HomeMy WebLinkAboutEX07_Arborist_ReportFORESTRY AND VEGETATION MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS
WFCI
3601943-1 723
FAX 3601943-4 1 28
1919 Yelm Hwy SE, Suite C
Olympia, WA 98501
URBANIRURAL FORESTRY TREE APPRAISAL HAZARD TREE ANALYSIS
RIGHT-OF-WAYS VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CONTRACT FORESTERS
Member of International Society of Arboriculture and Society of American Foresters
- Tree Protection Plan -
VAUGHN PLAT
1400 Aberdeen Ave. NE
Renton WA 98056
Prepared for: Barghausen Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Prepared by: Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc.
Date of Report: March 19, 2021
Introduction
The project proponent is planning to construct a residential subdivision on 1.68 acres at 1400
Aberdeen Ave. NE in Renton. The proponent has retained WFCI to:
• Evaluate and inventory all trees on the site pursuant to the requirements of the City of
Renton Tree Protection Ordinance.
• Make recommendations for retention of significant trees, along with required protection
and cultural measures.
Observations
Methodology
WFCI has evaluated trees 6 inches diameter at breast height (DBH) and larger in the proposed
project area, and assessed their potential to be incorporated into the new project. All onsite trees
are marked with a number at the base corresponding to the table in Attachment 3.
The tree evaluation phase used methodology developed by Nelda Matheny and Dr. James Clark
in their 1998 publication Trees and Development: A Technical Guide to Preservation of Trees
during Land Development.
EXHIBIT 7
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Site Description
The site is a mostly flat, residential property in a suburban region of Renton. There is one house
on the site and an equipment shed/shop. The majority of the open area on the parcel is pasture
for goats and burros, and a small finished lawn area around the home. A strip of land is fenced
out of this parcel on the east side of the parcel. The trees in this strip are considered to be off-
site. The property is bordered to the west by Aberdeen Ave. NE and by smaller residential lots
with homes to the north, east, and south. The parcel slopes gently to the south and has a
southerly aspect. Access is through a gate on the south property line and through a gate along
Aberdeen Ave. NE.
Soil Depth and Productivity
According to the Natural Resource Conservation Service web soil survey the only soil type is the
Indianola loamy sand. This is a very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil found on terraces,
eskers, and kames. It formed in sandy glacial drift. Permeability is rapid and the effective
rooting depth for trees is greater than 60”. The potential for windthrow is slight under normal
conditions. Seedling mortality concerns are moderate due to the rapid infiltration rates and lower
moisture holding capacity of this loamy sand soil. Irrigation is required to establish trees and
other plants. This is a productive soil for native trees.
Figure 1. Soil survey of the Vaughn Plat – all soil is typed as the Indianola loamy fine sand.
Existing On-site Tree Conditions
There are a total of 14 significant trees in the project area. Tree species include Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta), apple (Malus spp.), Austrian
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pine (Pinus nigra), Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa), flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata) and
flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). Tree condition ranges from ‘Very Poor’ to ‘Fair,’ with all
but tree # 13 being ‘Very Poor’ or ‘Poor’. Tree size ranges from 6 to 30 inches in diameter at
breast height (DBH).
Table 1: Summary of Trees in Project Area
Species
DBH Range
(in) Total # of Trees
# of Trees in
Poor to Very
Poor Health
# of Healthy
Trees
Douglas-fir 23-30 5 5 0
Cherry 9 1 1 0
Austrian pine 17-20 2 2 0
Flowering dogwood 8 1 0 1
Apple 20 1 1 0
Kousa dogwood 6 1 1 0
Flowering plum 10 1 1 0
Shore pine 8-20 2 2 0
Sum 8-30 14 13 1
The trees on this site have suffered from lack of protection and topping going back many years.
All of the Douglas-firs were topped and have grown new, multiple tops. Some have recently
failed. The shore pines are in severe decline, the apples seem to be a favorite of the goats and
have had bark chewed off, and the flowering plum and cherry are overmature with no sign of any
cultural care. In short, the existing trees, except for the flowering dogwood are in ‘Poor’ to
‘Very Poor’ condition. The understory vegetation is predominantly grass pasture and lawn
Photo A. View of project area looking south from home.
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Photo B. View of tree #3 – shows multiple tops
from old tree topping.
Off-Site Impacts
Twenty-two off-site trees occur in a strip along the east edge of the parcel, and south of the fence
on the southeast corner of the project. These trees were all evaluated as part of our study.
Only 1 tree identified as letter K (a 24 inch DBH Crimson king maple) requires any special
consideration in design and construction of this project. This tree will require a 10 ft. radius root
protection zone to the west of its stem, and likely will require sidepruning to create space to
construct the new home. Currently the stem of the tree appears to be 15 ft. east of the building
envelope of Lot 4 and 10 ft. east of the chain-link fence.
All distances from the chain-link fence and necessary root protection zone radius’s are listed tree
by tree in Attachment #3. Driplines are not provided since many trees have surrounding tree
competition, are tightly spaced, and crowns are not symmetric.
Six feet of root protection zone is adequate for all off-site trees, except letter K the crimson king
maple, and letter D and F a 20 inch and 16 inch DBH Douglas-fir respectively. D and F are
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multiple stemmed trees and should be considered for removal with owner’s permission. It also is
a fill area which will have little impact on thee 2 trees.
Photo C. View of off-site tree K, a 24 inch DBH crimson kink maple.
Trees D and F are Douglas-firs – these trees likely will see some fill soils and should not be
adversely impacted. These 2 trees are multi-stemmed and have a ‘Moderate’ risk of stem failure.
The landowner should be approached and removal of these 2 trees requested.
Discussion
Potential for Tree Retention
There is no potential for tree retention on this site. Only 1 tree is in ‘Fair’ condition, and it is a
small flowering dogwood that is under the footprint of improvements on Lot 1. The rest (13
trees) are previously topped, structurally defective, in severe decline, diseased and not suitable
for retention. Topping and goat damage (chewing bark off lower stems of trees) are the primary
causal agents of the very poor condition of these trees.
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Photo D. View of trees #1 and 2. Shows multiple tops
with at least one failed top.
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Photo E. View of trees #4 and 5, two shore pine in severe decline.
Tree Density Calculations
Title 4-4-130 of the Renton Municipal Code calls for 30% of all healthy significant trees in
buildable areas to be retained on the project, or where the required number cannot be retained,
replacement trees are to be planted. The following is a summary of the required tree retention:
Total Number of Significant Size Trees on Site 14 trees
Trees Excluded from Retention Calculation:
Trees that are Dead, Diseased, or Dangerous <10 trees>
Trees in Proposed Public Streets < 3 dying/Hazard trees >
Number of Healthy, Significant Trees in Buildable Area: 1 trees
Required Tree Retention:
30% of healthy significant trees in buildable area: 0.3 trees
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There is 1 healthy tree within the buildable area of the project. It is an 8 inch DBH flowering
cherry. Technically, it is also diseased – infected with anthracnose, a foliage disease – but they
all have this disease. This tree is near the proposed new sidewalk location on lot 1 and within the
utility strip. It cannot be saved.
If we consider tree #13, the flowering dogwood healthy and require replacement trees, then 12
caliper-inches of replacement trees must be replanted for each tree removed in excess of this
minimum requirement. All deciduous replacement trees shall be 2 in. caliper and conifers shall
be at least 6 ft. tall at the time of planting. A total of 2 two inch caliper trees ( 0.3 ∗122 ) will be
required to replace the 1-tree shortfall outlined in this plan.
We recommend planting at least 2 Kousa dogwoods (Cornus chinensis) instead of flowering
dogwood since they are resistant to the anthracnose disease, and the use of incense cedar
(Calocedrus decurrens), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) in the
landscape/tree replacement plan being prepared by others. These trees would be planted along
back lot lines.
Recommendations
Tree Protection Measures
Trees to be saved along the east parcel boundary will require limited root protection. I have
illustrated the protection fence locations approximately on Attachment #2 and listed the radius
from select trees to place the fence in Attachment #3. The tree protection fence must be
temporary chain-link fence (Attachment 7) located at the edge of the root protection zone (RPZ)
as described by WFCI in Attachment #3.
Tree protection fences should be placed around the edge of the root protection zone (RPZ). The
fence should be erected prior to the start of site clearing. The fences should be maintained until
the start of the landscape installation.
Minor fill can occur in the root protection zone, outside of the existing chain-link fence.
Placement of up to 4 inches of a light textured soil (e.g. loam, sandy loam) can occur up to this
existing chain-link fence. There should be no equipment activity (including rototilling) within
the root protection zone. No irrigation lines, trenches, or other utilities should be installed within
the RPZ. Our recommendations have taken into consideration and will impact no more than
20% of a saved tree’s root system.
If roots are encountered outside the RPZ during construction, they should be cut cleanly with a
saw and covered immediately with moist soil. Noxious vegetation within the root protection
zone should be removed by hand if it occurs. If a proposed save tree must be impacted by
grading or fills more than allowed for by WFCI in the tree list, then the tree should be re-
evaluated by WFCI to determine if the tree can be saved with mitigating measures, or if the tree
should be removed.
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Pruning
Select trees along the east property line may need sidepruning to provide clearances for the new
homes. These trees should be sidepruned to provide at least 10 feet of building clearance and 15
feet over streets. Side pruning can only be done up to the property line. Pruning beyond the
property line requires permission from the tree owner.
All pruning should be done according to the ANSI A300 standards for proper pruning, and be
completed by an International Society of Arboriculture Certified Arborist®, or be supervised by a
Certified Arborist®.
Off-Site Hazard Trees
I have noted that off-site trees lettered D and F are multiple stemmed Douglas-firs that have
elevated risk (Moderate for stem failure). I suggest that the tree owner be contacted to discuss
removal of these 2 trees.
Conclusions and Timeline for Activity
1. No significant trees are proposed to be retained on the site due to since 13 of the 14 trees are
diseased, dying, structurally defective and/or hazardous.
2. The final, approved tree protection plan map should be included in the construction drawings
for bid and construction of the project and should be labeled as such.
3. Complete all necessary pruning on save trees or stand edges to provide the recommended
clearances. Do not rely on the framers to do sidepruning for branches that interfere with
home construction. Do this necessary pruning at the time of site clearing utilizing a Certified
Arborist.
4. Install tree protection fences along the 'limits of construction' as described in the tree list,
Attachment 3, and illustrated approximately in Attachment #2.
5. Contact WFCI to attend pre-job conference and discuss tree protection issues with
contractors. WFCI can verify all trees to be saved and/or removed are adequately marked.
6. Complete logging. Complete necessary hazard tree removals and invasive plant removals
from the tree protection areas. No equipment should enter the tree protection areas during
logging.
7. Maintain the tree protection fences throughout construction.
8. Complete grading and construction of the project.
9. Contact WFCI to inspect the tree protection areas after grading.
Summary
The City of Renton Municipal Code calls for 30% of the significant trees be retained in the
buildable area of the site. Since 13 of the 14 on-site significant trees are diseased, dying,
structurally defective and therefore hazardous they need to be removed. The only reasonably
healthy tree is situated in the utility strip, next to a sidewalk and cannot be retained. Therefore,
no trees are planned to be saved. This 1 healthy tree should be replaced with 2 two inch caliper
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replacement trees. Twenty-two off-site trees will be saved, most of which formerly were part of
this parcel, but lost due to a boundary line adjustment.
Please give us a call if you have further questions.
Respectfully submitted,
Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc.
Galen M. Wright, ACF, ASCA
ISA Bd. Certified Master Arborist PN-129BU
Certified Forester No. 44
ISA Tree Risk Assessor Qualified
ASCA Tree and Plant Appraisal Qualified
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Attachment 1. Aerial Photo of Vaughn Plat at 1400 Aberdeen Ave. NE
(2019 King County iMap)
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Attachment 2. Vaughn Site Plan/Tree Map
North Half
South Half
Tree to be Removed
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
11
12
13
14
M
L
I
J
H
G – 11 Trees
F
E
D
B
A
C
K
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
Tree Protection Fence
Chain-Link Fence
North
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Attachment 3. List of Trees at Vaughn Plat – Tree numbers/letters
correspond to Attachment #2 maps.
(2 pages attached)
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Vaughn Plat Tree List
On and Off-Site Trees
March 19, 2021
Prepared by:
Washington Forestry
Consultants, INc.1
Location Tree #Species DBH (in)Condition Risk Rating
Off-Site
Estimated
Distance from
Fence (ft)
Proposed
Project Plan -
Save or Remove
On-Site Root
Protection Zone
Radius toward
Construction (ft)
Drip-Line*
(ft)Comments
On-Site 1 Douglas-fir 23.8
Very poor; Previously topped; New
unstable tops with decay at old
cut;Extreme - top failure Remove 16 Hazard tree
On-Site 2 Douglas-fir 28.0
Very poor; Previously topped; New
unstable tops with decay at old
cut;Extreme - top failure Remove 18 Hazard tree
On-Site 3 Douglas-fir 28.0
Very poor; Previously topped;
Tops have already failed; Decay in
stem severe;
Low - tops have already
failed Remove 18 Not a quality tree
On-Site 4 Shore pine 8.0 Poor; Decline;Low - small tree size Remove 5 Not a long-term tree;
On-Site 5 Shore pine 20.0 Poor; Decline; Multiple tops;Moderate - top failure Remove 10 Not a long-term tree;
On-Site 6 Apple 20.0 Very poor; Barked by goats;Low - small tree Remove 8 Not a long-term tree;
On-Site 7 Austrian pine 20.2
Poor; Foliage green only on 1-side;
In decline;Moderate - stem failure Remove 14 Not a long-term tree;
On-Site 8 Douglas-fir 30.5
Poor; Topped previously; Multiple
tops with decay at old cut; High - top failure Remove 18 Hazard tree
On-Site 9 Douglas-fir 30.0
Very poor; Topped previously with
multiple tops and severe decay at
old cut;Extreme - top failure Remove 19 Hazard tree
On-Site 10 Austrian pine 17.0
Poor; Forks at 6 ft.; Green only on
1-side; Overmature and in decline;Moderate - top failure Remove 20 Not a long-term tree;
On-Site 11 Kousa dogwood 5,5,4 Poor; Canker and decay in stem;Low - small tree Remove 5 Not a quality tree
On-Site 12 Flowering cherry 8,6
Very poor; Canker and stem
decay;Low - small tree Remove 6 Not a quality tree
On-Site 13 Flowering dogwood 8.0 Fair; Open grown;Low - small tree Remove 8 Healthy tree
On-Site 14 Flowering plum 10.0
Very poor; Overmature with old
top breakage, resprouting;
Moderate - upper stem
failure;Remove 6 Way past its useful life;
Off-Site A Red maple 9.0 Good; Low - small tree 1 Save 2 3
Off-Site B Oriental pear 2.0 Poor;Low - small tree 2 Save 0 1 Not a healthy tree;
Off-Site C Japanese maple 11,6,6 Fair;Low - small tree 8 Save 0 12
Off-Site D Douglas-fir 20.0 Poor; Multi-stem tree;Moderate - stem failure 3 Save 10 14
Off-Site E Flowering cherry 12.0 Poor;Low 12 Save 0 10
Off-Site F Douglas-fir 16.0 Poor; Multi-stem tree;Moderate - stem failure 10 Save 8 15 Defective stem;
Off-Site G Leyland cypress 6 to 9
11 trees; Fair; Planted in closely
spaced row;Low 2 Save 2 4
Off-Site H European white birch 14,16
Poor; Overmature; 2 stems; Dead
tops; 2 stems;High - top failure 5 Save 0 12 Very short-term tree;
Off-Site I Leyland cypress 6.0 Good; Low 2 Save 2 5
Off-Site J Mt. Ash 6.0 Fair;Low 2 Save 0 3 Low quality tree;
DocuSign Envelope ID: 112E161D-80DF-4685-9512-FD7A57D17E56
Vaughn Plat Tree List
On and Off-Site Trees
March 19, 2021
Prepared by:
Washington Forestry
Consultants, INc.2
Location Tree #Species DBH (in)Condition Risk Rating
Off-Site
Estimated
Distance from
Fence (ft)
Proposed
Project Plan -
Save or Remove
On-Site Root
Protection Zone
Radius toward
Construction (ft)
Drip-Line*
(ft)Comments
Off-Site K
Crimson King Norway
maple 24.0 Good; Low - branch failure;8 Save 10 18 Quality tree;
Off-Site L Holly 10,10 Fair; Foliage disease;Low 4 Save 0 4 Invasive species;
Off-Site M Vine maple 4 to 8 Good; Many stems;Low 8 Save 0 6 Not impacted;
*Drip-line not used by WFCI; We use RPZ=Root protection zone radius prescribed in field;
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Attachment 4. . Individual Tree Rating Key for Tree Condition
RATING SYMBOL DEFINITION
Very Good VG • Balanced crown that is characteristic of the species
• Normal lateral and terminal branch growth rates for the species and
soil type
• Stem sound, normal bark vigor
• No root problems
• No insect or disease problems
• Long-term, attractive tree
Good G • Crown lacking symmetry but nearly balanced
• Normal lateral and terminal branch growth rates for the species and
soil type
• Minor twig dieback O.K.
• Stem sound, normal bark vigor
• No root problems
• No or minor insect or disease problems – insignificant
• Long-term tree
Fair F • Crown lacking symmetry due to branch loss
• Slow lateral and terminal branch growth rates for the species and
soil type
• Minor and major twig dieback – starting to decline
• Stem partly unsound, slow diameter growth and low bark vigor
• Minor root problems
• Minor insect or disease problems
• Short-term tree 10-30 years
RATING SYMBOL DEFINITION
Poor P • Major branch loss – unsymmetrical crown
• Greatly reduced growth
• Several structurally import dead or branch scaffold branches
• Stem has bark loss and significant decay with poor bark vigor
• Root damage
• Insect or disease problems – remedy required
• Short-term tree 1-10 years
Very Poor VP • Lacking adequate live crown for survival and growth
• Severe decline
• Minor and major twig dieback
• Stem unsound, bark sloughing, previous stem or large branch
failures, very poor bark vigor
• Severe root problems or disease
• No or minor insect or disease problems
• Mortality expected within the next few years
Dead DEAD • Dead
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Cultural Care Needs:
ABBRV. ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION
CC Crown
Cleaning
Pruning of dead, dying, diseased, damaged, or defective branches over 1/2 inch in
diameter –includes removal of dead tops
CT Crown
Thinning
Pruning of branches described in crown cleaning, plus thinning of up to 20% of the live
branches over ½ inch diameter. Branch should be 1/3 to ½ the diameter of the lateral
branch. Thinning should be well distributed throughout crown of tree, and should
release healthy, long-term branches.
RC Crown
Reduction
Reduction of the crown of a tree by pruning to lateral branches. Generally used to
remove declining branches or to lighten end weight on long branches.
CR Crown
Raising
Pruning of lower branches to remove deadwood or to provide ground or building
clearances.
RMV Remove Remove tree due to decline or hazardous conditions that cannot be mitigated by
pruning.
RS Remove
Sprouts
Remove basal sprouts from stem of tree.
Rep Replace Tree is small – is in decline or dead. Replace with suitable tree species.
HT Hazard Tree Tree is hazardous and cannot be mitigated by pruning. Recommendation is to remove
tree.
None No Work No work necessary at this time.
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Attachment 5. Description of Tree Evaluation Methodology
The evaluation of the tree condition on this site included the visual assessment of:
1. Live-crown ratio,
2. Lateral and terminal branch growth rates,
3. Presence of dieback in minor and major scaffold branches and twigs,
4. Foliage color,
5. Stem soundness and other structural defects,
6. Visual root collar examination,
7. Presence of insect or disease problems.
8. Windfirmness if tree removal will expose this tree to failure.
In cases where signs of internal defect or disease were suspected, a core sample was taken to
look for stain, decay, and diameter growth rates. Also, root collars were exposed to look for the
presence of root disease.
In all cases, the overall appearance of the tree was considered relative to its ability to add value
to either an individual lot or the entire subdivision. Also, the scale of the tree and its proximity
to both proposed and existing houses was considered.
Lastly, the potential for incorporation into the project design is evaluated, as well as potential site
plan modifications that may allow otherwise removed tree(s) to be both saved and protected in
the development.
Trees that are preserved in a development must be carefully selected to make sure that they can
survive construction impacts, adapt to a new environment, and perform well in the landscape.
Healthy, vigorous trees are better able to tolerate impacts such as root injury, changes in soils
moisture regimes, and soil compaction than are low vigor trees.
Structural characteristics are also important in assessing suitability. Trees with significant decay
and other structural defects that cannot be treated are likely to fail. Such trees should not be
preserved in areas where damage to people or property could occur.
Trees that have developed in a forest stand are adapted to the close, dense conditions found in
such stands. When surrounding trees are removed during clearing and grading, the remaining
trees are exposed to extremes in wind, temperature, solar radiation, which causes sunscald, and
other influences. Young, vigorous trees with well-developed crowns are best able to adapt to
these changing site conditions.
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Attachment 6. Glossary of Forestry and Arboricultural Terminology
DBH: Diameter at Breast Height (measured 4.5 ft. above the ground line on the high side of the
tree).
Live Crown Ratio: Ratio of live foliage on the stem of the tree. Example: A 100’ tall tree with
40 feet of live crown would have a 40% live crown ratio. Conifers with less than 30%
live crown ratio are generally not considered to be long-term trees in forestry.
Crown: Portion of a trees stem covered by live foliage.
Crown Position: Position of the crown with respect to other trees in the stand.
Dominant Crown Position: Receives light from above and from the sides.
Codominant Crown Position: Receives light from above and some from the sides.
Intermediate Crown Position: Receives little light from above and none from the sides. Trees
tend to be slender with poor live crown ratios.
Suppressed Crown Position: Receives no light from above and none from the sides. Trees
tend to be slender with poor live crown ratios.
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Attachment 7. Tree Protection Fence Detail
6 ft. Temporary Chain Link Fence
NO TRESPASSING - Protected Trees
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Attachment 8. Assumptions and Limiting Conditions
1) Any legal description provided to the Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. is assumed to be correct. Any
titles and ownership's to any property are assumed to be good and marketable. No responsibility is assumed
for matters legal in character. Any and all property is appraised or evaluated as though free and clear, under
responsible ownership and competent management.
2) It is assumed that any property is not in violation of any applicable codes, ordinances, statutes, or other
governmental regulations, unless otherwise stated.
3) Care has been taken to obtain all information from reliable sources. All data has been verified insofar as
possible; however, Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. can neither guarantee nor be responsible for the
accuracy of information.
4) Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. shall not be required to give testimony or to attend court by reason of
this report unless subsequent contractual arrangements are made, including payment of an additional fee for
such services as described in the fee schedule and contract of engagement.
5) Loss or alteration of any part of this report invalidated the entire report.
6) Possession of this report or a copy thereof does not imply right of publication or use for any purpose by any
other than the person to whom it is addressed, without the prior expressed written or verbal consent of
Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc.
7) Neither all or any part of the contents of this report, nor copy thereof, shall be conveyed by anyone, including
the client, to the public through advertising, public relations, news, sales or other media, without the prior
expressed written or verbal consent of Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. -- particularly as to value
conclusions, identity of Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc., or any reference to any professional society or
to any initialed designation conferred upon Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. as stated in its
qualifications.
8) This report and any values expressed herein represent the opinion of Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc.,
and the fee is in no way contingent upon the reporting of a specified value, a stipulated result, the occurrence
neither of a subsequent event, nor upon any finding in to reported.
9) Sketches, diagrams, graphs, and photographs in this report, being intended as visual aids, are not necessarily
to scale and should not be construed as engineering or architectural reports or surveys.
10) Unless expressed otherwise: 1) information contained in this report covers only those items that were
examined and reflects the condition of those items at the time of inspection; and 2) the inspection is limited to
visual examination of accessible items without dissection, excavation, probing, or coring. There is no
warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, that problems or deficiencies of the tree or other plant or
property in question may not arise in the future.
Note: Even healthy trees can fail under normal or storm conditions. The only way to eliminate all risk is to remove
all trees within reach of all targets. Annual inspections by an ISA Certified Arborist or Certified Forester will
reduce the potential of tree failures. It is impossible to predict with certainty that a tree will stand or fail, or the
timing of the failure. It is considered an ‘Act of God’ when a tree fails, unless it is directly felled or pushed over by
man’s actions.
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