is characterized pre-
dominantly by agricultural lands and rural residential
development. Land use development adjacent to river
and tributaries has resulted in loss of riparian habitat
contributing to elevated instream temperatures. Mod-
ified flow regimes have disrupted natural transport
of large wood and sediment. In addition, a network
of training levees designed to restrict lateral channel
migration – as opposed to prevent flooding – have
simplified channel complexity along some reaches.
Restoring floodplain connectivity and expanding rear-
ing habitat capacity are critical to increasing Chinook
salmon productivity.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE18
The Lower Green River Subwatershed flows
from river mile 32 downstream to river mile 11. It
serves as an important migratory corridor for adult
upstream migration and juvenile downstream migra-
tion. Available rearing and high-flow refuge habitat is
limited compared to the Middle Green – many reach-
es currently lack large wood, side channels, sloughs,
and slow-water edge habitats. The Lower Green River
also supports Chinook salmon spawning upstream of
approximately river mile 25.
The Lower Green River valley is the second largest
warehouse and distribution center on the west coast.
The floodplain is heavily developed and character-
ized by a combination of industrial, commercial, and
urban residential development. The 1906 diversion
of the White River left the floodplain perched above
the mainstem channel and disconnected historic
off-channel habitats. An extensive network of flood
control facilities (27 miles of levees and revetments)
currently restricts floodplain connectivity and limits
channel complexity. A corresponding loss of riparian
tree canopy contributes to elevated instream temper-
atures. An integrated, multi-benefit approach to flood-
plain management is needed to balance fish habitat
needs with flood risk reduction and other community
priorities in this subwatershed.
The Duwamish Subwatershed extends from river
mile 11 at the Black River Pump Station downstream
to the north end of Harbor Island. The extent of salt
influence – as depicted by the saltwater wedge – var-
ies based on flows and tide, but can extend upstream
as far as the Foster Bridge (RM 10.2) during low flows
and high tides. Juvenile Chinook rear in the estuarine
waters of the Duwamish as they undergo the physio-
logical transition from fresh to saltwater habitats.
Extensive dredge and fill of the Duwamish has
transformed the estuary into an industrial waterway,
characterized by straightened channel with armored
banks and a lack of riparian tree canopy. More than
98 percent of the historical tidal wetlands have been
transformed into commercial and industrial land uses.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declared
the Lower Duwamish Waterway a “Superfund” site
in 2001 due to legacy contamination, and clean-up
is not expected to be complete for another decade.
Sediment cleanup and restoration of estuarine habitat
are essential to increasing juvenile Chinook salmon
survival.
The Nearshore Subwatershed extends 92 line-
ar miles from Elliott Bay south to the Pierce County
boarder, including Vashon Island. It represents the
interface of upland and aquatic habitats; shallow
productive zone and deep water habitats; and fresh
and marine waters. The nearshore is a dynamic
environment – shaped by wave energy and sediment
transport that support high species diversity. A variety
of habitats, including beaches, eelgrass beds, and
pocket estuaries, provide important foraging habitat
and a migratory corridor to the Pacific Ocean for
juvenile Chinook salmon.
Development along the marine shorelines has altered
significant stretches of the nearshore ecosystem.
Approximately two-thirds of WRIA 9 shoreline is ar-
mored, which has disrupted natural sediment delivery
and transport. The intensity of shoreline development
varies substantially across the watershed. The highest
intensity development is located along the industrial
and commercial shores of Elliott Bay. The mainland
shoreline from Seattle south to Federal Way is pre-
dominantly residential. Vashon Island is predominant-
ly rural. Improving nearshore habitat is essential to
increasing juvenile salmon residence times, growth
rates, and overall marine survival.
HowardHansonDam
TacomaHeadworksDiversionDam
Smay
CrSunday CrJenkins Cr.Snow CrSawmillCrMiller
CrMill CrTwin Ca
m p
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rChampion
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Newaukum
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Green
RiverLi
t
t
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e
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s
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r
Duwa
m
ish
River
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RiverRavensdaleCr.
Big
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s
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Puget
Sound
Elliott
Bay
HowardHansonReservoir
SEATTLE Seattle
KENT VashonIsland
Maury
Island
RENTON
SEATAC
AUBURN
ALGONA
AUBURN
FEDERAL
WAY
BURIEN
TUKWILA
COVINGTON
DESMOINES
ENUMCLAW
MAPLEVALLEY
BLACKDIAMOND
NORMANDYPARK
405 509 518
167
99 99 18
99
5
5 5
UPPER
GREEN
RIVER
SUBWATERSHED
MIDDLE
GREEN
RIVER
SUBWATERSHED LOWER
GREENRIVERSUBWATERSHED
MARINE NEARSHORE
SUBWATERSHED DUWAMISH
ESTUARY SUBWATERSHED
LOCATION MAP
WRIA 4WRIA
5 WRIA
8 WRIA
10
WRIA 6
WRIA 15
WRIA 11
WRIA
23 WRIA
38 WRIA17
WRIA
26
WRIA
39
WRIA 12 WRIA45 WRIA
7 WRIA 9 13 KingCountyKingCounty SnohomishCountySnohomishCounty PierceCountyPierceCounty King County Data
Sources:King County Datasets: TopoWRIA, (RIVER MILES),
CityKC,
Wtrbdy, Wtrcrs, TNET, Tribal_lands, Urban_growth, and KC BNDRY.Note:The use of the information in
this map is subject to the terms and conditions found at: www.kingcounty.gov/services/
gis/Maps/terms-of-use.aspx. Your access and
use is
conditioned on your acceptance of these terms
and conditions.
Produced by:King
County IT Design
and
Civic Engagement
Figure 2
Green/Duwamish
and Central Puget Sound
Watershed River Mile River/
creek Major Road
Urban Growth
Area Line WRIA
9 Subwatershed Boundary
WRIA 9
Boundary Open Water King County Boundary Muckleshoot Tribal Lands VC
File: smb://wlrbafs1.dnrp.kingcounty.lcl/
vc/cart/
Finished/REGIONS/WRIA9/2010_10202L_W9SHP_
W9whsdMap.ai LPREGIS
File:
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_
Watershed.mxd KLINKAT
0
Smay
CrSunday
CrJenkinsCrJenkins
CrSnow C r Sawmill CrMillerCrMiller
CrMill CrMill CrTwin
Camp
CrChampion
CrTacoma
Cr Gale CrGale CrLakeSawyerLakeSawyerDeepCrDeep
CrCoal CrCoalCrBearCrBear CrNewauku
m
C
r
Newauku
m
C
rCharley
C
rCharley
C
r
N.
Fork
GreenRiver
N.
Fork
Green
RiverLi
t
t
l
e
Soo
s
C
rLi
t tle
Soo
s
C
r
Duwa
m
ish
River
Green
RiverCovington
Cr
Covington
CrBigSoo
s
C
r
Lake
Youngs
Lake
Youngs
Puget
Sound
Elliott
Bay
HowardHansonReservoir
HowardHansonReservoir
NameName SEATTLE
SEATTLE KENT
Vashon
Island
Maury
Island
RENTON
SEATAC
AUBURN
ALGONA
AUBURN
FEDERAL
WAY
BURIEN
TUKWILA
COVINGTON
DESMOINES
ENUMCLAW
MAPLEVALLEY
BLACKDIAMOND
NORMANDYPARK NAME 405 509
518 167 99 99 18 99 5 5 5 King County Data
Sources:Similar land use designations were combined and derived from King County
GIS Center land use coverage LANDUSE_KC_CONSOL_20 based on
multi-jurisdictional zoning data. Other King County datasets include TopoWRIA, (
RIVER
MILES), CityKC, Wtrbdy, Wtrcrs, TNET, Tribal_lands, Urban_growth, and KC BNDRY.Note:The use of the
information in this map is subject to the terms and conditions found at: www.kingcounty.
gov/services/gis/Maps/terms-of-use.aspx. Your
access and
use is conditioned
on your acceptance
of these terms and
conditions.Figure 3
Land Use
Designations Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound
Watershed LAND USE
CATEGORIES Produced by:King County IT Design and Civic Engagement
KCIT DCE File: smb://wlrbafs1.dnrp.kingcounty.
lcl/vc/
cart/Finished/REGIONS/WRIA9/2102_10202L_
W9SHP_W9_LANDUSEmap.ai
LPRE
GIS Data:
Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
Watershed.mxd KLINKAT
0 2
4 61
Miles October 2020 N
OTHER SYMBOLS Incorporated
Area Name River/Creek
Major Road Urban
Growth Area
Line
WRIA
9 Boundary
Open
Water and
Name
King County
Boundary
Tribal Lands Industrial Commercial Mixed Use
Residential Rural Residential
Agricultural Public
Lands
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
23
October, between approximately river miles 25 and
61. Spawning primarily occurs within the Lower
and Middle Mainstem Green River and Newaukum
Creeks. Additional spawning occurs in Soos, Burns
and Covington Creeks. Fish passage to the upper
watershed has been blocked by a combination of the
Tacoma Headworks Diversion Dam (1911) and Howard
Hanson Dam (1961). Although fish passage was
provided at the Tacoma facility in 2007, a downstream
fish passage facility has not been completed at
Howard Hanson Dam. The dams also block natural
gravel delivery and transport; however, available
spawning habitat does not appear to be a limiting
factor in Chinook recovery.
Egg Incubation/Emergence
Egg incubation and alevin emergence generally
occurs September through January within the same
reaches where spawning occurs. Timing is variable
and influenced by water temperatures – warmer
temperatures drive an earlier emergence. High-
flow events and sedimentation during this critical
development period can scour redds and result
in high mortality. As a result, flow management
at Howard Hanson Dam influences incubation/
emergence success.
The Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound
Chinook salmon life cycle provides a common thread
linking together a diverse watershed. Each of the five
distinct subwatersheds plays a critical role in the Chi-
nook salmon life cycle. Recovery of a viable salmon
population hinges on collective action across the
watershed to improve aquatic habitat. The concep-
tual life cycle model presented in the 2005 Salmon
Habitat Plan remains an important tool for assess-
ing aquatic habitat needs in relationship to priority
stressors that adversely impact survival at distinct life
history stages and across different life history types.
Understanding aquatic habitat needs throughout the
life cycle and how they relate observed bottlenecks
in survival allows recovery managers to strategically
focus limited resources where they are expected to
provide the largest benefit to recovery objectives.
Figure 5 highlights the relationship between the sub-
watersheds and specific life history phases.
Adult Upstream Migration/
Spawning
Chinook salmon enter the Green/Duwamish between
July and October. Timing of river entry and upstream
migration is impacted by water temperature and flow.
Spawning generally occurs mid-September through
Chapter 3:
The Chinook Salmon Life Cycle –
Connecting a Diverse Watershed
CHRIS GREGERSON
The Salmon Cycle
Spawning
Incubation
and emergence
Stream
rearing
Downstream
migration
Adult
Migration
Migration
To Puget Sound
Maturation
Marine
waters)
Nearshore
Foraging
Estuary
rearing
DUWAMISH ESTUARY
SUBWATERSHED
DUWAMISH ESTUARY
SUBWATERSHED
LOWER/MIDDLE GREEN RIVER SUBWATERSHEDS
MARINE NEARSHORE
SUBWATERSHED/OFFSHORE
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE24
Juvenile Freshwater Rearing/
Migration
Juvenile Chinook salmon rear in the Lower and
Middle Green subwatershed from mid-December
to mid-July. The length of the freshwater rearing
period varies among life history types (Figure 5)
and is influenced by habitat availability and flows.
Subyearling Chinook rely on low-velocity habitats,
including mainstem river margins, pools, and off-
channel habitats. Rearing habitat availability is a
limiting factor for Chinook productivity. Extensive
flood control facilities and floodplain development
have disconnected floodplain habitats, reduced
habitat complexity, and eliminated much of the
historic freshwater rearing habitat. Instream flows
influence accessibility of off-channel rearing habitats.
During low-flow periods, off-channel habitats and
floodplain wetlands may become disconnected from
the mainstem. In contrast, high-flow events may flush
juvenile Chinook downstream if they are unable to
access suitable refuge habitat. Given the connection
to instream flows, flow management at Howard
Hanson Dam can impact habitat connectivity/
availability during the rearing period.
Juvenile Estuary Rearing
Subyearlying Chinook salmon generally migrate
downstream into the Duwamish estuary between
February and July, with fry-type life histories predom-
inantly entering earlier in the year (Feb-Mar) than
parr (May-Jun). Residence times in the Duwamish
vary considerably, with some fish spending days and
others (i.e., estuarine reared fry) spending weeks to
months in the estuary. The Duwamish Estuary –
specifically the transition zone (RM 1-9) – is critical for
juvenile salmon making the physiological transition
from fresh to salt water. Juvenile Chinook salmon rely
on shallow, low gradient habitats (e.g., marshes, mud-
flats, and tidal sloughs) to escape stronger currents
and support efficient foraging and growth prior to en-
tering Puget Sound. Extensive industrial development
along the Duwamish has transformed the estuary to
an industrial waterway, resulting in extensive loss
of slow water rearing habitats and contamination
of sediments. The lack of high-quality habitat may
contribute to accelerated downstream migration and
reduced survival upon entry into Puget Sound.
Figure 4. The Salmon Cycle
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
25
Ja n -Ju n ) (
Jan-
D
ec-Jun)
FRY (Jan-Apr)
FRY (
Jan-Apr)
FRY
FRY (
days)
F
RY (Jan-Apr) S
M O LT w e
e
k
s )? SMOLT days) ? S M
O L T w e
e k
s )
FR
Y YEA RLINGPARR d
a y s ) t o m o n
t h s )
weeks to
months)
to weeks) ?
days) ?
40
mm)
RIVER Yearling
RARE 105 mm)
Middle
Green Parr COMMON
70-95 mm)
Lower Green
Parr LESS COMMON
70-95 mm)
Estuarine
Reared Fry COMMON
70-95 mm)
Marine Direct
Fry LESS COMMON
40-50mm)
PUGET SOUNDDUWAMISHLOWER GREEN P
A R
R MIDDLE GREEN d a y s t o
w e
eks)Green/Duwamish
River Chinook
Juvenile Rearing
Trajectories Green/Duwamish
River Chinook
Juvenile Rearing Trajectories Figure 5. Primary Chinook salmon life history types in the Green River (updated
and modified from Ruggerone
and Weitkamp 2004).The most intense shoreline
modifications are located in urbanized Elliott Bay, with
more natural shorelines located along the largely
rural Vashon
Island. Ocean Migration By fall, most Green River Chinook exit
the Strait of Juan de Fuca and migrate north along
the outer coast of Vancouver Island. While
Chinook salmon may spend up to five years in marine
waters, most Green River Chinook spend two to three years
at sea before returning to spawn. In addition
to predators, Chinook salmon are subject to
various commercial fisheries during
their marine migration.
Marine Nearshore Rearing Juvenile Chinook salmon generally rear
in the Puget Sound nearshore from later winter
through fall. Shal-low nearshore habitats support
foraging, growth, and refuge from predators, while also
providing a migra-tory corridor to offshore
waters. Although considera-ble uncertainty surrounds
marine nearshore habitat use by juvenile Chinook salmon, it
is widely accepted that the early marine rearing period is
a critical period of growth that strongly influences
long-term survival. The Central Puget Sound
marine nearshore waters not only support Green River Chinook,
but also at least eight different stocks of
Puget Sound Chinook salmon. Shoreline
development has extensively modified nearshore habitat and processes
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE26
ROGER TABOR
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
27
Recovery goals provide a framework from which to
evaluate both plan implementation and overall pro-
gress towards Chinook recovery. Tracking population
metrics and habitat conditions provides important
data used to evaluate current population status and
overall habitat conditions. This information serves as
a key input for informing ongoing adaptive manage-
ment.
Viable Salmon Population Criteria –
Current Status and Goals
The Viable Salmon Population1 (VSP) concept – as
defined by National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS) – provides the foundation for all
established recovery goals for Chinook salmon within
the Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound
Watershed. NMFS defines a viable salmon population
as a population that has a negligible risk of extinction
due to threats from demographic variation, local en-
vironmental variation, and genetic diversity changes
over a 100-year timeframe (McElhany et al. 2000). The
VSP goals outlined in this section remain unchanged
from the 2005 Plan and are presented in Table 1. They
1 NOAA technical Memorandum NMFS-NWSSC-42:
Viable salmonid populations and the recovery of evo-
lutionarily significant units.
are based on recovery planning targets developed by
a team of scientists (Puget Sound Technical Recovery
Team) appointed by NOAA to support the original
2007 Recovery Plan for Puget Sound Chinook.
Four parameters are used to assess the viability of
salmon populations: abundance, productivity, spatial
structure and diversity. These parameters are rea-
sonable predictors of extinction risk, reflect general
processes important to all salmon populations, and
measurable over time.
Abundance
Abundance is the number of individuals in the pop-
ulation at a given life stage or time. The number of
natural origin Green River Chinook spawners is the
primary abundance indicator. Chinook abundance
indicates an overall decline since before the first plan
was adopted in 2005 (Figure 6 and Table 1). In 2009,
the number of Natural Origin Spawners (NOS) was
the lowest ever recorded, with less than 200 fish. For
five of the past 10 years (2010–2019), the number of
NOS has been below the planning target range (1,000
4,200 NOS) for WRIA 9.
Chapter 4:
Current Population Status and Recovery Goals
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE28
Table 1. Viable Salmon Population (VSP) Goals
VSP
Parameter Indicator
2006-2010
average)
2011-2015
average)
2016-2019
average)
10-Year
Goal
50-100
Year Goal
Abundance Natural Origin
Spawners
1975
average)
963
average)
2041
average)1000-42002 27,000
Productivity Egg-to-Migrant
Survival 2.9%8.7%5.3%a >8%>8%
Diversity
Percent Hatchery
Origin 56.4%60.6%68.2%Decreasing <30%
Proportion 5-6 yr-
old Spawners 19.2 9.6%N/A Increasing >15%
Relative
Abundance of Parr 46%30.6%32.8%a No Target3 No Target
Spatial Diversity Spawning
Distribution
Spawning in Green River mainstem
below Howard Hanson Dam),
Newaukum Creek and Soos Creek
Spawning
above
Howard
Hanson
Dam
Maintain
spawning
distribution
Data Source: WDFW Salmonid Stock Inventory and NOAA Salmon Population Summary Database
a2016-2018
2 A range is used because the productivity of each year’s run varies depending on a variety of factors. If fish are expe-
riencing high productivity, fewer adults are needed to reach future targets than if they are experiencing low productivity,
which would require more fish returning to reach future targets.
3 No target established because it is not considered a reliable metric of diversity. However, relative abundance of fry and
parr does provide important information for projecting future abundance.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
29
Figure 6. Green River Chinook salmon escapement.
Data Source: WDFW Salmonid Stock Inventory and NOAA Salmon Population Summary Database.
Productivity
Productivity or population growth rate is the ratio
of abundance in the next generation as compared
to current abundance. The WRIA uses WDFW data
to track egg-to-migrant survival rates as a primary
means of evaluating productivity (WRIA 9 ITC 2012).
Egg-to-migrant survival rate is defined as the pro-
portion of fertilized eggs that survive to migrate as
fry or parr into the Lower Green, as quantified by the
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)
smolt trap at river mile 34. Although, the average rate
for wild Chinook populations is 10.4 percent (Quinn
2005), the WRIA set a target of 8 percent because the
elevated proportion of hatchery fish on the spawning
grounds is assumed to reduce reproductive fitness
see VSP diversity metric below). Between 2006 and
2018, the survival rate has ranged from 0.09 percent
to 11 percent, with an average of 5.7 percent (Table 1).
While the long-term average is below the target, the
egg-to-migrant survival rate has exceeded the
8 percent target in five of the last 10 years of data.
VSP-Spatial Structure
The WRIA has not directly tracked a specific indicator
or metric for spatial structure. However, natural origin
adults predominantly spawn in Newaukum Creek
and the mainstem Green River. Recent changes to
hatchery operations will maintain the area in Soos
Creek above the weir as a natural production empha-
sis area with only natural-origin adults passed above
the weir. Adult Chinook will not be passed upstream
of Howard Hanson Dam (HHD) in order to access
the upper watershed until downstream fish passage
is provided at HHD. A 2019 Biological Opinion (BiOp)
issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) found that the construction of
a downstream fish passage facility at HHD was nec-
essary for the recovery of Chinook salmon, steelhead,
and Southern resident orcas. It sets a 2030 deadline
for construction and operation of a downstream
fish passage facility. For the spatial structure of the
population to improve, natural origin spawners are
needed within both of these areas that were part of
their historic range.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20152020NUMBER
OF SPAWNERSTotal spawners Natural origin 10-Yr. VSP goal (
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE30
VSP-Diversity
Diversity is the variety of life histories, sizes, and
other characteristics expressed by individuals within
a population. WRIA 9 has used three metrics to mea-
sure diversity:
Percentage of hatchery origin spawners. The target
is for fewer than 30 percent hatchery origin
Chinook spawners (HSRG 2004). The target has not
been met since 2002, and since plan adoption in
2005, the proportion of hatchery fish on the spawn-
ing grounds has ranged from 35 percent to 75 per-
cent and has appeared to be increasing (Table 1);
Percentage of juvenile Chinook that outmigrate
as parr. Based on recent analyses, this indicator is
influenced by basic habitat capacity, the number
of natural origin spawners, and the streamflows
experienced during rearing (Anderson and Topping
2018). As such, tracking the percentage of parr is
no longer recommended as a reliable metric for
evaluating diversity of the population. However, the
metric does continue to provides important popula-
tion-level information related to productivity; and
Proportion of natural origin adults that return as
five- and six-year old fish, with a simple target of
an increasing percentage of older fish returning
over time. Since 2005, there have been no six-year
old fish, thus monitoring data reflect only five-year
old Chinook. Excluding 2009, which was an outlier
year with the lowest return of adults on record, the
proportion of five-year olds has ranged from a high
of 17 percent to a low of 1 percent (Table 1). The
average percent return from 2006 to 2015, 14.4 per-
cent, is similar to the average over the last 46 years
of 15.4 percent.
Habitat Goals –
Implementation Targets
Habitat goals outline both the necessary future
ecological conditions to support a viable salmon
population and shorter term implementation targets
designed to assess plan implementation progress.
WRIA 9 developed goals for key ecological indicators
that reflect priority habitat needs and environmental
stressors that span all life stages of Chinook
salmon – adult migration, spawning, incubation and
emergence, stream rearing, downstream migration,
estuary rearing, and nearshore foraging. The
indicators and associated goals presented in Table
2 are organized by subwatershed. This Plan Update
does not outline specific goals related to marine
migration outside of WRIA 9 boundaries.
WRIA 9 developed long-term goals – or necessary
future conditions – during the development of the
2005 plan using scientific guidance developed by
the Puget Sound Technical Recovery Team. The 2004
WRIA 9 Strategic Assessment and 2005 Salmon Hab-
itat Plan summarize the full suite of necessary future
conditions to support a viable salmon population in
the Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Wa-
tershed. They were not amended as part of this Plan
Update. The subset of necessary future conditions
outlined in Table 2 represents a strategic subset that
can be readily assessed related to project implemen-
tation across shorter intervals of time.
Table 2 also outlines updated short term – 10 year
habitat targets used to directly track plan imple-
mentation. The 10-year targets were developed by
the WRIA 9 Implementation Technical Committee
based on a review priority stressors, limiting factors,
implementation progress under the 2005 Plan, and a
review of common indicators proposed for regional
tracking by the Puget Sound Partnership. Specific
targets are intended to be aspirational and reflect the
significant level of investment needed to substantive-
ly advance recovery within the watershed. The Mon-
itoring and Adaptive Management chapter summa-
rizes recommended methodology and timelines for
periodic assessments of these and other longer-term
status and trends indicators (e.g., water temperature,
contamination).
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
31
Table 2. Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Habitat Goals.
Necessary Future Conditions and Implementation Targets
Habitat Indicator
Necessary Future
Cond. (2005 Plan)
10-year Target
2005 Plan
achieved)Current Condition
Recommended 10-year
Target (2030)
Marine Nearshore
Shoreline Armor 65% of shoreline in
natural condition
Restore 13,500 ft of
shoreline (1500 ft
restored – net gain
of 70 ft of armor).
36%/33 mi of
shoreline in natural
condition
Remove 3,000 ft of hard
armor and achieve a net
reduction in hard armor.
Marine Riparian
Vegetation
65% of marine
shoreline
characterized by
riparian tree cover.
No target developed 40%/36 mi of
shoreline has
riparian tree cover
Revegetate 60 ac and/or
3.25 mi (~3.5% gain) of
shoreline.
Shoreline
Conservation
Not applicable Protect 5 mi of
shoreline. (4 mi
protected).
9.5 mi of adjacent
upland protected
as natural lands
Acquire 2 mi of shoreline
for permanent protection,
prioritizing beaches and
feeder bluffs.
Duwamish
Shallow Water
Habitat
173 ac of shallow
water habitat in the
transition zone (RM
1-10) (30% of historic)
Restore 26.5 ac
of shallow water
habitat (~6 ac
restored)
Unknown Create 40 ac of shallow
water habitat between
RM 1-10.
Riparian Forest 65% of each bank of
the river has > 165 ft
of riparian tree cover-
age (586 ac total)
No target was
developed
69 ac/12% of 165 ft
buffer contains tree
cover
Revegetate 170 ac (~29%
of 165-ft buffer)/9.8 mi of
streambank.
Lower Green
Off-Channel Habitat 45% of historical
off-channel habitat.
Restore 2.8 mi of side
channels, 450 ac of
floodplain wetlands,
and 5,039 ac of
connected 100-yr
floodplain habitat
total of 8,839 ac of
connected 100-yr
floodplain).
Restore 16.5 ac of
reconnected
off-channel and
riparian habitat
20.7 ac restored)
3,800 ac of
connected 100-yr
floodplain that
is accessible to
juvenile fish
Restore 240 ac of
floodplain habitat.
Side Channels:
550-ft high flow/
3,740-ft low flow
Floodplain Tributaries:
3,080 ft
Backwater: 75 ac
Floodplain Wetland:
66 ac
Other 100-yr Floodplain:
99 ac
Riparian Forest 75% of each bank
of the river to
165 ft wide (828 ac
total)
No target was
developed
222 ac/27% of
165-ft buffer
contains tree cover
Revegetate 250 ac
30% of 165-ft buffer)/
8.52 mi of high-priority,
unforested shoreline
continued on next page)
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE32
Necessary Future Conditions and Implementation Targets, continued
Habitat Indicator
Necessary Future
Cond. (2005 Plan)
10-year Target
2005 Plan
achieved)Current Condition
Recommended 10-year
Target (2030)
Lower Green, continued
Large woody debris 1,705 pieces per mi
21 key pieces)
No target developed.2004: 54 pieces/
mi.
2014: 48.5 pieces/
mi.
Achieve 425 pieces/mi.
Bank armor No new, decreasing
amount
No new, decreasing
amount
2014: 42 mi of
river bank armored
17.7-mi levees;
9.8 mi maintained
revetments; 14.5 mi
of semi-armored
roads acting like
levees and natural
banks)
Set back 1 mi of levee.
Middle Green
Floodplain
connectivity/lateral
channel migration
Floodplain subject
to lateral channel
migration represents
65% of historical
conditions
Restoration of
50 ac of off-channel
habitat and riparian
vegetation (45 ac
restored)
2017: 1,751 ac or
55% of historic
floodplain
connected
Reconnect 200 ac of
floodplain as measured
by area subject to lateral
channel migration.
Riparian forest > 65% of Channel
Migration Zone (1,424
of 2,190 ac) and up
to 165 ft wide where
possible
No target developed 2005: 50.3%
2009: 50.5% of the
Channel Migration
Zone forested
Revegetate 175 ac (8% of
Channel Migration Zone).
Large wood debris 10 jams/mi No target developed 2006: 2.2 jams/mi
2015: 3.8 jams/mi
Achieve 5 jams/mi.
Bank armor No new, decreasing
amount
No new,
decreasing amount
1% reduction)
2004: 25%
armored
2009: 24%
armored
Set back 1 mi of revetment/
levee.
Upper Green
Fish passage Up and downstream
fish passage at
Howard Hanson Dam
Fish passage
provided (upstream
passage provided)
Upstream passage
facility complete.
Downstream
passage not
complete.
Provide downstream
passage at Howard Hanson
Dam.
Bank armor No new, decreasing
amount
No new, decreasing
amount
2004: 15% armored
2009: 15% armored
Remove/setback 0.5 mi of
bank armoring.
Table 2. Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Habitat Goals. (Continued)
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
33
Chapter 5:
Strategic Assessment Update -
New Science on Priority Pressures
The 2005 Strategic Assessment provided the scien-
tific foundation for the Salmon Habitat Plan. Although
the majority of science remains relevant today, new
research findings have refined our understanding of
priority pressures and limiting factors related to Viable
Salmon Population (VSP) criteria. The 2005 Strategic
Assessment evaluated functional linkages between
priority pressures; habitat conditions; and Chinook
abundance, diversity, productivity and spatial struc-
ture. The functional linkages were used to create a
series of conservation hypotheses that outlined how
improvements in habitat conditions and natural pro-
cesses will drive changes in VSP parameters.
From 2017-2018, WRIA 9 produced a series of white
papers as addendums to summarize new research
and address priority data gaps in the original 2005
Strategic Assessment. White papers included Fish
Habitat Use & Productivity (Higgins 2017); Water
Temperature (Kubo 2017); Contamination (Colton
2018); and Climate Change (Engel, Higgins and
Ostergaard 2017). This chapter provides a summary of
the highlights of those papers as they relate to priority
pressures impacting Chinook salmon in the Green/
Duwamish Watershed. These refinements in our
understanding of priority pressures informed both the
recovery strategies presented in Chapter 6 and the
prioritization of capital projects in Chapter 7.
Priority Pressures (Basin of Focus)
Addressing priority habitat stressors is critical to
restoring a viable salmon population in the Green/
Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed. The
following stressors have clear functional linkages
to one or more VSP parameters (abundance, pro-
ductivity, diversity, and spatial structure). Applicable
research and monitoring information is highlighted to
reflect new research and best available science since
the 2005 Plan.
Altered Instream Flows
Middle Green, Lower Green)
Watershed Status
Operations at Howard Hanson Dam (HHD) and the
Tacoma Headworks diversion dam regulate instream
flows within the mainstem Green River below river
mile 64.5. Water storage, diversion, and release are
jointly managed by the U.S. Army Corps and Taco-
ma Water utility. Although flood risk reduction is the
primary mission of HHD, water storage also supports
Tacoma municipal and industrial uses, and fish con-
servation uses. In 2007, Tacoma Water’s Additional
Water Storage Project provided capacity to store an
addition 20,000 acre-feet (ac-ft) for municipal use.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE34
Figure 7. Howard Hanson Dam spring water storage and allocation.
Water capture and storage generally occur between
late February and June 1. Figure 7 depicts how a
spring water storage target of 49,000 ac-ft is legally
allocated between municipal and fish conservation
uses. Phase 2 of the Additional Water Storage Project
to be completed at a later date following down-
stream fish passage) would raise the conservation
pool to 1,177 feet and store an additional 12,000 ac-ft
of water. The U.S. Army Corps convenes a bi-weekly
Green River Flows Management Coordination Com-
mittee to inform water capture and a subsequent
flow augmentation period that extends from July 15 to
November depending on fall rainfall. Augmentation of
flows is intended to support Chinook salmon migra-
tion and spawning, maximize summer rearing habitat,
and minimize dewatering of steelhead redds. Lim-
ited Fish Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration
allotments frequently require tradeoffs among these
ecological benefits – especially in dry and/or warm
years with low snowpack. The Tacoma Water Habitat
Conservation Plan establishes a minimum stream
flow of 225 cubic feet per second (cfs) at the Auburn
Source: United States Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District.
gauge. During the summer of 2015, the minimum flow
at the Auburn gauge reached 226 cfs.
Although flows are not regulated in tributaries, in-
streams flows are impacted by stream withdrawals
and groundwater wells used to support residential
and agricultural uses. In 2018, the Washington Leg-
islature passed the Streamflow Restoration Law to
offset the impacts of future permit exempt domestic
groundwater withdrawals and help restore instream
flows. The law was in response to a 2017 Washington
State Supreme Court decision (Hirst Decision) that
restricted building permits for new residential homes
that would be reliant on permit-exempt wells. The
legislature appropriated $300 million over 15 years
to support implementation of projects to improve
stream flows across the state. The Washington State
Department of Ecology is developing a Watershed
Restoration and Enhancement Plan to identify and
prioritize water offset projects in WRIA 9.
HOWARD
HANSON DAM
PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD - 180,000 ac-ft
AUTHORIZED FLOOD CONTROL - 104,000 ac-ft
FISH CONSERVATION - 24,000 ac-ft
TURBIDITY POOL - 600 ac-ft
48-in. bypasspipeinvertelev. 1,069 ft
MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL AWSP - 20,000 ac-ft
Dam crest
elev. 1,228 ft ELEVATION
1,224 ft
1,206 ft
1,167 ft
1,147 ft
1,141 ft
1,075 ft
1,035 ft
ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION SECTION , ac-ft
Spillway invert elev. 1,176 ft
19-ft outlet tunnel invert elev. 1,035 ft
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
35
Research/Monitoring
Flow management at HHD dictates instream habitat
conditions within the mainstem Green River. As a
result, water storage and subsequent release timing
not only impacts natural hydraulic processes, but
also influences available salmon habitat and produc-
tivity. Maintaining minimum instream flows of 250
cfs during dry summer months provides important
benefits to available fish habitat. However, associated
water capture and storage has reduced the frequency
and magnitude of high – habitat forming – flows while
prolonging the duration of moderate flows (Higgins
2017). Moderate flows between 5000-8000 cfs are not
sufficient to drive process-based habitat formation,
but do have the potential to scour redds (R2 Re -
source Consultants 2014).
Climate Change (Watershed-wide)
Watershed Status
Climate change science was not incorporated into
the 2005 Plan because future climate scenarios were
unclear. However, climate change has been the focus
of intense research, both global and regional, over
the last decades. This research highlights the need to
prepare for the current and future impacts of climate
change and incorporate what we know about climate
change into salmon recovery actions.
Climate change will directly impact salmon recov-
ery work in the Green/Duwamish and Central Puget
Sound watershed. The UW Climate Impacts Group
Mauger et al. 2015) and others predict that Pacific
Northwest precipitation patterns will change, bring-
ing warmer, wetter falls, winters, and springs. Floods
will be more intense and more frequent, with peak
flows expected to increase by 28-34 percent by 2080.
As winters become warmer and wetter, the water-
shed is projected to shift from mixed rain and snow
to a rain-dominated basin with less mountain snow
melting earlier in the spring. The decrease in amount
and earlier disappearance of the snow pack will
exacerbate drought-like summer low flow conditions
in currently snow-dominated areas of the watershed.
Summertime rain is expected to decrease by ~22%
by 2050. A projected 4-5°F increase in air tempera-
tures will increase water temperature in both rivers
and the ocean. Nearshore and estuary areas will be
impacted by sea level rise, food web alteration and
ocean acidification. A changing climate will exacer-
bate typical climate variability, causing environmental
conditions that will negatively impact our salmonids
and their habitat. The potential impacts to various life
histories of salmonids, including Chinook salmon, as
a result of climate change are summarized in
Figure 8.
Flows above 8,800 cfs are needed
to initiate lateral channel migration
and support creation of off-channel
habitats that are critical for juvenile
Chinook rearing (Konrad et al. 2011).
Long-term juvenile Chinook outmigration data col-
lected by WDFW highlights the function relationship
between instream flows and Chinook productivity
Anderson and Topping 2018). High flows (between
8,000–10,000 cfs) from November through mid-Jan-
uary appear to scour eggs, sharply reducing the
overall productivity of the number of juveniles per
spawner. High flows (~6,000-8,000 cfs) during the
typical fry outmigration period (mid-January through
the end of March) reduce the number of parr pro-
duced in the Middle Green, likely because fish are
flushed into habitats downstream of the trap. The
frequency of spring flows (April through June) above
1,200 cfs appears to increase the number of parr
produced. This is likely due to increased connectivity
to off-channel habitats, like side-channels. A separate
study (R2 Resource Consultants 2013) showed that, at
flows below 1,200 cfs, side channel habitats become
less connected to the mainstem and overall habitat
complexity decreases.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE36
Figure 8. Projected impacts to Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound salmon as a result of climate change.
Adapted from Beechie et al. (2012). Fish timing represents typical fish behavior.
Pink
Year3Year1Year2
Subyearling
Yearling
Climate Change Impacts on WRIA 9 Salmonids
Chinook
Coho
Chum
Steelhead
Spawn
Incubate
Rearing
Spawn
SmoltSmolt
Smolt
Rearing
Spawn
Incubate
Rearing
Smolt
Spawn
Incubate
Smolt
Rearing
Spawn
Incubate
1-2 Year Rearing
Smolt
Spawn
Incubate
Smolt
Rearing
2010_W9climate_sh_impacts.aiIncreased summer temperature may
decrease growth or kill juvenile salmon where temperatures are already
high and block/delay migration. May also decrease spawning
fecundity (e.g. Chinook).Decreased summer low flow may
contribute to increased tempera-ture, decrease rearing habitat capacity
for juvenile salmonids, and decrease access to or
availability of spawning areas.Increased winter floods may increase scour
of eggs, or increase mortaility of rearing juveniles where flood
refugia are not available, displace juveniles to
less desira ble habitats.Loss
of spring snowmelt may
decrease or eliminate spawning
opportunities for steelhead, may alter survival
of eggs or emergent fry
for other salmonid species, cause
early dewatering of o- channel
and side channel habitats, and
reduce
connectivity
to the
floodplain.Incubate
River entry
River entry
River entry
River entry
River entry RiverentryJun.Jul.Aug.Jan.Feb.Mar. Apr. Jun.Jul.MaySept.Dec.Nov.Oct.Aug.Jan.Feb.Mar. Apr. Jun.Jul.MaySept.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
37
NATURAL SHORELINE
Current sea level
ARMORED SHORELINE
Current sea level
ARMORED SHORELINE
Future sea level
NATURAL SHORELINE
Future sea level
Forage fish
spawning habitat
Forage fish spawning
habitat migrates with
beach translation.
Forage fish
spawning habitat
Forage fish spawning
habitat entirely lost due to
armor and sea level rise
Future MHHW
Current MHHW
Former MHHW
Current MHHW
Future MHHW
Former MHHW
The Coastal Squeeze
Former
shoreline edge
Water temperatures as measured
on July 4, 2015, exceeded the
potential lethally threshold (22°C) for
salmonids downstream of the Green
River Gorge (DeGasperi 2017).
Research/Monitoring
A changing climate will exacerbate typical climate
variability causing environmental conditions that will
negatively impact our salmonids and their habitat.
The summer of 2015 likely provided a glimpse of the
future ecological conditions in the Green/Duwamish
watershed. A warm, wet winter with extreme low
snowpack levels, coupled with a dry, hot summer,
created dire conditions for salmon. (DeGasperi 2017)
The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe reported adult Chinook
salmon dying in the stream just below the Soos Creek
hatchery (H. Coccoli, pers. comm.), and Washington
Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) data indi-
cated higher than typical numbers of female Chinook
mortality with high egg retention (pre-spawn mortal-
ity) (Unpublished WDFW data). Other sublethal im-
pacts associated with temperatures in excess of 17°C
can include developmental abnormalities, altered
growth rates, and non-fertilization of eggs; altered
migration timing; altered predator/prey relationship;
and reduced disease resistance.
Sea level in Puget Sound rose 20 centimeters from
1900-2008 and scientists project sea level will rise
an additional 0.6 meters by 2100. A 1-foot increase in
water surface elevation means an order of magnitude
increase in high water events—so a 100-year event
turns into a two year event (Mauger et al. 2015). Sea
level rise will have myriad effects on the marine
nearshore habitats, including increased bank/bluff
erosion, landslides, and lost nearshore habitats
e.g., eelgrass, forage fish spawning habitat, estuary
mudflats, etc.) due to the “coastal squeeze” adjacent
to armored shorelines. In addition, increased risk of
erosion could contribute to a growing demand for
additional shoreline armoring.
Figure 9. Coastal squeeze in nearshore graphic along the Puget Sound Nearshore refers to the shallow areas
where forage fish spawn and are being squeezed out of existence by shoreline armoring and sea level rise
Coastal Geologic Services).
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE38
A growing body of research is focusing on the po-
tential impacts of ocean acidification on the Puget
Sound ecosystem. Ocean acidification is driven by
the absorption of carbon dioxide and is expected
to impact survival, growth and behavior of marine
organisms. In addition to observed impacts to calci-
fying organisms (e.g., oysters and crab) there is more
recent evidence that ocean acidification may impair
sense of smell in salmon, impede growth in herring
and other species, and alter plankton populations –
which may have a cascading impact on marine food
webs. Experiments have shown that coho salmon’s
ability to avoid predators declines and risk of being
eaten increases in low pH waters (Dunagan 2019).
Although considerable uncertainty surrounds the
potential impacts of ocean acidification on salmon,
there is potential for it to exacerbate the issue of
marine survival.
Elevated Water Temperatures
Watershed-wide)
Watershed Status
Water temperature is a key determinant of the bio-
logical integrity of a river – especially as it relates to
cold-water dependent salmonids. High water temper-
atures can act as a limiting factor for the distribution,
migration, health and performance of salmon. Wash-
ington State’s water quality standards are protective
of viable salmonid habitat in the Green River by
assigning a numeric criterion of 16°C, above which
the water body is considered impaired (WAC 173-
201A-602). A supplemental criterion of 13°C, in effect
between September 15 and July 1 further protects sal-
monid habitat. The widespread removal of tall, native
trees along the riparian corridor – especially in the
middle and lower Green River – allows solar-atmos-
pheric radiation to rapidly warm water as it moves
downstream below HHD. As a result, large stretches
of the Green River, Soos Creek and Newaukum Creek
regularly exceed established water quality standards
for temperature. In 2011, the Washington State
Department of Ecology developed total maximum
daily loads (TMDLs) for the Green River and
Newaukum Creek that outlined an implementation
plan for improving temperatures. Another TMDL for
Soos Creek is under development.
The Green/Duwamish experienced widespread po-
tentially lethal water temperatures in 2015 (DeGasperi
2017). In response, WRIA 9 led the development of the
Re-Green the Green: Riparian Revegetation Strategy
2016) to emphasize the critical need for increasing
riparian canopy and to prioritize revegetation efforts
within the watershed. The strategy was adopted as
an addendum to the 2005 Salmon Habitat Plan. It
incorporated solar aspect shade maps published in
2014 by the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe to prioritize
areas where increased tree canopy – and thus shade
could provide the largest benefit to preventing ele-
vated water temperatures. It also established reveg-
etation goals that were directly incorporated into
this Plan Update. WRIA 9 developed a Re-green the
Green grant program using Cooperative Watershed
Management funds from the Flood Control District to
accelerate revegetation efforts across the watershed.
Research/Monitoring
In addition to periodic exceedances of potential
lethal water temperatures, a review of 7-DMax water
temperatures at Whitney Bridge (RM 41.5) shows that
instream temperatures regularly exceed established
thresholds for sublethal impacts to salmon. Figure 10
shows 7-DMax temperatures from 2001-2016 in rela-
tion to key Chinook salmon life history stages. These
data suggest migration, early spawning, egg incuba-
tion, yearling and parr rearing all potentially subject
to sublethal impacts associated with elevated water
temperatures.
A literature review completed for WRIA 9 (Kubo 2017)
provides a summary of potential temperature-relat-
ed impacts to Chinook salmon. Adult fish migrating
upstream may be subject to increased metabolic
demand, delayed migration, increased disease expo-
sure, decreased disease resistance, and even direct
mortality. Spawning fish may experience reduced
gamete quality and quantity and reduced fertilization
success. Chinook eggs may be subject to reduced
embryo survival, decreased hatching-emergence
condition, increased abnormalities, and altered meta-
bolic rates. Juveniles and outmigrants may be subject
to reduced feeding and growth rates, increased dis-
ease susceptibility, and accelerated onset of smoltifi-
cation and desmoltification. Although many impacts
may be sublethal, they can contribute to an increase
in delayed mortality.
Protecting and restoring mature riparian tree canopy,
protecting cold water sources, and promoting hy-
porheic exchange between the river/floodplain and
the alluvial aquifer are essential to build ecological
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
39
Figure 10. Plot of 7-DMax water temperatures for the 2015 and 2016 calendar years measured by King County
at the Whitney Bridge station (GRT10) compared to 7-DMax temperatures measured from 2001-2014. State stand-
ards for designated uses are noted by the orange line and potentially lethal impacts are indicated by the red line.
State standards for designated uses include core summer salmonid habitats (July 1 – September 15) as well as
spawning and incubation periods (September 16 – July 1). Timing of specific Green River Fall Chinook lifestages
included below.
Source: Adapted from King County 2016.
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan
INCUBATION INCUBATION
SPAWNING
ADULT UPSTREAM MIGRATION
YEARLING REARING
PARRREARINGFRYREARINGWATERTEMPERATURE (C)Chinook
life stages DMax water temperatures at Whitney Bridge station (GRT10)
2001-
2014
2015 2016 resilience to rising temperatures and
moderate the impacts associated with climate change. By
2080, it is expected that the number of river
miles exceeding salmonid thermal tolerances (>18°C) will
increase by 70 miles in the Green/
Duwamish watershed G. Mauger 2016). One study suggests
that warming of 2-5.5°C could result in the loss of 5-22
percent of salmon habitat by 2090 (O’
Neal 2002). Fish Passage Barriers (
Watershed-wide)
Watershed Status:Fish passage barriers are a critical
obstacle to Chinook salmon recovery in the
watershed. The presence of Howard Hanson Dam and
the Tacoma Headworks Diversion facility block access
to approx-imately 40 percent of the historical
Chinook salmon spawning and rearing habitat (NOAA
2019). This barrier alone blocks access to
somewhere between 78-165 miles of suitable fish habitat. The
2005 Plan assumed fish passage would be provided by
2015. Ta-coma completed an upstream trap and haul
facility at the headworks facility in 2007;
however, downstream fish passage at Howard Hanson Dam has
not
been completed.Predicted
temperature increases, lower summer flows
and altered precipitation patterns are
likely to exacerbate
temperature-related stress for
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE40
In 2019, the NOAA Fisheries released a biological
opinion (BiOp) that concluded U.S. Army Corps
operations at Howard Hanson Dam would “jeopardize
the continued existence of ESA-listed Puget Sound
PS) Chinook salmon, PS steelhead, and Southern
Resident killer whales (SRKW), and that the proposed
action is likely to result in the adverse modification of
these three species’ critical habitat designated under
the ESA.” In issuing the jeopardy opinion, NOAA stat-
ed that without fish passage the population’s abun-
dance, productivity, and spatial diversity could not
achieve established viability criteria, thus increasing
the risk of extirpating the population.
In order to avoid jeopardizing ESA-listed Chinook,
the BiOp concluded that the U.S. Army Corps must
provide operational downstream fish passage no later
than February 2031. The resulting facility would be
required to satisfy established performance criteria,
including achieving 98 percent survival of all fish
passing through the facility. The BiOp states that if
established performance standards are satisfied, the
Upper Green watershed could support self-sustaining
populations of Chinook salmon and steelhead, “dra-
matically improving the likelihood that the Chinook
salmon population would achieve a highly viable
status.”
In addition to HHD, an unknown number of smaller
fish passage barriers impact Chinook salmon move-
ments within the watershed. There is a growing
recognition that a number of barriers associated with
smaller tributaries adjacent to roads, revetments
and flood control structures block juvenile access
to critical rearing habitats. One of the larger existing
barriers is the Black River Pump Station. The pump
station is a flood control facility built in 1970, located
near the mouth of the Black River. While the facility
was originally constructed with both upstream and
downstream fish passage facilities, they are outdat-
ed and currently do not meet federal fish passage
criteria (Jacobs 2020). In its current state, the facility
limits both upstream and downstream fish passage
and restricts access to over 50 miles of stream,
including Springbrook Creek, Panther Lake Creek,
Garrison Creek, and Mill Creek. Although the majority
of stream habitat is primarily suitable for coho and
steelhead, Chinook salmon have been found in the
system, and the area immediately upstream of the
facility could provide important rearing and refuge
habitat for juvenile Chinook.
Research/Monitoring
A 2019 study evaluating the use of small non-natal trib-
utaries (streams that do not support Chinook spawn-
ing) by juvenile Chinook highlighted the importance
of these habitats for both juvenile rearing and flood
refuge. Juvenile Chinook were identified in eight of the
nine tributaries sampled in the Lower Green River
basin and were found up to 480 meters above the con-
fluence with the Green River. The results demonstrated
1) widespread use of non-natal tributaries for extend-
ed lengths of time; (2) heavily urbanized streams with a
large amount of impervious surfaces appear capable of
supporting non-natal juvenile rearing; (3) juvenile up-
stream passage is an important consideration for fish
barriers; and (4) variability in flapgate performance for
juvenile fish passage (King County 2019). A follow-up
study was funded by WRIA 9 in 2019 to assess flapgate
performance and identify potential retrofit and replace-
ment options to improve juvenile passability.
Long-term fish-in fish-out monitoring by WDFW
indicates that Chinook salmon population produc-
tivity is limited by available rearing habitat and that
parr outmigrants disproportionately contribute to
the abundance of returning adults (Anderson and
Topping 2018). Restoration of non-natal tributaries
has the potential to complement ongoing restoration
efforts in the Lower Green River mainstem to provide
additional capacity to support fry growth into parr
prior to outmigration to the Duwamish estuary. Larger
basins >100 acres), low-gradient (<2%) tributaries
likely provide a large amount of rearing habitat and
support higher densities of juvenile Chinook (King
County 2019; Tabor et al. 2011; Tabor and Moore 2018;
Tabor, Murray and Rosenau 1989; Scrivener et al.
1994; Bradford et al. 2001).
Non-natal tributaries provide
important rearing and refuge
habitat in the Lower Green
subwatershed.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
41
Land Conversion (Watershed-wide)
Watershed Status
Located within the greater Seattle metropolitan area,
population growth and economic development have
significantly modified the watershed, its underlying
hydrology, and the salmon habitat within it. In ad-
dition to legacy impacts (Chapter 3 of 2005 Plan),
the watershed experienced tremendous population
growth and development in the 15 years since the
2005 Salmon Plan. The population of King County
population swelled approximately 25 percent, adding
an additional 444,000 residents (U.S. Census Bureau
2019; King County 2006). During the same timeframe,
46,000 new housing units were constructed in the
watershed (WA Dept. of Commerce 2017).
The extensive development pressures within the
watershed – especially in the Nearshore, Duwamish
and Lower Green watershed – have degraded large
portions of the watershed from natural conditions.
In addition to direct habitat loss, land conversion
contributes to increased impervious coverage and
stormwater runoff. Refer to the Stormwater section in
this chapter for additional information on stormwater
impacts on salmon. Approximately 32 percent of the
watershed is located within established urban growth
areas (UGAs). Competition for scarce available land
contributes to high restoration/acquisition costs and
the loss of restoration priorities to redevelopment
pressures.
Source: King County, 2019: Juvenile Chinook Use of Non-natal Tributaries in the Lower Green River
Figure 11. Representative tributary mouth habitats associated with flapgate flood control structures.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE42
Research/Monitoring
Despite the tremendous growth and development
pressure, growth management efforts have concen-
trated new housing construction within urban growth
areas. Only about 3 percent of housing units con-
structed in the watershed since the 2005 Plan have
occurred outside of UGAs (WA Dept. of Commerce
2017). While this is a positive outcome, a compreo-
hensive assessment of changes in forest cover and
impervious surfaces has not been completed since
2006. In addition, the basin-wide effectiveness of
critical area and shoreline protections has not been
assessed. A WRIA 9-funded study of marine shoreline
development from 2016-2018 observed a net increase
in shoreline armoring and permit compliance rates
below 50 percent (King County 2019). Additional
information about the status of marine shorelines is
presented in the Shoreline Armoring section.
Levees and Revetments (Middle and
Lower Green)
Watershed Status
An extensive network of flood containment and train-
ing levees and revetments protect economic develop-
ment and agricultural land in the Lower and Middle
Green River valleys. In total. there are approximately
36 miles of levees and revetments in the watershed.
Over 27 miles of facilities provide flood protection
for the Lower Green River valley – the second larg-
est warehouse and distribution center on the west
coast. The valley contains $7.3 billion of structures
and associated content, supports over 100,000 jobs,
and generates an annual taxable revenue of $8 billion
Reinelt 2014).
Flood control facilities degrade floodplain function
and reduce habitat complexity. They disconnect large
portions of the historical floodplain, off-channel hab-
itats, and tributaries – all important juvenile salmon
rearing and refuge habitats. Associated vegetation
maintenance standards limit riparian revegetation
and contribute to elevated instream temperatures.
Facilities also disrupt sediment delivery and filtration,
water storage and recharge, and large wood input to
the river channel. In addition to the direct impacts of
the facilities, they also support land use development
on historic floodplains habitats.
Due to the diversion of the White and Black rivers,
much of the “connected” floodplain is perched above
the river channel and only connected during very
high flows. Current flows with a 100-year flood event
equate to an historic two-year event (King County
2010). At these flows, only 18 percent (3,518 of 19,642
acres) of the historic Lower Green River floodplain is
connected (Higgins 2017). The loss of juvenile ChiT-
nook salmon-rearing habitat reduces juvenile survival
and overall population productivity. Restoration of
floodplain habitat in the Lower Green River valley not
only requires levee setbacks, but also requires ex-
tensive fill removal to reconnect perched floodplains
across a larger range of flows.
Research/Monitoring
Since the 2005 Plan, studies have shown higher
growth rates for Chinook salmon accessing flood-
plains when compared to fish rearing exclusively in
the mainstem. Increased growth likely results from
increased food availability and foraging efficiency
in floodplain habitats (Henning 2004; Sommer et al.
2001; Jeffres, Opperman and Moyle 2008; and
Lestelle et al. 2005). This research also suggests that
any increased risk of stranding during retreating
flows is offset by the potential for increased growth
rates. These studies emphasize how important flood-
plain habitats are to juvenile Chinook growth and
provide an important context for understanding how
the magnitude of habitat loss in the Lower Green and
to a lesser extent in the Middle Green have impacted
juvenile Chinook production locally.
Analysis of juvenile life history success in adult Green
River Chinook salmon (2015-2017) found parr outmi-
grants disproportionately contribute to adult returns
relative to their abundance. Although parr comprised
3-56 percent of the out-migrating juveniles, more
than 97 percent of returning adults were found to
have exhibited the parr life history. In comparison,
the parr life history is reflected in 64 and 76 per-
cent, respectively, of the adult returns in the Skagit
and Nooksack watershed (Campbell and Claiborne
2017; Campbell et al. 2019). These data indicate that
Chinook salmon life history success varies between
watersheds and that productivity (adult spawner
abundance) in the Green is currently driven by parr
production, as juveniles exhibiting the fry life history
rarely survive to adulthood.
Sediment Contamination (Duwamish)
Watershed Status
Industrial and commercial development in the
Duwamish estuary not only led to dredge and fill of
historical estuarine wetlands, but also left a legacy of
persistent contaminants within the working water-
front. Two Superfund sites require additional clean-up
in the Duwamish, the Lower Duwamish Waterway
LDW) and Harbor Island/East Waterway (EW).
Both sites contain elevated levels of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), arsenic, carcinogenic polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs), as well as dioxins
and furans. The EPA’s Record of Decision for the
LDW (2014) outlines the cleanup plan for the 412 acre
site, which includes 105 acres of dredging or partial
dredging, 24 acres of capping, 48 acres of enhanced
natural remediation and 235 acres of monitored nat-
ural attenuation. Although early action areas (Slip 4,
Terminal 117, Boeing Plant 2/Jorgensen Forge, Diag-
onal Combined Sewer Overflow [CSO], and Norfork
CSO) resulted in cleanup of approximately 50 percent
of PCB contamination, cleanup will not be completed
until after 2031. Cleanup options for the EW site are
under development.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
43
Figure 12. Spawners-recruit plots showing abundance
of fry and parr produced based on estimated adult
Chinook salmon escapement (Anderson and Topping
2017).
An analysis of long-term juvenile outmigration data
collected by WDFW identified a density-dependent
relationship between adult spawner abundance and
relative parr abundance (Anderson and Topping
2018). Figure 6 shows that adult escapements in
excess of 3,000 fish did not generally result in
increased parr production. In contrast, fry production
was observed to be density independent. Juvenile
Chinook require rearing and refuge habitats (e.g.,
off-channel habitats, side-channels, etc.) to grow into
parr prior to outmigration. When considered in con-
cert with the Campbell and Claiborne studies, these
results highlight the importance of reconnecting
floodplains and restoring rearing habitat to increasing
Chinook returns.
Productivity in the Green/Duwamish is currently constrained by
available rearing habitat in the Lower and Middle Green rivers.
NUMBER OF FRYNUMBER
OF JUVENILESSPAWNERS ABOVE TRAP 0 1,0002,000 5,0003,000 4,000
6,000
7,000 100,
000 0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
200,000
400,000
600,000 800,
000 NUMBER OF FRYSPAWNERS ABOVE TRAP01,000 2,000 5,0003,0004,000
6,
000 7,
000NUMBER OF
PARR100,000
0 200,
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE44
Transport pathways carry contaminants from sources
to surface waters, as well as within surface waters.
Contaminants reach the Green/Duwamish receiving
waters via point discharges (permitted industrial,
stormwater and CSOs discharges), overland flow
stormwater runoff), groundwater, and direct atmo-
spheric deposition, as well as by spills/leaks and
bank erosion. Fish are exposed to chemicals through
multiple routes including water passing through their
gills and/or its ingestion, direct sediment contact
and/or its ingestion, and/or through consumption
of contaminated prey. Chinook experience greater
chemical exposure during the juvenile phase than
during the adult phase due to the comparatively
different lengths of time they spend in the Duwamish
during these life stages (Colton 2018).
Although the 2005 Salmon Plan hypothesized that
sediment cleanup would benefit Chinook salmon,
limited scientific data were available on the potential
impacts of sediment contamination on productivity at
the time.
Research/Monitoring
A growing body of research findings suggests that
contaminant exposure for juvenile Chinook salmon
in the Duwamish and Elliott Bay is affecting juvenile
Chinook salmon growth, disease resistance, and
immunosuppression, and ultimately marine survival.
Juvenile Chinook salmon rearing in industrial estuary
and nearshore habitats (e.g., Duwamish, Puyallup
and Snohomish) contain elevated levels of organic
contaminants as compared to those rearing in less
developed watersheds (Skagit and Nisqually) (O’Neil
et al. 2015; Varanasi et al. 1993). Juvenile Chinook
salmon whole body PCB tissue concentrations from
the Duwamish and associated nearshore areas have
exceeded adverse impact thresholds (O’Neil et al.
2015; Johnson 2007). PCB levels in wild fingerlings
have also been shown to have significantly higher
PCB levels than their hatchery counterparts, suggest-
ing that wild Chinook have a longer residence time
within the Duwamish estuary (Nelson, et al. 2013).
An examination of 37 years of hatchery data from 20
hatcheries across 14 watersheds found 45 percent
lower smolt-to-adult survival rates for hatchery Chi-
nook that outmigrate through contaminated estuaries
as compared to uncontaminated estuaries (Meador
2014). The study evaluated the findings against the
total amount of estuary habitat, length of freshwater
habitat between each hatchery and estuary, as well
as growth rates and did not find these factors could
explain observed variation in survival rates. Because
wild Chinook – especially the fry outmigrant life his-
tory type – are more dependant on and have longer
residence times in estuarine habitat, the observed
decline in survial may be more pronounced in wild
Chinook salmon.
A recent study by scientists at the NOAA Northwest
Fisheries Science Center estimated the potential
impact remediation of the Lower Willamette River Su-
perfund site would have on Chinook salmon recovery
Lundin et al. 2019). The study used a combination of
field and laboratory-collected exposure, growth, and
disease resistance data to estimate acute and de-
layed mortality rates for juvenile Chinook. These esti-
mates were then incorporated into a life cycle model
that estimated sediment remediation could improve
juvenile survival by 54 percent and increase popula-
tion abundance by 20 percent. This study provides a
population-scale assessment of the potential impacts
of legacy pollutants on Chinook salmon and suggests
that remediation in the Duwamish could be a signifi-
cant driver for Chinook recovery.
Figure 13. Chinook salmon that enter the
estuarine waters as fry (< 60 mm) experience
very low marine survival rates. In contrast to less
developed watersheds, estuarine-reared fry in the
Green/Duwamish are not contributing significantly
to adult returns.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
45
The research on potential adverse impacts to juvenile
Chinook as a result of contaminant exposure is con-
sistent with a recent analysis of juvenile life histories
expressed by adult Chinook salmon in the Green/Du-
wamish River. Analysis of otoliths from returning adult
salmon allow resource managers to back-calculate
size upon entry in marine waters, allowing differentia-
tion between parr and fry migrants. Otolith collection
from adult Chinook salmon (2015-2017) indicate that
less than 3 percent of fish returning to the water-
shed entered marine waters as a fry migrant, despite
representing between 44 and 97 of the total juvenile
outmigrants (Campbell and Claiborne 2017;
Campbell et al. 2019). Additional research is needed
to assess the relative importance of contamination
in relation to other stressors (i.e., existing estuarine
habitat quality and capacity) in contributing to poor
marine survival.
Stormwater (Nearshore, Duwamish,
Lower and Middle Green)
Watershed Status
Stormwater runoff and associated hydrological
modifications resulting from forest conversion and
land use development within the Green/Duwamish
watershed adversely impact water quality and
salmon habitat. Approximately 59 and 24 percent,
respectively, of the 165-foot riparian buffer in the
Duwamish and Lower Green is characterized by im-
pervious surfaces (King Co. unpublished data, 2013).
Although watershed-wide data are not available, the
impacts associated with the loss of forest cover and
increase in impervious surfaces are not confined to
riparian areas. At the basin-wide scale, these levels
of impervious coverage can contribute to a two-three
fold increase in stormwater runoff above natural
conditions (Paul and Meyer 2001). Increased runoff
contributes to rapid changes in flows, with larger
peak flows and lower low flows; increased pollutant
transport and degradation of water quality; shifts in
benthic macroinvertebrates communities; elevated
water temperatures; increased bank erosion and
sediment transport capacity; and altered channel
morphology and hydraulics.
The majority of the development within the water-
shed – and across Puget Sound – predates existing
critical area ordinances and low-impact development
standards designed to mitigate impacts to aquatic
ecosystems. As a result, stormwater runoff is recog-
nized within the region as one of the more significant
challenges facing both salmon and Puget Sound
recovery efforts.
Research/Monitoring
Since the 2005 Plan, a significant body of research
has focused on stormwater toxicity impacts to salm-
on in urban creeks. Consistently high levels of mor-
tality (up to 90 percent) in adult coho salmon have
been observed in urban watersheds, with the extent
of mortality rate related to an urbanization gradient
and, more specifically, density of motor vehicle traffic
Scholz 2011; Feist 2017 ). More recent studies have
connected observed mortality events to pollutants
associated with highway runoff (Scholz 2016; Peter
2018).
Research suggests that juvenile
Chinook that enter the Duwamish
as fry – as opposed to parr –
experience very low survival and
do not substantively contribute
to population abundance as
measured by adult escapement.
Chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are another
area of emerging research. The EPA defines CECs as
chemicals and other substances that have no reg-
ulatory standard, have been recently ‘discovered’ in
natural streams (often because of improved analytical
chemistry detection levels), and potentially cause del-
eterious effects in aquatic life (e.g., endocrine disrupt-
ers) at environmentally relevant concentrations” (EPA
2008). CECs include hormones, pharmaceuticals
and personal care products (PPCPs), and industrial
process chemicals. An analysis of juvenile Chinook
whole body tissue in several Puget Sound estuaries
detected 37 of 150 surveyed PPCPs (Meador et al.
2016). Metabolic disruption consistent with starvation
was also observed in juvenile Chinook collected ad-
jacent to waste water treatment plants in Sinclair Inlet
and the Puyallup River (Meador 2018). The potential
impacts to Chinook salmon growth, reproduction, and
behavior are not well understood.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE46
6/2/13 3/5/15
Although Chinook salmon do
not appear vulnerable to acute
toxicity as a result of roadway
runoff exposure (Scholz 2019),
more research is needed to
evaluate potential sublethal
impacts.
Figure 14. Shoreline modification identified during Marine Shoreline Monitoring and Compliance Project (Ecology).
Although studies have shown treatment of runoff can
prevent acute toxicity, the large capital expenditures
associated with stormwater retrofits have precluded
widespread implementation. A comprehensive needs
and cost assessment for stormwater retrofit within
the Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound wa-
tershed was completed in 2014. The study evaluated
278 square miles of the watershed, excluding Seattle
and areas upstream of Howard Hanson Dam. An esti-
mated $210 million per year would need to be spend
over the next 30 years to build necessary regional
facilities, retrofit roads and highways, and retrofit
non-forested lands not redeveloped within the next
30 years (King County 2014).
Shoreline Armoring (Nearshore)
Watershed Status
The Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound
watershed encompasses 92 linear miles of marine
shoreline. Associated nearshore habitats provide not
only important rearing and migratory habitat for juve-
nile salmon, but also spawning habitat for forage fish
e.g., sand lance and surf smelt), which are important
prey items for salmon, birds and marine mammals.
Delivery of sediment and trees from natural bluffs
helps sustain nearshore habitat complexity (beaches,
spits, eelgrass beds, etc.) and shoreline resilience to
coastal erosion and sea level rise.
The degradation of marine shorelines and associated
ecological functions has implications not only for
Chinook salmon recovery, but also for the ESA-listed
southern resident orca population. Shoreline armor
especially along feeder bluffs – disrupts sediment
supply and transport, altering nearshore habitat
quantity and quality. Shoreline land use ranges from
commercial and industrial waterfront in Elliott Bay,
urban residential between Seattle and Federal Way,
to rural residential and undeveloped shorelines
along Vashon Island. Approximately 65 percent of the
shoreline is currently armored and only 22 of 52 drift
cells have greater than 50 percent of historical feeder
bluffs intact (King County 2019; WRIA 9 2012).
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
47
Research/Monitoring
Recent research reinforces assumptions in the 2005
Plan about the importance of nearshore habitats to
salmon. The range of physical and biological impacts
in response to shoreline armoring varies across spa-
tial and temporal scales. Shoreline armoring impacts
wrack and log accumulation, juvenile fish utilization,
forage fish spawning, beach profiles, sediment grain
size, and marine riparian vegetation. In particular,
drift cells with a high proportion of armoring tend to
be characterized by skinnier beaches, coarser sedi-
ments, fewer drift logs, fewer prey species (Dethier et
al. 2016).
Natural shorelines convey important benefits to
juvenile Chinook salmon. Small juvenile salmon
preferentially use low-gradient, unarmored shorelines
Munsch, Cordell and Toft 2016). Riparian vegetation
associated with unarmored beaches provide a source
of terrestrial prey items for juvenile Chinook and ben-
efit forage fish egg survival by moderating substrate
temperatures and maintaining humidity (Rice 2006;
Toft, Cordell et al. 2007). Even small-scale beach
restoration projects (i.e., Olympic Sculpture Park) have
resulted in measurable increases in larval fish abun-
dance, juvenile salmon, and invertebrate diversity
as compared to adjacent armored shorelines (Toft,
Ogston et al. 2013).
The magnitude of unpermitted shoreline modifica-
tions threatens to negate investments in shoreline
restoration and undermine the goal of “no net loss”
established within the Shoreline Management Act.
From 2013-2018, the watershed saw a net increase of
364 feet of shoreline armor despite armor removal
and restoration of 382 feet shoreline during the same
timeframe. Only 42 percent of observed shoreline
modifications were permitted by local governments
prior to construction (King County 2019).
Although juvenile Chinook from the Green/Duwamish
River have been observed to use the marine shore-
lines throughout Central Puget Sound, considerable
uncertainty surrounds the relative importance of
non-natal coastal streams and pocket estuaries. A
study in the Whidbey Basin found abundant use of
non-natal coastal streams (32 of 63 streams) by juve-
nile Chinook. The presence of juvenile Chinook was
influenced by (1) distance to nearest natal Chinook
salmon river; (2) stream channel slope; (3) watershed
area; and (4) presence and condition of a culvert at
the mouth of a stream. The importance of non-natal
coastal streams to juvenile Chinook salmon dropped
significantly beyond 7 km from the mouth of a Chi-
nook bearing river (Beamer, et al. 2013). Additional
research is needed to prioritize non-natal coastal
streams in WRIA 9 with respect to potential contribu-
tion towards Chinook salmon recovery.
Despite the recognized
importance of natural shorelines
and significant regional
investment in armor removal,
WRIA 9 continues to experience a
net increase in shoreline armoring.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE48
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
49
WRIA 9 developed 11 overarching recovery strategies
to organize watershed priorities and guide future
investments. These strategies outline priority areas
of focus intended to advance salmon recovery over
the next 10-20 years. Recovery strategies are not
prioritized. Implementation across the portfolio of
recovery strategies is necessary to address priority
pressures; increase salmon abundance, productivity,
and diversity; and build long-term population resil-
iency. Successful implementation hinges on partner
coordination and investment to ensure local land use
planning, capital investment programs, and commu-
nity outreach messaging are consistent with identi-
fied watershed priorities.
WRIA 9 hosted a series of subwatershed workshops
to review and update policies and programs from
the 2005 Salmon Habitat Plan. Revised policies and
programs are organized by recovery strategies – as
opposed to subwatershed – to reduce redundancy
and improve alignment with other Puget Sound
salmon plan updates. This structure is intended to
provide project sponsors and other recovery part-
ners a streamlined communication tool for a shared
understanding of what needs to happen, where,
and what policy considerations are necessary at the
local and regional level to advance Chinook salmon
recovery.
Strategy: Restore and Improve Fish
Passage
Location: All Subwatersheds
Fish passage barriers block access to important
spawning and rearing habitat and can exacerbate
localized flooding issues. Legacy transportation and
flood control infrastructure were not regularly de-
signed for fish passage and/or elevated flood flows
associated with climate change. Although address-
ing fish passage barriers was a priority in the 2005
Plan, a 2018 U.S. Supreme Court ruling affirmed that
the State has a treaty-based obligation to address
culverts under state-maintained roads in order to
preserve tribal harvest rights within their usual and
accustomed areas. This ruling has reinforced the
need and elevated the urgency for addressing identi-
fied barriers in a systematic and strategic manner.
Chapter 6:
Recovery Strategies
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE50
Figure 15. Juvenile fish passage barriers block
juvenile Chinook salmon access to important rearing
habitat in non-natal tributaries. Photos: Mike Perfetti.
Figure 16. Healthy juvenile Chinook (right) and coho
left) salmon sampled from a non-natal tributary in
2018. Photo: Chris Gregersen.
Programs
Fish Passage Barrier Removal
WRIA 9 partners should work towards a compre-
hensive inventory of fish passage barriers in the
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Wa-
tershed, and prioritize barrier removal across the
watershed to maximize the benefit of fish passage
investments. Although the majority of existing
barriers in the watershed impact coho salmon
and steelhead, special consideration should be
given to removing barriers to non-natal tributary
rearing habitats. Recent fish monitoring studies
have demonstrated the importance of non-natal
tributaries to juvenile Chinook and remedying these
barriers will expand available rearing habitat and
increase Chinook productivity. Recent fish moni-
toring studies have demonstrated the importance
of non-natal tributaries to juvenile Chinook (King
County 2019; Tabor and Moore 2018) and reme-
dying these barriers will expand available rearing
habitat and increase Chinook productivity.
Many partner jurisdictions do not have the capacity
to implement a programmatic approach to barrier
identification and removal; instead, barrier removal
is driven by infrastructure repair needs and local
capital improvement programs. Some, such as the
City of Seattle, have an inventory and prioritized list
of fish passage barriers but lack sufficient funding
for implementation. To support a more compre-
hensive approach to fish passage, WRIA 9 partners
should leverage available technical assistance
from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
WDFW) Fish Passage and King County Fish Pas-
sage Restoration Programs to assess and prioritize
barriers for removal outside of their scheduled
capital improvement programs to expedite high-
priority barrier removals. Jurisdictions should apply
for funding for high-priority projects through the
Brian Abbott Fish Barrier Removal Board. Regional
coordination among WRIA 9 partners on fish barrier
removal priorities should help identify synergies
and accelerate barrier removal in priority subwa-
tersheds. Programmatic improvements within the
County Fish Passage Restoration Program may
support increased efficiencies within other jurisdic-
tions. Fish passage accomplishments and lessons
learned should be shared regularly to expedite bar-
rier identification and increase coordination across
the watershed.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
51
Policies
Fish Passage (FP) 1: Provide efficient and safe fish
passage where built infrastructure (e.g., road cross-
ings and flood control facilities) intersects instream
habitats. Fish passage design considerations
should not only facilitate adult upstream migration,
but also ensure juvenile salmonid access to rearing
habitat provided in non-natal tributaries. Project
sponsors should use WDFW Water Crossing Design
Guidelines (2013) to assess feasibility and support
alternative development.
Strategy: Protect, Restore and
Enhance Floodplain Connectivity
Location: Lower and Middle Green
The process of channel migration within the floodplain
creates side channels, back-water sloughs, and other
off-channel habitats that are critical for juvenile salm-
on rearing and refuge. Floodplains also facilitate an
exchange of nutrients and organic material between
land and water, and provide important flood storage
capacity that can mitigate flood damages to adjacent
communities. The
historic loss of flood-
plain habitat within
the Green/Duwamish
watershed resulted
in a loss of habitat
complexity, increased
peaks flows and water
velocities, and a loss of
groundwater storage
and important cold
water recharge during
summer months. Flow
regulation at Howard
Hanson Dam and the
diversion of the White
River into the Puyallup
River has reduced the
frequency and mag-
nitude of flood events
and left much of the
floodplain perched well
above the current river
channel. Reconnecting
floodplains and restor-
ing floodplain habitats
is essential to increas-
ing both the available
rearing habitat and
corresponding salm-
on productivity of the
system.
Figure 17. The Lower
Russell Road Levee Setback
Project is a multi-benefit
project that provides flood
risk reduction, habitat
restoration, and recreational
enhancements.
PSE Corrid o r T r ail
Russell Road
Green RiverNatural
Resources AreaGreenRiver S 2 3 1 s t / S2 2
8th St S .2 1 2 t h
S t.Habitat
Area A Main
Channel Edge)
Scour Deflectors Relocated Van
Doren's
Landing Park
Hand-Carry
Boat
Launch
Relocated Trailhead
Setback
Levee
1
2
3
4
5 6
KOA Campground Habitat
Area
B Backwater)MAJOR
PROJECT ELEMENTS LOWER RUSSELL
LEVEE SETBACK Grading Contour (
1 ft.)
Floodw
all OHW
Habitat Wood Eddy Feature
and Number Pump and
Discharge Site New Van Doren's
Park Boundary Green
River Trail
Levee Trail
Secondary Trail
Road
Improvement Wetland Updated 08/
1/2019 Grading Plan 5/
3/
18 1 0
500
Setback :
Relocation of the toe of the
levee/revetment landward of
ordinar y high water to
provide for increased erosion
and channel migration.
100-year flood elevation
with setback levee
Existing 100-year
flood elevation
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE52
Programs
None identified. Implementation relies on individual
capital projects that will be identified in project list.
Policies
Floodplain Connectivity (FC) 1: Support
multi-benefit flood risk reduction projects that also
enhance salmon habitat by allowing rivers and
floodplains to function more naturally. Multi-benefit
projects can (1) reduce community flood risk;
2) provide critical salmon habitat; (3) increase
floodplain storage; (4) improve water quality;
5) replenish groundwater; (6) expand public rec-
reation opportunities; and (7) strengthen commu-
nity and ecological resilience to extreme weather
events due to climate change.
FC2: Wherever possible, flood protection facilities
should be (re)located away from the river edge to
reconnect floodplains and re-establish natural riv-
erine processes. During conceptual design of alter-
natives, project sponsors should evaluate opportu-
nities to pursue relocation of existing infrastructure
and real estate acquisition to support levee set-
backs. A process-based approach to restoration is
ideal for species recovery; however, where a levee
setback is infeasible due to the constraints of past
land use activity, alternative facility designs (e.g.,
levee laybacks) should strive to incorporate plant-
ing benches and wood structures that mimic lost
ecosystem services and improve critically needed
edge habitat.
FC3: Local government should utilize critical areas
and shoreline regulations and associated land use
policies to protect creek riparian areas and asso-
ciated floodplains to increase the flood storage
capacity of these areas.
FC4: Vacating and relocating roads should be
evaluated as tools to support salmon restoration
priorities where impacts are negligible and/or can
be mitigated. Coordinating transportation infra-
structure improvements with salmon habitat needs
e.g., floodplain reconnection and fish passage) can
improve outcomes and reduce project costs. Road
vacation policies should be updated to consider
level of use and road standards.
Strategy: Protect, Restore, and
Enhance Channel Complexity and
Edge Habitat
Location: Lower, Middle and Upper
Green
Flood protection facilities (e.g., Howard Hanson Dam,
revetments, and levees) and loss of riparian habitat
have disrupted sediment transport, simplified hab-
itat complexity, contributed to a loss of rearing and
refuge habitat, and impeded natural recruitment of
spawning gravels. Although process based restora-
tion is preferred, ongoing intervention is necessary to
replace/mimic natural processes where they cannot
be restored.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
53
Programs
Middle Green River Gravel and
Wood Supplementation Program
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Tacoma Pub-
lic Utilities should continue gravel and wood sup-
plementation in the Middle Green River to account
for disruption of natural sediment transport and
wood recruitment caused by Howard Hanson Dam.
Up to 14,000 tons of spawning gravels are deposit-
ed annually at two sites located near river mile 60,
just downstream of the Tacoma Headworks Facility.
High flows during the winter months engage the
deposited gravel and naturally distribute it down-
stream. Regular monitoring of gravel distribution
should inform quantity, size gradation, and timing to
maximize benefits for salmonids.
The U.S. Army Corps Corps should continue to
transport large wood (> 12 in. diameter; > 20 ft. in
length; >4 ft. diameter root ball) that is stranded
in the reservoir to below the Tacoma Headworks
Facility. Large wood increases channel complexi-
ty, provides habitat for juvenile fish, and provides
nutrients and substrate for aquatic insects. The
upper watershed is heavily forested and large
wood is transported to the reservoir during high
flow events, but is unable to move downstream of
the dam without intervention. Existing quantities of
large wood downstream of the dam remain signifi-
cantly below recommended wood volumes (Fox
and Bolton 2007) to support salmon recovery. Peri-
odic surveys should be completed to monitor large
wood volumes and ensure project success.
Policies
Channel Complexity (CC) 1: Project designs
should incorporate best available science related
to climate change predictions and anticipated
changes to seasonal instream flow patterns to
enhance channel complexity and edge habitat
across a range of flows. Lower spring and summer
flows could make restored rearing habitat inacces-
sible during juvenile Chinook outmigration. Special
consideration should be given to project designs
that ensure juvenile salmon rearing habitat remains
accessible in low flow years.
CC2: For habitat restoration projects calling for the
addition of large woody debris, placement of wood
should consider risk to river users, such as boaters
and swimmers.
Strategy: Protect, Restore, and
Enhance Riparian Corridors
Location: All Subwatersheds
Healthy riparian corridors provide a critical role in pro-
viding cool and clean water for salmon. Riparian vegeta-
tion shades instream habitat and moderates water tem-
peratures; reduces erosion by stabilizing streambanks;
captures rainwater and filters sediment and stormwater
pollutants; provides terrestrial nutrient and food inputs;
and is a source of large wood, which is critical to habitat
complexity. Restoring riparian corridors is essential to
addressing high summertime water temperatures and
building long-term resilience to predicted changes as-
sociated with climate change. The Washington State De-
partment of Ecology (Ecology) developed total maximum
daily loads (TMDLs) for the Green River and Newaukum
Creek in 2011 that outlined an implementation plan for
improving temperatures. Another TMDL for Soos Creek
is under development. Refer to the “Integrate Agricultur -
al Protection and Salmon Recovery Initiatives” strategy
for a discussion of riparian corridors within agricultural
lands.
Programs
Re-Green the Green Revegetation Program
The 2016 Re-Green the Green Strategy prioritizes
riverine, estuarine and marine areas for revegetation,
establishes interim goals, and outlines strategies for
securing necessary funding. Riparian revegetation
priorities are based on the solar aspect shade maps
developed by the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe (2014). This
effort identified and prioritized shorelines where shade
is critically needed to reduce instream water tempera-
tures that frequently exceed water quality standards.
WRIA 9 should continue to run an annual grant pro-
gram that supports program implementation across
priority shoreline areas. As of 2020, approximately
500,000 of annual Cooperative Watershed Manage-
ment Funds provided by the King County Flood Con-
trol District have been set aside to support Re-Green
the Green project implementation by WRIA 9 partners.
This funding is intended to provide a baseline level of
revegetation funding that can be leveraged to access
other sources of funding. Riparian revegetation proj-
ects help improve water quality, lower water tempera-
tures, stabilize shorelines, contribute insects (prey) for
juvenile salmonids, increase stormwater infiltration,
and improve aquatic habitat quality when trees fall into
the river.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE54
acres
revegetated
414 (17%) acres out of the 2,384 acre goal established in the 2016 Re-Green the Green Strategy. The goal
reects a proportion of the total riparian buer (developed and undeveloped) that has less than 50% tree cover.
15 watershed partners have revegetated 414* acres along
75,314 linear feet (14.3 miles) of shoreline
in the Green/Duwamish watershed—that’s nearly
5 Foster Golf Courses or
235 Sounders soccer elds of new
revegetated shoreline!
SINCE 2015
17%83% acres left to revegetate
Green DuwamishRevegetation2015-2020 PROGRESS REPORT
Figure 18. Progress towards the watershed revegetation goals established in the WRIA 9 Re-Green the Green Strategy.
Implement coordinated and comprehensive
approach to noxious/invasive weed removal
along river and marine shorelines
WRIA 9 partners should coordinate with the King
County Noxious Weed Removal Program to prior-
itize and sequence weed removal efforts through
the watershed. Noxious weed control should be
conducted in parallel with priority riparian reveg-
etation efforts. Ongoing invasive removal on res-
toration sites is critical until native plants become
established (~ five years).
Invasive plants spread quickly, impede growth and
establishment of natives, and degrade riparian
habitats by destabilizing riverbanks and reducing
tree canopy needed to help maintain cool water
temperatures. Priority species impacting the ripar-
ian community in the Green/Duwamish include
knotweed species (Class B), purple loosestrife
Class B), policeman’s helmet (Class B), English ivy
Class C), Himalayan blackberry (Class C), and reed
canary-grass (Class C).
Long-term Restoration Site Stewardship and
Maintenance
WRIA 9 partners should explore potential funding
sources for a professional stewardship/mainte-
nance crew to provide long-term site maintenance
of restoration sites across the watershed. Salmon
recovery funding generally does not provide for
site maintenance beyond several years, and main-
tenance typically falls outside the scope of regular
park maintenance operations. A shared mainte-
nance crew would provide cost savings to jurisdic-
tions for maintenance of the growing portfolio of
restoration sites.
Priority tasks for a crew would include invasive
species removal, planting as needed, and litter
cleanup. In addition to these basic functions, this
crew could play an important role in helping to
manage the growing challenge of encampments
within the Green River corridor. This program would
ensure a regular staff presence at restoration sites
to assist with outreach and public safety in addition
to enhancing long-term ecological outcomes. In
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
55
addition, a shared crew would address stewardship
and maintenance needs at sites that are not
suitable for citizen volunteers.
Policies
Riparian Corridor (RC) 1: Protect and enhance ri-
parian corridors to help achieve temperature water
quality standards established to protect salmon mi-
gration, spawning and rearing. Local governments
should support implementation of the Green River
and Newaukum Creek TMDLs by protecting and
re-establishing mature riparian vegetation within
established stream buffers.
RC2: Revisit levee vegetation guidelines to im-
prove revegetation opportunities along flood
facilities. Guidelines must balance the critical need
for riparian shade (i.e., Ecology TMDL) with the
need to inspect the structural integrity of facilities
and maintain public safety. Remote sensing (i.e.,
ground-penetrating radar, drones, or boat inspec-
tions) may provide a viable alternative to traditional
visual inspections that require a clear zone.
RC3: Project sponsors who receive WRIA 9 fund-
ing should request funding for up to three years
post-construction maintenance funding for plant
establishment, and should document the ability to
maintain habitat restoration and protection projects
to ensure long-term objectives are achieved. Main-
tenance may include, but is not limited to, noxious
weed and invasive plant control, revegetation, and
deterrence of undesired uses such as dumping and
occupancy that can damage habitat.
RC4: River corridor trails should be compatible with
salmon recovery priorities. Trail design standards
should balance the need for riparian tree canopy to
maintain cooler water temperatures with needs for
important recreational view corridors and sight-
lines for user safety. Trail design/placement should
also not preclude reconnection of critically needed
floodplain habitats. Trails offer residents an oppor-
tunity to connect with the river; interpretive signage
should highlight the presence of salmon and the
ecological importance of riparian and floodplain
habitat.
RC5: Encourage regional efforts to develop a Bon-
neville Power Authority (BPA) mitigation program
for power transmission impacts across Puget
Sound. The BPA has a significant footprint within
the Upper Watershed and the Soos Creek Basin
where vegetation management and tree removal
under transmission lines precludes adequate ripari-
an canopy cover. Although the BPA has established
mitigation programs for Columbia basin operations,
a comparable program does not exist within Puget
Sound.
Strategy: Protect, Restore, and
Enhance Sediment and Water
Quality
Location: All Subwatersheds
Clean, cold water is essential for salmon growth and
survival. A growing body of evidence suggests clean-
up of legacy industrial contamination and stormwater
pollution control may improve early marine survival
and increase Chinook productivity. Recent scientific
literature suggests contaminant exposure pathways
e.g., legacy industrial contamination, stormwater run-
off, municipal wastewater discharges, etc.) are having
sublethal and lethal impacts on juvenile Chinook
salmon. Although the acute toxicity of stormwater
runoff to coho salmon in urban watersheds is well
documented, potential sublethal impacts to juvenile
Chinook salmon as a result of contaminate exposure
pathways are not well understood.
Programs
Green/Duwamish Watershed Pollution Loading
Assessment (PLA)
Ecology should continue to lead development of
a pollutant loading assessment (PLA) that will
1) include a watershed-based model to evaluate
cumulative effects of pollution; (2) assess relative
contribution of toxic pollutants from different
sources/pathways in the watershed; and (3) help
prioritize source control efforts. The PLA is essential
to maximizing effectiveness of Lower Duwamish
Waterway cleanup and avoiding subsequent recon-
tamination.
The PLA is an interim strategy for improving water
quality – it is not a TMDL or another regulatory
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE56
instrument. It represents a foundational effort that
will inform future actions to address source control
issues. Following its completion, WRIA 9 partners
should coordinate with Ecology to address priority
pollutant sources within their jurisdictions.
Implement Pollution Identification and Control
PIC) Programs
The Vashon-Maury Pollution Identification and Con-
trol (PIC) program provides incentives (technical
support and financial) to replace or repair failing
septic systems, and address other pollution sources
e.g., animal waste) contributing to water quality
degradation in the marine nearshore. Failing or
inappropriately sited septic systems have resulted
in water quality concerns and closure of beach and
shellfish harvest areas – especially within Quarter
Master Harbor. While the direct impact on shellfish
harvesting is a human health concern, the water
quality pollution can negatively affect various parts
of the nearshore ecosystem that supports Chinook
salmon.
Although the 2005 Salmon Plan focused on Quarter
Master Harbor, PIC programs should be expanded
to other nearshore areas as warranted to identify
pollution sources, provide technical support, and
offer financial incentives to remedy failing septic
systems and other sources of pollution. Over the
last decade, investments made by Public Health—
Seattle & King County and other partners have
resulted in improved water quality and reopening
of 493 acres of shellfish harvest areas.
Creosote Removal Program
WRIA 9 organizations should partner with the
Washington Department of Natural Resources
Creosote Removal Program to identify and remove
creosote-treated debris and derelict structures from
marine and estuarine waters. Creosote structures
leach chemicals and can create toxic conditions
for organisms that live within beach and marine
sediments, as well as disrupt the marine foodweb.
Studies have found creosote exposure can contrib-
ute to mortality of herring eggs and alter growth
and immune function of juvenile salmonids. Dere-
lict structures can also interrupt sediment transport
and displace aquatic vegetation.
Since adoption of the 2005 Plan, the program has
removed over 21,000 tons of creosote debris and
8.0 acres of overwater structures from Puget Sound.
However, thousands of derelict creosote pilings re-
main within Puget Sound. WRIA 9 partners should
continue efforts to inventory and prioritize focus
areas based on concentration of creosote debris
and potential impacts to forage fish and juvenile
salmon rearing.
Policies
Water Quality (WQ) 1: Promote Low-Impact Devel-
opment (LID) and green infrastructure (natural and
engineered systems) to address stormwater runoff.
Given the magnitude of development constructed
prior to existing stormwater controls, extensive
stormwater retrofits are needed to address legacy
sources of water pollution. LID techniques should
mimic, where possible, pre-disturbance hydrologi-
cal processes of infiltration, filtration, storage, evap-
oration and transportation. LID techniques include:
Vegetation conservation: native vegetation and
small-scale treatment systems;
Site design: clustering of buildings and narrower
and shorter roads;
Retention systems: bioretention, bio-swales, rain
gardens, wetlands and vegetated roofs;
Porous or permeable paving materials: sidewalks,
trails, residential driveways, streets, and parking
lots; and
Rainwater catchment: rain barrels and cisterns.
Green Infrastructure: Green
infrastructure is an approach to
water management that protects,
restores, or mimics the natural
water cycle. Green infrastructure
is effective, economical, and
enhances community safety and
quality of life.
American Rivers
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
57
Figure 19. Stormwater-induced
mortality in coho salmon in Miller Creek,
Normandy Park. Although stormwater
toxicity is not lethal to Chinook salmon,
potential sublethal impacts are not well
understood. Photo: Matt Goehring.
WQ2: Support local and regional watershed-based
stormwater management initiatives (e.g., Our Green
Duwamish, STORM, etc.) that prioritize programs
and projects that can effectively demonstrate large-
scale, watershed-wide, water quantity and water
quality improvements that benefit salmon recovery.
Potential priorities include:
Collaborative source control strategies such as
education and outreach, business inspections,
pollution prevention, and programmatic mainte-
nance;
Regional retrofit programs focused on restoring
natural hydrology and the removal of toxics; and
Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) incentive
programs that promote the voluntary use of GSI.
WQ3: Source control efforts across multiple sectors
commercial, industrial, and agricultural) should
ensure that water and sediment quality support
salmon growth and survival. Source control suffi-
ciency is a critical milestone that must be achieved
to initiate contaminated sediment cleanup. Ensur-
ing implementation, maintenance, and enforce-
ment, where necessary, of source control best
management practices will help reduce pollutant
loading into water bodies and ensure pollutants
don’t undermine sediment cleanup efforts in the
Duwamish. Incentives to promote effective source
control include spill prevention and response,
technical support, and hazardous waste vouchers
to local businesses.
WQ4: Protect and enhance rural and urban for-
ests, which provide diverse social, economic and
ecological benefits. In Rural Areas of King County,
at least 65 percent of each sub-basin should be
preserved as natural forest cover and impervious
coverage should not exceed 10 percent of a sub-
basin. Where forest cover exceeds this threshold,
the goal of no net loss in forest cover should be
pursued. In Urban Growth Areas, local govern-
ments should adopt goals to achieve 30-40 percent
ecologically healthy urban tree canopy coverage
and reduce impervious surfaces. Adopting goals
specific to riparian canopy could help prioritize
riparian restoration. Local education, outreach, and
incentive programs should be supported to in-
crease urban forestry programs and associated tree
canopy coverage.
WQ5: Ensure cost-share agreements between
the U.S. Forest Service, Washington Department
of Natural Resources, Tacoma Water, and private
landowners are maintained and that road mainte-
nance and abandonment plans achieve sediment
reduction goals. Support opportunities to abandon
unnecessary forest roads as they are identified to
reduce overall road density.
WQ6: Support regional and state legislative efforts
to reduce the risk of oil spills in Puget Sound and
ensure the state remains a leader in oil spill preven-
tion and response. Over 20 billion gallons of oil are
transported through Washington each year by ves-
sel, pipeline and rail. A catastrophic spill could cost
the region over $10 billion and impact over 150,000
jobs. It would also cause significant harm to aquatic
ecosystems and disrupt maritime industry, recre-
ation, and tourism.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE58
WQ7: Local governments should adopt the Inter-
agency Regional Road Maintenance Endangered
Species Act Program Guidelines, as amended, for
maintenance of existing infrastructure. Govern-
ments should participate in the associated Regional
Forum to support ongoing adaptive management to
improve outcomes.
Strategy: Protect, Restore and
Enhance Marine Shorelines
Location: Marine Nearshore
Marine nearshore habitats, including beaches, pocket
estuaries, eelgrass beds, inlets, and deltas, provide
important rearing and migration habitat for juvenile
Chinook salmon and many other animals in Puget
Sound. They are also critical spawning habitat for
forage fish – a key prey species for Chinook salmon.
Decades of alteration and armoring of the Puget
Sound marine shoreline has reduced shoreline length
and habitat complexity, disrupted sediment supply
and transport, and eliminated forage fish spawning
habitat. Restoring natural shorelines will increase
nearshore productivity and salmon growth and
survival in the marine environment.
Figure 20. Before and after Phase II restoration of Seahurst Park in the City of Burien. Construction was
completed in 2014. Photos: Hugh Shipman.
Programs
Develop/maintain a “Toolbox” of Shore Friendly
Alternatives for Privately-Owned Shorelines (aka
Do-it-yourself approach for residential shoreline
improvement)
WRIA 9 partners should develop a “shoreline
toolbox” to provide shoreline owners guidelines for
implementing shore friendly alternatives that clearly
outline stewardship concepts and best manage-
ment practices for private shorelines. It should not
only outline the range of alternatives for different
shoreline types (e.g., beach and bluffs), but also
highlight important design, feasibility, maintenance,
and permitting considerations when considering
shoreline improvements. Topic areas should include
native shoreline vegetation, erosion control, shore-
line access, docks, and stormwater management.
The toolbox should be designed to supplement
shoreline workshops and technical assistance
programs and could be made available online to
provide guidance to property owners who may
elect to take a “do-it-yourself approach” to shoreline
management. It should be tailored to reach private
landowners and contractors and connect them
with available local and regional resources. The
toolbox should draw from regional efforts such as
WDFW’s Marine Shoreline Design Guidelines, the
Shore Friendly King County collaborative, Green
Shores for Homes, and Green Shorelines for Lake
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
59
Washington and Lake Sammamish, and highlight
local examples of shore-friendly approaches within
WRIA 9.
Expand Shore-Friendly Technical Assistance
and Cost-Share Programs to Accelerate Armor
Removal and Soft Shoreline Protection (aka
Supported Approach for Residential Shoreline
Improvement)
Access to technical information about shoreline
erosion and protection alternatives and the finan-
cial costs associated with marine shoreline armor
removal have been identified as key barriers to
motivating shoreline landowners to consider soft
shoreline protection. Soft shoreline protection is
less preferred than outright removal, but prefera-
ble to traditional hard armor in that it helps main-
tain and enhance some natural marine shoreline
functions (e.g., sediment transport and delivery).
Bulkhead removal is expensive and site-specific
erosion risk is not conducive to the use of standard
models or templates for soft shore protection. In
addition, many landowners and consultants are
unfamiliar with how to design/implement success-
ful soft shoreline protection projects. Technical
assistance to help landowners better understand
risk, to provide design and permitting support, and
to assist with access to cost-share funding should
help to overcome existing barriers to armor removal
on private property and promote expansion of soft
shoreline protection alternatives.
The King Conservation District (KCD) has histori-
cally provided technical assistance on environmen-
tally friendly ways to manage shoreline properties,
including shore-friendly alternatives to traditional
bulkheads. The KCD also has a cost-share incentive
program to encourage revegetation and removal of
existing armor and/or soft shore protection designs
where site-specific conditions allow. In 2020, KCD
established a Shore Friendly King County collabo-
rative between multiple partners. This program is
seen as part of a local adaptation of the regional
Shore Friendly approach to reducing marine shore-
line armoring. Although this is an existing program,
additional resources are needed to expand ca-
pacity. Landowners are identified through parallel
marine shoreline landowner workshops. Priority
should be given to currently unarmored shorelines
and armored properties where site-specific factors
e.g., structure location, fetch, bank/bluff geology,
etc.) make armor removal and/or soft shoreline
protection alternatives feasible.
Implement Acquisition Strategy to Protect and
Restore Functioning Nearshore Habitats
Acquisition of priority marine shorelines supports
conservation and restoration of critical nearshore
processes and rearing habitats used by multiple
stocks of juvenile Chinook – including Green/Du-
wamish Chinook. A number of planning efforts have
identified and prioritized conservation of nearshore
habitats within WRIA 9, including the Prioritiza-
tion of Marine Shorelines of WRIA 9 for Juvenile
Salmon Habitat Protection and Restoration (2006),
Vashon-Maury Island Greenprint (2007), and the
Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration
Project Strategies for Nearshore Protection and
Restoration in Puget Sound (2012). Although many
of the highest priority sites have been specifically
identified as unique projects within the Habitat
Plan, WRIA 9 should support opportunistic acquisi-
tion of other functioning nearshore habitats if they
become available.
Although the bulk of the acquisition opportu-
nities for functioning habitats are located on
Vashon-Maury Islands, additional opportunities
exist on the mainland nearshore. Successful im-
plementation of a nearshore acquisition strategy
requires consistent outreach to landowners and
operational flexibility to capitalize on acquisition
opportunities before they are lost. The sale of prop-
erties previously unavailable for decades frequently
can represent a once in a generational opportunity
to protect a priority stretch of marine shoreline. In-
dividual acquisition opportunities should be evalu-
ated based on ecological value/potential of near-
shore habitat and risk of development. Available
funding sources to support acquisition include King
County Conservation Futures, King County Flood
Control District Cooperative Watershed Manage-
ment Program and Coastal Erosion Program, Wash-
ington Department of Fish and Wildlife Estuary and
Salmon Restoration Program, and various Washing-
ton State Recreation and Conservation Office grant
programs.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE60
Policies
Nearshore (NS) 1: Avoid shoreline infrastructure or
stabilization except where demonstrated to be nec-
essary to support or protect a legally-established
primary structure, critical public infrastructure,
or shoreline use in danger of loss or substantial
damage. Support armor removal and alternative
approaches to shoreline stabilization (e.g., setbacks
and relocations) where feasible to reduce impacts
to existing natural shoreline processes. Protection
and restoration of important sediment sources
e.g., feeder bluffs) is needed to restore nearshore
processes and sediment transport. Where the need
for bank stabilization is supported by analysis of
a geotechnical engineer, “soft” shoreline stabiliza-
tion techniques (e.g., bioengineering techniques
and vegetation enhancement) should be required
where feasible. “Soft” stabilization measures should
be designed to preserve or restore natural shoreline
processes (e.g., sediment transport). “Hard” shore-
line stabilization should only be allowed where
softalternatives do not provide adequate protection.
Refer to WDFW Marine Shoreline Design Guide-
lines, Green Shores for Homes, Integrated Stream-
bank Guidelines, and Stream Habitat Restoration
Guidelines for additional guidance.
Primary Structure: Structural
improvement that is essential to
the primary use of the property.
Structures that function as
secondary or subordinate to the
primary use of a property are
considered an accessory use.
NS2: Encourage multiple family/neighborhood
use of docks, boat ramps, and beach access stairs.
Local jurisdictions should minimize impacts to the
nearshore marine environment by encouraging
consolidation/joint-use of structures that could
serve multiple landowners. Opportunities to pursue
joint-use should be evaluated during development
and redevelopment. Boat docks, ramps and beach
access stairs can shade aquatic vegetation, disrupt
juvenile salmon migration and foraging, alter near-
shore sediment transport and degrade nearshore
habitats (e.g., eelgrass). Possible incentives include
permit streamlining, fee reductions, and dimension-
al incentives (e.g., increased length, width, etc.).
NS3: Jurisdictions should promote derelict vessel
prevention and coordinate with Washington State
Department of Natural Resources (WADNR) on der-
elict vessel removal. Derelict vessels can contribute
to contamination of aquatic lands, degrade water
quality, and damage sensitive aquatic habitats (e.g.,
eelgrass). Although the WADNR Derelict Vessel
Removal Program has removed more than 580 ves-
sels from marine waters, local efforts are critical to
ensuring effective prevention and rapid response.
NS4: Support beach nourishment, where appropri-
ate, to offset interruption of natural sediment supply
and transport caused from extensive shoreline
modifications (e.g., bulkheads, etc.). Beach nourish-
ment has been used successfully to protect shore-
lines, restore natural beach profiles, and enhance
nearshore habitats.
NS5: Support regional efforts to identify and test
actions to increase juvenile survival during outmi-
gration through Puget Sound and increase local ef-
forts to stabilize or improve foodweb function such
as forage fish habitat protection and restoration.
Strategy: Protect, Restore and
Enhance Estuarine Habitat
Location: Duwamish
The Duwamish estuary provides critical rearing habi-
tat for juvenile salmon as they make the physiological
transition from fresh to saltwater habitats. Industri-
al development within the Duwamish valley drove
extensive fill of tidal wetlands, armoring of shore-
lines, and navigational dredging. The modifications
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
61
straightened the estuary and eliminated 98 percent of
the historic wetlands. Despite the magnitude of loss
of habitat, the Duwamish continues to play a critical
role in supporting juvenile Chinook salmon. Both
cleanup of legacy industrial contamination within the
Lower Duwamish Superfund Site and restoration of
shallow water rearing habitat are needed to increase
juvenile salmon survival and overall productivity with-
in the watershed.
Figure 21. Duwamish Gardens
created 1.3 acres of shallow water
rearing habitat in a critically important
transition zone of the Duwamish
Estuary. Subsequent monitoring has
documented extensive use of the site
by juvenile Chinook salmon.
Photo: Mike Perfetti.
Program
Implement and Adaptively Manage the Duwa-
mish Blueprint
The Duwamish Blueprint outlines strategic guid-
ance for governments, businesses, non-profit or-
ganizations and citizen groups working to improve
the estuarine ecosystem and increase juvenile
salmonid productivity. It identifies approximately
100 acres of shallow water habitat restoration po-
tential within the Duwamish estuary transition zone
RM 1-10). Many of the habitat opportunities are
conceptual and have not been prioritized. Periodic
evaluation of conceptual opportunities is needed to
elevate and refine project ideas as the Duwamish
landscape changes (e.g., Superfund cleanup, Natu-
ral Resource Damage Assessment [NRDA], and real
estate availability).
Restoration in the Duwamish is complex, expensive,
and will require flexibility, innovation, and extensive
coordination and collaboration to be successful.
The former Duwamish Blueprint Working Group,
which was convened to develop the Blueprint,
would provide a framework to facilitate coordina-
tion across key partners. WRIA 9 partners should
leverage the Blueprint Working Group to identify
opportunities to enhance partnerships to (1) pursue
larger project footprints; and (2) overcome barriers
to implementation. Given limited land availability,
WRIA 9 should opportunistically evaluate potential
acquisitions and consider elevating conceptual
projects as part of adaptive management based on
habitat benefit, acquisition feasibility, and readiness.
Policies
Duwamish Estuary (DE) 1: Engage in the Lower
Duwamish Waterway (LDW) Superfund cleanup
process to coordinate and sequence potential
salmon habitat projects with Superfund activities
to maximize benefits to salmon recovery. Strategic
acquisition should be prioritized over habitat project
construction prior to competition of the LDW clean-
up to avoid potential contaminated sediments and
minimize potential for re-contamination.
DE2: Engage with NRDA trustees and potentially
liable parties to inform project development and
design and maximize potential benefit to salmon re-
covery. NRDA settlements within the Duwamish will
result in large capital investments in habitat resto-
ration that should provide a significant lift to salmon
recovery. Coordination with the NRDA process will
also support identification of potential synergistic
opportunities, and help identify and resolve barriers
to maximize restoration outcomes. For example, it
may be possible to leverage NRDA settlements to
expand existing and/or planned restoration projects.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE62
Although NRDA has a broader scope than Chinook
salmon recovery, priority NRDA habitats signifi-
cantly overlap with salmon recovery needs in
the Duwamish (e.g., estuarine marshes, intertidal
mudflats, and riparian habitats). Tracking NRDA
project implementation will be important to under-
standing the status of habitat restoration efforts
in the Duwamish. Given the existing uncertainty
associated with juvenile Chinook survival in the
Duwamish, WRIA 9 should engage with the trust-
ees to share emerging research, exchange lessons
learned in restoration, inform adaptive manage-
ment of restored sites, and identify priority sites for
restoration.
DE3: Encourage the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
and the Port of Seattle to identify strategies for
dredging that: (1) minimize impacts to salmon hab-
itat and (2) improve salmon habitat through use of
beneficial re-use where suitable. Soil contamination
may limit opportunities for re-use.
Strategy: Protect, Restore and
Enhance Instream Flows and Cold
Water Refugia
Location: Lower, Middle and Upper
Green
Green River flows are regulated to support both flood
control and water supply needs. The Tacoma Water
Habitat Conservation Plan requires maintenance of
minimum instream flows during summer months.
Although water capture and storage behind Howard
Hanson Dam (HHD) support maintenance of mini-
mum instream flows and periodic flow augmentations
during summer and early fall, it can also reduce the
frequency of high flow events that drive lateral chan-
nel migration (i.e., habitat forming flows) and availa-
bility of juvenile Chinook rearing habitat throughout
spring. Low snowpack and drought conditions ex-
acerbate already difficult tradeoffs in timing of water
release designated for fish conservation purposes.
Water temperatures also regularly exceed established
water quality standards for Salmon Core Summer
Habitat and Spawning Habitat.
Climate change forecasts predict the watershed will
experience reduced snowpack, lower summer time
flows, and elevated instream temperatures. These
changes will impact the already difficult reservoir
refill strategies at HHD, potentially putting greater
stress on refilling earlier and having a bigger impact
on juvenile Chinook habitat. Prolonged low flows
can cutoff access to critical rearing habitats and
exacerbate high instream temperatures. High water
temperatures can delay adult migrations, contribute
to increased susceptibility to disease, and even be
lethal above 23°C. Protecting instream flows and cold
water refugia is essential to strengthening watershed
resilience to climate change. Cold-water refugia are
characterized as being at least 2°C colder than the
daily maximum temperature of adjacent waters.
Programs
Develop Watershed Management Plan to
Address Permit-Exempt Well Development
WRIA 9 partners should coordinate on develop-
ment of the Ecology’s Watershed Restoration and
Enhancement Plan to assess and offset potential
consumptive impacts of new rural, domestic water
use on stream flows in the Green/Duwamish water-
shed. Maintaining legally established minimum in-
stream flows has proven challenging during recent
years with below average precipitation. Climate
change models indicate that changes in precipita-
tion patterns could exacerbate streamflow issues
and further stress salmon.
Implementation of the plan is required to not
only offset permit exempt domestic water use,
but also provide for a net ecological benefit. The
legislature plans to direct $300 million in funding
through 2035 to benefit fish and streamflows. WRIA
9 should position itself to leverage this funding
source to support implementation of appropri-
ate projects in this plan that meet the flow or net
ecological benefit guidance and/or develop addi-
tional project elements that do so. If instream flows
remain problematic in the future, additional consid-
eration should be given to integrating other cate-
gories of water use into an expanded Watershed
Management Plan and implementation program.
Develop a Strategy to Protect and Restore Habi-
tat in the Upper Green River and its Tributaries
Conduct a planning effort to develop a long-term,
comprehensive approach to protecting and restor-
ing ecosystem processes in the Upper Green River
subwatershed. Current checkerboard ownership
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
63
20132013
Figure 22. Before (2013) and after (2019) restoration photos of the Big Springs Creek. The project protected cool
waters from a natural spring.
complicates land management and a strategic
approach is needed to leverage the relatively intact
upper watershed to maximize benefits for salmon
and steelhead recovery. Access to the upper water-
shed has long been identified as critical to long-
term salmon recovery. However, the delay of fish
passage and the degraded condition of the lower
watersheds have resulted in limited investments in
the upper watershed.
Projected shifts in temperature and precipitation
patterns associated with climate change further
emphasize the critical importance of this landscape
to long-term salmon recovery. A number of assess-
ments should be completed to inform a strategic
approach to management of the upper watershed,
including:
Visualizing Ecosystem Land Management As-
sessments (VELMA): Quantify long-term effects
of forest management and climate scenarios on
salmon habitat (i.e., hydrological flow regimes and
instream temperatures);
Model intrinsic habitat value of stream segments
within the upper watershed to inform conserva-
tion and restoration priorities;
Beaver Assessment: Assess current activity, mod-
el potential benefits, and explore potential reintro-
duction if warranted; and
Assess important wildlife migratory corridors and
key landscape level linkages to inform acquisition
priorities.
The results of these assessments should be used to
prioritize salmon recovery investments in the upper
watershed with respect to potential land consolida-
tion, land use management changes, and potential
road abandonment.
Policies
Stream Flows (SF)1: Support reevaluation of the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers water storage sched-
ule and Fish Conservation Guide Curve at HHD to
increase benefits for salmonids while maintaining
downstream flood control benefits. The current
water capture period overlaps the juvenile
Chinook rearing period and impacts accessibility
and/or amount of important rearing habitats during
outmigration. Utilize the existing Green River Flow
Management Coordination Committee to assess
fish habitat needs based on best-available science
and basin-specific climate change projections.
SF2: Protect existing cold water refugia and en-
hance water storage and hyporheic exchange
by reconnecting historic floodplain habitats to
instream habitats. These habitats facilitate heat
dissipation and provide an influx of cooler waters
to moderate seasonal fluctuations in stream tem-
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE64
peratures and flows, providing physiological and
ecological benefits for cold-water salmonids.
SF3: Support forest management and harvest
rotation programs that increase hydrologic function
and improve base flows to minimize impacts on sal-
monid habitat, support climate change resiliency,
and maintain viable silviculture. Additional research
is necessary to quantify potential benefits.
SF4: Manage groundwater in conjunction with
surface water withdrawals to provide instream
flows and water temperatures that support adult
salmonid spawning and juvenile rearing. Local gov-
ernments, water purveyors, and state and federal
regulators should:
Protect groundwater resources and critical aqui-
fer recharge areas;
Manage groundwater and surface water with-
drawals seasonally to maximize the benefits to
salmonid habitat;
Develop drought management plans to supply
safe and reliable drinking water while minimizing
impacts to salmonids during periods of drought;
Ensure rural domestic use does not adversely
impact salmonid habitat;
Support water rights acquisition programs that
can augment chronic low flows; and
Limit or preclude mining and other significant
excavation activities that could adversely impact
groundwater hydrology.
SF5: Support expansion of reclaimed/recycled
wastewater to reduce demands on stream and
ground withdrawals. Reclaimed wastewater can
be used safely and effectively for non-drinking
water purposes such as landscape and agricultural
irrigation, heating and cooling, and industrial pro-
cessing. Reclaimed water is available year-round,
even during dry summer months or when drought
conditions can strain other water resources.
See also policies SW4-6 above.
Strategy: Expand Public Awareness
and Education
Location: All subwatersheds
Education and outreach are fundamental to protect-
ing and restoring salmon. It raises awareness, builds
political support, and promotes positive behaviors
that benefit salmon. Long-term salmon recovery will
not be successful without public support. Broad-
based community support provides political leverage
to protect and expand local, state and federal invest-
ments in habitat restoration. It is also helps promote
positive behavior change and minimize behaviors that
can negatively impact salmon or undermine recovery
investments. For example, ecological gains associat-
ed with marine shoreline restoration in WRIA 9 have
been predominantly offset by new armor installations.
General outreach is not sufficient to drive widespread
and long-lasting behavior change. Targeted social
marketing strategies must identify and overcome
both real and perceived barriers to promote positive
behaviors that contribute to salmon recovery.
Programs
Implement a Comprehensive Communications
Plan to Promote Behavior Change that Expedites
Salmon Recovery in WRIA 9
Integrate lessons learned from the regional Shore
Friendly programs into a locally adapted commu-
nication plan designed to increase implementation
of behaviors that support salmon recovery. Key
outcomes include:
Increased public recognition of the urgency
around salmon recovery and connection to
southern resident orcas;
Improved public understanding and stewardship
of riverine and nearshore ecosystem processes
that support salmon and forage fish;
Technical assistance provided to interested
shoreline residents;
Target audiences make informed decisions based
on knowledge of Shore Friendly practices, climate
resilience, and adaptation;
A suite of tools and incentives developed to
address identified barriers to adoption of desired
behaviors;
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
65
Messaging and outreach tailored to contractors
and realtors;
The value of riparian vegetation is communicat-
ed to the public, including riverside landowners,
elected officials, and trail/park users; and
Partners conducting outreach and education
receive positive reinforcement and feedback from
the salmon recovery community.
Additional effort is needed to refine target audi-
ences and develop associated social marketing
approaches. The intent of the communication plan
should be to build awareness, expand stewardship,
and promote advocacy. A regional Social Marketing
Strategy to Reduce Puget Sound Shoreline Armor-
ing was developed for the Washington Department
of Fish and Wildlife in 2015. A Green/Duwamish
River Revegetation Outreach and Engagement Plan
was developed in 2019. These plans provide an ex-
isting framework that can be expanded to integrate
other priority salmon recovery issues.
Expand Volunteer Stewardship
Increase citizen participation through new steward-
ship programs and by expanding and supporting
existing stewardship programs that engage vol-
unteers in restoring, maintaining, and monitoring
habitat protection and restoration projects. These
projects not only benefit salmon recovery, but also
improve stormwater retention, carbon sequestration
and wildlife habitat and include important themes
and messages for participants to change behavior
at home. Local volunteer programs should:
Foster environmental stewardship and personal
connection to salmon recovery;
Educate people about threats to salmon and the
role of habitat in salmon recovery;
Leverage additional resources to implement
recovery actions; and
Expand the constituency to advocate for salmon
recovery.
The Green/Duwamish Watershed has a number of
volunteer stewardship programs that play an instru-
mental role in invasive vegetation removal and na-
tive revegetation. Many of these programs provide
long-term stewardship of large capital restoration
sites. Traditional salmon recovery funding is not
available to fund long-term (beyond two to three
years) stewardship and maintenance of restoration
sites. As a result, local funding or creative partner-
ships are essential to ensure restoration projects
achieve desired outcomes into the future.
Expand Community Science Monitoring
Develop and implement community science pro-
grams to address data gaps and foster watershed
stewardship among residents. Community science
programs can provide capacity to collect important
long-term monitoring data while serving as an out-
reach tool to educate residents about local natural
resource issues. They can also create opportunities
to introduce students to scientific research and
provide important data for resource managers.
Since 2005, citizen science programs include:
Beach Nearshore Ecology Team (BeachNet): The
Vashon Nature Center coordinates a forage fish
monitoring program that collects data on forage
fish presence/absence, spawning timing, beach
substrate preferences, and intertidal and upland
habitat conditions within the marine reserve. Data
are shared with WDFW and is used to inform
protection of spawning beaches. BeachNet also
contributes to shoreline restoration monitoring in
partnership with University of Washington, King
County, and the Washington State Department of
Natural Resources.
Miller-Walker Basin Community Salmon Investi-
gation (CSI): The CSI program has conducted 10
years of salmonid spawning surveys to assess
long-term trends in salmon abundance and the
urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salm-
on. Data are shared with local jurisdictions and
resource managers. A partnership with the UW
Tacoma Center for Urban Waters has helped
identify both the suite of toxic chemicals contrib-
uting to coho mortality and priority areas within
this watershed to focus future stormwater im-
provements.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE66
Figure 23. A community volunteer examines a salmon carcass as part of the Miller/Walker Basin Community
Salmon Investigation. The program has leveraged community support and a partnership with the University
of Washington to advance our understanding of stormwater runoff impacts on local salmon. Photo: Miller/
Walker Stewardship Program.
Shoreline Workshops and Technical Assistance
Implement workshops to educate target audiences
landowners, landscapers, contractors) about
shoreline stewardship and common misconcep-
tions about shoreline erosion. Promote alternative
approaches to shoreline management that provide
for the use and enjoyment of property in a manner
that benefits fish and wildlife. Priority focus areas
include:
Shoreline processes and salmon habitat;
Erosion control;
Noxious/invasive weed control;
Revegetation guidance;
Natural yard care; and
Stormwater management.
Workshops should connect target audiences with
local and regional resources (e.g., technical assis-
tance) designed to overcome barriers to improving
shoreline stewardship. Materials and messaging
should be tailored to specific subwatersheds and
groups of landowners to increase effectiveness.
The Green Shores for Homes program developed
in 2015 is an available tool to guide the design of
improved shoreline conditions for Puget Sound
properties.
Policies
Education and Stewardship (ES)1: Support edu-
cational programs that integrate watershed science
and salmon into problem-based learning exercises
for school children. These programs instill a sense
of place, encourage appreciation of natural resourc-
es, and promote environmental literacy among the
next generation of future decision makers.
ES2: Support diverse outreach and education pro-
grams that promote awareness of salmon recovery
and positive behavior change. Programs should
employ community-based social marketing to iden-
tify and overcome barriers to targeted behaviors.
Priority focus areas include shoreline stewardship,
riparian revegetation, and stormwater manage-
ment.
Strategy: Integrate Agricultural
Protection and Salmon Recovery
Initiatives
Location: Lower and Middle Green
Salmon recovery and the preservation of viable
agriculture are two regional priorities that intersect
in the Middle and Lower Green floodplain and along
Newaukum Creek. King County designated over
16,295 acres of land within the Green River watershed
for agriculture within three Agricultural Production
Districts (APD). Some additional, but relatively small
amounts of agricultural activities occur within the
cities of Kent and Auburn. Over 5,763 acres of land
within the APD have been enrolled within the Farm-
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
67
land Preservation Program (FPP). Restrictive cove-
nants on FPP properties are designed to permanently
protect agricultural use and open space.
The 2005 Plan acknowledged that salmon recovery
and agricultural production operate within a shared
landscape along the Green River valley. It prioritized
sequencing of restoration projects over the first 10
years of plan implementation to focus first on existing
public lands, then on lands within the rural and urban
growth areas, and finally on lands within the APD, but
not enrolled in the FPP. The plan acknowledged that
projects that negatively impact tillable surface may
need to be reconsidered at a later date.
This Plan Update acknowledges that the implementa-
tion of high-priority salmon projects critically needed
to advance salmon recovery will result in localized
loss of existing farmland. Research indicates that
rearing habitat availability in the Lower and Middle
Green River is the primary limiting factor for Chinook
productivity within the watershed. Collaboration be-
tween agricultural and salmon recovery interests will
be necessary to identify and advance shared prior-
ities and ensure salmon and agriculture can coexist
productively within a shared landscape. Lessons
learned from other watersheds should be reviewed
for applicability within the Green River watershed.
Programs
Farm Conservation Planning
Farm conservation plans can help landowners
protect natural resources while achieving their land
use goals. They can also help access and leverage
agricultural incentives to improve conservation
practices on agricultural lands. Priorities include
stream and wetland buffer revegetation and live-
stock management. Agriculture is widespread
throughout the Middle and Lower Green and farm-
land preservation is a regional priority. Expanding
riparian buffer revegetation on Green River valley
farms has the potential to greatly benefit salmon
recovery, especially where agricultural lands over-
lap with high priority areas identified by the Muck-
leshoot solar aspect shade maps (2014). Limiting
livestock access to stream buffers can also greatly
improve water quality and riparian conditions.
Available incentive programs include:
King Conservation District rural services pro-
grams (e.g., Land Owner Incentive Program, Farm
Conservation Technical Assistance, and Agricul-
tural Drainage Program)
King County Small Habitat Restoration Program
USDA Farm Service Agency Conservation Re-
serve Enhancement Program
King County Livestock Program (i.e., BMP cost
share)
Landowner recruitment is essential to program
success. Additional resources and strategies are
needed to expand participation.
Policies
AG1: Protect, enhance, and restore high quali-
ty salmon habitat in the Agricultural Production
Districts in a manner that strives to reduce loss of
viable agricultural land and ensure the long-term
viability of agriculture. Projects that displace tillable
farmland should strive to provide benefits to adja-
cent farm lands in attempt to offset impacts.
Local governments, state and federal agencies,
non-profits, and special purpose districts should
work with agricultural landowners in the Agricultur-
al Production Districts to:
Correct water quality problems resulting from
agricultural practices;
Implement best management practices for live-
stock and horticulture;
Prevent additional degradation or clearing of
forested riparian buffers;
Encourage landowners to pursue voluntary sus-
tainable actions for fish, farms, and soils;
Conduct compliance monitoring and regulatory
enforcement where necessary to protect critical
habitats;
Identify opportunities where salmon recovery
projects can provide parallel benefits (e.g., flood
risk reduction and drainage improvements) to
adjacent agricultural lands; and
Limit the extent of actively farmed lands dis-
placed by priority salmon restoration projects.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE68
AG2: Evaluate the effectiveness of the regulatory
flexibility given to agricultural landowners that
obtain a farm plan from the KCD. If the flexibility
leads to better habitat and water quality outcomes,
other opportunities should be explored to provide
additional flexibility. If the flexibility has not led to
better outcomes, the County should evaluate if
there are improvements to the regulatory structure
e.g. require some amount of the farm plan be im-
plemented versus implementation being voluntary)
that would improve the outcomes of the flexible
approach.
Strategy: Integrate Salmon
Recovery into Land Use Planning
Location: All Subwatersheds
Historical population growth and development within
the watershed displaced habitat, altered natural
hydrology, and polluted local waters. Local land use
plans should provide a blueprint for future growth
and development that is consistent with salmon
recovery. Land use decisions should reinforce the
importance of preservation of intact, functional hab-
itats and provide a pathway for restoration of priority
habitats. While the Salmon Habitat Plan is not a reg-
ulatory document, integration of identified recovery
strategies and habitat priorities within local land use
plans, policy and decision-making can accelerate
implementation and ultimately dictate success of
recovery efforts within the Green/Duwamish.
Programs
Incentivize Voluntary Restoration Practices
Local governments and state agencies should pro-
mote landowner adoption of voluntary conserva-
tion and restoration actions through implementing
associated incentive programs. Regulatory com-
plexity, fees, access to technical assistance, and
project costs have all been identified as barriers
to expanding adoptions of voluntary best manage-
ment practices on private property. Priority areas to
address include invasive removal and native reveg-
etation along shorelines, soft shoreline stabilization,
and green stormwater infrastructure. Jurisdictions
should review existing barriers and evaluate incen-
tive opportunities, including:
Streamlined permitting process;
Reduced fees for restoration projects;
Free technical assistance (e.g., engineering, plant-
ing plans, etc.);
Cost share/financing programs; and
Regulatory flexibility.
Voluntary adoption of best management practices
by private landowners has been sporadic. Addi-
tional targeted investments are needed to expand
implementation beyond early adopters. Improving
coordination and consistency across regulatory
jurisdictions (i.e., local, state and federal govern-
ments) is also needed to improve consistency and
reliability of the permitting process and increase
adoption of best management practices. A coordi-
nated effort across the watershed to identify target-
ed practices and assess best practices related to
available incentives could reduce costs and im-
prove efficiency. Using the Green Shores for Homes
or similar programs as an incentive-based program
to increase the number of properties that voluntari-
ly improve shoreline conditions on their property
should be explored.
Regulatory Compliance Monitoring and Associ-
ated Enforcement
Jurisdictions should assess regulatory compli-
ance with shoreline master programs, critical area
protections, floodplain regulations, and agricultural
regulations (e.g., Livestock Management Ordi-
nance) to assess and improve protection of salmon
habitats. Regulatory compliance is fundamental to
achieving no net loss of ecological function along
marine and freshwater shorelines and to ensuring
that ongoing impacts to salmon habitat do not
undermine salmon recovery investments. Periodic
compliance monitoring should be used to assess
the status of jurisdictions and the status of local
regulatory implementation and to inform a strategic
approach to address shortcomings. If a regulatory
framework is not achieving intended outcomes,
local jurisdictions should assess changes to staffing
levels, outreach and education, technical training
for staff, interagency coordination, and enforcement
to improve compliance rates.
A WRIA 9 Marine Shoreline Monitoring and Com-
pliance Project (2018) found that only 42 percent
of shoreline modifications between 2013-2018
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
69
obtained local permits. Even fewer shoreline
modifications obtained a WDFW Hydraulic Project
Approval. Furthermore, more new shoreline armor
mostly unpermitted) was constructed than re-
moved through restoration projects. These results
indicate that unpermitted shoreline modifications
are undermining salmon recovery investments and
overall efforts to achieve “no net loss of ecosystem
function” as required through the Shoreline Man-
agement Act. Jurisdictions should take a program-
matic approach to identify and address barriers
e.g., permit fees, regulatory uncertainty/confusion)
to improve shoreline compliance rates and achieve
outcomes that protect salmon habitat. Coordination
and sharing of lessons learned across jurisdictions
and the larger Puget Sound are recommended to
improve efficiency.
Policies
Land Use (LU)1: Ensure salmon recovery priorities
are integrated into long-range planning efforts,
including Shoreline Master Programs, Compre-
hensive Plans, and Open Space and Parks Plans.
Planning documents should be consistent with the
Salmon Habitat Plan and support implementation
of habitat protection and restoration priorities.
WRIA 9 should provide technical assistance to pro-
mote compatibility.
LU2: Land use development, annexation, and cap-
ital improvement programs within the watershed
should be consistent with the salmon recovery
plan and promote progress towards achieving the
necessary future conditions (and associated imple-
mentation targets) for a viable salmon population.
Development proposals should be evaluated with
respect to impacts on key habitat indicators and
identified habitat projects for the respective subwa-
tershed.
LU3: Local governments should use compre-
hensive plans and associated land use policies
to direct growth and development within existing
Urban Growth Areas (UGAs) to protect ecologically
important landscapes in rural areas. Specifically,
avoid future expansions to existing UGAs that could
result in additional land conversion and landscape
degradation.
LU4: Strictly apply and improve compliance with
critical area, shoreline, vegetation conservation,
floodplain, and agricultural regulations designed to
protect important ecological habitats. Avoid use of
variances in priority areas identified for protection
and restoration in the salmon habitat plan.
LU5: Local governments should support flexible
development tools that encourage protection and/
or restoration of ecologically important salmon
habitat. Possible tools include, but are not limited to,
transferable development rights, mitigation banking/
reserve programs, incentive zoning, Green Shores
for Homes, and Public Benefit Rating System tax
programs.
LU6: WRIA 9 partners should incorporate sea level
rise projections into long-range planning docu-
ments, habitat project designs, and development
standards to promote long-term ecosystem resil-
iency. Nearshore habitats adjacent to armored
shorelines could be lost as water levels rise (i.e.,
coastal squeeze) if shorelines remain fixed. Low-
lying shoreline areas should be identified to support
landward migration of nearshore habitat as sea
levels rise where appropriate.
LU7: Encourage certified development standards
e.g., Built Green, Salmon-Safe Certification, and
Green Shores for Homes) that minimize the impacts
of urban development on the natural environment.
Incentives could include reductions in flexible
development standards, expedited permitting, and
reduced or waived permit costs.
LU8: Incorporate Salmon-Safe Certification stan-
dards into best management practices for park and
grounds maintenance procedures. Certification is
available for parks system, golf courses, and urban
development. Salmon-Safe Certification is a peer-re-
viewed certification and accreditation program
that promotes practices that protect water quality,
improve watershed health and restore habitat.
LU9: Local governments should evaluate shorelines
and critical areas, open space (e.g., parks and golf
courses), and public lands with respect to identified
salmon habitat priorities and notify WRIA 9 staff
prior to approving significant land use conversion, or
pursuing sale/exchange of public lands.
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE70
LU10: Incorporate Green Shores for Homes Certifi-
cation standards into best management practices
for residential shoreline development. The WRIA
should support municipal efforts to establish a
Green Shores for Homes certification process
during permit review to help expedite permitting.
Green Shores for Homes is an EPA-funded certifica-
tion and accreditation program that was developed
by technical Shore Friendly design of shoreline
properties.
Plan Implementation and Funding
Location: All Subwatersheds
The WRIA 9 2016-2025 Interlocal Agreement provides
a framework for managing and coordinating imple-
mentation of the Salmon Habitat Plan. It recognizes
that salmon recovery transcends political bound-
aries and calls for strong collaboration between
local, state, and federal partners. Success hinges
on strong relationships, strategic coordination, and
collective action. Working effectively across such
a diverse landscape as the Green/Duwamish and
Central Puget Sound requires creative partnerships
with non-traditional partners. Leveraging shared
resources to implement multi-benefit projects will
help overcome land availability constraints and high
restoration costs.
Programs
Basin Stewardship
Support and expand existing basin stewardship
programs across the Green/Duwamish subwater-
sheds. Basin stewards are instrumental to imple-
mentation of the salmon habitat plan. They advo-
cate for salmon recovery, coordinate across diverse
stakeholders, and build on-the-ground relationships
that facilitate large capital restoration projects. Key
tasks for basin stewardship include:
Coordinating and implementing restoration proj-
ects;
Coordination and collaboration across jurisdic-
tions;
Securing grant funding (including grant writing)
for restoration and acquisition projects;
Promoting voluntary stewardship on private
property;
Responding to citizen inquiries concerning water-
shed issues; and
Expanding public education and outreach oppor-
tunities
Basin stewardship covers the Middle and Lower
Green River sub-basins, Miller and Walker Creek
basins, and Vashon Island. Priorities for expan-
sion include mainland nearshore and Duwamish
sub-basins.
Land Conservation Initiative (LCI)
The LCI represents a coordinated effort to preserve
river corridors, urban open space, trails, natural
lands, farmland and forestlands. It is a regional
collaboration between King County, cities, business
people, farmers, environmental partners, and others
to strategically preserve our last, most important
places. The initiative sets forth the goal of conserv-
ing and preserving 65,000 acres of high conser-
vation value lands throughout King County within
the next 30 years. The primary funding source is
the Conservation Futures Tax (CFT) fund, which is a
property tax on all parcels in the county.
The LCI is an important funding source for pursuing
open space acquisitions throughout the Green/
Duwamish watershed. WRIA 9 partners should
leverage the LCI to execute high-priority land
acquisitions within the Green River Corridor to
improve hydrological integrity, support salmon
recovery, and expand recreational opportunity.
Much of WRIA 9 is mapped as an “opportunity
area” where households lack access to open space.
Implementation of the LCI has the potential to align
salmon recovery investments with needed invest-
ments to address equitable access to open space
throughout the watershed.
U.S. Army Corps Green/Duwamish Ecosystem
Restoration Program (ERP)
WRIA 9 partners should continue to engage U.S.
Army Corps leadership to advocate for appropri-
ation of funding to implement ERP projects. The
original collaborative effort resulted in identification
of 45 projects, 29 of which were carried forward in
the 2005 Salmon Habitat Plan. U.S. Congress autho-
rized $113 million in 2000 to be cost shared be-
tween the federal (65%) and local partners (35%).
Since the 2005 Plan, 13 of the original projects have
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021 Update PAGE
71
been completed, with seven completed under the
ERP authorization (e.g., North Winds Weir, Codiga
Farms, Riverview Side Channel) and six completed
by local sponsors (e.g., Porter Levee Setback, Fen-
ster levee Setback, and Gale Creek).
The Congressionally authorized ERP represents
an important federal resource to support critically
needed and underfunded salmon restoration work
in the watershed. As of 2016, the ERP has only been
allocated 8.25 percent of the authorized amount. A
2018 Green/Duwamish ERP Comprehensive Cost
Update removed 12 projects based on the ratio of
perceived habitat value to cost and the presence
of hazardous materials. However, the recommend-
ed “de-scoped” plan still includes a number of
high-priority projects including NE Auburn Creek
and the Hamakami, Turley, and Lones levee setback
projects. The cost update for the modified ERP
scope is $260 million and the congressionally au-
thorized cost adjusted for inflation is $269 million.
Figure 24.
The Riverview Park
Project created
approximately 800 ft
of side channel to
increasing juvenile
Chinook rearing and
refuge habitat in the
Lower Green River. The
project, sponsored by
the City of Kent, was
constructed in 2012
in partnership with
the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers under
the Green/Duwamish
Ecosystem Restoration
Project.
Photo: City of Kent.
Policies
Implementation (I)1: The WRIA 9 2016-2025 Inter-
local Agreement outlines the governance, funding,
and decision-making structure for coordination and
implementation of the Salmon Habitat Plan.
I2: Process-based habitat restoration – where
feasible – is preferable to other approaches that rely
on more intensive human intervention. However,
the magnitude of alteration within portions of the
watershed render true restoration of degraded pro-
cesses infeasible in some locations. Rehabilitation
and substitution projects require additional moni-
toring and maintenance to ensure desired functions
are achieved. WRIA 9 should support periodic
investments in adaptive management of completed
projects to ensure maximize long-term ecological
benefits.
I3: Support use of mitigation funds to implement
priority salmon habitat enhancement projects. Off-
site mitigation programs (e.g., in-lieu fee and mitiga-
tion banking) can help improve ecological function
in critical locations (e.g., Chinook Wind in the
Duwamish Transition Zone) as a means of offsetting
unavoidable impacts in less sensitive areas of the
watershed. Development of mitigation opportuni-
ties should be coordinated with the WRIA to ensure
proposals are consistent with and do not preclude
identified salmon recovery priorities. The WRIA
should explore the potential for innovative partner-
ships that could combine mitigation and restoration
funding to expand the overall ecosystem benefit of
habitat projects. However, habitat improvements
Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan 2021UpdatePAGE72
associated with mitigation funds must be tracked
as separate and discrete from those achieved with
restoration-based grant funding.
I4: Salmon recovery planning and habitat project
development should integrate social justice and
equity considerations. Public access and recre-
ational improvements should be considered where
demonstrated need exists and when compatible
with salmon recovery goals. WRIA 9 should seek
multiple benefit solutions that consider displace-
ment and social justice issues.
I5: Coordinate Salmon Habitat Plan implementation
with other watershed-wide and regional initiatives
to identify synergies, leverage available funding,
avoid conflicts, and improve salmon recovery out-
comes. Existing watershed-wide and regional initia-
tives include the King County Flood Hazard Man-
agement Plan, King County Flood Control District
Lower Green River Corridor Plan, Lower Duwamish
Waterway Superfund Cleanup, Puget Sound Action
Agenda, Our Green Duwamish, WRIA 9 Watershed
Restoration Enhancement Committee, and the
Puget Sound South Central Action Area Local Inte-
grating Organization.
I6: Support examining new funding sources and fi-
nancing strategies for implementing priority habitat
projects and programs throughout Puget Sound.
The WRIA 9 Watershed Forum will seek representa-
tion on regional committees tasked with the exam-
ination of public and private funding strategies at
the local and regional level.
I7: Salmon recovery funding should support
adaptive management of previously constructed
projects where monitoring data shows design
changes are necessary to improve habitat function.
PAGE
73Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Chapter 7:
Capital Projects
Salmon recovery capital projects preserve, enhance,
create or restore the habitats and physical processes
that support salmon. Projects include acquisition,
restoration, and/or enhancement approaches.
Although significant progress has been made im-
plementing projects identified in the 2005 Salmon
Habitat Plan, many projects remain unfunded and
under-resourced. Since 2005, 165 projects have been
completed or are in progress, totalling over $160
million of investments. While many of the remain-
ing projects identified within the 2005 Plan are still
viable, other opportunities have been lost to develop-
ment and/or a change in ownership.
This update provides a current, comprehensive list of
potential capital projects that align with established
goals for Chinook salmon recovery in WRIA 9. A
couple of plan amendments added new projects to
the 2005 Plan, including: a 2007 plan amendment;
and the 2014 Duwamish Blueprint. As part of the
2020 update, all projects described in the plan (and
its amendments) or the appendices of the plan were
evaluated for inclusion in updated project list.
WRIA 9 staff developed an updated list of capital
projects in partnership with ILA member jurisdic-
tions, non-profit partners, state agencies, and others
engaged in salmon recovery. Partners were asked to
submit projects and provide specific project infor-
mation including a project sponsor, location, scope,
goals, alignment with recovery strategies, and pro-
jected habitat gains. In some cases, an identified
project did not have a clear sponsor, but was includ-
ed due to the perceived importance of the project.
The request for projects primarily targeted Chinook
salmon-focused projects, but several coho salmon
projects were accepted.
A few additional project guidelines were developed in
refining the project list:
Policies and Programs – Project submittals were
not required for actions that fell within the scope
of larger programmatic actions (e.g., fish barrier
removal).
Discrete footprint – Projects were required to
articulate a specific project footprint to support
evaluation of feasibility and magnitude of ecologi-
cal benefit.
Implementable within 10–15 years – Project spon-
sors were directed to submit projects that could be
implemented within a 10–15-year timeframe, provid-
ed adequate funding and landowner willingness.
PAGE
74 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Project Prioritization
A team of subject matter experts was recruited to
review, evaluate and tier projects for inclusion in the
Plan. This four-person prioritization team brought
expertise in restoration ecology, fish biology, and
habitat project management, and over 50 years of
knowledge from working in the Green/Duwamish
River and Central Puget Sound. A balance of inter-
ests was represented to eliminate bias for specific
projects. The review process evaluated all concep-
tual projects based on their full potential to provide
habitat lift. Future constraints identified during design
and feasibility could impact overall project scope and
associated benefits.
Project prioritization was based on subject matter
expert evaluation of:
Habitat Quality (lift): the relative importance and
value of a specific proposed habitat; and
Habitat Quantity (size): the potential amount
acreage and shoreline length) of habitat created or
enhanced based on the entire project footprint.
The scoring process was weighted so that habitat
quality comprised 75 percent of the score and habitat
quantity comprised 25 percent of the score. The tier-
ing process assumes habitat benefits are positively
correlated with size. Larger projects not only provide
more habitat, they allow increased habitat heteroge-
neity. Smaller, more homogeneous habitats, are less
resilient to perturbations, and site constraints can be
problematic for optimizing habitat. A small modifier
was added to allow consideration of high-value geo-
graphic locations (e.g., proximity to existing restora-
tion sites, feeder bluff, etc.). Potential lift reflects the
projected immediate and long-term habitat benefits
to addressing limiting factors for Chinook salmon re-
covery. Processed-based restoration was considered
to provide more certainty of long-term benefits.
A total of 118 projects were submitted and ranked as
part of the project solicitation process. Projects were
ranked within a specific subwatershed – not across
subwatersheds. Given the large number of projects,
projects were tiered based on overall benefit and to
provide an indication of priority for financial support
from the WRIA. Tiers were defined as follows:
Tier 1 - high potential; substantially contribute to
recovery goals in each subwatershed.
Tier 2 - moderate potential; clear alignment with
Chinook salmon recovery goals.
Tier 3 - limited potential; associated with Chinook
recovery (or not primary species impacted); com-
pliments broader recovery efforts in the subwater-
shed.
A simplified scoring methodology based on habitat
quantity and quality provides a foundation for long-
term planning by setting high-level implementation
priorities within each subwatershed. Tiers were as-
signed to projects by identifying natural breakpoints
in the full list of projects within a subwatershed.
These established breakpoints serve as a scoring
baseline for projects received through future biennial
calls for projects. Future proposed projects will be
scored under the same criteria and assigned a tier.
The proposed project will be added to the tiered list
for future funding, with near-term funding priority giv-
en to those projects previously identified as in need
of funding.
The final list of projects was approved unanimously
by the Implementation Technical Committee and Wa-
tershed Ecosystem Forum in 2019 and will serve as
the comprehensive list of recovery actions that help
achieve recovery goals, and ultimately toward the
delisting of Chinook salmon in Puget Sound.
19Duwamish(
DUW)
Middle
Green (MG)
Lower
Green (LG)
1
Upper Green
UG)
Number
of WRIA 9
Projects by
Subwatershed
39
Nearshore
NS)
14
45
Figure 25. Number of projects by subwatershed.
PAGE
75Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Capital Project Information by
Subwatershed containing:
Subwatershed project location maps
Subwatershed project listings with tier rankings
Project fact sheets with site maps
Marine Nearshore Subwatershed ................................p. 76
Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed .............................p. 102
Lower Green River Subwatershed ..............................p. 116
Middle Green River Subwatershed ............................p. 146
Upper Green River Subwatershed ............................p. 160
Marine Nearshore Subwatershed 39
projects
Tier 1 (Score 18+) 17 projects
Tier 2 (Score 7-18) 8 projects
NS-2 ...........Myrtle Edwards Park Pocket Beach Shallow
Water Habitat
NS-16 .........Dash Point State Park Estuary Restoration
and Water Quality Improvements
NS-22 ........Smith Cove Shallow Water Rehabilitation
NS-35 ........Lower Shinglemill Creek habitat restoration
NS-39 ........Walker Creek Headwaters Land Acquisition
NS-40 .......Salmon Creek Fish Barrier Removal
NS-42 ........Miller Creek Regional Detention Facility
NS-54 ........West Galer Street/32nd St. Boat Ramp
Shoreline Armor Removal and Restoration
NS-58 ........Tsugwalla Creek Pocket Estuary Restoration
Project
NS-59 ........Mileta Armor removal and shoreline
restoration
NS-68........Longfellow Creek Fish Passage and
Floodplain Restoration
NS-70 ........Fauntleroy Creek Fish Passage
NS-72 ........Perkins Lane Protection and Restoration
Project/Perkins Lane Utility Access Road
NS-73 ........Beall Creek Salmon Habitat Project
Tier 3 (Score <7) 14 projects
PAGE
76 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-7 ...........Cove Creek Pocket Estuary Restoration
NS-8 ..........Dillworth and Gorsuch Creek Pocket
Estuaries
NS-11 ..........Beaconsfield on the Sound
NS-15 .........McSorley Creek Pocket Estuary and Feeder
Bluff restoration
NS-21 .........Corbin Beach Acquisition and Restoration
NS-23 ........Point Heyer Nearshore Acquisitions
NS-24 ........Cross Landing Pocket Estuary Restoration
NS-28 ........Big Beach Reach Acquisition and
Restoration
NS-29 ........Maury Island Natural Area Revegetation and
Reclamation
NS-43 ........Dockton Reach Preservation and Restoration
NS-45 ........Tahlequah Creek Mouth Restoration
NS-49 ........Arroyos Park Bulkhead Removal
NS-53 ........Perkins Lane Protection and Restoration
NS-61 .........Manzanita Reach Acquisition and Restoration
NS-62 ........Spring Beach Acquisition and Restoration
NS-63 ........Green Valley Creek Acquisition and
Restoration
NS-66........Camp Kilworth Protection
NS-13 .........Massey Creek Pocket Estuary and Fish
Passage Project
NS-14 .........Raab’s Lagoon Acquisition and Restoration
NS-25 ........Judd Creek Pocket Estuary
NS-27 ........Piner Point Acquisition and Restoration
NS-31 .........Discovery Park Feeder Bluff Protection and
Restoration
NS-44........Portage Salt Marsh Restoration
NS-60 .......Ellisport Creek Mouth Restoration
NS-67 ........Des Moines Creek Estuary Restoration
PAGE
77Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
509
518
99
99
99
5
5
5
Miller
Cr
Puget
Sound
Elliott
Bay NS-
28NS-27NS-61NS-
62 NS-
43 NS-
24 NS-
63 NS-
21NS-8NS-
7 NS-
2 NS-
68 NS-
72 NS-
70 NS-
45 NS-
73 NS-
35 NS-
29 NS-
60 NS-
59 NS-
58 NS-
66 NS-
16 NS-
67 NS-
13 NS-
42 NS-
40 NS-
49 NS-
54 NS-
53 NS-
31 NS-
22 NS-
11 NS-
25 NS-
15 NS-
14 NS-
39 NS-
23 NS-
44 NS-
23
SEATTLE
SEATTLE
Vashon
Island
Maury
Island
SEATAC FEDERAL
WAY
BURIEN
DES
MOINES
DES
MOINES
NORMANDY
PARK
NORMANDY
PARK River
mile Project location and
name Project location and
name River/
creek Major
road King County
boundary Maine
Nearshore
Subwatershed
boundary WRIA 9
boundary Public
lands
Parks Incorporated
area Open
water
1 NS-
1 NS-
1 0 1 2 3
Miles
N
Note:The use of the information in thismapissubjecttothetermsandconditions found
at: www.kingcounty.gov/services/gis/Maps/terms-of-use.
aspx. Your access and use is conditioned on your acceptance
of these terms and
conditions.KCIT-DCE
File: 2011_10202L_W9SHP_ProjMap_NS.ai
LPRE GIS
File:Q:\20009\WRIA9_Watershed.mxd
KLINKAT Figure
26.Marine
Nearshore Subwatershed
NS-7
AgrenParkWestside
Hwy SWMcIntyre
Rd
SWSW Cove
Rd
Puget
Sound Vashon
Island UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY K
ING
C OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles 0
5
10 LOCATION MAP
SeattlePROJECTAREA
MAP N0200400
ft.
Public
Lands Park
RestorationAcquisition
Nearshore Feeder
Blu Nearshore
Pocket Estuary Primary strategy Protect, restore
and
enhance marine shorelines.
Benefits: Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to goals
metrics:Marine
riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Protect and
improve riparian vegetation, improve tributary access,
remove armoring and fill, increase vegetated
shallow nearshore and marsh habitats, protect
and enhance pocket estuaries
and tributary stream mouths.Tier
1 Project: NS-7 Cove
Creek Pocket
Estuary
Restoration PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS) Drift
cell: Vashon/Maury Island KI – 13-
28;
KI - 11-
7)Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury
Project
sponsor: King
County Budget:
600,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline
Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd
KLINKAT KEY HABITAT:PAGE 78 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed
NS-8HitchingsProperty86th
Pl SW87th Ave
SW90th Ave SWSW
DilworthRd91stAveSWSWSoper
Rd
SW
Gorsu c
h R d PugetSound
Vashon Island
K ING
C
OUNT
YSeattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated Area N
Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10LOCATIONMAP
Seattle PROJECT
AREA
MAP
N0200400 ft.
Public
Lands Park
RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Pocket Estuary Riparian Primary
strategy
Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines.
Benefits: Increased rearing habitat
Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to
goals metrics:
Marine riparian
vegetation Shoreline armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Acquire properties at the mouth of Dillworth
and Gorsuch Creeks to
restore stream delta and pocket
estuary habitat.Tier 1 Project: NS-
8 Dillworth
and
Gorsuch Creek
Pocket Estuaries
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Nearshore (NS)
Drift
cell: Vashon/
Maury KI -
12 - 4)
Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury Project
sponsor: King
County Budget: 3,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site
photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS
file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdKLINKATKEYHABITAT:UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTY PAGE 79 Green-Duwamish and Central
NS-11
MarineViewParkMar
ine
V
iew
D r
SW Puget
Sound NORMANDY PARK K ING
C
OUNT Y
Seattle WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury Islands Miles
0 5
10
LOCATION MAP Seattle
PROJECTAREAMAP
N0200400 ft.Public Lands
Park
Incorp.
Area
Boundary RestorationAcquisition
Nearshore Feeder
Blu Primary strategy Protect, restore and
enhance
marine shorelines.Benefits: Reconnect
historic feeder blus
Shoreline armor reduction Contribution
to goals
metrics:Shoreline
armor PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Protect and restore 1085 ft. of
active feeder blu along
mainland marine nearshore.Tier 1
Project: NS-11 Beaconsfield
on the
Sound
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Nearshore (
NS) Drift
cell: Normandy Park
KI-
7-3)
Banksidejurisdiction:Normandy
Park Project
sponsor:
Normandy Park
Budget: 600,
000 PROJECT
TYPE:KEY HABITAT:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo
Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT
NS-15
Saltwater
State
ParkMa
r
in
e
V
i
ew
D r
S Puget Sound DES MOINES
K
ING C
OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5 10 LOCATION
MAPSeattlePROJECT
AREA MAP N0200400
ft.
Public
LandsPark
Incorp. Area
Boundary
Restoration
Acquisition
NearshoreFeeder
Blu
Monitoring &Assessment
Enhancement/
Planting
Nearshore Pocket
Estuary Planning/Design Primary strategy Protect,
restore
and enhance marine shorelines.Benefits:
Improved forage
fish spawning habitat
Recreation opportunities Shoreline armor
reduction Contribution to
goals metrics:
Marine riparian
vegetation Shoreline armor PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore
historic pocket estuary, protect feeder blus,
remove marine shoreline armoring and
enhance low-impact recreationalactivities. Tier 1 Project:
NS-15McSorley Creek Pocket
Estuary and
Feeder
Bluff Restoration
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Nearshore (NS) Drift cell:
Des
Moines (KI -
8 - 3)
Banksidejurisdiction:Federal
Way
Project sponsor: Des
Moines Budget:
20,838,
000 PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE
Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT PAGE 80 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound
NS-15
Saltwater
State ParkMa
r
in
e
V
i
ew
D
r
S
Puget Sound
DES MOINES K ING C
OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands Miles 0
5 10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle PROJECT
AREAMAPN0200400
ft.Public LandsPark
Incorp.
Area
Boundary
RestorationAcquisition
NearshoreFeeder
Blu
Monitoring &
Assessment
Enhancement/
Planting Nearshore
Pocket
Estuary
Planning/Design
Primary strategy Protect, restore and enhance
marine
shorelines.Benefits: Improved forage fish
spawning habitat
Recreation opportunities Shoreline
armor reduction Contribution to
goals metrics:Marine
riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore historic pocket estuary,
protect feeder blus, remove marine shoreline
armoring and enhance low-impact
recreational activities. Tier 1Project: NS-15McSorley Creek
Pocket Estuary and Feeder
Bluff Restoration
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell: Des Moines (KI -
8 -
3)Banksidejurisdiction:
Des Moines
Project sponsor:
King County/
State
Parks Budget: 20,
838,000
PROJECT TYPE:
KEY HABITAT:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer
Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd
KLINKATPAGE81Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat
Burma
Rd
S W
NS-
21
Puget
Sound
Vashon
Island UNINCORPORATED
KING COUNTY K ING C
OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands Miles 0
5 10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle PROJECT
AREAMAPN0200400
ft.
Public
Lands
Project
AreaRestorationAcquisition
NearshoreFeeder Blu
Primary strategy Protect, restore and enhance
marine
shorelines.Benefits: Reconnect historic
feeder blus Shoreline
armor reduction Contribution to
goals metrics:Marine
riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire to protect and restore
nearshore habitat by removing shoreline debris, hard
armor, and
derelict docks. Tier 1 Project:
NS-21 Corbin Beach Acquisition
and Restoration
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell: Vashon/
Maury Island KI
11-
2)Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury
Project sponsor:
King
County Budget: 3,
500,000
PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo:
Google Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
KEY
HABITAT:PAGE 82 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat
NS-23NS-23
Vashon
Commons
PointHeyerNaturalArea
Ellisport
Wildlands
OberPark
87th Ave SWSW
CemeteryRdMonument
RdSWDocktonR
d SW SW
Cove Rd Beall
RdSWSW
Bank
RdSW
204th
St
SW
Elli
s port Rd Geor
ge
Ed
wards
RdVashon Hwy
SWPuget Sound 0 3,000
Feet
Vashon Island
UNINCORPORATED KING
COUNTY
K
ING
C
OUNT
Y Seattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10
LOCATION MAP Seattle PROJECT
AREA
MAP
NPublic Lands
Park
Project Area 0 2,000 ft.RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Feeder Blu Riparian Project Area Map:
Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file:
2011_10202L
LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
Primary strategy
Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines.Benefits:
Habitat preservation Recreation
opportunities Shoreline
armor reduction
Contribution to
goals metrics:Marine riparian vegetation Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire properties to
protect and restore beach feeding
processes and salt marsh
at spit.
Tier
1 Project:
NS-23
Point Heyer
Nearshore Acquisitions PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Nearshore (
NS) Drift
cell: Vashon/
Maury
KI - 13 - 2)
Banksidejurisdiction:Vashon/
Maury Project
sponsor:
KingCountyBudget: 10,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:PAGE 83
PAGE
84 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-28
Frog Holler
Forest Trails
FrogHollerForest
LostLake
SpringBeachSpringBeach
NeillPointNaturalArea
SpringBeachNaturalAreaSpringBeachNaturalArea
LostLakeNaturalArea
Inspiration Pt.
Natural Area
Forest Glen
Natural Area
Manzanita
Natural Area
Inspiration Point
Wax Orchard
RdSWVashon
Hwy
SWVashon
Hwy
SWPuget
Sound Puget Sound Maury Island
Vashon
Island K
ING C
OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated Area N
Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle PROJECT AREAMAP
NProject Area 0
2,
000
ft.Public
Lands Park
Trail RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Feeder Blu Primary
strategy
Protect, restore and enhance
marine shorelines.Benefits:
Reconnect historic feeder blus
Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to
goals metrics:
Marine riparian
vegetation Shoreline armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire to protect and restore about 209
acres of upland and nearshore habitat with
approximately
4615 feet of blu-backed
beach shoreline.Tier 1 Project: NS-
28 Big
Beach
Reach Acquisition
and Restoration
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS) Drift
cell:
Vashon/Maury
Island KI
13-20)
Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury Project
sponsor: King
County Budget: 15,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site
photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS
file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdKLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:NS-
24
147th
Ave
SW147th
Ave
SWRaymond
Rd
SWRaymond
Rd
SWSW
Reddings
Beach RdSW
Reddings
Beach
RdSW
ReddingsBeach Rd SW ReddingsBeach Rd
SW
Cross Landing
Rd 145
th
P
l
SW
145
th P l
SW UNINCORPORATED
KING
COUNTY Vashon IslandPuget
Sound
K
ING C OUNT YSeattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area N
Vashon/
Maury Islands
Miles 0 5 10 LOCATION MAP
Seattle
PROJECT AREA MAP
NProject Area 0 200
400 ft.Public
Lands RestorationAcquisition
Nearshore Pocket
Estuary Riparian
Primary strategy Protect, restore and enhance
marine shorelines.Benefits: Shoreline armor reduction Contribution to
goals
metrics:Marine riparian vegetation Shoreline
armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Acquire beach
feeding
parcels, remove
fill, restore
salt marsh,
remove road, and
reroute
road drainage.
Tier 1
Project: NS-
24
Cross Landing Pocket
Estuary Restoration
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed: Nearshore (NS) Drift cell: Vashon/Maury KI – 13 – 23)Banksidejurisdiction:Vashon/
Maury Project sponsor: King County Budget: 3,500,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map:
Ortho2019KCNAT aerial
PAGE
85Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-28
Frog Holler
Forest Trails
FrogHollerForest
LostLake
SpringBeachSpringBeach
NeillPointNaturalArea
SpringBeachNaturalAreaSpringBeachNaturalArea
LostLakeNaturalArea
Inspiration Pt.
Natural Area
Forest Glen
Natural Area
Manzanita
Natural Area
Inspiration Point
Wax Orchard
RdSWVashon
Hwy
SWVashon
Hwy
SWPuget
Sound Puget Sound Maury Island
Vashon
Island K
ING C
OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated Area N
Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle PROJECT AREAMAP
NProject Area 0
2,
000
ft.Public
Lands Park
Trail RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Feeder Blu Primary
strategy
Protect, restore and enhance
marine shorelines.Benefits:
Reconnect historic feeder blus
Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to
goals metrics:
Marine riparian
vegetation Shoreline armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire to protect and restore about 209
acres of upland and nearshore habitat with
approximately
4615 feet of blu-backed
beach shoreline.Tier 1 Project: NS-
28 Big
Beach
Reach Acquisition
and Restoration
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS) Drift
cell:
Vashon/Maury
Island KI
13-20)
Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury Project
sponsor: King
County Budget: 15,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site
photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS
file Q:\
PAGE
86 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-43
Dockton Forest,
Dockton Natural AreaandMauryIs. Natural Area Trails
MauryIslandNaturalArea
DocktonForest
Dockton Natural Area
DocktonPark
99th
Ave
SWDocktonRdSWSW
Do
c k
S t Puget
SoundPROJECTAREAMAP
N05001,
000 ft.Public Lands K
ING
C OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles 0
5
10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle
RestorationAcquisition
Nearshore
Feeder
Blu Scoping/
Reconnaissance Riparian Primary strategy Protect, restore
and
enhance marine shorelines.
Benefits: Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to goals
metrics:Marine
riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore 2000 feet of
marine shoreline in the
Maury Island Aquatic Reserve. Tier
1 Project: NS-43 Dockton
Reach Preservation
and
Restoration PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell: Vashon/
Maury
KI - 13 -
8) Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury
Project
sponsor: King County
Budget: 2,
600,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline
Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
KEY
HABITAT:
Park
Trail Maury
IslandUNINCORPORATEDKINGCOUNTYNS-29UFOErraticFeederLineMIN
A TMINATDockton Forest Trails M I
N
A T (M aury Island N atu ra l A
r e
aTr
a
ils )MINA
T Gravel GrinderMaury
IslandNaturalArea
DocktonForestPuget
Sound PROJECT AREA MAP N0200400
ft.Park
TrailSW 275th
Sandy
Shores
Dr
SWK
ING
C OUNT Y
WRIA 9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0 5 10 LOCATION MAP Seattle
Restoration
Nearshore Feeder Blu Primary strategy
Protect, restore
and enhance marine
shorelines.Benefits: Improved forage
fish spawning habitat
Recreation opportunities
Shoreline armor reduction Contribution to goals
metrics:Marine riparian vegetation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Remove
invasive species, add topsoil, and
revegetate about a mile of marine shoreline.
Tier 1
Project:
NS-29
Maury Island
Natural Area
Revegetation and Reclamation
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell:
Vashon/
Maury KI - 14 -
2)Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury Project sponsor: King County Budget: 1,050,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area
Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE
file: 2011_
10202LLPREGISfile
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd
PAGE
87Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-43
Dockton Forest,
Dockton Natural AreaandMauryIs. Natural Area Trails
MauryIslandNaturalArea
DocktonForest
Dockton Natural Area
DocktonPark
99th
Ave
SWDocktonRdSWSW
Do
c k
S t Puget
SoundPROJECTAREAMAP
N05001,
000 ft.Public Lands K
ING
C OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles 0
5
10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle
RestorationAcquisition
Nearshore
Feeder
Blu Scoping/
Reconnaissance Riparian Primary strategy Protect, restore
and
enhance marine shorelines.
Benefits: Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to goals
metrics:Marine
riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore 2000 feet of
marine shoreline in the
Maury Island Aquatic Reserve. Tier
1 Project: NS-43 Dockton
Reach Preservation
and
Restoration PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell: Vashon/
Maury
KI - 13 -
8) Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury
Project
sponsor: King County
Budget: 2,
600,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline
Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
KEY
HABITAT:
Park
Trail Maury
PAGE
88 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-45
Point Defiance-
Tahlequah Ferry
Loading DockVashonHwy
SWSWPohlR
d
SWTahlequa
h
R
d 131st
AveSWPuget
SoundTahlequahCr.TahlequahCr.Slaight
e r s
CrPROJECT
AREA
MAP N0200400 ft.PublicLands
K ING
C OUNT
YSeattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5
10
LOCATION MAP
Seattle
RestorationAcquisition Nearshore
Feeder
Blu Nearshore
Pocket Estuary Riparian Primary strategy Protect,
restore
and enhance marine shorelines.Benefits:
Improved forage fish
spawning habitat Shoreline armor
reduction Contribution to
goals metrics:
Marine riparian
vegetation Shoreline armor PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
properties, restore creek meander and fish
passage, remove bulkhead, and restore
nearshore, estuary and marsh habitat.
Tier 1 Project: NS-
45 Tahlequah
Creek
Mouth Restoration
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell: Vashon/Maury Island KI -
13 -
21, KI -
13 - 22)
Jurisdiction:Vashon/
Maury
Project sponsor: Vashon/
Maury Budget:
7,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE
Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxd
KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
Vashon Island
UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY
NS-49 Arroyos
Natural Area Arroyo
Heights Park Arroyo
Heights Park SW
106th
St
SW
108th
St
M
arin
e Vie
w
Dr
S WPuget Sound
SeattleParkPROJECT
AREA
MAP N0200400 ft.Public Lands
K ING
C OUNT
Y
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5
10
LOCATION
MAP
Seattle
Park Restoration
Nearshore Planning/Design Primary strategy Protect,
restore
and enhance
marine shorelines.
Benefits: Habitat preservation
Recreation opportunities Shoreline armor
reduction Contribution
to goals
metrics:Shoreline
armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Remove approximately 700
feet of rip rap and
timber bulkhead along the shoreline.
Tier 1 Project: NS-
49 Arroyos
Park
Bulkhead Removal
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Nearshore (NS) Drift cell: City
of
Seattle (KI -5 -
1) Banksidejurisdiction:
City of Seattle
Project
sponsor:
Seattle Parks and
Recreation Budget:
2,500,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE
Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
PAGE
89Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-49
Arroyos Natural Area
Arroyo Heights Park
Arroyo Heights Park
SW 106th St
SW 108th St
M
arin
e
Vie
w
Dr
S
WPuget Sound
Seattle
Park
PROJECT AREA MAP
N0200400ft.Public
Lands
K ING C OUNT Y
WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles
0 5 10
LOCATION MAP
Seattle
Park
Restoration
Nearshore
Planning/
Design
Primary strategy
Protect, restore and enhance marine shorelines.
Benefits:
Habitat preservation
Recreation opportunities
Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to goals metrics:
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Remove approximately 700 feet of rip rap and
timber bulkhead along the shoreline.
Tier 1 Project: NS-49
Arroyos Park Bulkhead Removal
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell:
City of Seattle (KI -5 - 1)
Banksidejurisdiction:
City of Seattle
Project sponsor:
Seattle Parks and
Recreation
Budget:
2,500,000
PROJECT TYPE:
Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020
KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
NS-53
MagnoliaPark
Magnolia
Tidelands Park
MagnoliaPlayfieldParkmontPlaceCarletonCenter
EastmontPlace
Public
LandsParkPublicLandsPark
MagnoliaBlvdW
W McGraw St
Viewmont
Way
WMontavistaPl
WWest
Vi
ewm ont Way
W 34thAveWWLynn
St 34th
A
v e W
Puget Sound Seattle
0200
400 PROJECT AREA MAP N0200400
ft.K
ING C
OUNT
Y
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area N Vashon/
Maury Islands
Miles
0
5
10
LOCATION
MAP
Seattle Public
Lands Park
RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Feeder Blu Primary strategy
Protect,
restore and
enhance marine shorelines.Benefits:
Habitat preservation Reconnect
historic feeder blus Shoreline
armor reduction
Contribution to
goals metrics:Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
properties
to remove old bulkheads and
fill.Tier 1 Project: NS-
53 Perkins
Lane
Protection and
Restoration PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed: Nearshore (NS) Drift cell:
City
of Seattle (KI -
3 - 2)
Banksidejurisdiction:City of
Seattle
Project
sponsor:
Seattle Parks
and Recreation Budget: TBD PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo:
WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT KEY HABITAT:PAGE 90 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget
NS-28NS-
61 Lost
LakeLostLake Natural
Area Northilla Beach Natural
Area Manzanita Natural
Area InspirationPoint Natural
AreaHakeRdSW101stAveSWSWNorthi
l l a
R d SW
268th
St
101st
Ave
SWSW
280th
St
Ma
n
z
a
n
i
t
a
B
e a
c h R
d
SW Puget Sound PROJECT AREA
MAP
N K
ING C
OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated Area N
Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles
0510LOCATION MAP Seattle Public LandsParkPublic
Lands
Park
0 1,
000
ft.500
RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Pocket Estuary Riparian Primary
strategy
Protect, restore and enhance marine
shorelines.Benefits: Improved forage
fish spawning habitat
Reconnect historic feeder blus
Shoreline armor reduction
Contribution to
goals metrics:
Marine riparian
vegetation Shoreline armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Acquire
properties to remove old bulkheads
and fill.Tier 1 Project:
NS-61
Manzanita
Reach Acquisition
and Restoration
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed: Nearshore (NS)
Drift
cell: Vashon/
Maury (KI -
10 - 3)
Banksidejurisdiction:
Vashon/Maury Project
sponsor: King
County Budget: 15,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site
photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS
file Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
KEY
HABITAT:Maury Island UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY PAGE 91 Green-Duwamish and Central
Spring Beach
SpringBeachNaturalArea
SW
Spring
Beach
Rd139th
Ave
SW141st
Ave
SW143rd
Ave SWSW
P o h
l
R d Puget SoundPROJECT
AREA MAP
N K
ING
C
OUNT
YSeattle
WRIA
9 Incorporated Area
N Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles0510 LOCATION MAP SeattlePublic
Lands
ParkPublic
Lands Park
0
800 ft.
400 RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Pocket Estuary Riparian
Primary
strategy Protect, restore and enhance
marine shorelines.Benefits:
Improved forage fish spawning
habitat Shoreline armor
reduction Contribution
to goals
metrics:Marine
riparian vegetation Shoreline armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire to
protect and restore shoreline and
forage fish habitat.Tier 1
Project: NS-
62
Spring Beach
Acquisition and
Restoration PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed: Nearshore (
NS)
Drift cell:
Vashon/Maury (
KI - 10 -
3)
Banksidejurisdiction:Vashon/Maury
Project sponsor:
King County Budget: 5,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo
Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE
GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxd
KLINKAT KEY
HABITAT:
NS-62 Vashon Island UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY PAGE 92 Green-Duwamish and
Central Puget Sound
Watershed Salmon Habitat
2021 Update SW
207th Ln
SW
208th
St
SW
216th
St
SW
Mad
rona
Rd141st
Ave
SW135th
Ave
SWS
W
M a d
ro
n a R dSW
Madrona RdPuget
Sound Green
Valley
Cr.
PROJECT
AREA
MAP
N0200400 ft.K
ING C
OUNT
YSeattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles 0
5 10 LOCATION MAP Seattle Public
Lands
Public Lands RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Pocket
Estuary Riparian Primary strategy
Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines.Benefits:
Improved forage fish
spawning habitat
Reconnect historic
feeder blus
Shoreline armor reduction Contribution to goals metrics:
Marine riparian vegetation Shoreline armor Shoreline conservation
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Acquire undeveloped lots along the
Green Valley Creek, restore creek mouth,
and remove
hard
shoreline armor.
Tier 1
Project: NS-63 Green Valley
Creek
Acquisition and
Restoration PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore (
NS) Drift cell:
Vashon/Maury (
KI - 13 - 26)Banksidejurisdiction:Vashon/Maury Project sponsor: King County Budget: 4,000,000
PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer
Images, 2020
KCIT-DCE
file: 2011_
10202L
LPRE GIS
PAGE
93Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
SW 207th Ln
SW 208th St
SW 216th St
SW Mad
rona
Rd141st
Ave
SW135th
Ave
SWS
W
M
a
d
r
o
n
a
R
d SW Madrona
RdPugetSound
Green Valley Cr.PROJECTAREA
MAP N0200400
ft.K
ING
C
OUNT
YSeattle
WRIA
9 Incorporated Area
N Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles
0
5
10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle
Public
Lands Public
Lands RestorationAcquisition Nearshore Pocket Estuary Riparian
Primary
strategy Protect, restore and enhance
marine shorelines.Benefits: Improved
forage fish spawning
habitat Reconnect historic feeder
blus Shoreline armor
reduction Contribution
to goals
metrics:Marine
riparian vegetation Shoreline armor Shoreline conservation PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire undeveloped lots along the Green
Valley Creek,
restore creek mouth, and remove
hard shoreline armor. Tier 1 Project:
NS-63
Green
Valley Creek
Acquisition and
Restoration PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed: Nearshore (
NS)
Drift cell:
Vashon/Maury (
KI - 13 -
26)
Banksidejurisdiction:Vashon/Maury
Project sponsor:
King County Budget: 4,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo
Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE
GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd
KLINKAT KEY
PAGE
94 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
NS-66
Palisades Park
DumasBayPark
SR 509
SR 509
Puget Sound
FEDERAL WAY
PROJECT AREA MAP
N0200400ft.
K ING C OUNTYSeattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles
0 5 10
LOCATION MAP
Seattle
Public
Lands
Public
Lands Park
Acquisition
Nearshore
Feeder Blu
Primary strategy
Protect, restore and enhance marine shorelines.
Benefits:
Improved forage fish spawning habitat
Reconnect historic feeder blus
Contribution to goals metrics:
Shoreline armor
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Protect 900 feet of active feeder blus that occurs
in the first third of the drift cell.
Tier 1 Project: NS-66
Camp Kilworth Protection
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Nearshore (NS)
Drift cell:
Federal Wa y (KI - 10 - 3)
Banksidejurisdiction:
Federal Way
Project sponsor:
Forterra and Kilworth
Environmental Education
Preserve (KEEP)
Budget:
3,100,000
PROJECT TYPE:
Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: WDOE Shoreline Photo Viewer Images, 2020
KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
Inc. Area
Boundary
PAGE
95Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Riparian
SouthMarinaPark
Overlook Park I
Marine View Dr
SS 223rd St
7th
Ave
SS
227th
StPuget
Sound DESMOINES
509 516NS-13 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNATTier 2 Project: NS-13Massey Creek Pocket
Estuary and
Fish Passage Project PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire and restore
the stream, create fish passage, remove the jetty and rock
from the south bank,
and create
a
pocket estuary.
PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:Nearshore (NS)Nearshore
jurisdiction:
Nearshore
KI - 8 - 2 Bankside
jurisdiction:City
of Des Moines Project
sponsor:
City of Des
Moines
Budget:
3,
000,
000 Acquisition
Restoration
PROJECTTYPE:Nearshore Pocket EstuaryKEYHABITAT:
KCIT-
DCE
VC folder: 2010_
10202w_
NS-
13.aiGIS
file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdParkPublicLandsN0300600 ft150 Riparian RaabsLagoonNaturalArea
Dockton Rd
SW80th Ave SWSW 234th St 75th Ave SWKingsbury
Rd SWQuartermaster Harbor UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTYMAURY ISLAND NS-
14 Tier
2
Project:
NS-
14Raab'
s Lagoon Acquisition and
Restoration
PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire
vacant lots,
restore riparian
forest
habitat
and
connectivity
by
removing
the weir
and
bulkhead.PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:Nearshore
PAGE
96 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Nearshore
Feeder Blu
Riparian
Judd
C
r
e
ek
Marjorie R. StanleyNaturalArea
SW 232nd St
SW QuartermasterDrVashonHwySWUNINCORPORATEDKINGCOUNTYVASHON
ISLAND
Quartermaster
Harbor NS-
25 Tier 2 Project: NS-25Judd Creek Pocket
Estuary PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Restore habitat with wood placement, removal
of derelict barge, and additional vegetation near mouth
of Judd
Creek.PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:
Nearshore
Nearshore
jurisdiction:Nearshore KI - 0 -
1
Bankside
jurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor:King
County
Budget: 6,000,
000
Acquisition
Restoration
PROJECTTYPE:
Nearshore Pocket
Estuary
KEYHABITAT:KCIT-DCE VC folder: 2010_
10202w_
NS-25.
ai GISfileQ:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdParkPublicLands/Easements
N0300600 ft150 Nearshore
Feeder Blu Riparian
PinerPointNaturalAreaNorthillaBeachNaturalArea99th
Ave
SWSWNorth
i l
l a
R d
Point Piner Rd SWSWSummerhurstRd101st Ave SWSW
280th St
Puget Sound UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTYVASHON ISLAND
IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT NS-27
NS-27
Tier
2
Project:
NS-
27Piner Point Acquisition and
Restoration
PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire
remaining properties,
remove bulkheads,
and
restore feeder blus.
PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:Nearshore
Nearshore jurisdiction:Nearshore KI - 13 - 8 Bankside
PAGE
97Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Nearshore
Feeder Blu
NS-31
DiscoveryPark
CarletonHighlandsMagnoliaTidelandsPark
Magnolia Blvd
WW
Dravus St
Magnolia
Blvd WWDravusStW
Emerson
StW
Emerson
St Puget
Sound SEATTLE
NS-31 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNATTier2 Project: NS-31Discovery Park Feeder
Bluff Protection
and Restoration PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
remaining properties, remove bulkheads,
and restore
feeder
blus.
PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:Nearshore Nearshore jurisdiction:
Nearshore
KI -
3 - 2 Bankside
jurisdiction:City
of Seattle
Project sponsor:
Seattle
Parks
and
Recreation
Budget: TBD
Acquisition Restoration PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:KCIT-
DCE
VC folder:
2010_
10202w_NS-
31.aiGISfileQ:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdPark
Public Lands
N0300600ft150Nearshore
FeederBluRiparian
Tramp HarborDock
Dockton Rd SWDockton RdSWDocktonRdSWDockton Rd SWSW
Quartermaster DrSW
Quartermaster Dr PortageWay SWPuget Sound Quartermaster harbor NS-
44 UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTYVASHON ISLAND UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTYMAURY
ISLAND IMAGE_
Ortho2019KCNAT
Tier
2
Project:
NS-44Portage Salt Marsh
Restoration
Project
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Install bridge
or box
culverts,
restore fish access,
and
restore
habitat to
salt marsh.PROJECT FACTSSubwatershed:
Riparian
EllisCreekNaturalArea
Tramp Harbor Dock
8
7
t
h
A
v
e
SW
Dockton
Rd
SW
8
7
t
h
A
v
e
SW DocktonRdSWSW
EllisportRdSW
Ellisport
Rd
PugetSoundEll
i sport
CreekUNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTYVASHON
ISLAND NS-60 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNATTier 2 Project:
NS-60Ellisport
Creek Mouth Restoration PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire and restore
habitat at Ellisport Creek stream mouth,
and allow
for
fish
passage.
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:Nearshore Nearshore
jurisdiction:Nearshore KI -
13 -
4;
KI - 13 -
5 Bankside
jurisdiction:King
County
Project sponsor:King
County
Budget:
3,000,
000 Acquisition Restoration PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:
KCIT-
DCE VC
folder:
2010_
10202w_NS-60.
aiGISfile
Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdPark Public
LandsN0300600
ft150Nearshore
Pocket Estuary Planning/
Design Riparian NS-
67 Des Moines
Creek TrailDes Moines
Creek TrailDes MoinesBeach
Park Des MoinesCreekParkSouthMarinaParkOverlookPark
I
OverlookPark
II
S
223rd
St
S 222nd
St S
223rd St S 222ndSt7thAve SS 227th
St S
216th St Des MoinesMemorial Dr SS 216th
StS 216th St DES MOINES NORMANDYPARK 509 Puget Sound NS-
67 Des Moines CreekIMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT
Tier 2
Project:
NS-
67Des
Moines
Creek Estuary Restoration PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:
Remove
approximately 500 feet of
hard shoreline
armor and pull back
fill
material
to
create a
morenaturalshoreline
and stream
transition.
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Nearshore
Nearshore jurisdiction:Nearshore KI - 8 - 2 Bankside jurisdiction:
City of Des
Moines Project sponsor:
City of Des Moines Budget: TBD Restoration PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:KCIT-DCE VC folder: 2010_
10202w_NS-67.ai
GIS file
Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdN0300600 ft150ParkPublic Lands Incorp. Area Boundary Nearshore
Pocket Estuary Project No.Project Name
Project Type Project
Description
Sponsor River mile and
Bank
side/Nearshore jurisdiction
Primary Strategy (pick
1)Jurisdiction Goal alignment NS-2
Myrtle Edwards
Park Pocket Beach Shallow Water Habitat Planning/
Design Restoration Scoping/Reconnaissance
Remove
shoreline
armor and
restore natural beach adjacent to a previously created pocket beach.
Seattle Parks and Recreation Nearshore KI - 4 - 1 - NAD Protect,
restore and enhance marine shorelines City of
Seattle • Marine riparian vegetation Shoreline armor NS-
16 Dash Point State
Park Estuary Restoration
and
Water Quality Improvements Restoration Scoping/Reconnaissance Project
will remove armoring
to restore estuary and re-align creek to
more sinuous route. Improve water quality
in
park through parking lot improvements, reduce erosion associated with stormwater runoff,
creosote-treated pedestrian bridge replacement, and wetland enhancement.Washington State
Parks Recreation Nearshore KI - MA - 014 Protect, restore and enhance marine
shorelines City of Federal Way LG- Off-channel
habitat NS-22 Smith Cove Shallow Water Rehabilitation Planning/Design
Remove some level of shoreline armor and plant native
vegetation along a
stretch
of barren riprap. The riprap leads
to a protected sandy
pocket beach that
exists at all
tidal elevations. There may be additional
opportunity for
nearshore restoration on adjacent Port
property. The
Port also has a marine habitat restoration pilot site adjacent to this project.Seattle Parks and Recreation Nearshore KI -
3 -2/3 -
3 NAD, KI - 3 - 3
Protect, restore
and enhance
marine shorelines City of Seattle • Marine
riparian vegetation Shoreline armor
NS-
35
Lower
ShinglemillCreekHabitatRestorationRestorationAddLWDintostreamreachwestofCedarhurstRoad.King County Nearshore KI - 11 - 4 Protect, restore and
NS-39 Walker Creek Headwaters Land
Acquisition
Enhancement/Planting
Restoration & Acquisition
Scoping/Reconnaissance
The project plan is to seek partnership or acquisition
opportunities with the property owners within the project
area, with the goal of acquiring and restoring additional
contiguous areas beyond the current city-owned wetland
parcels within the project site.
City of Burien Nearshore KI - 7 - 3 Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines
City of Burien Shoreline conservation
NS-40 Salmon Creek Fish Barrier
Removal
Planning/Design
Restoration
The project plan is to seek a partnership or acquisition
opportunities with the property owners within the project
area, with the goals of removing the fish-barrier weir at the
mouth of the creek, and removing and replacing a culvert
with a modern fish passable one.
City of Burien Nearshore KI - 5 - 1 Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines
City of Burien • Marine riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
NS-42 Miller Creek Regional
Detention Facility
Planning/Design The project plan is to identify one or more large commercial
properties in Burien that have no existing stormwater
treatment or flow control, and partner with them to construct
regional stormwater facilities on their site(s).
City of Burien Nearshore KI - 7 - 3 Protect, restore and
enhance sediment and
water quality
City of Burien Shoreline conservation
NS-54 West Galer Street/32nd St.
Boat Ramp Shoreline Armor
Removal and Restoration
Planning/Design
Restoration
Scoping/Reconnaissance
Remove/reduce shoreline armoring, remove fill, relocate
an SPU-owned pump station if feasible, and re-vegetate
shoreline. Potential acquisition of adjacent properties.
Seattle Public Utilities Nearshore KI - 3 - 2 Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines
City of Seattle Shoreline armor
NS-58 Tsugwalla Creek Pocket
Estuary Restoration Project
Restoration & Acquisition Restore fish passage and salt marsh habitat at mouth of
creek.
King County Nearshore KI - 13 - 15 /
KI - 13 - 14
Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines
Vashon/Maury • Marine riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
NS-59 Mileta Armor Removal and
shoreline restoration
Restoration Remove shoreline armoring, evaluate and improve fish
passage.
King County Nearshore KI - 13 - 10 Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines
Vashon/Maury • Marine riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
NS-68 Longfellow Creek Fish Passage
and Floodplain Restoration
Acquisition
Planning/Design
Restoration
Restoration & Acquisition
Scoping/Reconnaissance
This project will evaluate restoration opportunities at five
sites along a 1.7-mile section of Longfellow Creek. Future
restoration may include: floodplain reconnection, fish
passage improvements (culvert replacements or daylighting),
stream channel realignment, stream channel and riparian
restoration, wetland creation and/or enhancement.
Seattle Public Utilities RM 0 / left bank Protect, restore, and
enhance riparian corridors
City of Seattle DUW - Riparian forest
NS-70 Fauntleroy Creek Fish Passage • Acquisition
Planning/Design
Restoration
Restoration & Acquisition
Replace two aging fish passage barrier culverts with new
culverts that meet fish passage standards. Includes partial
daylighting and stream channel restoration.
Seattle Public Utilities Nearshore / KI - 5 - 1 Restore and improve fish
passage
City of Seattle • Marine riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
NS-72 Perkins Lane Protection and
Restoration Project/Perkins
Lane Utility Access Road
Planning/Design
Restoration
Scoping/Reconnaissance
Assess feasibility of modifying the utility service road and
sewer access points in order to remove shoreline armor and
restore to a natural beach.
Seattle Public Utilities Nearshore KI - 3 - 2 Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines
City of Seattle • Marine riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
NS-73 Beall Creek Salmon Habitat
Project
Restoration Replace current surface water extraction system with a fish
friendly system to allow for the return of salmon and other
salmonids
Water District 19 2923039086/Water
District 19
Protect, restore and
enhance marine shorelines
Water District 19 • Marine riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
Project
No.Project Name Project Type Project Description Sponsor
River mile and
Bank side/Nearshore
jurisdiction Primary Strategy (pick 1)Jurisdiction Goal alignment
Table 3.
Marine Nearshore Subwatershed Tier 3 Projects, continued
PAGE
100
PAGE
101Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Tier 2 (Score 7-18) 9 projects
DUW-18 ....Codiga Off-channel Habitat Expansion
DUW-22 ...Cecil Moses
DUW-24 ...Carrossino Restoration
DUW-26 ...S 104th St. Bank Stabilization/Restoration
DUW-3 ......Seattle LA Freight Revetment Setback
DUW-60 ...Herring’s House Park Fish Access Improvement
DUW-61 ....George Long
DUW-63 ...S. 115th St. Road Setback
Tier 3 (Score <7) 2 projects
DUW-14 ....Duwamish Waterway Park
DUW-19 ....Southgate Creek Restoration
Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed 19
projects
Tier 1 (Score 18+) 8 projects
DUW-2 ......Rendering Plant
DUW-7 ......Chinook Wind
DUW-7a ....Chinook Wind - Extension
DUW-25 ...Desimone Oxbow Restoration
DUW-29 ...Seattle City Light North/Hamm Creek
DUW-32 ...Duwamish River People’s Park & Shoreline Habitat (Terminal 117)
DUW-64 ...U-Haul River Project
DUW-66 ...Terminal 25 South
PAGE
102 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
DUW-67.......Codiga to TCC Corridor
DUW-3
DUW-2
DUW-7
DUW-7a
DUW-18
DUW-64 DUW-63
DUW-66
DUW-61
DUW-60
DUW-29
DUW-26
DUW-25
DUW-24DUW-22
DUW-19
DUW-18
DUW-14
DUW-32
2
1
8
9
3
4
5
6
7
12
10
11
Lake
Washington
Duwamish
R
iver
Miller CreekGreen
R
iver
Black
River
405
900
599
518
509
99 99 99
5
Spokane
St.
Viaduct
Lake Washington
Puget Sound
Elliott
Bay
Lake
Burien
SEATTLE
SEATTLE SEATTLE
BURIEN
UNINCORPORATED
KING
COUNTY
TUKWILA
SEATAC
RENTON MERCER ISLAND Note:The use of the information in this
map is subject to the terms
and conditions found at: www.kingcounty.gov/services/gis/Maps/terms-of-use.aspx. Your access and use
is conditioned on your acceptance of
these terms and
conditions.KCIT-DCE File: 2011_20202L_W9SHP_
ProjMap_DUW.
ai LPRE GIS File:Q:\20009\
WRIA9_Watershed.
mxd KLINKAT River mile
Project location
and name
River/creek Major road
Urban Growth
Area Line
Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
boundary WRIA
9 boundary
Open water
Public
lands Incorporated
Area Figure __
Duwamish
Estuary
Subwatershed Projects 1 N
0 1/
2 Mile
October 2020 1/
4 West
Seattle
BridgeDUW-1 PAGE 103 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed
Salmon Habitat
2021 Update
Figure 27.
DUW-2
RM
10
Gre
e
n
R
iv
e
r
T
r
ail
T
u
k
w
il
a
Gre en R. Tr a i l - Lower
Foster Golf Links
Foster Golf Links
57th Ave. SMiniPark
Interur
b
a
n
A
v
e
S
68th
Ave
S
900 5 D uw a m i s
h
River
TUKWILA UNINCORPORATED
KING
COUNTY RENTON
DUW-2 K ING C
OUNT Y
WRIA 9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands Miles 0
5 10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle PROJECT
AREA
MAP
Public LandsIncorp. AreaBoundaryParkN0200400
600
ft Backwater
Side Channel
Floodplain
Riparian
Edge
Acquisition
Planning/
Design
Restoration
Scoping/ReconnaissanceDuwamish
MarshDuwamish Mudflat
Primary strategy Protect, restore, and enhance channel
complexity and
edge
habitat.Benefits: Increased
rearing habitat Sediment
quality improvement Contribution to
goals metrics:DUW -
Riparian forest DUW - Shallow
water habitat
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
and restore seven + acres
with side channel
and backwater habitat
enhancements
and reforestation.Tier 1 Project:
DUW-2
Rendering Plant
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)
River mile: Duwamish RM 10.1 -
9.7/
right bank
Bankside jurisdiction:City
of Tukwila
Project sponsor: City
of Tukwila Budget: $9,
730,000
PROJECT TYPE:
KEY HABITAT:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google
Earth, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2010_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd
KLINKAT PAGE 104 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat
RM6GreenR
iverTra
i
l Lowe r G r e e nR i v er T r ail - Tukw
i l
a
Site1Duwamish
Cecil
MosesMemorial
Park
Tukwila Intl BlvdAirport Way S99 99 599 D u w
a
m
ish
R iver TUKWILA BURIEN East
Marginal Way
SDUW-7DUW-
64
K
ING
C
OUNT
Y WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles0 510LOCATION
MAP
Seattle
PROJECT AREA
MAPPubliclandsPark
N0200400600 ftIncorp.
Area Boundary Riparian Acquisition Restoration Duwamish MarshDuwamish
Mudflat Primary
strategy
Protect, restore, and
enhance channel complexity
and edge habitat.Benefits:
Increased habitat connectivity
Sediment quality improvement Contribution
to goals
metrics:DUW - Riparian forest DUW - Shallow water
habitat PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Expand and enhance
low velocity, shallow water rearing rearing
habitat (shallow subtidal and intertidal)
in the
Duwamish transition
zone.
Tier 1
Project: DUW-
7 Chinook Wind PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)
River mile: Duwamish
RM 6.
7/right
bank Bankside jurisdiction:City
of Tukwila
Project sponsor:
King County Budget: $14,900,000
PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_
10202L
LPREGISfileQ:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT PAGE 105 Green-
RM6GreenR
iverTra
i
l Lowe r G r e en R i v e r T r ail - Tuk w
i laSite1
DuwamishCecil
MosesMemorial
Park
Tukwila
Intl BlvdAirportWay S 99 99 599 D u
w
a
m i
s h River TUKWILA BURIEN
East Marginal
Way SDUW-
64
K
ING
C
OUNT
Y WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles0 510LOCATION
MAP
Seattle
PROJECT AREA
MAPPublicLandsPark
N0200400600 ftInc.
Area Boundary Riparian Acquisition Restoration Duwamish MarshDuwamish
Mudflat Primary
strategy
Protect, restore, and
enhance channel
complexity and edge
habitat.Benefits: Increased habitat
connectivity Recreation opportunities
Sediment quality improvement Contribution
to goals
metrics:DUW - Riparian forest DUW - Shallow water
habitat PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Expand and enhance the land
between Chinook Wind Mitigation
and Duwamish Gardens to create
a unified park
and rest.
Tier
1 Project:
DUW-7a
Chinook Wind Extension PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)
River mile: Duwamish
RM 6.
8/ right bank
Bankside jurisdiction:City of
Tukwila Project sponsor: City of Tukwila
Budget: $1,418,000 Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2010_
10202L LPRE
GIS file
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:Edge Planning/Design PAGE 106 Green-
DUW-25
6
RM
6
Duwamish
River
Green
R
iver Tra
il
Lower Site
1 Duwamish
Cecil Moses
Memorial Park
Turning
Basin
Number
3
East
Ma
rg
ina
l
Way
SEast
Ma
rg
ina
l
Way
S
E
a
s
t
M
a
rg
ina
l
Wa y
SEa
s t
Marg
ina
lWay
STukwila
Intl
BlvdTukwila
Intl
BlvdS
Boeing
Access
RdS
Boeing
Access Rd Airpo r t
Wa y
S Interurban
Interurban
Av
e
S
Av
e S 99
TUKWILA SEATTLE
BURIEN
K ING C
OUNTY WRIA9Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/
Maury Islands Miles 0 5 10 LOCATION
MAP Seattle
PROJECT
AREA MAP Public
LandsPark N0200400600 ftIncorp.
Area Boundary Primary strategy
Protect, restore, and
enhance channel complexity and
edge habitat.Benefits: Increased
rearing habitat
Sediment quality improvement Contribution to goals metrics:DUW - Riparian forest
DUW - Shallow water habitat LG - O-channel habitat
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire and restore 45.4-acre site located on
the western shore of the Duwamish River between river miles
5 and 6
resulting in 23.6 acres
of marsh created,
10.8
acres
of vegetation,
and 34.
4 acres refuge habitat
created.Tier 1 Project:
DUW-
25 Desimone Oxbow
Restoration PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Duwamish (DUW) River
mile: Duwamish
RM 6.
5 -5.3/left bank Banksidejurisdiction:
City of Tukwila Project sponsor: Unknown Budget: $84,193,945 PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:
Project
AreaMap:
Ortho2019KCNAT
aerial
photo
KCIT-
DCE
file:
2011_
10202L
LPRE
GIS
file
Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT Backwater Side ChannelRiparianEdge Enhancement/Planting Acquisition
RM
5
DUW-29DuwamishRiver
Gr
e
e
n
Ri
v
e
r
T
r
ai
l
L
o
w
e
r Port
of Seattle Tr
ailsHammCreekNatural
AreaTurningBasinNumber
3
D
e
s
M
o
i
n
e
s
M
em
o
r
i
a
l
D
r S
99
TUKWILA
UNINCORPORATED KING
COUNTY K ING C OUNT
Y
Seattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10 LOCATION
MAP
Seattle PROJECT AREA
MAP
Public
Lands Incorp. Area BoundaryParkN0200400600
ft Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat Plan • November
2020 Primary
strategy Protect, restore, and enhance channel complexity
and edge
habitat.
Benefits: Increased rearing
habitat Sediment quality
improvement Contribution to goals
metrics:DUW - Shallow water
habitat PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Create o channel habitat and shallow
water esturarine habitat in the area north of the
existing Duwamish 230 kV - 26 kV
substation.Tier 1 Project: DUW-
29 Seattle City Light North/Hamm
Creek PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Duwamish (
DUW)River
mile: Duwamish RM 5.
0 - 4.8/ left
bank
Banksidejurisdiction:City of
Seattle Project
sponsor: Seattle City
Light
Budget:
TBD PROJECT
TYPE:KEY
HABITAT:Site Photo: Wash. Dept. of Ecology Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial
photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT
Backwater
Nearshore Pocket
Estuary
Restoration
Tributary
PAGE 108 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021
RM
4
DUW-32
Duwamish
Ri
verGreen
River
Trail - LowerDuwamish
Trail King
County International
Airport
Boeing
Field14th
Ave
S16th
Ave
SEast
M ar g
inalW
ay
S
S Cloverdale
St
S
R
99 99 TUKWIL
A SEATTLE SEATTLE UNINCORPORATED KING COUNT Y K
ING
C O
U N
T
Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated Area N
Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10
LOCATION
MAPSeattlePROJECT
AREA
MAP
Public
Lands
N0200400600
ftIncorp.
Area
Boundary
Edge
Enhancement/
Planting
Planning/Design Restoration Duwamish Marsh Duwamish Mudflat Green/Duwamish and Central Puget
Sound Watershed
Salmon Habitat Plan • November 2020 Primary strategy Protect ,
restore, and
enhance
channel complexit y and
edge habitat .Benefits:
Increased habitat connectivit
y Recreation oppor tunities
Sediment quality improvement Contribution
to goals
metrics:DUW - Shallow waterhabitatPROJECT DESCRIPTION:Tier 1
Project: DUW-32Duwamish River
People’s
Park &
Shoreline Habitat (
Terminal 117)
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed: Duwamish (DUW)
River mile:
Duwamish
4.5 - 4.1 /
left bank
Jurisdiction:Por t of
Seattle
Project
sponsor: Por
t of
Seattle Budget: TBD PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:Site Photo: Wash. Dept. of
Ecology Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS
file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT Restore approximately
13.5 acres and 2,050 linear feet of
upland and aquatic habitats. The project will expand
o-channel habitat as well as
establish marsh vegetation and riparian forest, restore
estuarine shoreline via
removal
ofarmoring, and add large wood. PAGE 109 Green-Duwamish and Central
PAGE
110 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
DUW-64
RM6Green
River Trail Lower G r e en R i v e r T r ail - Tuk w
i l
a
Site1Duwamish
Cecil
MosesMemorial
Park
Tukwila
IntlBlvdAirport Way S 99 99 599 D u
w
a
m i s h River
TUKWILA BURIEN
East Marginal
Way
SK
ING
C
OUNT
Y WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles 0510 LOCATIONMAP
Seattle
PROJECT AREA
MAPIncorp. Area
BoundaryPublic LandsPark
N0200400600 ft Riparian Acquisition Restoration Duwamish MarshDuwamish
Mudflat Primary
strategy
Protect, restore, and
enhance channel
complexity and edge
habitat.Benefits: Increased rearing
habitat Recreation opportunities
Sediment quality improvement Contribution
to goals
metrics:DUW - Riparian forest DUW - Shallow water habitat PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire and restore 4.4-acre
parcel by creating o-channel
mudflat, marsh, and riparian
habitat.Tier
1
Project: DUW-
64 U-
Haul River Project PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)
River mile:
Duwamish RM 6.
5 - 6.
3/ right bank
Bankside jurisdiction:City of
Tukwila Project
sponsor: City
of Tukwila Budget: $11,770,000 PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:Project
Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google Earth, 2020 KCIT-DCE file: 2010_
10202L
LPRE
GIS
file
Q:\
20009\
PAGE
111Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
DUW-66
DuwamishRiver
Duwamish
RiverDuwamish
River Elliott Bay TrailWest
SeattleBridgeTrailHarborMarinaCorporate
Centerat Terminal 102 SW Spokane St
E Marginal Way SS Spokane St
West
Seattle
Brg
E
Marginal Way
SWest
Seattle Bridge
Seattle
Harbor Island UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY
UNINCORPORATED
KING COUNTY
99 K
ING
C
OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA 9 Incorporated
Area N
Vashon/
Maury Islands Miles
0
5
10LOCATION
MAP
Seattle
PROJECT
AREA
MAP
Public
Lands
N0200400600
ftPark
Backwater
Edge
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design Restoration Duwamish Marsh Duwamish Mudflat
Primary strategy
Protect,
restore, and enhance
channel complexity and
edge habitat.Benefits: Increased
rearing habitat Sediment quality
improvement Contribution
to goals metrics:DUW - Shallow water habitat
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore critically needed estuarine in the
East Waterway. Project will expand o-channel
habitat as well as establish marsh vegetation
and riparian forest, restore estuarine shoreline via
removal of armoring & creosote pile,
and add large
wood.Tier
1
Project: DUW-
66 Terminal
25 South PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Duwamish (
DUW)River mile:
Duwamish 0.
4 / right bank
Jurisdiction:
Port
of Seattle
Project sponsor:
Port of Seattle Budget: TBD PROJECT
TYPE:KEY HABITAT:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L
Tier 2 Project: DUW-3
Seattle LA Freight Revetment Setback
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Acquire properties, setback the revetment, create
shallow water edge habitat with backwater refuge
for salmonids, and improve shoreline conditions in
this freight district in Tukwila.
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)
River mile:
RM 9.7- 10.1 /
right bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:
City of Tukwila
Project sponsor:
City of Tukwila
Budget:
5,230,000
PROJECT TYPE: KEY HABITAT:
FloodplainEdge
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/
Design
AcquisitionRestoration
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Duwamish
Marsh
Duwamish
Mudflat
Riparian
5
6
th
P
l
S
5
1
s
t
P
l
SS130
t
h
P l S
125th
St56thAve
S49thAve
SGa
t
e
w
ay
D
r
50th
Ave
SBe
a
con
C
o
a
l M i
n e Rd
S S 124th
St 57th Ave
SS
Pamela
D
r
Private
RdS122nd
Ln
S
122nd
St48thAveSSL
an
gsto
nR
d
S
1
3
3
r
d
S
t48th
AveS56th
Ave
S57th
Ave SGateway Dr57th
Ave
S51
s
t
P
l
S
5
1 s
t P l S S
1
3
0
t
h P l
S
124th
St 57th Ave S5
1st
PlSS130
thP
l DUW-3
DuwamishRiverGreen
RiverTrail - T
ukwila
Foster
Golf
Links Codiga
ParkGreenRiverTrailSite
S 129th
St
5 0
t
h
P
l
S
S124th
St
Int e r
u r
banAveSTUKWILA
UNINCORPORATEDKINGCOUNTYN0
300600 ft150ParkPublic
Lands
Incorp.
Area
Boundary
DUW-
3
RM
9 5 599
900
KCIT-
DCE
VC
folder:
2010_10202w_
DUW-
3.
ai GIS file
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd9RM
9Gree
n
RiverTrai l -
TukwilaInte
r u
r
b a n A v
e SS 133rd StS 129th
St 5
0 t h P l S S
124th St Duwamish R i verTUKWILA UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY
Codiga Park Foster Golf Links TukwilaComm.Center
DUW-18
5 900
599
IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT
N0 300
600 ft150ParkPublic Lands Incorp. Area
Boundary
Tier 2 Project:
DUW-18
Codiga Off-channel
Habitat Expansion PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Expand
Codiga
Park
habitat
restoration
project
by
turning
the
backwater
area
into
a
side channel to increase rearing and refuge for salmon during higher flows.
Tier 2 Project: DUW-22
Cecil Moses
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Enhance access to and expand existing o-channel
habitat to increase quality and quantity of available
rearing habitat in the transition zone by expanding
existing inlet/outlet, removal of tire revetment, and
potential acquisition and restoration of adjacent
downstream creek parcel.
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)
River mile:
RM 6.3 / left bank
Bankside jurisdiction:
King County
Project sponsor:
Seattle Parks and Recreation
Budget: $5,000,000
PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:
Duwamish
Marsh
Acquisition
Restoration Duwamish
Mudflat
Green
River Trai l -
Lower
Green River
Trail
Tukwila Cecil MosesMemorial
Park
S
112th
StTukwila
Intl
BlvdDuwami
s
h River
TUKWILA BURIEN
UNINCORPORATED
KINGCOUNTY
DUW-
22
99 N0300600
ft150
RM 6
KCIT-
DCE
VCfolder: 2010_10202w_DUW-22.ai GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdPark Public
Lands Incorp. Area Boundary PAGE
113 Green-
Duwamish and
Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat
2021 Update KCIT-DCE
VC folder:
2010_
10202w_DUW-
24.ai
GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdUNINCORPORATED
KING COUNTY Tier
2 Project:
DUW-24 Carrossino
Restoration PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
properties and
create
shallow
mudflat,
marsh,
and
backwater
habitats.
PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:
Duwamish (
DUW)
River
mile:
6 - 6.1 /
right
bank Bankside
jurisdiction:
City of Tukwila Project
sponsor:
City
of
Tukwila
Budget: $
16,
304,
000 PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:Backwater
Riparian
EdgeEnhancement/
Planting
Acquisition
Planning/Design
Restoration
Duwamish Marsh
Duwamish
PAGE
114 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
DUW-26
99 RM
6
East
Ma
rgina
l
Way
SEas
t
Ma
rg
ina
l
Wa
y
SAi
rpo
r t Way
STukwilaIntlBlvdTUKWILASEATTLES
102nd
St
S 102nd StS 104t h
S t D u wamish RiverTier
2 Project:
DUW-26 S. 104th St. Bank Stabilization/
Restoration PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire properties, abandon and
remove the road, and create
shallow water
edge
and backwater
habitat in
the transition zone.PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)River
mile: 5.
6 / right bank
Bankside jurisdiction:City of
Tukwila Project
sponsor:
City
of
Tukwila
Budget: $
5,
930,
000
PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:
Green
River
Tra
il
LowerBackwaterRiparianEdgeAcquisition
Planning/Design
Restoration
Scoping/Reconnaissance Duwamish Marsh Duwamish
Mudflat N0 300 600 ft150ParkPublic Lands Incorp.
Area Boundary
KCIT-DCE VC folder: 2010_10202w_DUW-
26.ai GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdTier 2 Project: DUW-60
Herring's House Park Fish Access Improvement PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Adaptively
manage
an older
restoration project
to increase fish use by
expanding
channel
opening width, removing
shoreline armor
and considering a
bridge
over the channel for
recreational
access.PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:Duwamish (
DUW)
River
mile:
RM
1.
1 / left
bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:
City
of
Seattle
Project
sponsor:
Seattle
Parks
and
Recreation
Budget: $
1,
250,
000
KEYHABITAT:
Side
Channel
Nearshore
Pocket Estuary
Riparian PROJECTTYPE:
Planning/Design Restoration Duwamish TrailDuwamish Tra
i
l
Puget Park
West
Duwamish
Greenbelt
Pigeon
Point
ParkHerringsHouseParkTualtwx)
PAGE
115Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Tier 2 Project: DUW-61
George Long
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Create backwater refuge and riparian habitat
at the uppermost limit of the transition zone.
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Duwamish (DUW)
River mile:
10.4 / left bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:
City of Tukwila
Project sponsor:
City of Tukwila
Budget: $9,500,000
PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:
Backwater
Edge
Enhancement/
Planting
Acquisition
Restoration
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Duwamish
Marsh
Duwamish
Mudflat
Riparian
IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT
DUW-61
Green
RiverDuwam
ish R iverGreenRiverTra ilLow
e
rG
r
e
e
nR
i
v
e
r
T
ra
i
l
T
u
kwi
l a Foster
Golf Links Macadam
Winter Garden Fort
Dent Park S
144th
St
58thAve
SIn
teru
rbanAv
e S
SR
90
0
Green
River TUKWILA
UNINCORPORATEDKINGCOUNTYRM
10 DUW-
61
N0300600ft150ParkPublicLandsIncorp. AreaBoundaryIn
t
e
r
u
r
b
a n A v e
S KCIT-DCE VC folder:
2010_10202w_
DUW-61.ai GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdTier 2 Project: DUW-63 S.
115th St. Road Setback PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Relocate local
road and
create
shallow water
edge, backwater
mudflat, marsh, and riparian
habitat
as
part of the
Duwamish Hill
Preserve Master Plan.
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:Duwamish (
DUW)River
mile:RM
7 /
right
bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:
City
of
Tukwila
Project
sponsor:City of
Tukwila Budget: 4,
699,000 PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:Side ChannelEdge
Restoration
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Duwamish MarshDuwamishMudflatDuwamishHillPreserveS 115thSt42ndAve
SS
112th
StS115thSt42ndAveSS 112thStEastMargina
l
Way
S
Inte
r u r b
a n
A v e SEast Marg ina l Way S Inte
rurb
a
Table 4
Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed Tier 3 Projects
PAGE
116
PAGE
117Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Proj#Project Name Project Type Project Description Sponsor
River mile and Bank
side/Nearshore
jurisdiction Primary Strategy (pick 1)Jurisdiction Goal Alignment
DUW-14 Duwamish Waterway
Park
Acquisition
Planning/Design
Restoration
Scoping/Reconnaissance
Acquire adjacent properties, pull back bank armoring, revegetate. incorporate
recreational uses.
Seattle Parks and
Recreation
RM 3.6/left bank Protect, restore and enhance
marine shorelines;
City of Seattle Marine riparian vegetation
Shoreline armor
Shoreline conservation
DUW-19 Southgate Creek
Restoration
Other
Planning/Design
Restoration
Acquisition
Scoping/Reconnaissance
This project would improve fish passage, water quality and flooplain/flood-
control in Southgate Creek, which is piped and channelized through most of
its lower reach; the confuence of the Green would be improved for off-channel,
tributary Chinook use. Studies are required.
City of Tukwila RM 7.90/left bank Protect, restore and enhance
instream flows and cold water
refugia
City of Tukwila DUW - Riparian forest
DUW - Shallow water habitat
9RM9Gree
n
RiverTrai l - T
ukw ila
Interurban
AveSS
133rdStS129th
St
5
0
t
h
P
l
S S 124th
St
Duwamish
R
i
verTUKWILA
UNINCORPORATED KING
COUNTY
Codiga
Park Foster Golf
Links
TukwilaComm.
Center DUW-
67
5
900
599 IMAGE_
Ortho2019KCNATN0300600ft150ParkPublic
Lands Incorp.
Area
Boundary Tier 2 Project: DUW-
67 Codiga to TCC
Corridor PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire properties to create a public greenbelt
and shallow water and riparian habitat extending
from Codiga Park to the Tukwila Community
Center.PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Duwamish (
DUW)River
mile: RM 8.1-8.
3/right
bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:City of
Tukwila Project
sponsor: City of
Tukwila
Budget: 12,525,
000 PROJECT TYPE:KEY
HABITAT:
KCIT-
DCE
VC
folder:
2010_
10202w_
DUW-
18.
ai
GIS
file
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
PAGE
118 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Tier 2 (Score 7-18) 19 projects
LG-1 .........Reddington Habitat Creation
LG-5 ........Northeast Auburn Creek Restoration
LG-7 .........Mullen Slough
LG-10 ......Boeing Levee Setback Habitat Rehabilitation
LG-12 .......Briscoe Park Off-channel Habitat
LG-17 .......Fort Dent Revetment Setback
LG-18 .......Black River Marsh
LG-19 .......Lower Springbrook Reach Rehabilitation
LG-23 ......8th Street Bridge to 104th Ave Park Off-Channel
Habitat
LG-26......Valentine Revetment Setback
Tier 3 (Score <7) 13 projects
LG-2 ........Olson Creek Restoration
LG-15.......Nelsen Side Channel
LG-16 ......Gilliam Creek Fish Passage and Riparian
Rehabilitation
LG-20 .....Riverview Plaza Off-channel Habitat Creation
LG-21 .......Best Western Revetment Setback
LG-38 .....Fenster Slough Wetland Connection
LG-43 .....Panther Creek at East Valley Road Improvement
Project
LG-27 ......8th Street Acquisitions
LG-30 .....Mill Creek to Washington Ave Bridge Acquisitions
and Restoration
LG-31.......South of Veteran’s Drive Floodplain Reconnection
LG-32 ......Foster Park Floodplain Reconnection
LG-37 ......Strander Boulevard Off-channel Habitat Creation
LG-46 .....Mill Creek Protection and restoration near
Emerald Downs
LG-49 .....Horseshoe Bend Levee Riparian Habitat
Improvements
LG-51 ......Milwaukee 2 Improvements
LG-55 .....Frager Road Levee Setback
LG-52......Panther Creek at Talbot Road South Fish Passage
Improvement
LG-53 .....Signature Pointe Levee Improvements
LG-54 .....SR 516 to S 231st Way Levee
LG-56 .....Kent Airport Levee Setback
LG-57 ......Barnaby Truong Off-Channel Habitat Creation
LG-58 .....Briscoe Levee Riparian Habitat Improvements
Lower Green River Subwatershed
45
projects
Tier 1 (Score 18+) 13 projects
LG-3 ........Horsehead Restoration Project
LG-6 ........Wrecking Yards Restoration Project
LG-8 ........Lower Mill Creek Channel Restoration
LG-22 ......Wetland Floodplain Off-Channel Habitat
Reconnection
LG-28......North Green River Park
LG-29......North of Veteran’s Drive Floodplain
Reconnection
LG-33 .....Midway Creek Wetland Complex
LG-34 .....Johnson Creek Floodplain Project
LG-35 .....P-17 Stormwater Pond Connection
LG-39 .....Port of Seattle Mitigation Site Floodplain
Connection
LG-40 .....Downey Side Channel Restoration
LG-42 .....Lower Russell Road: Habitat Area A
LG-45 .....Teufel Off Channel Habitat Restoration
FEDERALWAY
LG-8
LG-7
LG-6
LG-5
LG-3
LG-1
LG-2
LG-57
LG-55
LG-54
LG-53
LG-56
LG-51
LG-49
LG-46
LG-45
LG-43
LG-52
LG-38
LG-27
LG-26
LG-23
LG-39
LG-22
LG-28
LG-30
LG-32
LG-33
LG-31
LG-29
LG-34
LG-35
LG-37LG-20 LG-21
LG-19LG-17
LG-16LG-15
LG-42
LG-10
LG-40
LG-58
LG-12
M
ill
C
r
Springbook
Cr.S. Mill
C r
Black
River
Green
Ri
ve
r
405
167
18 5
AngleLake
Star
Lake
Panther
Lake
Lake
Geneva
KENT
KENT
KENT
AUBURN
RENTON TUKWILA
ALGONA River
mile Project
location River/
creek Major road
Urban
Growth Area line
Lower
Green
River Subwatershed boundary
WRIA 9
boundary Open
water Public
lands
Incorporated area Figure __
Lower Green
River Subwatershed Projects 0 1/2
1
2
Miles N Note:The use of the information in this map is
subject to the terms and
conditions found at: www.kingcounty.gov/services/gis/Maps/terms-
of-use.aspx. Your access and use is conditioned on
your acceptance of these
terms and conditions.
KCIT-DCE File: 2011_20202L_W9SHP_ProjMap_
LGR.ai
LPRE GIS File:Q:\20009\WRIA9_
Watershed.
mxd
KLINKAT1PAGE119Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon
Habitat 2021
Update Figure 28.
Lower Green
RM
26
RM27Green
RiverTrail - KentGre
enRiv
e r
Mill Creek
North Green
River Park
Horsehead Bend
Natural Area
Horsehead Bend
Natural
Area UNINCORPORATED
KING COUNTY CITY
OF KENT S
259th
St
S262nd St S
266th
St
9
4
t
h
P
l S
Green River Rd LG-3
K ING
C OUNT
Y
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5 10 LOCATION
MAP Seattle
PROJECT AREA
MAP UrbanGrowthArea
Line
0 300ft150Reiten
RdPublic
Lands Incorp.
Area
BoundaryPark
N Backwater
Floodplain RiparianEdge Restoration Primary strategy Protect,
restore,
and enhance floodplain
connectivity.Benefits: Increased
habitat connectivity Increased
rearing habitat Water temperature
reduction Contribution to goals
metrics:LG - Large woody
debris LG - O-
channel habitat
LG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Create approximately
13 acres of backwater habitat and revegetate 3,
000 feet of river bank.
Tier 1 Project:
LG-3 Horsehead Restoration Project Project
Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo VC file: 2010_10202L_W9SHRPfact_HORSEHEAD.ai GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Lower Green (LG) River mile: 25.
7 - 26.
5 / left
bank Bankside
jurisdiction:King
County Project sponsor: King
County Budget: $
11,100,
000
PROJECT TYPE:KEY HABITAT:PAGE 120 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound
LG-6
RM
24
Green River
RMRM
Interurban
Trail -
KentGreen
River
Trail -
KentGreen
River Trail -
KentGreen River
Trail -
Kent FosterPark
Green RiverTrailSiteInterurban
Trail Site - KentSR167S259th
StS 259th St
72nd AveS72ndAveS1st
Ave
S1st
Ave
S79th Ave S79th Ave S3rd
Ave
S3rd Ave
S74th Ave
S74th
Ave
SS
266th
StS
266th St S
262nd St
80th
Ave
S80th Ave
SS 261st StS
261st
St
KENTKENTKENT
K ING C
OUNT Y
Seattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area N Vashon/Maury Islands Miles
0
5 10 LOCATION
MAP Seattle UNINCORPORATED
KING COUNTY PROJECT
AREA MAP Public Lands
N0200400600 ftParkUrban Growth Area
Line Bndy.EdgeBackwater
Floodplain Acquisition
Restoration Primary strategy Protect, restore, and
enhance floodplain connectivity.Benefits: Increased habitat
connectivity Increased rearing habitat Water
temperature reduction Contribution
to goals
metrics:
LG - O-channel
habitat LG -
Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire, remediate
and
restore wrecking
yards with
side channels
and
backwater features.Tier
1 Project:
LG-6 Wrecking Yards Restoration PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed: Lower Green (
LG)River mile: 24.1 - 24.9 / left bank Banksidejurisdiction:King County Project sponsor:
King CountyBudget:
37,000,
000
PROJECTTYPE:Site Photo: Google Earth Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo
Mill CreekS 277th
St
West
Valley
Hwy
N68th Ave
S167 AUBURN
KENT UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY LG-
8
K ING
C OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area N Vashon/
Maury Islands
Miles
0 5 10
LOCATION
MAP
SeattlePROJECTAREAMAPPublic
Lands N0200400 ftInc.
Area BoundaryParkUrban
Growth Area
Line
Bndy.Edge
Floodplain Acquisition Restoration Tributary Primary strategy Protect,
restore, and
enhance
channel complexity and
edge habitat.Benefits:
Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat Water
temperature reduction Contribution to
goals metrics:LG -
Large woody
debris LG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Improve aquatic habitat by remeandering the
tributary channel, revegetating, and adding
large wood to the creek
channel.Tier 1 Project: LG-
8 Lower
Mill
Creek Channel Restoration
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Lower Green (LG)River
mile: RM 23.7/left bank
Mill
Creek 0.
3-2.
3)Banksidejurisdiction:
King
County Project sponsor:
King County
Budget: 23,900,000 PROJECT TYPE:
Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT KEY HABITAT:PAGE 122 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget
PAGE
123Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
277th St C o r r id o r T r a
ilLG-22
RM
27
GreenRiver
Mill Cr.
North Green
River Park
Mill Creek
Earthworks Park
Riversands
Park
G
r
e
e
n
R
i
v
e
r
R
d
SE 267thStWoodland
Way SS 277th
St
KENT
KENT
AUBURN
UNINCORPORATED KING
COUNTY K ING COUNT
YSeattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10 LOCATION
MAP
Seattle PROJECT AREA
MAP
Public
LandsN0200400ftInc. AreaBoundaryParkUrban
Growth Area Line
Bndy.Edge
Floodplain Acquisition
RestorationTributarySide channel
Wetland
Riparian Primary
strategy Protect, restore, and enhance floodplain
connectivity.
Benefits: Habitat
preservation Increased habitat
connectivity Increased rearing
habitat Contribution to goals
metrics:LG - O-channel
habitat LG - Riparian
forest PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire and restore approximately 30 acres
of floodplain wetlands and provide access to 2,
000 feet of non-natal tributary rearing habitat.
Project would address an existing fish barrier at the
mouth of the creek and setback 1,800 feet of Green
River Road. Project design will need to consider
future location of the Green River
Trail.Tier 1 Project: LG-
22 Wetland Floodplain Off-channel Habitat
Reconnection PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Lower Green (
LG)River
mile: 27.2 - 27.
6 /right
bank
Jurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor: King
County
Budget: 1,165,
000 PROJECT
TYPE:Site Photo: Google Earth Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial
photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT KEY
LG-28
RM
27
Mill Cr.
Gree
n
R
iver
Trail
K
e
nt
North Green
River Park
Horsehead Bend
Natural Area
Mill Creek
Earthworks
Park
GreenRiverRdWoodlandWaySGreenRive
r
R
d
S
Gr
ee
n
R
i
v
e r
KENT
UNINCORPORATED KING
COUNTY UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY K
ING
C OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles 0
5
10 LOCATION MAP
Seattle
PROJECT
AREAMAPPublicLandsN0200400
ft.Park Urban
Growth Area
Line
Bndy.Inc.
Area Boundary
EdgeBackwater Floodplain
Acquisition
Restoration Side
channel Wetland
Riparian Tributary Primary strategy Protect, restore
and
enhance floodplain connectivity.
Benefits: Flood risk
reduction Increased habitat
connectivity Increased rearing habitat
Contribution to goals
metrics:LG - Bank armor
LG - O-
channel habitat PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore floodplain
habitat by removing revetments, restoring
reconnecting floodplain wetland, creating side channels
and backwater features, and integrating stream channel
from the adjacent project LG-22). Project design will
need to preserve or relocate
important regional recreational amenities i.e., soccer fields
and Green River access).Tier
1 Project: LG-28
North Green
River
Park PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Lower
Green (LG)River mile:
26.5 -
27.
3 /right
bank Jurisdiction:
King County
Project
sponsor: King County
Budget: 17,
100,000 PROJECT TYPE:Site Photo: Google Earth Project Area
Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
LG-
22
FragerRdTrailLG-29
RM19Gree
n R
i v
e
rGreen
River Trail -
KentKent Puget Power
TrailGreenRiver
Trail - KentGrandviewPark
Green
River
Trail
Site -
Kent Green
RiverNaturalResources
Area
Van
DorensLanding Park Rive rv iew
B
lvd S
Veterans Dr
KENT
KENT
SEATAC
K
ING
C OUNT Y
Seattle WRIA
9
Incorporated Area N
Vashon/
Maury
IslandsMiles0510
LOCATION
MAP
Seattle
PROJECT
AREA MAP
Public Lands N0200400 ft.Park Inc.
Area
Boundary Floodplain Restoration
WetlandRiparian Primary strategy
Protect, restore
and enhance floodplain connectivity.
Benefits: Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing
habitat Recreation opportunities Contribution to goals
metrics:LG - O-channel habitat PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Reconnect
floodplain wetland to river, improve
wetland area, while preserving Frager
Road Trail's connection to
the Green
River.
Tier 1 Project:
LG-29
North of Veterans Drive Floodplain
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Lower Green (LG)
River mile:
RM 18.9 -
19.
2/
left bank
Banksidejurisdiction:City of Kent Project sponsor:
City of Kent Budget: TBD PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-
DCE file:
2011_
10202L
LPRE
GIS
file
Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT KEY HABITAT:Enhancement/Planting Planning/Design
Frager Rd
TrailLG-
29
RM19Gre
enRiv
e rGreen
River Trail -
KentKent
Puget
Power Trail
Green River Trail -
KentGrandviewParkGreen
RiverTrailSite -
Kent
Green
RiverNaturalResources
Area
Van DorensLanding
Park
Rive
rv
iew B lvd S Veterans
Dr
KENT KENT
SEATAC K
ING
C
OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA 9 Incorporated
Area N
Vashon/
Maury Islands Miles
0
5
10LOCATIONMAPSeattlePROJECT
AREA
MAP
Public
Lands
N0200400 ft.
Park Inc. Area Boundary Floodplain Restoration
WetlandRiparian
Primary strategy Protect,
restore and enhance
floodplain connectivity.
Benefits: Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat Recreation
opportunities Contribution
to goals metrics:LG - O-channel
habitat PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Reconnect floodplain wetland to river,
improve wetland area, while preserving
Frager Road Trail's connection
to the Green River.Tier
1 Project:
LG-
29 North of
Veterans Drive
Floodplain PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed: Lower
Green (LG)
River
mile: RM 18.
9 - 19.
2/left bank
Banksidejurisdiction:
City
of Kent
Project sponsor: City of Kent Budget:
TBD PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L
LPRE GIS
file
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdKLINKATKEYHABITAT:Enhancement/Planting Planning/Design PAGE 125 Green-Duwamish
RM
21
RM
20
LG-33
Green River Trail - Kent
FragerRd
TrailRiverbendGolf
CourseRiverbendGolfCourseGreen
RiverTrailSite -
Kent
CottonwoodGrove
Park
53rd
Pl S516
KENT UNINCOR PORATED KING COUNTY
K
ING C
OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5 10 LOCATION
MAP
Seattle
PROJECTAREAMAPPublicLands
N0200400
ft.
Park
Inc.
Area
Boundary
Floodplain
Restoration
Wetland
Riparian
Acquisition
Monitoring &
Assessment Enhancement/
Planting
Planning/
Design
Side channel
Scoping/Reconnaissance Backwater Primary strategy Protect,
restore
and enhance floodplain
connectivity.Benefits: Increased
habitat connectivity Increased
rearing habitat Water temperature
reduction Contribution to goals
metrics:LG - O-
channel habitat
LG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore
Midway Creek and floodplain wetland complex by
removing wetland fill and improving fish passage
to enhance connectivity between the Midway Creek and
the Green River. Project design
should
maintain/enhance regional trail connectivity.
Tier 1 Project: LG-
33 Midway
Creek
Wetland Complex PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Lower Green (LG)River mile:
RM 19.
6 -
21.1/left
bank Banksidejurisdiction:
City of Kent
Project
sponsor:
City of
Kent Budget: TBD PROJECT TYPE:Project
Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT KEY HABITAT: Gre e
n R
i v
erLG-34
Valley Floor
Community ParkValleyFloor Community
Park
42nd
Ave
SRiverview
Blvd SS
212th StOrillia Rd SKENT KENT
TUKWILA
SEATAC UNINCORPORATED
KING COUNTY
Green
RiverK
ING
C
OUNT
Y Seattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles
0510LOCATIONMAP
Seattle
PROJECT
AREA
MAP
Public
Lands
N0200400
ft.
Park
Inc.
Area
Boundary
Floodplain
Restoration Riparian
Monitoring &Assessment Enhancement/Planting Planning/Design
Education
Outreach Tributary Primary
strategy Protect, restore
and enhance floodplain
connectivity.Benefits: Flood risk
reduction Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat
Contribution to
goals metrics:LG - O-channel habitat
LG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
properties, setback road and trail, reconnect floodplain, and
create
o-channel habitat to improve
water quality and
increase fish
access.
Tier 1 Project:
LG-34
Johnson Creek Floodplain PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Lower
Green (
LG)River mile:
RM 17.
2 - 17.8/
left
bank
Banksidejurisdiction:City
of Kent Project sponsor: City of
Kent Budget: TBD PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file:
2011_10202L
LPRE
GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT KEY HABITAT:PAGE 126
LG-34
Valley Floor
CommunityParkValleyFloor
Community Park
42nd AveSRiverview Blvd
SS
212th
StOrillia
Rd
SKENT KENT
TUKWILA SEATAC UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY
Green
RiverK ING
C OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area N Vashon/
Maury Islands
Miles
0 5 10
LOCATION
MAP
SeattlePROJECTAREAMAPPublic
Lands
N0200400
ft.
Park
Inc.
Area
Boundary
Floodplain
Restoration
Riparian
Monitoring &
Assessment
Enhancement/
Planting Planning/
Design Education Outreach Tributary Primary strategy
Protect,
restore and enhance
floodplain connectivity.Benefits:
Flood risk reduction
Increased habitat connectivity Increased
rearing habitat Contribution to
goals metrics:LG -
O-channel
habitat LG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Acquire properties, setback road and trail,
reconnect floodplain, and create o-channel habitat to
improve
water quality and increase fish
access.Tier 1
Project: LG-
34
Johnson Creek Floodplain
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Lower Green (LG)River
mile: RM
17.
2 - 17.8/
left bank
Banksidejurisdiction:City of
Kent
Project
sponsor: City
of Kent Budget: TBD PROJECT TYPE:
Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT KEY HABITAT:PAGE 127 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget
RM
14
LG-35
G
reen
River
InterurbanTrail -
TukwilaGreen
RiverTrail -
TukwilaInterurbanTrail
Site -
Tukwila
InterurbanTrail
Site -
Tukwila Minkler Blvd Andover Park
E181TUKWILA
RENTON K
ING C
OUNT
Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated Area N
Vashon/Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10
LOCATION
MAPSeattlePROJECTAREAMAP
Public
Lands
N0200400
ft.
Park
Incorp.
Area
Boundary Floodplain
Restoration
Riparian
Acquisition Planning/
Design Side channel Scoping/Reconnaissance Primary
strategy
Protect, restore and
enhance floodplain connectivity.
Benefits: Flood risk
reduction Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat Contribution
to goals
metrics:LG - O-channel habitat PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Relocate
the City of Tukwila's stormwater pond; clean and
connect the existing pond to the river, setback the levee to
create up
to 7 acres of o
channel habitat.Tier 1 Project:
LG-35
P-
17 Pond Connection
Reconnection PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed: Lower Green (LG)
River mile:
RM
13.7- 13.
9/left
bank Banksidejurisdiction:City
of
Tukwila Project sponsor:
City of
Tukwila Budget: 37,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map:
Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS
file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT KEY HABITAT:P-17Pond PAGE 128 Green-Duwamish and Central
RM
28
LG-39 Gr
e
e
n
R
i
v
e
r
Green River Trail - Auburn
277th StCor r i d o r T r a i l
North Green
RiverParkNorthGreen
River Park
Mary
Olson
Farm
Mary
Olson
Farm
RiversandsParkRiversandsPark
Green River TrailSiteGreenRiverTrailSite
G
r
e
e
n
R
i
v
e
r
R
d
AUBURN
KENT
UNINCOR
PORATED
KING
COUNTY
K ING C OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles
0 5 10
LOCATION MAP
Seattle
PROJECT AREA MAP
N0200400ft.Inc. Area
Boundary
PublicLandsPark
Floodplain
Restoration
Riparian
Primary strategy
Protect, restore and enhance floodplain connectivity.
Benefits:
Flood risk reduction
Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat
Contribution to goals metrics:
LG - O-channel habitat
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Connect the Port of Seattle's existing wetland
mitigation site with the 100-year floodplain. Within
the ~78 acres of reconnected floodplain,
approximately 11 acres would be available as
regularly inundated o-channel rearing habitat for
Chinook salmon. The Port also owns an adjacent
34 acre site to the west which could support
restoration of additional wetland habitat and
further enhance floodplain connectivity. Project
Design will need to address future Green River Trail
alignment around this project area.
Tier 1 Project: LG-39
Port of Seattle Mitigation Site Floodplain Connection
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Lower Green (LG)
River mile:
27.9 - 28.2 / left bank
Jurisdiction:
City of Auburn
Project sponsor:
Port of Seattle
Budget:
TBD
PROJECT TYPE:
Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google Earth
KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
WetlandBackwater
PAGE
129Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
G re e n RiverTrail -
K
e
ntFrager Rd T r a i l
RM
22
LG-40GreenRiver
Riverbend
Golf Course
Lake Fenwick Park
HoganParkRussel
l
Rd W Meeker
St
KENT
UNINCORPORATED KING
COUNTY K ING C OUNT
Y
Seattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10 LOCATION
MAP
Seattle PROJECT AREA
MAPN0200400ft.Inc.
Area
Boundary
Public
Lands Urban
Growth Area LineBndy.
Park
Restoration Primary
strategy Protect, restore and enhance floodplain
connectivity.
Benefits: Flood risk
reduction Increased habitat
connectivity Increased rearing
habitat Contribution to goals
metrics:LG - Large woody
debris LG - O-channel
habitat LG - Riparian
forest PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Create network of side channels to
provide rearing habitat and increase flood
storage capacity, add large wood to create
habitat complexity, cover and refuge, and lower
peak flood elevations during 100-year flood
events. Tier 1 Project: LG-
40 Downey Side Channel
Restoration PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Lower Green (
LG)River
mile: RM 21.5 -
22/left
bank
Banksidejurisdiction:City of
Kent Project
sponsor: City of
Kent
Budget: 6,800,
000 PROJECT
TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google
Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT KEY
HABITAT:Side
channel
Monitoring &
Assessment
516
Gr
e
e
n
R
i
v
e
r
PAGE 130 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021
PAGE
131Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021UpdateFrager
Rd
TrailRussell
RdRussell Rd
SRM
18 LG-42 Green RiverGreen River Natural Reso
u r c e
s A rea
TrailsGreen River
Trail - K e n
t Green
River Natural
ResourcesAreaValleyFloor
Community Park Van
Dorens
Landing Park Green RiverTrail Site -
Kent
S 216th
StRiverview Blvd
SS
212th
St
KENT
K
ING C OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA
9 Incorporated Area
NVashon/MauryIslands Miles
0
5
10 LOCATION MAP
Seattle
PROJECT
AREA
MAP
N0200400
ft.
Public LandsPark
Trail Floodplain Restoration Edge Side channel
Monitoring &
Assessment Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design Primary
strategy Protect, restore,
and enhance floodplain connectivity.
Benefits: Flood risk reduction
Increased habitat connectivity Increased
rearing habitat Contribution
to goals
metrics:LG - Large woody debris LG - O-
channel habitat LG - Riparian forest PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Create o-channel habitat
by grading and reshaping the bank,
widening the channel, restoring
channel complexity and meanders, excavating
low benches, installing large wood, and
planting native
vegetation.
Tier 1 Project:
LG-42
Lower Russell Road: Habitat Area
A PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Lower Green (
LG)River
mile: RM 17.
9 -
18.
3/right bank Banksidejurisdiction:City of Kent Project sponsor: City
of Kent Budget: TBD Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google Earth
KCIT-DCE
file: 2011_
PAGE
132 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Fra
ger
R
d
Tr
ail
LG-45
Green River
GreenRiver Trail - Ke n t
Riverbend Golf Course
RussellRoadPark
Green RiverTrailSite - Kent
CottonwoodGrovePark
Russel
l
Rd53rdPlSLakesideBlv
d W W
James St W
Meeker
St
KENT
KENT
RM
20
RM 21 K ING C
OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands Miles 0
5 10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle PROJECT
AREA
MAP
PublicLandsN0200400
ft.
Park
Floodplain
Restoration
Wetland
Riparian
Edge
Enhancement/
Planting
Planning/Design
Side
channel Backwater
Primary strategy Protect, restore, and enhance
floodplain
connectivity.Benefits: Flood
risk reduction Increased
habitat connectivity Increased
rearing habitat Contribution to
goals metrics:LG - Large
woody debris LG - O-
channel habitat LG -
Riparian forest
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore 36 acres by creating side
channel and backwater habitat on a
largely undeveloped shoreline in City
of Kent.Tier 1 Project:
LG-45 Teufel Off Channel
Habitat Restoration
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed: Lower
Green (LG)
River mile: 20 -
20.8 /
left
bank
Jurisdiction:Kent
Project sponsor: King
County Flood
Control
District Budget: 12,
525,000 - 33,
975,000
PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT
aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
KEY
HABITAT:
PAGE
133Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Tier 2 Project: LG-1
Reddington Habitat Creation
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The previous Reddington Levee Setback project was
done with a focus on flood risk reduction benefits and
left two areas waterward of the levee that have room
for side channel and/or backwater type habitats. This
project would design and create additional habitat
integrated with the existing habitat features on site.
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Lower Green (LG)
River mile:
28.6 - 28.2 /
left bank
Jurisdiction:
King County
Project sponsor:
King County
Budget:
TBD
PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:
Backwater
Side Channel
Floodplain
Edge
Restoration
LG-1
Green
River
Trail - AuburnTrailsBrannan
ParkBrannanPark
MaryOlsonFarm
Issac
EvansPark
NorthGreen
RiverPark RiverpointPark
GreenRiverRd
SEGreen
River
RdAUBURN
Green
RiverRM 29
LG-1N0300600
ft150ParkPublic Lands KCIT-
DCE
VC
folder: 2010_
10202w_LG-
1.ai GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdFloodplain
Wetland EdgeRestoration
TributaryRiparian LG-49 Green River Trail - KentHorsehead
BendNatural Area S 266th St Maple LnEast Valley Hwy
SCentral Ave S86th Ave S KENT Green
RiverUNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY KCIT-DCE VC folder: 2010_
10202w_LG-5.ai GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdLG-5
Tier 2
Project: LG-5 Northeast
Auburn
Creek Rehabilitation
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Enhance floodplain
and
stream habitat by
creating o
channel rearing
and
high flow
refuge
habitatfor juvenilesalmon.
PAGE
134 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
FloodplainEdge
Acquisition
Restoration
TributaryRiparian
LG-7
MillC
ree
k
LakeFenwickPark
Private Rd
5
2
n
d
A
v
e
S
KENT
UNINCORPORATED
KINGCOUNTYMullen
SloughKCIT-DCE
VC folder: 2010_10202w_LG-
7.ai
GIS file
Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdN0300600 ft150 Tier
2 Project: LG-7 Mullen Slough PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:
This project
would
remeander and revegetate
the tributary,
increasing quantity and quality
of aquatic
habitat.PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:Lower
Green (LG)
River mile:
21.
5 / left bank
Mullen Slough
1 - 2)
Jurisdiction:King County
Project
sponsor:King
County
Budget:
9,
600,
000
PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:
LG-7
Park
Incorp. Area
Boundary
Urban
GrowthBoundary
Floodplain EdgeEnhancement/
Planting
Restoration
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Riparian Frager Rd
TrailFr a g
erR
d
S KCIT-DCE
VC
folder:
2010_
10202w_
LG-
10.
ai
GIS
file
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxdLG-10
Green Riv e r Green
River Trail Site - Kent Trails
Valley FloorCommunity
Park ThreeFriendsFishingHole 59th Pl SSouthcenter PkwyRussell RdS
200th St KENT TUKWILA RM 17 Green River
T r a i l KentN0300600 ft150
LG-10 Tier 2 Project: LG-10 Boeing
Levee Setback Habitat Rehabilitation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Balance
future habitat,
flood
protection and recreation
on the
site. Explore opportunities to add
alcove
habitat, excavate low
benches and
alcoves, install large
wood,
and
plant native
riparian vegetation,
while
PAGE
135Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Floodplain
EdgeEnhancement/
Planting
Restoration
Riparian
LG-12 BriscoePark
62nd Ave SSouthcenter
PkwyS
190thSt
S18
4
t
h
P
l
TUKWILA KENT SEATAC G r e e n R
iver Trail -Kent G re e n R i
v
e
rRM
16 KCIT-
DCE VC folder: 2010_10202w_
LG-12.ai GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdN0300600 ft150 LG-12 Tier 2 Project:
LG-12 Briscoe Park Off-channel
Habitat PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Create o-channel habitat
at Briscoe Park by removing bank armor,
excavating perched floodplain, installing large
wood, and
planting
riparian vegetation. Project
design needs
to address potential impacts to recreational amenities
at Briscoe
Park. PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:Lower
Green (LG)River
mile:
RM
15.6 -
16.
1 / right
bank
Bankside jurisdiction:
City
of
Kent
Project
sponsor:
City of
Kent
Budget:
TBD
PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:
5Park
Public
Lands Incorp. Area
Boundary
Enhancement/
Planting
Planning/
DesignRestorationScoping/ReconnaissanceBackwaterFloodplainEdge Riparian
Fort
DentPark
TukwilaPark65th
Ave S62nd Ave SS 151st
St
In
te
ru
rban
Ave
S
South
c
e
n
t
er
Blvd TUKWILA
RENTON G reen R iv
e r G r
e e
n Ri ver Trail - TukwilaI nt er urban TrailTukwilaRM
12 181405 KCIT-DCE VC folder: 2010_10202w_
LG-
17.ai
GIS
file Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxdN0300600 ft150 LG-17
Tier 2
Project:
LG-
17 Fort Dent
Revetment Setback
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Setback
portions
of the Fort
Dent revetment
to create
shallow
water habitat,
riparian
PAGE
136 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Enhancement/
Planting
Acquisition
Planning/
Design
Restoration
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Duwamish
Marsh
Duwamish
Mudflat
Backwater
Edge
Riparian
KCIT-DCE
VC folder: 2010_10202w_
LG-18.
ai
GIS
file
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdLG-
18
Black
Riv
e
rLake
to
Sound
TrailGreenRiver
Trail -
Lo
we
r
G
r
e
e
n
R
i
v
e
r
Trail -
TukwilaFortDentPark
BlackRiverPumpStation
FosterGolf
Links
BlackRiverForest
In
te
ru
rban
A
ve
SMo
n
s t
er
R d SW68th Ave S
TUKWILA RENTON G
r e
e n Ri verDuwamish River RM 11 LG-18 N0300600
ft150 Tier 2 Project: LG-18 Black River
Marsh PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Create an island at the
confluence of the Black, Green, and Duwamish Rivers, and increase edge
habitat, flood
storage,
and o-channel
refuge. Revegetate
the shoreline along the
Black River
up
to
the Black River
Pump Station.
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Lower
Green (LG)River
mile:RM
11 - 11.
8 /
right bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:
City
of
Tukwila
Project
sponsor:
City
of
Tukwila
Budget:
4,699,
000PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:Park
Public Lands
Incorp.
Area Boundary
Wetland Monitoring &Assessment
Acquisition Planning/Design
Restoration Scoping/Reconnaissance Tributary Edge Riparian
KCIT-
DCE
VC
folder: 2010_
10202w_LG-
19.
aiGIS
file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxdLG-19Springbook CreekBlack River
SpringbrookTrailBlack River
Forest Waterworks Gardens SW 16th St SW 7th
St SW Grad y W a y
Oakesdale Ave SW RENTON TUKWILA LG-19
IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT 405 N0300600
ft150 Tier
2
Project: LG-19
Lower Springbrook
Reach Rehabilitation
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Improve
the
aquatic and riparian
habitat for
Lower Springbrook Creek
with
riparian plantings, large
woody debris,
pool construction, channel
PAGE
137Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Side Channel
FloodplainEnhancement/PlantingAcquisition
Planning/
Design
Restoration Riparian
KCIT-DCE
VC folder: 2010_
10202w_
LG-
23.aiGISfileQ:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdLG-27 104th
Avenue SE
Park
Scootie
Brown
ParkM St
NERSt
NE14th St NE Ri ver
vi ew Dr NE104th Ave SE8th St NE Lea Hill
Rd SEGreen
River AUBURN RM 31 LG-23 N0300600 ft150
Tier 2 Project: LG-23 8th Street Bridge to 104th
Ave Park
Off-Channel
Habitat
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
private properties
and restore o-channel and
riparian habitat,
including
up
to 0.25
miles of
potential side channel.
PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:Lower
Green (LG)River
mile:
RM
30.
4 -
31.
1 /
right
bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:
City
of
AuburnProject
sponsor:
City of
Auburn
Budget: TBD PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:
Park
Public
Lands FloodplainEnhancement/
Planting
Acquisition
Planning/Design Restoration Tributary
RiparianKCIT-DCEVCfolder: 2010_10202w_LG-26.ai
GIS fileQ:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdGreen
R ive r TrailAuburn
Issac
Evans
Park
Green River
Trail Site
DykstraPark
State Park Auburn Narrows 104th
Avenue SE Park
Green R
i v e r R d S E
22nd St NE Rive rv iew D r NE104th Ave
SELea Hill Rd S ESE 304th WayG re
en River AUBURN RM 30
LG-26
IMAGE_
Ortho2019KCNAT N0300600 ft150
Tier 2
Project: LG-26 Valentine Revetment
Setback PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:
Setback
the existing revetment
and relocate
Green River Road
to
the
north, away
from the river.
PAGE
138 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
FloodplainAcquisition
Planning/
Design
Restoration
Riparian
KCIT-
DCE
VC
folder:
2010_
10202w_
LG-
27.ai
GIS file
Q:\
20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdState Park
Auburn Narrows Scootie
Brown Park Lea
Hill
Tennis
Courts
R
StNE105
th
P
l SE107th
Pl SE8th
St NE 104th Ave SELea
Hill Rd SEE
Main St
SE 320th St R St SEGreen R
i v
e r
AUBURN
RM 31 LG-
27 IMAGE_
Ortho2019KCNAT Tier 2 Project: LG-
27 8th
Street
Acquisitions
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire
properties and
restore o-channel
and
riparian
habitat.PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Lower
Green (LG)
River
mile:RM 31.1 -
31.
4 /
right
bank
Bankside jurisdiction:City ofAuburnProjectsponsor:City
of
Auburn
Budget:
TBD
PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:
Park
Public
Lands
Incorp.
Area Boundary
Urban GrowthBoundaryN0300
ft
Floodplain
EdgeAcquisition
Restoration
Riparian
KCIT-
DCE
VC folder:
2010_
10202w_
LG-
30.
ai
GIS
file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxdFrager R d T r
a i l Mill CreekInterurban Trail - KentGreen River T
r a
i l Kent WillisStreetGreenbelt Kiwanis Park #4 74th Ave
SS 259th St68th Ave SWashingtonAve SG re e
n River
KENT
UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY
167 181
518 RM 23 RM 24
LG-30
IMAGE_
Ortho2019KCNAT
Tier 2 Project:
LG-30
Mill Creek to
Washington
Ave
Bridge Acquisitions
and Restoration
PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire
left
bankproperties fromMill
PAGE
139Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
FloodplainEnhancement/
Planting
Planning/
Design
Restoration
KCIT-DCE VC folder:
2010_10202w_
LG-31.aiGISfileQ:\20009\
WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.
mxdFrager
Rd
TrailKent
Puget
Power
Trail
Riverview
Blvd
SVeterans
Dr
S
22
8
t h
S t
SR 5 16 Frager Rd
SKENT KENT RM 19 Green River
T r
a i l KentG reen River LG-31 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT
Tier 2 Project:
LG-31
South
of Veterans Drive
Floodplain Reconnection
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Create o-channel
habitat in
small
triangle
of flat land
behind Frager
Road.PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Lower
Green (LG)
Rivermile:RM
19.4 -
19.
3 /
left
bank
Bankside
jurisdiction:
City
of
Kent Project
sponsor:City
of
Kent
Budget:
TBD PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:
N0300600 ft150ParkPublicLandsIncorp.
AreaBoundary
Floodplain
Edge
Planning/
Design
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Riparian KCIT-
DCE
VC folder:
2010_10202w_LG-32.ai
GIS file Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxdLG-51 LG-30 Mill CreekInterurban Trail - KentGreen
River Trail - KentGr een River
Trail - KentFoster
Park
3rd Ave SS
259th St74th
Ave S79th Ave S72nd
Ave SS
262nd
St68th
Ave SKENT UNINCORPORATEDKING
COUNTY Gre
e n River
RM
24
LG-32
167IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT
Tier 2
Project:
PAGE
140 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Backwater
Floodplain
Planning/
Design
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Wetland
Riparian
LG-37InterurbanTrail - TukwilaBicentennial
ParkAndover Park
EStrander Blvd SW
27th St
TUKWILA
RENTON
Green
RiverRM 13
181 LG-
37 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT Tier 2
Project: LG-37 Strander Boulevard Off-
Channel Habitat
Creation PROJECT DESCRIPTION:This project would connect an
isolated wetland area in between two railroad tracks with
the river creating floodplain connection and use
for salmonid
rearing and
refugia.
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Lower Green (
LG)River mile:RM 13.
1 /
right
bank Bankside jurisdiction:
City of
Tukwila Project sponsor:
City
of Tukwila Budget:
10,000,
000PROJECTTYPE:KEYHABITAT:
N0300600 ft150ParkPublic
Lands
Incorp.
Area
Boundary
KCIT-
DCE
VC folder: 2010_10202w_
LG-
37.
ai GIS
file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdFloodplain Acquisition
Restoration Tributary Wetland Riparian Mill CreekInterurban Trail - AuburnM
St NW29th
St NW Ron Crockett Dr NWWest Valley Hwy
NAUBURN 167 LG-46 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT Tier
2 Project: LG-46 Mill Creek
Protection and Restoration Near Emerald Downs
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Acquire
property and restore
creek meander
of the existing channel, revegetate
the riparian
zone and associated wetland habitat,
and
increase
channel capacity
to reduce
existing flood
risks.
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Lower Green (LG)Rivermile:
PAGE
141Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Floodplain
EdgeEnhancement/
Planting
Acquisition
Planning/
Design
Restoration
Upland
Riparian
Interurban
Trail - KentGreenRiverTrail -
KentFoster ParkSR 167SR
167S 259th St 1st Ave S3rd Ave S74th Ave
S79th
Ave
S72nd
AveSS
262nd St
G re
e n R iver
RM 24
KENT UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTY LG-51 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT
Tier 2 Project: LG-51Milwaukee 2 Improvements PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Excavate a backwater channel, remove all invasive vegetation and
hardscape, and replace with native plants and trees.
Place large wood within the project area. The
project increases rearing and refuge
habitat for
salmon.
The project must
balance flood
protection and recreation goals,
including regional
trail
improvements.PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:Lower
Green (LG)River
mile:
24.
0 - 24.3 / left
bankJurisdiction:City
of Kent
Project
sponsor:
City
of
Kent
Budget:
TBD
PROJECT
TYPE:KEY
HABITAT:KCIT-
DCE
VC folder:
2010_
10202w_LG-51.
ai GIS file
Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxdN0300600
ft150ParkPublic Lands Incorp.
Area Boundary
RM 25 RM 26HorseheadBend NaturalArea Green River Trail
Site Interurban
Trail Site - Kent S 259th St S
266th St Maple Ln79th Ave S1st Ave S3rd
Ave S80th
Ave
SS 262nd StS
261st StCentral
Ave SEast Valley Hwy
SGreen RiverInterurban
TrailGreen
River Trail Green
River TrailLG-
49 Tier 2
Project:
LG-
49Horseshoe Bend
Levee Riparian
Habitat
Improvements PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:
Setbacklevee
segments, and
install
largewood
structures
along
the
riverbank
to
provide
salmon
habitat.
PROJECT
PAGE
142 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
EdgeRestoration
Riparian
IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNATFrager
Rd TrailLG-
55 Green
River Trail -
KentGreen
River Natural
Resources Area
Valley Floor
Community
Park
Van Dorens Landing
Park S 216th
St Riverview Blvd
SS
212th
St
S 216th
St Frager Rd SGreenRiverKENTRM18 LG-
55 Tier
2 Project: LG-55Frager Road Levee Setback PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Reconstruct
the toe, slope and levee crest
to a stable configuration
with a
fully
bioengineered solution, including
a vegetated
bench.PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:Lower
Green (LG)
River mile:
RM 17.25 -
18.75 /
left bank Bankside
jurisdiction:
City
of Kent
Project sponsor:City ofKent
PAGE
143Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
PAGE
144
PAGE
145Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Table5Lower Green River Subwatershed Tier 3 Projects
Proj#Project Name Project Type Description Sponsor
River mile and Bank side/
Nearshore jurisdiction Primary Strategy (pick 1)Jurisdiction Goal Alignment
LG-2 Olson Creek
Restoration
Restoration Improve quality of aquatic habitat through setting back the banks, adding large
wood to channel, and expanding riparian vegetation along the creek. Increase
amount and quality of flood refuge habitat by reconnecting southern grassy area
at lower flows and restoring as a wetland. This project will build off of a KCDOT
project to fix the fish passage barrier at the mouth in 2020.
King County RM 28.4 / right bank Protect, restore and enhance
instream flows and cold water
refugia
City of Auburn LG - Large woody debris
LG - Off-channel habitat
LG - Riparian Forest
LG-15 Nelsen Side Channel • Acquisition
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design
Restoration
This project reconnects a segment of the former river channel that was discon-
nected with construction of I-405 and rerouting of the river.
City of Tukwila RM 12.5 /right bank Protect, restore, and enhance
channel complexity and edge
habitat
City of Tukwila LG - Large woody debris
LG - Off-channel habitat
LG - Riparian Forest
LG-16 Gilliam Creek
Fish Passage
and Riparian
Rehabilitation
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design
Restoration
This project will replace a large flapgate that inhibits salmonid usage of the
Gilliam Creek tributary, and restore nearly 300 lineal feet of the lowest stretch of
Gilliam Creek.
City of Tukwila RM 12.5 / left bank Restore and improve fish passage City of Tukwila LG - Off-channel habitat
LG-20 Riverview Plaza
Off-channel Habitat
Creation
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design
Restoration
This City-owned parcel once had a modest picnic area for viewing, but those
have since been removed. There are several, large cottonwood trees in this low
bank area with opportunities to create shallow water habitat while preserving
most or all of the trees. It is waterward of the levee and Green River Trail.
City of Tukwila RM 12.7 / left bank Protect, restore, and enhance
channel complexity and edge
habitat
City of Tukwila LG - Large woody debris
LG - Off-channel habitat
LG - Riparian Forest
LG-21 Best Western
Revetment Setback
Acquisition
Restoration
This project would setback this revetment to the extent possible. There is a hotel
80’ landward; setting it back somewhat could create some edge habitat. Should
look for opportunities in the event of property redevelopment.
City of Tukwila RM 12.7 / right bank Protect, restore and enhance
floodplain connectivity
City of Tukwila 1. Off-channel habitat
2. Riparian
3. Large Woody Debris
Forest
LG-38 Fenster Slough
Wetland Connection
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design
Restoration
Reconnect approximately 1/2 acre of wetland area to the Green River that is
currently cut off by the Fenster II Levee. The area has the potential to provide
backwater/off-channel and riparian habitat functions.
City of Auburn RM 40 / left bank Protect, restore and enhance
floodplain connectivity
City of Auburn LG - Off-channel habitat
LG-43 Panther Creek at
East Valley Road
Improvement
Project
Acquisition
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design
Restoration
The project is intended to provide daylighting and habitat improvements of Pan-
ther Creek from river mile 0.5 to 0.0 and the adjacent East Valley wetlands. This
includes improving hydrologic and hydraulic function through repairing and/or
replacing the existing culverts at East Valley Road and Lind Ave SW.
City of Renton RM 1 1 / right bank Restore and improve fish passage City of Renton LG - Off-channel habitat
LG-52 Panther Creek at
Talbot Road South
Fish Passage
Improvement
Acquisition
Other
Planning/Design
The project intends to provide fish passage and improved conveyance through a
culvert replacement along Panther Creek at the Talbot Road South culvert.
City of Renton Surface
Water Utility
RM 11 / right bank Restore and improve fish passage City of Renton LG - Off-channel habitat
LG-53 Signature
Pointe Levee
Improvements
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design
Restoration
Acquisition
Setback levee segments and slope. Install large wood and native riparian plants.
Address potential for recreational impacts of moving the trail further from the
river and closer to residential units.
City of Kent RM 23.15 - 21.75 / left
bank
Protect, restore, and enhance
channel complexity and edge
habitat
City of Kent LG - Bank Armor
LG - Large woody debris
LG - Off-channel habitat
LG-54 SR 516 to S 231st
Way Levee
Planning
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Balance habitat, flood protection, and recreation. Set back existing levee to allow
for more flood storage and habitat improvements. These potential improvements
include flatter riverbank side slopes, log jams along the river, and increased
riparian plantings.
City of Kent RM 21.75 - 19.2 5/ left
bank
Protect, restore and enhance
floodplain connectivity
City of Kent LG - Bank Armor
LG - Off-channel habitat
LG - Riparian Forest
LG-56 Kent Airport Levee
Setback
Planning/Design
Restoration
Acquisition
Setback the levee, incorporate current stormwater pond into riparian buffer, and
install native plants.
City of Kent RM 24.1 - 23. 8/ left bank Protect, restore, and enhance
channel complexity and edge
habitat
City of Kent LG - Riparian Forest
LG-58 Briscoe Levee
Riparian Habitat
Improvements
Enhancement/Planting
Planning/Design
Restoration
Re-grade side slopes that are overly steep, remove non-native invasive plant
species, and plant new native vegetation in areas that have not already been
improved. The project also includes installation of large wood structures along
the river’s edge throughout the length of the levee reach where feasible.
City of Kent RM 17.0 - 16.1 / right bank Protect, restore, and enhance
channel complexity and edge
habitat
City of Kent LG - Off-Channel Habitat
PAGE
146 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Tier 2 (Score 7-18) 5 projects
Middle Green River Subwatershed 14
projects
Tier 1 (Score 18+) 8 projects
MG-3 .......Flaming Geyser Floodplain Reconnection
MG-9 ......Lones Levee Restoration
MG-11 ......Turley Levee Setback
MG-13 .....Hamakami Levee Setback
MG-19 .....Lower Soos Creek Channel Restoration
MG-21 .....Whitney Bridge Reach Acquisition and Restoration
MG-24 ....Meyer/Imhof Levee Setback
MG-26 ....Newuakum Creek Tributary Acquisition and Restoration
Tier 3 (Score <7) 1 project
MG-6 ......Middle Newaukum Creek Riparian Planting and Large Woody Debris Placement
MG-10 .....Burns Creek Restoration
MG-16 .....Ray Creek Restoration
MG-20 ....Auburn Narrows Floodplain Restoration
MG-22 ....Kanaskat Reach Restoration
MG-25 ....Little Soos Restoration - Wingfield Neighborhood
PAGE
147Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
MG-3MG-3MG-9MG-9
MG-6MG-6
MG-26MG-26
MG-24MG-24MG-13MG-13
MG-19MG-19 MG-23MG-23
MG-21MG-21
MG-10MG-10
MG-11MG-11
MG-20MG-20
MG-16MG-16
MG-25
Green RiverBig
Soos CrBigSoosCrCoal
Cr
CoalC
r
Jenkins
Cr.Jenkins Cr.DeepCr.Deep Cr.Bear
Cr.
Bear
Cr.
Ravensdale
Cr.
Big
S
o
o
s
Cr.
Big
S
o
o
s
Cr.
Newauku
m
Cr.
Newauku
m
Cr.
18LakeSawyer
Lake
Meridian
ENUMCLAWENUMCLAW COVINGTONCOVINGTON
AUBURNAUBURN KENTKENT KENTKENT
KENTKENT
MAPLE VALLEY
MAPLE VALLEY
BLACK DIAMOND BLACK
DIAMOND
Tacoma HeadworksDiversion Dam
Lake
Youngs
River mile Project
location and
name River/
creek Major
road
Urban Growth
Area
line Middle Green
River Subwatershed
boundary WRIA 9 boundary Public
lands
Incorporated
area Open water 1 MG-1 Figure __Middle Green River Subwatershed Projects
0 1 2 4 Miles
N Note:The use of the information in this map
is subject to the terms and conditions found at: www.
kingcounty.gov/services/gis/
Maps/terms-of-
use.aspx. Your access and use is
conditioned on
your acceptance of these terms and
conditions.KCIT-
DCE File: 2011_
10202L_W9SHP_
PAGE
148 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
RM
43
MG-3
Flaming Geyser
Park
Flaming Geyser
State Park
BlackDiamondOpenSpace
SE Green Valley
Rd
Green
Riv
e r
BLACK DIAMOND UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY
K
ING C
OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5 10 LOCATION
MAPSeattlePROJECTAREAMAPN0200400
ft.Inc.
Area BoundaryPublic LandsUrban
Growth
Area Line
Bndy.Park Restoration Primary strategy Protect,
restore
and enhance floodplain
connectivity.Benefits: Increased
habitat connectivity Water temperature
reduction Contribution to
goals metrics:MG - Bank armor MG -
Floodplain connectivity/lateral channel
migration MG - Large
woody debris
MG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Remove levee,
relocate gravel in the levee under-structure into
the river channel, place large wood in
river channel and associated wetland, and
extensively the revegetate
riparian zone throughout state park.
Tier 1 Project: MG-
3 Flaming
Geyser
Floodplain Reconnection PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Middle Green (MG)River mile:
RM
42-44/
both banks
Banksidejurisdiction:King
County
Project sponsor: King
County Budget:
6,000,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial
photo Site photo: Google Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT
KEY
HABITAT:
PAGE
149Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
MG-9
G reen R i v e r N a t u ra
lA r e a T r a i l s
Green River
Natural Area
SE Green Valley Rd.
Green Rive r
K ING C OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles
0 5 10
LOCATION MAP
Seattle
PROJECT AREA MAP
N0200400ft.PublicLandsPark
Restoration
Wetland
RiparianBackwater
Primary strategy
Protect, restore and enhance floodplain connectivity.
Benefits:
Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat
Water temperature reduction
Contribution to goals metrics:
MG - Bank armor
MG - Floodplain connectivity/lateral channel migration
MG - Large woody debris
MG - Riparian forest
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Remove existing levee, install setback feature to
protect agricultural land, place large wood in river
channel and remnant river channel, and
reintroduce gravel from remnant levee into river
channel.
Tier 1 Project: MG-9
Lones Levee Restoration
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Middle Green (MG)
River mile:
RM 38/right bank
Banksidejurisdiction:
King County
Project sponsor:
King County
Budget:
5,500,000
PROJECT TYPE:
Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google Earth
KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
Side channel
Tributary
RM
37
MG-11
Green River Natural Area
SE
Green
Valley
R
d
Green RiverK ING C OUNT
Y
Seattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10 LOCATION
MAP
Seattle PROJECT AREA
MAPN0200400ft.Public
LandsPark
Restoration
Floodplain
Acquisition
Wetland
RiparianBackwater Primary
strategy Protect, restore, and enhance floodplain
connectivity.
Benefits: Increased habitat
connectivity Increased rearing
habitat Water temperature
reduction Contribution to goals
metrics:MG - Bank
armor MG - Floodplain connectivity/lateral channel
migration MG - Large woody
debris MG - Riparian
forest PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire land, remove existing levee, setback
new revetment away from river channel, and
increase complexity with large wood in river channel
and associated
wetland.Tier 1 Project: MG-
11 Turley Levee
Setback PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Middle Green (
MG)River
mile: RM 37 / left and
right
bank
Banksidejurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor: King
County
Budget: 6,000,
000 PROJECT
TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google
Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT KEY
HABITAT:Side channel
Tributary
PAGE 150 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021
Update MG-
13GreenRiverGreen
RiverNatural Area SE Green
Valley
Rd
AUBURN UNINCORPORATED
KING COUNTY K ING C
OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands Miles 0
5 10
LOCATION
MAP Seattle PROJECT
AREAMAPN0200400ft.Inc. Area
BoundaryPublic Lands
Urban Growth AreaLine
Bndy.
Park
RestorationAcquisition
Wetland RiparianBackwater
Primary strategy Protect, restore, and enhance
floodplain
connectivity.Benefits: Increased
habitat connectivity Increased
rearing habitat Water
temperature reduction Contribution to
goals metrics:MG -
Bank armor MG - Floodplain connectivity/lateral
channel migration MG - Large
woody debris MG -
Riparian forest
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire land, remove levee, relocate gravel
in the levee under-structure into the
river channel, construct revetment away from river,
and place large wood in river channel
and
associated wetland.Tier 1 Project:
MG-13 Hamakami
Levee Setback
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed: Middle
Green (MG)
River mile: RM 35/
right
bank
Bankside Jurisdiction:
King County
Project sponsor:
King
County Budget: 6,
000,000
PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo:
Google Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
Side
PAGE
151Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
MG-13
GreenRiverGreenRiverNatural
Area SE Green Valley
Rd
AUBURN
UNINCORPORATED KING
COUNTY K ING C OUNT
Y
Seattle WRIA
9 Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles 0 5
10 LOCATION
MAP
Seattle PROJECT AREA
MAPN0200400ft.Inc. AreaBoundaryPublic
Lands Urban
Growth Area LineBndy.
Park
RestorationAcquisition
Wetland
RiparianBackwater Primary
strategy Protect, restore, and enhance floodplain
connectivity.
Benefits: Increased habitat
connectivity Increased rearing
habitat Water temperature
reduction Contribution to goals
metrics:MG - Bank
armor MG - Floodplain connectivity/lateral channel
migration MG - Large woody
debris MG - Riparian
forest PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire land, remove levee, relocate gravel in
the levee under-structure into the river
channel, construct revetment away from river, and
place large wood in river channel and
associated
wetland.Tier 1 Project: MG-
13 Hamakami Levee
Setback PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed: Middle Green (
MG)River
mile: RM 35/right
bank
Bankside
Jurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor: King
County
Budget: 6,000,
000 PROJECT
TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google
Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT KEY
HABITAT:Side
channel
PAGE
152 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
MG-19
Hatchery
Natural Area
Porter Levee
NaturalAreaSE
Auburn
Black
DiamondRdSR1818
Green
RiverState
Salmon
Hatchery
Big
Soos
Cr
G
re
e
n
R
i
v e
r AUBURN UNINCORPORATED KING COUNTY
K
ING C
OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5 10 LOCATION
MAPSeattlePROJECTAREA
MAP
N0200400
ft.
Inc. Area
Boundary Public LandsUrban
Growth
Area
Line
Bndy.Park
RestorationAcquisition Wetland Riparian Primary strategy Protect,
restore,
and enhance floodplain
connectivity.Benefits: Water temperature
reduction Contribution to goals
metrics:MG - Large
woody debris
MG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore habitat
and increased water quality with placement of
large trees in streams and associated wetlands,
and plant native trees
and shrubs along riparian edge.
Tier 1 Project: MG-19
Lower Soos
Creek
Channel Restoration PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Middle Green (MG)River mile:
RM
33.3/
right bank
Banksidejurisdiction:King
County
Project sponsor: King
County Budget:
1,500,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial
photo Site photo: Google Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT
PAGE
153Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
RM
41
MG-21
Green River
Newaukum
CrGreen
RiverNaturalArea
WhitneyBridgeParkLowerNewaukumCreek
Natural
AreaSEGre
enVall
ey
R
d
21
2
t
h
A
v
e
S
E
21
2
t
h
A
ve
S
E212th Way SE K ING
C
OUNT Y
Seattle WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury Islands Miles
0 5
10
LOCATION MAP Seattle
PROJECTAREAMAP
N0200400
ft.
Park
Restoration
Floodplain Acquisition
Riparian Primary strategy Protect, restore, and
enhance
floodplain connectivity.
Benefits: Habitat preservation
Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat Contribution
to goals metrics:MG - Floodplain connectivity/
lateral channel migration MG -
Large woody debris
MG - Riparian
forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire approximately 40
acres, and install several hundred pieces are large wood
on ~3,500 lineal
feet of river.Tier 1
Project: MG-21 Whitney Bridge Reach
Acquisition and
Restoration
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Middle Green (
MG)River mile: 41 / left
and
right bank
Jurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor:
King
County Budget:
TBD PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site
photo: Google Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd
PAGE
154 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
RM
41
MG-24
Green River
Newaukum
CrGreen
RiverNaturalArea
WhitneyBridgeParkLowerNewaukumCreek
Natural
AreaSEGreenVall
ey
R
d
21
2
t
h
A
v
e
S
E
2
1
2
t
h
A
ve
S
E212th Way SE K ING
C
OUNT Y
Seattle WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/
Maury Islands Miles
0 5
10
LOCATION MAP Seattle
PROJECTAREAMAPN0200
400
ft.
Park
Restoration
Floodplain
Acquisition Wetland
Riparian Primary strategy Protect, restore, and
enhance
floodplain connectivity.
Benefits: Habitat preservation
Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat Contribution
to goals metrics:
MG - Bank armor MG - Floodplain connectivity/
lateral channel migration MG -
Large woody debris
MG - Riparian
forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire land, remove levee,
construct set-back structure away from the River,
add wood to floodway, and revegetate
with native plants.Tier 1
Project: MG-24 Meyer/
Imhof Levee
Setback
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Middle Green (
MG)River mile: 40.
5 - 41.
5 /
right bank
Jurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor:
King County Budget:
1,500,
000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site
photo: Google Earth KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd
KLINKAT KEY
HABITAT:MG-
26 Newaukum Cr.
Foothills Trail Site 284thAveSEVeazie-CumberlandRdSEK
ING
C OUNT
Y Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N
Vashon/Maury Islands
Miles 0
5
10 LOCATION MAP
SeattlePROJECTAREAMAPN0
200 400
ft.
Public
Lands
Park
RestorationAcquisition Wetland
Riparian Tributary Primary strategy Protect, restore, and
enhance channel
complexity
and edge
habitat.Benefits: Habitat
preservation Increased rearing
habitat Water temperature reduction
Contribution to goals metrics:
MG - Large woody
debris MG -
Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore habitat and
improve water quality with placement of large wood
in the stream channel and
associated wetlands,
revegetating the riparian area.Tier
1 Project: MG-26
Newuakum Creek
Tributary
Acquisition PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed: Middle
Green (MG)River mile: RM
40.
4/left
bank Banksidejurisdiction:
King County
Project
sponsor: King County
Budget: 3,
500,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project Area
Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxd KLINKAT
PAGE
155Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
MG-26
Newaukum Cr.
Foothills Trail Site
284th Ave SEVeazie-Cumberland Rd
SEK
ING C
OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA
9
Incorporated
Area
N Vashon/Maury
Islands Miles
0
5 10 LOCATION
MAPSeattlePROJECT
AREA MAP
N0200400
ft.
Public
Lands
Park RestorationAcquisition
Wetland Riparian Tributary Primary strategy Protect, restore,
and enhance
channel
complexity and
edge habitat.Benefits:
Habitat preservation Increased
rearing habitat Water temperature
reduction Contribution to goals
metrics:MG - Large
woody debris
MG - Riparian forest PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore habitat
and improve water quality with placement of large
wood in the stream channel
and associated
wetlands, revegetating the riparian area.
Tier 1 Project: MG-
26 Newuakum
Creek
Tributary Acquisition PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:
Middle Green (MG)River mile:
RM
40.4/
left bank
Banksidejurisdiction:King
County
Project sponsor: King
County Budget:
3,500,000 PROJECT TYPE:Project
Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_
ProjectMaps.mxd
Acquisition
Restoration Side Channel
Wetland
Tributary
Riparian
Newau k u m
CreekSE 400thSt226th
Ave SESE 392nd
St 224th
Ave SEMG-
6 IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT Tier 2
Project: MG-6 Middle Newaukum Creek Riparian Planting and Large
Woody Debris
Placement PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Place large wood in the
stream channel between RM 6 - 10 and
remove hardened
streambanks.
PROJECT FACTS Subwatershed:
Middle Green (
MG)River mile:RM
40 / left
bank Bankside
jurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor:
King County Budget:
2,500,
000PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:
KCIT-DCE
VC
folder: 2010_
10202w_MG-
6.ai
GIS file
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdN0300600 ft150FloodplainAcquisitionRestorationWetlandTributary
Riparian MG-
10 Green River Natural AreaSE Green Valley RdGreen R
ive rBurns CreekMG-10 Tier 2 Project: MG-10Burns
Creek Restoration PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Restore lower two
miles of Burns Creek by acquiring several parcels
or portions of parcels, place large trees with
rootwads attached in streams and associated wetlands, plant native
trees and shrubs
to significantly
improve
fish and wildlife
habitat, wetlands,
and water quality in
an
area
which is
very important
for over-
wintering
salmon.PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:Middle
Green (MG)River mile:RM
33 /
right bank Bankside jurisdiction:King County Project sponsor:King County Budget: 1,
PAGE
157Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
FloodplainAcquisition
Restoration WetlandTributary
Riparian
MG-16
Neely Bridge
Natural Area
SEGreen Valley RdGr
e
e
n
R
i
v
e
r
RM
35AUBURNUNINCORPORATEDKING
COUNTY MG-
16 IMAGE_
Ortho2019KCNAT Tier 2 Project: MG-16Ray Creek
Restoration PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Acquire several conservation easements of at least
100’ buers, place large wood in stream, and plant native
trees and shrubs in riparian buer. Build fencing for
livestock exclusion to immediately improve of fish and
wildlife habitat, wetlands, water quality in a degraded
area.PROJECT
FACTS
Subwatershed:Middle Green (
MG)
Bankside
jurisdiction:King
County Project
sponsor:King
County
Budget: 1,500,
000 PROJECTTYPE:
KEYHABITAT:Park
Public
Lands Incorp.
Area
BoundaryUrban GrowthBoundaryN0300
ft
KCIT-DCE
VC
folder: 2010_10202w_MG-16.aiGISfile
Q:\20009\
WRIA9_ProjectMaps.
mxdFloodplainAcquisition Restoration
Wetland
Riparian
Gre e n R i
v e r AuburnNarrows
Natural
Area State
Park
Auburn
Narrows
SE
AuburnBlack
Diamond Rd
SE Green Valley Rd18 MG-20
RM 33
AUBURN AUBURN UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTY IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT Tier 2
Project: MG-20Auburn Narrows Floodplain Restoration PROJECT
DESCRIPTION:Remove gravel road
in floodway,
expand
notch of previously-
constructed side
channel, add large wood,
and
plant
native vegetation.
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:Middle
Green (
MG)River
mile:RM
33 / left
bank
Bankside jurisdiction:
King
CountyProject sponsor:King
PAGE
158
PAGE
159Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Kanaskat Natural Area
SE
Hudson
Rd
Pipeline Rd
SE Green Rive r H e a d w o r k s R d
346th
Ave
SELa
k
e
U
m
e
k
R
d
SE
UNINCORPORATEDKING COUNTY
MG-22
IMAGE_Ortho2019KCNAT Tier 2Project: MG-22Kanaskat
Reach Restoration
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:Acquire about 3.5 acres, remove large
house/garage/septic, convert 3,300 lineal foot gravel
road to backcountry trail, and extensively
revegetate site.
PROJECT
FACTS Subwatershed:Middle
Green (MG)
River mile:RM 59 /
left
bank
Bankside jurisdiction:
King County
Project sponsor:
King
County Budget:
600,
000
Acquisition
Restoration
PROJECTTYPE:
Riparian KEYHABITAT:KCIT-
DCEVC
folder: 2010_
10202w_MG-22.ai GIS file Q:\
20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxdPark Public Lands N0300600 ft150 Table
6 Middle Green River
Subwatershed Tier
3 Projects Proj. No.Project Name Project Type
Project Description Sponsor River
mile
and
Bank
side/Nearshore jurisdiction
Primary Strategy (
pick
1)Jurisdiction
Goal alignment MG-25 Little Soos Restoration Wingfield Neighborhood Education and outreach
Planning/design Restoration Scoping/reconnaissance Little Soos Creek at stream
mile 1 runs through City of Covington owned open space
through the Coho Creek development. The stream historically has been armored, disconnected from
its floodplain and a paved trail adjacent to the creek is often
flooded in the winter. There is an opportunity to
restore in stream and floodplain habitat in the stream
through reconnecting the creek
to its floodplain,
restoring side
channels, removing artificial armoring, adding large wood, and revegetating
the riparian
zone.Mid
Sound
Fisheries Enhancement
Group RM 33.
3/
right bank Protect,
UG-4
77
78
64
65
79
80 81 82
86
66
87
67
83
84
71
88
68
72
89
69
85
93
73
90
70
94
74
91
95
75
92
76
Smay Cr.
Sunday
Cr.
Sn
o
w
C
rSawmillCr.N.
ForkG
reenR
i v e r Twin Ca
m p C
r.CharleyCr.
Champion
Cr.
Tacom
a Cr.GaleCrHoward
Hansen Reservoir Green R i
v
e r
0 1 2 4
Miles N
River mile
Project location and
name
River/creek Major
road
Urban Growth Area line King
County
boundary Figure __Lower Green River Subwatershed Projects Note:The use of the
information in this map is
subject to the terms and conditions found at: www.kingcounty.
gov/services/gis/Maps/terms-of-use.asp x. Your
access and use is conditioned
on your acceptance
of these terms and conditions.KCIT-DCE
File: 2011_
10202L_W9SHP_ProjMap_UGR.ai LPRE
GIS File:Q:\20009\
WRIA9_Watershed.
mxd KLINKAT 1
Upper Green
River
Subwatershed boundary
WRIA 9
boundary Public
lands Parks Incorporated area Open
water
UG-1 Upper Green River Subwatershed
1 project Tier 1 (Score 18+) 1
project UG-
4 .......Howard Hanson
Downstream
Fish
Passage
Figure 30 Upper Green River Subwatershed Projects PAGE 160 Green-Duwamish and
RM
64
UG-4
Howard
Hanson
Reservoir
Green
R
i
v
e
r
K ING C OUNT Y
Seattle
WRIA 9
Incorporated Area
N
Vashon/
Maury
Islands
Miles
0 5 10
LOCATION MAP
Seattle
PROJECT AREA MAP
N0200400ft.Public
Lands
Edge Riparian
Planning/
Design
Scoping/
Reconnaissance
Tributary Upland
Primary strategy
Restore and improve fish passage.
Benefits:
Increased habitat connectivity
Increased rearing habitat
Water temperature reduction
Contribution to goals metrics:
UG - Bank armor
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Creation of downstream fish passage at the
Howard Hanson dam is the highest priority
project within the Green/Duwamish watershed as
it would have an immediate and dramatic impact
on all Viable Salmonid Population (VSP)
parameters of Chinook and steelhead.
Tier 1 Project: UG-4
Howard Hanson Downstream Fish Passage
PROJECT FACTS
Subwatershed:
Upper Green (UG)
River mile:
King County (RM 64)
Banksidejurisdiction:
King County
Project sponsor:
King County/Army
Corps of Engineers
Budget:
Unknown
PROJECT TYPE:
Project Area Map: Ortho2019KCNAT aerial photo Site photo: Google Earth
KCIT-DCE file: 2011_10202L LPRE GIS file Q:\20009\WRIA9_ProjectMaps.mxd KLINKAT
KEY HABITAT:
Side channel
PAGE
161Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
PAGE
162 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
PAGE
163Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Chapter 8:
Implementation Strategy
There are three major funding sources that sup-
port implementation of the projects and programs
prioritized within the Salmon Habitat Plan – Salm-
on Recovery Funding Board (SRFB), Puget Sound
Acquisition and Restoration Fund (PSAR), and King
County Flood Control District Cooperative Watershed
Management (CWM) grants. The WRIA also supports
project sponsors in seeking funding from various
other local, state and federal sources.
Annual Funding Package
WRIA 9 develops an annual funding package of pro-
jects based on anticipated allocations. The proposed
funding package is reviewed and approved by the
WRIA 9 Implementation and Technical Committee
ITC) and Watershed Ecosystem Forum (WEF). This
funding package serves as the WRIA 9 Lead Entity’s
habitat project list, as defined in RCW 77.85.050.
Several factors are considered when building the
annual project list for funding. Primarily, the WRIA
supports projects from the list that demonstrate
readiness to proceed and have a high likelihood of
success, and where WRIA funding is critical to mov-
ing the project forward. Project tiering (Chapter VII)
will assist the ITC and WEF in making tough fund-
ing choices when there are more projects in need
than funding available. Project planning efforts with
partners have allowed the WRIA to project out-year
project funding needs which provides time to antic-
ipate funding shortfalls and seek outside support.
This long-term planning effort also allows sponsors
to align salmon projects with other jurisdictional
priorities, like those within their jurisdiction’s Capital
Improvement Plans and Transportation Improvement
Plans, as well as realistically phase large projects that
span multiple years.
Yearly, project sponsors assess the status of their
projects and funding needs and notify the WRIA 9
Habitat Project Coordinator of their intent to apply for
WRIA funding, and for how much. Projects undergo
a technical review by WRIA staff and the ITC. For
those projects competing for SRFB funding, projects
undergo an additional rigorous technical review by
the SRFB review panel.
PAGE
164 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Salmon Recovery Funding
Salmon Recovery Funding Board (SRFB) funding
is administered through the Recreation and Conser-
vation Office (RCO). It is a fund source of combined
state salmon funds and federal Pacific Coast Salm-
on Recovery Funding (PCSRF). This annual fund
is allocated by a SRFB approved interim allocation
formula based in NOAA’s Chinook delisting criteria.
For several years, the Green/Duwamish watershed
has received $295,895 annually to support implemen-
tation of the Plan.
Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund
PSAR) is co-managed by the Puget Sound Partner-
ship and the RCO. This is a Puget Sound specific fund
source appropriated through the State budget pro-
cess, within RCO’s budget request. In 2007, Governor
Christine Gregoire formed PSAR in direct response to
the growing need to restore habitat for salmon and
other wildlife within Puget Sound. The Green/Duwa-
mish has received just over $1.1 million biennially to
support implementation of the Plan. RCO serves as
the fiduciary for both PSAR and SRFB funding, so all
projects funded through SRFB and PSAR are re-
viewed and approved through the SRFB process.
King County Flood Control District Cooperative
Watershed Management Funds (CWM) are provid-
ed by the King County Flood Control district (KCFCD).
The KCFCD is a special purpose government creat-
ed to provide funding and policy oversight for flood
protection projects and programs in King County.
Funding for CWM is a small portion of the tax assess-
ment to support salmon recovery projects within the
four WRIAs in King County. In 2020, CWM funding
was doubled, and WRIA 9 now receives $3.63 million
annually to support high priority projects and pro-
grams. The FCD approves project lists annually.
Other Local, State and Federal Funding Sources –
In addition to these funding programs, sponsors are
encouraged to compete for other local, state and fed-
eral funds. It typically takes multiple funding sources
to implement projects due to project complexity and
cost. Many projects are initiated with and sustained
by local funding provided by the sponsoring juris-
diction. Other state and regional grant programs that
support salmon recovery include, but are not limited
to, the Estuary and Salmon Restoration Program
ESRP), Floodplains by Design (FbD), Brian Abbott
Fish Barrier Removal Board (FBRB), Aquatic Lands
Enhancement Account (ALEA), and Washington
Wildlife and Recreation Program (WWRP). Addition-
ally, many of the projects within King County are
supported through the County’s Conservation Futures
Tax (CFT), a program passed by the Washington State
Legislature in the 1970s to ensure citizens have are
afforded the right to a healthy and pleasant environ-
ment. This fund specifically protects urban parks and
greenways, watersheds, working forests, and salmon
habitat as well as critical links connecting regional
trails and urban greenbelts.
WRIA 9 CWM Funding Allocation
High-Priority Capital Projects – CWM funding (>
65%) and all SRFB/PSAR capital funding. The WRIA
invests the majority of annual funding on high priority
capital projects that protect and restore critical hab-
itats. These projects are identified through planning
efforts like the Duwamish Blueprint, Middle Green
Blueprint, and the Lower Green River Corridor plan-
ning process. More recently, projects incorporated in
this Plan Update were solicited from partner organi-
zations.
Regreen the Green small grant program - Up to
500,000 of CWM funding. This grant program orig-
inated in 2016 after the completion of the “Re-Green
the Green Revegetation Strategy” to support imple-
mentation of the priority sites identified in the plan.
It has served as a primary source of funding to those
focusing on revegetation efforts along critical areas in
the Green/Duwamish. Additionally, this program has
supported successful coalition building, landowner
outreach campaigns, and network development that
helps achieve broader Plan engagement goals.
Monitoring, Research and Adaptive Management
Up to 10% of CWM funding. This funding is essential
to informing adaptive management and maximizing
return on investment with respect to salmon recovery.
This funding allocation also supports the Green River
smolt trap managed by Washington Department of
Fish and Wildlife.
Stewardship, Engagement and Learning – Up to
5% of CWM funding. This funding supports Stew-
ardship, Engagement and Outreach efforts designed
to increase awareness around salmon recovery and
promote positive behavior change.
PAGE
165Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Outyear Project Planning (
6-year HCPIP)
WRIA 9 maintains a Habitat Capital Project Imple-
mentation Plan (HCPIP) that identifies all projects
with expected funding needs for three biennium (6
years). While these numbers are estimates they pro-
vide a sense of the magnitude of funding needed per
year. This implementation plan supports staff in work-
ing with partners to properly sequence and support
projects throughout the project life cycle, and to seek
out additional funding to compliment WRIA directed
funds. In many cases, WRIA directed funding sources
are inadequate to support the full scope of a project
but enable project sponsors to leverage other local,
state and federal funds. The HCPIP will be updated
annually based on evolving project needs, and will be
published beinnially along with a call for projects.
To ensure projects acquire, restore, rehabilitate, or
create the type and amount of habitat that they was
described in the original project description for the
2020 Salmon Habitat Plan capital project solicitation
or subsequent calls for projects), project sponsors
will be required present to the ITC or project work-
group (below) for at least one of the significant mile-
stones of the project design process.
This team will support ranking and tiering of any new
proposed large capital restoration projects and pro-
vide input on design for WRIA funded projects.
Performance Management
Projects receiving funding through grants directed by
WRIA 9 are often subject to various pressures from
other local, state, and regional funders, stakeholders,
and interested parties during project development. In
order to make sure projects acquire, restore, rehabil-
itate, or create the type and amount of habitat that
they described in the projects original description
for the Salmon Habitat Plan, project sponsors will be
required to present to the ITC or project workgroup
below) for at least one of the significant milestones
of the project design process. For very large projects
that will likely seek PSAR Large Capital funding, or
large-scale complex projects with multiple objectives,
the WRIA may request sponsor design teams include
a WRIA technical representative to support WRIA 9
salmon recovery project priorities.
An ad hoc project workgroup will be established to
support elements of project development, made up
of three to five members of the ITC. This team will
rank and tier newly proposed large capital restoration
projects and provide input on design for WRIA-fund-
ed projects. The goal of this workgroup would be to
provide feedback that will maximize salmon benefits,
incorporate lessons learned from previous projects,
ensure projects meet the highest possible outcomes
for salmon, and help reduce project costs by address-
ing issues early in design.
It is anticipated that project sponsors will work with
the Habitat Project Coordinator to present to the
project workgroup or the ITC as follows, or if major
changes/updates were made to the design:
1. Alternatives analysis - Project Workgroup
2. 30% design - Full ITC
3. 90% design - Full ITC
Project sponsors are expected to maintain fidelity to
the original habitat deliverables. Naturally projects
will evolve as more is learned about project design
and feasibility. The project sponsor is responsible for
alerting the WRIA if substantive modifications to the
original scope are required. Modifications to the scope
of the project may invoke a full project team review
to affirm the project tier and may require subsequent
approval from the ITC or WEF. Failure to notify the
WRIA of these changes, or use of funding outside of
the approved scope, could result in the withholding of
future funding or constitute a breach of contract.
PAGE
166 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
PAGE
167Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Chapter 9:
Monitoring and Adaptive Management
Adaptive Management Framework
The 2005 Salmon Habitat Plan outlined a sci-
ence-based blueprint for prioritizing Chinook salmon
recovery efforts in the Green/Duwamish and Central
Puget Sound Watershed. This Plan Update reflects
an ongoing commitment to adaptive management to
ensure prioritization and sequencing of investments
reflect best available science and maximize benefits
to Chinook salmon, in terms of established viable
salmon population criteria. WRIA 9 convenes a regu-
lar Implementation and Technical Committee (ITC) to
oversee monitoring and adaptive management of the
Salmon Habitat Plan. The ITC informs monitoring pri-
orities, evaluates plan implementation and recovery
progress, and makes formal policy and funding rec-
ommendations to the Watershed Ecosystem Forum.
In 2020, WRIA 9 developed a Monitoring and Adap-
tive Management Plan (Appendix F) that outlines a
framework to:
Prioritize research and monitoring investments to
address important data and knowledge gaps;
Support status and trends monitoring to assess es-
tablished habitat-related recovery goals and viable
salmon population metrics;
Promote collaboration among partners engaged in
research and monitoring within the watershed; and
Guide adaptive management of the Salmon Habitat
Plan.
The WRIA 9 Monitoring and Adaptive Management
Plan (MAMP) outlines three categories of monitoring
intended to help evaluate and inform strategic
adaptation of recovery efforts (Figure 31). Each
category of monitoring is intended to answer under-
lying questions related to implementation progress,
effectiveness of actions, and overall impact on
Chinook recovery.
Implementation Monitoring: Is the plan being
implemented as intended? Are we on track to meet
established habitat targets?
Effectiveness Monitoring: Are habitat projects
functioning as expected? Are habitat status and
trends improving throughout the watershed?
Validation Monitoring: Are salmon recovery
efforts benefiting the Green River Chinook salmon
population (i.e., VSP criteria)? Are the underlying
scientific assumptions of the plan accurate?
Figure 31. Types of monitoring used to evaluate management strategies and adapt them as necessary.
Periodic assessment of these questions allows wa-
tershed partners to reassess plan implementation,
underlying recovery strategies, and/or reallocate
resources to maximize outcomes.
Implementation Monitoring
The Plan Update outlines numeric targets for key
habitats (Table 2, Chapter IV) linked to Chinook
salmon productivity and recovery. The targets are
intended to inform tracking and assessment of plan
implementation (i.e., projects constructed, specific
habitat gains, funding secured) in relation to estab-
lished long-term goals. Regular evaluation of imple-
mentation progress feeds into an adaptive manage-
ment decision framework (Figure 32). This framework
connects decision makers (i.e., Watershed Ecosystem
Forum) with important monitoring and research find-
ings, informing corrective actions to recovery strate-
gies when necessary.
Effectiveness Monitoring
Effectiveness monitoring is designed to assess if hab-
itat restoration projects are functioning as intended
and achieving physical and biological performance
standards. It includes both project-level and cumula-
tive habitat conditions. Capital habitat project imple-
mentation can take over a decade from conceptual
design to construction and costs millions of dollars.
Effectiveness monitoring is essential to ensure large
capital investments maximize benefits to salmon and
help identify potential design improvements and cost
efficiencies that can be adapted into future projects.
FUNDING
PROJECTS
PROGRAMS
PROJECT
Routine
Physical
Biological
Enhanced
CUMULATIVE
HABITAT CONDITIONS
GREEN POPULATION
ONGOING RESEARCH
DATA GAPS
IMPEMENTATIONMONITORING EFFECTIVENESSMONITORING VALIDATIONMONITORING
COMPREHENSIVE
MONITORING PLAN
PAGE
168 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Figure 32. Adaptive management decision framework.
Routine Monitoring
Routine project effectiveness monitoring evaluates
whether restored habitat is functioning the way it was
intended 3-10 years after the project is built. Project
specific monitoring plans should be designed to
assess project-specific goals and objectives. Project
sponsors are encouraged to begin development of
a monitoring plan at the project’s 30 percent design
milestone to allow for pre-project monitoring that can
be essential for verifying if future changes are due to
the project’s actions or natural variability. The MAMP
Appendix F, Table 2) outlines routine physical and
biological monitoring recommendations based on
project type and subtype. The highlighted indicators
and metrics are designed to be relatively affordable
and consistent with regulatory permit monitoring
requirements. Project sponsors are generally expect-
ed to undertake routine monitoring for WRIA-funded
projects and report monitoring results to the ITC.
Enhanced Fish Monitoring
Enhanced monitoring is focused on understanding
how fish use a restoration project type. Unlike routine
project monitoring, which asks whether a certain
type of habitat was created and sustained, enhanced
monitoring is meant to evaluate how fish utilize the
habitat, and which restoration techniques convey
the most benefit. Projects should be evaluated with
a combination of Before-After Control-Impact or
reference/control sites research designs. Enhanced
fish monitoring is outside the scope of monitoring for
many project sponsors, nor is it frequently required
by regulatory agencies. Due to the costs associated
with enhanced monitoring, WRIA 9 intends to contin-
ue to financially support enhanced fish monitoring of
select projects. The MAMP (Appendix F, Table 3) also
outlines a prioritization framework (certainty of bene-
fit, process-based vs. engineered design, project type
frequency, and project cost) for WRIA-directed invest-
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
WRIA 9 Adaptive Management Decision Framework
YES
NO YES
NO
DON’TKNOW
YES
NO
YES NO
FACTORS LIMITING
IMPLEMENTATION
ADAPTIVE
MANAGEMENT
RECOMMENDATIONS
regulations·
enforcement
incentives
HABITAT LOSSES
OFFSET GAINS
increase
funding
FUNDING
INSUFFICIENT
education/outreach
incentives·
acquisition
LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES
OR WILLINGNESS
permitting·
stang
funding strategy
INSUFFICIENT
RESOURCES OR CAPACITY
new metric·
funding for monitoring
Monitoring Plan adjustment
INFORMATION
GAPS
2010_10102L_w9_AM_owchart.ai
Was the target
achieved?
Is the
work
complete
Does Strategic
Assessment
information change the
understanding of current context?
sh use/habitat
climate change
water quality
Does the metric
need to be revisited to
evaluate 2030
target?
Implement
towards 2030
target
Protect
restored
habitat
Why?
No further
changes to
recommendations
PAGE
169Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
PAGE
170 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
ments to support enhanced monitoring. Monitoring
results should be reported to the ITC and inform
necessary maintenance and/or design modifications.
Cumulative Habitat Conditions
The Salmon Habitat Plan outlines a suite of projects,
programs, and policies intended to improve cumula-
tive habitat conditions across the watershed. Monitor-
ing status and trends in cumulative habitat conditions
allows us to assess the overall effectiveness of plan
implementation. It provides data on the net change
improving, no change, degrading) in specific habitat
conditions over time that supports evaluation of hab-
itat restoration in relation to ongoing impacts to, and
loss of, habitat. This information will help identity any
gaps in the watershed’s approach to salmon recov-
ery and help (re)direct partner resources to potential
areas of concern. The MAMP (Appendix F, Table 4)
outlines priority habitat metrics recommended for
inclusion as part of a periodic cumulative habitat as-
sessment that are consistent with the WRIA 9 Status
and Trends Report 2005-2011 (ITC 2012). The WRIA 9
ITC should complete a cumulative habitat conditions
every five years.
Validation Monitoring
Viable Salmon Population Criteria
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion (NOAA) developed the viable salmon population
VSP) concept as a tool to assess the conservation
status of a population. NOAA defines a viable sal-
monid population as “an independent population
of any Pacific salmonid (genus Oncorhynchus) that
has a negligible risk of extinction due to threats from
demographic variation, local environmental varia-
tion, and genetic diversity changes over a 100- year
time frame” (McElhany, et al. 2000). Four parameters
are used to assess population status: abundance,
productivity; spatial structure, and diversity. These
measures of population status indicate whether the
cumulative recovery actions in our watershed are
improving the population’s overall viability and long-
term resilience.
The MAMP (Appendix F, Table 5) outlines recom-
mended metrics to evaluate VSP criteria that should
be monitored to assess the population status of the
Green River Chinook salmon population. Additional
NOAA-approved VSP targets are presented in Chap-
ter IV, Table 1. Although VSP parameters are not a
direct measurement of habitat conditions, habitat
availability, distribution and quality are inherently
reflected in VSP criteria. Tracking trends in the rec-
ommended VSP parameters allows resource man-
agers to evaluate how the population is responding
overtime to the net impact of conservation actions
and ongoing land use development activity in the
watershed. Over a long enough timeframe, results
can also inform recalibration of recovery strategies
if the conservation status of the population does not
improve or continues to decline.
The VSP concept – and conservation status of Green
River Chinook salmon – is influenced by a variety of
factors outside the scope of this plan (i.e., habitat).
The Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Plan emphasiz-
es that the conservation status of the Puget Sound
Chinook salmon Evolutionary Significant Unit is
ultimately linked to the “Four H’s” – habitat, hydro-
power, hatcheries and harvest. “Each of these factors
independently affects the (Shared Strategy Develop-
ment Committee 2007) status of salmon populations,
but they also have cumulative and synergistic effects
throughout the salmon life cycle. The achievement
of viability at the population and ESU level depends
on the concerted effort of all three factors working
together, not canceling each other out, and adjusting
over time as population conditions change” (Shared
Strategy Development Committee 2007).
Research and Data Gaps
The Salmon Habitat Plan Update reflects an update to
the scientific framework (i.e., Strategic Assessment) of
the original 2005 Plan. New scientific data improved
our understanding of the functional linkages between
environmental stressors, habitat, and population
productivity, abundance, diversity and spatial distri-
bution. This information is reflected in updates to the
WRIA 9 recovery strategies and embedded projects,
policies, and programs. Best avilable science is used
to recalibrate the magnitude and sequencing of our
strategic investments, maximizing the effectiveness of
our investments.
Numerous data gaps and uncertainties remain.
Ongoing investments in research and monitoring
will be essential to informing adaptive management
of recovery strategies and ensuring that plan imple-
PAGE
171Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
mentation and associated funding decisions remain
science driven. Additional information on research
priorities and data gaps can be found in the Habitat
Use and Productivity, Temperature, Climate Change,
and Contaminant white papers in Appendices A-D.
These papers build on the existing 2004 WRIA 9 Chi-
nook Salmon Research Framework which utilized a
conceptual life-cycle model to organize and prioritize
research efforts to inform recovery planning.
PAGE
172 Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
PAGE
173Green-Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Salmon Habitat 2021 Update
Chapter 10:
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