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HomeMy WebLinkAboutQuendall Terminals Larson Report 1997LARSON I ANTHROPOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SE RV 1 CE S P.O. BOX 70106 S•EATTIE WASHINGTON 98107 TEt: (206] 782 O980 FAX: [206j 783 2459 CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT JAG DEVELOPMENT, KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON by Bradley Bowden Leonard. A. Forsman Lynn L. Larson Dennis E. Lewarch Submitted to: CNA Architecture 777 -108th Avenue NE #400 Bellevue, Washington 98004-5118 Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services LAAS Technical Report #97-7 P.O. Box 70106 Seattle, Washington 98107 March 27, 1997 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment ABSTRACT Larson, Anthropological and Archaeological Services (LAAS) conducted a cultural resource assessment for the proposed JAG Development Project in February and March of 1997. Examination of archival sources revealed that the Duwamish village, Sbal't°, was located at the former, mouth of May Creek and is probably within the Paz Abode Cedar Homes property or on the Port Quendall property (Harrington ca. 1909; Waterman ca. 1920). The site was identified as a place where fish were dried and May .Creek was noted as a spawning area for "redfish" (either sockeye salmon or lake -locked kokanee salmon) (Harrington ca. 1909; Waterman ca. 1920). The fieldwork involved a series of opportunistic subsurface shove] probes designed to determine if buried archaeological deposits exist in the project area. Most of the proposed JAG Development project area was either paved with asphalt, covered with fill, or access was not permitted because the area contained hazardous and dangerous materials. Shovel probes were excavated in locations that appeared to be the least disturbed based on an examination of historic and modern maps and consultation with Mark Larsen (personal communication, 1997) of Remediation Technologies. Incorporated. One possibly fire modified rock (FMR) was identified in a shovel probe at the north end of the Pan Abode Cedar Homes property, near the old channel of May Creek. The possible FMR was recovered from 90 to 100 centimeters below the surface in what appeared to be alluvial deposits. No other cultural materials or features were identified. The LAAS field reconnaissance was unable to determine if any materials or features related to the Duwamish village, Sbal'C, are present within the proposed .TAG Development project area because less than 10 percent of the project area was examined for subsurface archaeological remains. It is recommended that a professional archaeologist monitor areas with a high probability for cultural resources if future subsurface activities related to the proposed JAG Development Project are planned for those areas. An archaeological monitor should be present during any further investigation or preconstruction remediation related to the potentially hazardous and dangerous materials at the site as well as any ground disturbing activities associated with construction in high probability areas at the proposed JAG Development. ii JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract........................ ............................ii Table of Contents ........................... I ................... List of Figures ................................................. Acknowledgments............................................... iv Introduction ........................................... . ........ 1 Project Description ............................... . .............. 1 Environment....................................................4 Cultural Background ................................................ 6 Previous Cultural Resource Studies ................ . ................... 6. Ethnography.......................................... . ........ 9 History.....................................................12 Field Reconnaissance ............................................. 15 Field Methods ........ ......................... . ...... . ...... 15 Field Results ......................... . ................... . ... 16 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................... ......... 17 Monitoring............................................ . ...... 17 High Probability Areas ......................... • ............ 19 Low Probability Areas ...... •.................................. 20 Bibliography................................................... 21 Appendix 1: Agencies and Individuals Contacted ........................... 27 Appendix 2: Tribal Correspondence .. . ........................ . ....... 29 Appendix 3: Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation Cultural Resources Survey Cover Sheet ......... . ...... . ... I ... 32 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Project area location ........................................ 2 Figure 2. Project area map showing individual properties and shovel probe locations ..... 3 Figure 3. Historic features, shoreline changes, and former beds of May Creek in proposed TAG Development Project vicinity .............................. 5 Figure 4. Recommended monitoring areas in the JAG Development Project area ...... 18 iii JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment A.CK.�NOWLE DGASNTS Several individuals contributed to the completion of this cdltural resource assessment; the project would not have been as successful without them. Jim Spitze, CIA Architecture, was extremely helpful in facilitating access to the proposed JAG Development property and in providing necessary documents that LAAS needed to complete this report. Mark Larsen, Remediation Technologies, Incorporated, also helped in securing access to the proposed JAG Development property and provided useful information regarding the history of the various properties that are part of the proposed project. Joe Gibbons and Mike Paulson, Remediation Technologies, Incorporated, also deserve thanks for monitoring fieldwork at the proposed JAG Development,project area. Joe Gibbons and Mike Paulson not only related information about hazardous and dangerous materials in the project area but also offered data regarding the soil and fill episodes in various locations of the proposed JAG Development Project area. Finally, Stan Greene,- Renton Historical Society and Museum, gave us access to historical information and photographs of the May Creek and Kennydale region. His cooperation and assistance was greatly appreciated. EU JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment INTRODUCTION Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services (LAAS) was retained by CNA Architecture in December 1996 to conduct a cultural resource assessment of the proposed JAG Development Project. The proposed JAG Development Project would occupy a 60 -acre parcel on the eastern shore of Lake .Washington, west of Interstate 405 at Exit 7, NE 44th Street, North Renton. The proposed JAG Development project area is comprised of four properties: the Barbee Mill, the Port Quendall Log Yard, the Pan Abode Cedar Homes property, and the Baxter Property. The Baxter Property has been divided into the South Baxter Property and the North Baxter Property. The North Baxter Property contains the northernmost portion of the Baxter property along the shore of Lake Washington and a small wedge of property east of the shoreline properties, called the north Baxter Property East Wedge. The project area is in Sections 19 and 32, Township 24 North, Range 5 East, Bellevue South Quadrangle, King County, Washington (Figures 1 and 2). The cultural resource assessment consisted of an archival and literature review, field reconnaissance, consultation with the Muckleshoot Tribe and the Duwamish, and preparation of this report. Published and unpublished environmental, ethnographic, historic, .and archaeological documents were gathered and reviewed. Environmental, ethnographic, and historic information was collected from Special Collections, Allen Library, University of Washington; Renton Historical Society and Museum: and the Renton. Library. Archaeological site forms and project reports were obtained from the Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation: Field reconnaissance consisted of the excavation of subsurface shovel probes to determine the potential for buried archaeological deposits in the proposed JAG Development project area. No cultural resources were identified that may be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. However, fill and development of the area precluded investigation of at least 90 percent of the project area. Because ethnographic literature suggests portions of the project area have a high probability for cultural resources, we recommend that a professional archaeologist monitor subsurface activities, e.g. geotechnical testing, remediation of hazardous and dangerous waste, and construction, clearing, grading, and excavation in areas of the proposed JAG Development Project with a high probability for cultural resources. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed JAG Development would be a mixed-use area containing office space, conference facilities, restaurants, a marina, recreational spaces, retail shops, a hotel, parking areas, and residential properties (CNA Architecture 1997). The proposed development is projected to begin by 1999 and be completed by approximately 2010 (CNA Architecture 1997). s 1 7' -4 1 n4kA D' 7 =Z (b PIT f:77 Ci. Rl.q'wl M k J '-7 Wercer island x F JAG Development t _2 Project Area f -v 4. Mz� T� X: tA a e . ......... . (xieroof Par >r Shoreline T 13 N 0 0.5 N Miles '-C.- Base Map from USGS Bellevue South, Washington, 1983. Ingure 1. Project area location. 0 lona N Feet ------- Project Area Boundaries 0. Shovel Probe #1 Location North Baxter Property South Baxter Property �',�� ` 83 1 ? VP°? { / 13 to, l " aj' t ' a f �f E f _ 2— WOW } 2 North Baxter Property East Wedge a #• :PlrjPort Quendafl ILI ` i o1z�j Log Yard �, ` N 0/3 ! • ' I i' ff` c!'3'''. °;.�I' Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property t B } Barbee M... f ti Case Map Frim USGS Bellevue Cn..FF. 1Alnnl.innYnn i(]o•1 Figure 2. Project area neap showing individual properties and shovel probe locations N JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment ENVIRGNIVENT The proposed JAG Development project area is on the eastern shore of Lake Washington, in a small valley where May Creek enters the lake. Prior to historic manipulation of the channel, May Creek dropped from a narrow meandering stream in upland locations to a braided stream at the mouth which formed a delta. Historic and modern maps of the area show that the mouth of May Creek naturally moved over time but was also altered to its present course by 1940 (Figure 3) (Kroll Map Company 1940). Most of the proposed JAG Development project area was probably inundated or subject to periodic flooding prior to the completion of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916 (Chrzastowski 1983). The mean water level of Lake Washington was almost nine feet higher than its current level before the Lake Washington Ship Canal was built (Chrzastowski 1983:3). The mean water level of the lake probably fluctuated as much as seven feet, however, due to seasonal and periodic fluctuation in rainfall prior to completion of the Lake Washington Ship Canal (Chrzastowski 1983:3). An article in the Town Crier (1917) describes archaeological and botanical remains along the shoreline of Lake Washington at the mouth of May Creek after the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed and the water level had dropped. This corroborates Chrzastowski's (1983) statement regarding the lake's fluctuation long before the Lake Washington Ship Canal was built. Periodic advance and retreat of glaciers over the last 37,000 years is largely responsible for the topography and soils present in the Puget Sound basin. The glacial event responsible for the current topography of the Seattle area was the Vashon Stade of the Fraser Glaciation (Mullineaux 1970:27). The Vashon glacier originated in British Columbia and brought rocks and minerals typical of that area southward into the Puget Sound area (Mullineaux 1970:27) The Vashon glacier began a retreat approximately 14000 BP (years before present) and allowed marine waters into Puget Sound (Crandell 1963). The glacier had fully retreated approximately 13000 BP leaving deposits collectively known as the Vashon Drift (Galster and Laprade 1991:252). Lake Washington is one of several glacially scoured lakes in the Seattle area (Galster and Laprade 1991:247). The Lake Washington vicinity was a glacially scoured trough prior to 14000 BP. Marine water filled what was to become Lake Washington as the Vashon Stade retreated northward around 13500 BP. The Cedar River deposited an alluvial fan across the south end of the marine embayment to form Lake Washington by 13400 BP (Dragovich et al. 1994; Leopold et al. 1982; Mullineax 1970). The shoreline of Lake Washington also fluctuated several times over the past 7,000 years because of earthquakes (Karlin and Abella 1992, 1993). Large earthquakes triggered underwater slumping on steep submerged trough walls and landslides on shoreline bluffs. Over 14 earthquake events were identified in cores from the lake bottom (Karlin. and Abella 1992, 1993). The sediment record coincides with dates obtained from submerged forests that slid into the lake as part of landslide debris. A forest that slid into Lake Washington during an 1100 BP earthquake along the Seattle Fault, is off the southeast corner of Mercer Island, just west of the proposed JAG Development project area. The landslides and underwater slumping 10 Ol Shoreline Boundary (United States Surveyor General 1864) Al May Creek (United States Surveyor General 1864) J .............. Trail (United States Surveyor General 1864) Shoreline Boundary (United States Army Corps of Engineers 1920) ,:�x May Creek V (United States Army Corps of Engineers 1920) Awz Former Railroad (United States Army Corps of Engineers 1920) .......... Present May Creek Marsh (United States Army Corps of Engineers 1920) _T­ ifr. fr 43 1c, , .11 z 1920 Shoreline Oil-' &Z 40, V4 xmV ...... 1864 Shoreline k - t N& 1 May Creek A in 1920 Marsh in 1920 Sta BM May Creek r3 in 1864 ..sT = ............. 1864 Trail May Creek in 1997 a 1 !A 0 1000 N I Feet Base Map from USGS Bellevue South, Washington, 1983 Figure 3. Historic features, shoreline changes, and former beds of May Creek in proposed JAG Development Project vicinity. 5 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment caused large amplitude changes in the lake level (Karlin and Abella 1.992;1619). Sudden landslides coupled with ground subsidence from an earthquake probably produced large waves that scoured the Lake Washington shoreline, causing additional landslides and depositing sediment. Large waves and earthquake -induced elevation changes in ground surface elevations probably modified the outfall of Lake Washington at the Black River, south of the proposed JAG Development project area. The proposed JAG Development project area is approximately three miles south of the Seattle Fault and would have been uplifted during an earthquake about 1,100 years ago. The geological history of the proposed JAG Development project area is complex. Changing ground surface elevations and fluctuating levels of Lake Washington caused the project area to be exposed above the sake Washington shoreline, washed by waves, anal/or inundated by rising lake levels. Hunter -fisher -gatherer sites in the area were alternately raised and/or inundated. Cultural deposits were probably covered by landslide debris and/or silt during periods of submergence. The contemporary ground surface of the project area is probably at a higher elevation than prior to 1,100 years ago, when the area was uplifted during an earthquake. This suggests that pre -1100 BP shorelines may exist inland from the contemporary shoreline in the eastern portion of the project area. Pre -1100 BP hunter -fisher - gatherer occupations may occur in the eastern portion of the project area and may be buried beneath landslide debris or alluvial deposits. Prior to European contact, the Puget Sound basin was home to animals typical of the Pacific Northwest inland forest environment such as deer (Odocoileus spp.), elk (Cervus canadensis), black bear (Ursus americanus), coyote (Canis latrans), fox (Vulpes), mountain lion (Felis concolor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), mink (Mustela vison), rivet otter (Lutra canadensis), beaver (Castor canadensis), and muskrat (Ondatra dethica). Various species of salmon were also abundant in the Puget Sound basin and were a large part of the diet of native inhabitants of the region. The Puget Sound basin is part of the Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) physiographic zone. The overstory vegetation includes Douglas fir, bigleaf maple, Western red cedar and red alder. Understory vegetation of particular importance to the native inhabitants of the Puget Sound area included a variety of berries such as salmonberry, blackberry, strawberry, and red elderberry, camas and other lilies, ferns, and numerous other plants used for economic purposes (Gunther 1981). CULTURAL BACKGROUND PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES Most of the property on Lake Washington has been privately owned for several decades, consequently, few archaeological studies have been conducted along the lake. An archaeological site has never been recorded on Lake Washington. despite many references to Duwamish villages along the shores of the lake in historical documents (Harrington ca. 1909; ril JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Waterman ca. 1920). Residential and commercial development of the Renton area has prompted several archaeological projects, however, and the data from those surveys and excavations offers evidence of the nature of hunter -fisher -gatherer archaeological sites in the region. The Sbabidid Site (45KI51) is on the west side of Hardie Avenue SW in Renton along a remnant channel of the Black River and was recorded by the Office of Public Archaeology (OPA), University of Washington, as part of a survey for the Earlington Woods Planned Unit Development (Chatters 1981:1). The site contained the remains of at least three structures and midden deposits which dated from AD 1790 to AD 1856 although radiocarbon dates were not obtained for several portions of the site (Chatters 1981:1). Archaeological deposits were buried approximately one meter below the surface and backhoe trenches were excavated to help determine the depth of buried deposits (Chatters 1981:31). The precise nature of the site has been disputed (Butler 1990), but it appers that the site was either a Duwamish village or a fishing camp. Subsequent monitoring by Reid (1991:22) during the construction of the Earlington Woods Development revealed the presence of seven additional midden areas at the Sbabidid Site. The Ozbolt property, adjacent and north of the Sbabidid Site, was surveyed by LAAS in 1988 but no cultural resources were identified despite site maps for the Sbabidid site that suggest midden deposits were recorded on this property (Larson 1988:1,13). The survey was conducted using surface reconnaissance and shovel testing and Larson (1988:1,13) attributed the absence of cultural materials identified during this survey to their probable depth below the fill. BOAS conducted a cultural resource assessment of the Ozbolt property in 1990 and produced a letter report that indicated the presence of a possible burial on the property (Stump 1990:1). Trade beads, buttons, twisted cedar thread, a fragment of cloth, fragments of woven cedar bark, cedar wood, and a human bone fragment were identified in a subsurface survey of the property (Stump 1990:1). LAAS later surveyed the Ozbolt property for a proposed apartment complex and relocated the northernmost midden deposits identified by Chatters (1981) and additional midden deposits in the eastern portion of the property (Lewarch et al. 1996:16). The Tualdad Altu Site (45KI59) was recorded by OPA in 1980 when archaeologists surveyed the planned development of the Black River Corporate Park located downstream from the Sbabidid Site on the former Black River (Chatters 1988:2). Chatters (1988:50) believed the site was occupied approximately 1600 BP (before present) but corrected radiocarbon dates for the Tualdad Altu Site suggest that the site was occupied approximately 1400 BP (Lewarch et al. 1996:3-5). The Tualdad Altu Site is buried below more than one meter of sterile alluvium (Chatters 1988:37, 47). Chatters (1988:134) believed that the pattern of artifacts, hearths, and midden deposits at the Tualdad Altu Site represented a similar way of life to that of the occupants of the Sbabidid Site despite approximately 1600 years between occupations. 45KI439 was recorded by LAAS in 1994 and is approximately 200 feet east of the Sbabidid Site on the east side of Hardie Avenue SW in Renton (Lewarch et al. 1994:Appendix 2). The site was identified in backhoe trenches and is approximately one meter below the surface (Lewarch 1994:1). Four hearths containing fire modified rock, midden deposits three to eight JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment centimeters thick, calcined bone, charcoal, and historic period midden deposits were identified in three trenches (Lewarch 1994:7). The site was identified in association with archaeological montioring of the proposed location of a Fred Meyer Corporation store (Lewarch 1994:1). The site is deeper than proposed construction would have taken place so no impacts to the site were expected and no further evaluation of the site was undertaken (Lewarch 1994:10). The Marymoor Site (45KI9) is on the Sammamish River one half mile from its source at the north end of Labe. Sammamish (Greengo 1966:6). The Sammamish River and Lake Sammamish were occupied by the Sammamish band of the Duwamish (Greengo 1966:2). The Marymoor Site was excavated by Robert Greengo (1966) and students from the University of Washington in 1964 (Greengo 1966:vi). The site contained numerous lithic tools recovered from two layers of midden deposits. A Cascade Phase lithic assemblage with leaf -shaped Cascade points, large stemmed points, and basalt cobble tools was mixed with later cultural materials such as small projectile points. Two radiocarbon dates from the site had corrected age ranges between 1648 and 2741 BP (Lewarch et al. 1995:Table 1.2). Site deposits were probably mixed during one or more earthquake events that liquefied sand beneath cultural strata and forced the sand through cracks to the ground surface (Lewarch et al. 1995:1-23). Marymoor occupations probably date between 3500 BP and 1000 BP based on stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates, and diagnostic artifacts (Lewarch et al. 1995:1-23). The Marymoor Site may have been a hunting camp whose inhabitants also lived along the shore of Lake Washington at other times of the year (Forsman and Larson 1995:7). Other archaeological surveys have been conducted near the proposed JAG Development project area that failed to identify archaeological sites_ OPA conducted a survey of an extension of sanitary sewers along May Creek which terminated at May Creek's intersection with Interstate 405. No archaeological remains were identified but Lorenz (1976:1) noted that an ethnohistoric village was reported at the mouth of May Creek. Archaeological and Historic Services (AHS), Eastern Washington University, conducted a pedestrian survey of State Road 900 in the upper May Creek Valley but no archaeological resources were identified (Robinson 1990:1). AHS conducted two surveys for highway development along interstate 405 in the Bellevue area but determined that prior disturbance due to original highway construction had significantly disturbed native soils and no intact archaeological deposits would be encountered (Robinson 1982a, 1982b). AHS also conducted a survey of a proposed park and ride lot in northeast Renton approximately .7 miles southwest of May Creek but no archaeological resources were identified {Robinson 1983:3), The Sbabidid Site, the Tualdad Altu Site, and 45KI439 are within five miles of the.proposed JAG Development project area and were probably occupied by the Duwamish. Sites such as these and the May Creek village location, 5bal't°, were identified by Harrington (ca. 1909) and Waterman.. (ca. 1920) along the shores of Lake Washington and in upland locations in several places. Archaeological features and artifacts such as those found at the Sbabidid Site, the Tuladad Altu site, 45KI439, and the Marymoor Site may also be present within the proposed JAG Development project area and may be deeply buried below the surface. JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment ETHNOGRAPHY The proposed JAG Development project area is within the territory of the Duwamish, a Salish- speaking group who lived in the general vicinity of Seattle. The Duwamish lived in a series of villages, loosely allied through kinship and political alliances, that consisted of individual or multiple cedar longhouses on Elliott Bay, Lake Washington, Lake Union, Salmon Bay, and on the Duwamish, Green (formerly White), and Cedar Rivers (Duwamish et al. 1933; Harrington ca. 1909; Larson 1986; Waterman ca. 1920). The Duwamish, who were named for a group that lived on the Cedar River known as the Dua'bs, prospered by efficiently procuring food resources from the rivers, lakes, and marine waters within their territory. The Duwamish were primarily dependent on salmon for food and seasonally harvested and processed various salmon species as the fish returned to local bays, lakes, streams, and rivers during spawning migrations. Salmon were harvested in these waters with nets, weirs, traps, hook and line, seines and spears. Some of the salmon were consumed fresh, but most were dried in smokehouses for winter storage or trade. Other marine fishes such as trout, flounder, octopus, and cod were taken for similar purposes. Lake Washington hosted an especially abundant variety of freshwater, non -salmonid species including chub, squawfish, bass, perch and suckers. Shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and crabs, were also taken from local Puget Sound shorelines; and freshwater mussels were gathered from lakes and streams. Waterfowl were snared in aerial duck nets or hunted from canoes. Plant resources, especially berries and roots, were harvested in the warmer months and processed for winter consumption. Wapato and camas were two important plant resources used by the local native groups living on or visiting Lake Washington (Indian Claims Commission 1955:16, 25; Lewarch et al. 1996:3.16). Wapato is a potato -like tuber that grows in flooded areas and camas is a lily -like flowering bulb that grows in prairie environments. A visitor to Lake Washington witnessed Duwamish canoers carrying strings of dried clams and cakes made from roots while he was transported across Lake Washington in 1871 (Cawley 1994:3). This observation demonstrates the accuracy of later ethnographic research and shows the tenacity of local native culture several decades after initial contact with non -Indians. The Duwamish focused their late sununer and fall seasonal food gathering and preservation activities towards support of their extended residence in the winter houses. Winter ceremonials, social events, repair and maintenance of fishing equipment, and leisure were the main activities reserved for the winter season. Several of the winter settlements on Lake Washington were inhabited by people that spoke the Duwamish language and intermarried with the neighboring Duwamish villages. Despite the cultural similarities this group maintained a separate identity from their Duwamish kin and neighbors (Smith 1940:16) and have been collectively referred to as: the S'Ke'tehl'mish, meaning people of the Skatelbs village near the former outlet of Lake Washington at its southerly end (Gibbs 1877; Larson 1986); the Xa'tco'abc meaning "Lake Washington Indians" (Ballard 1929:38; Harrington ca. 1909:Frame 314; Smith 1940:17); or simply the Lake Indians (Paige 1856b). The Duwamish 0 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment of Lake Washington lived in winter houses at Kirkland, Juanita,. Yarrow Point, Mercer Slough, Union Bay, Thornton Creek, Bryn Mawr, May Creek and McAleer Creek (Duwamish et al. 1933; Harrington ca. 1909:314,421; Larson 1986:3137; Waterman ca. 1920). The original shoreline of Lake Washington and the original mouth of May Creek are within the proposed JAG Development project area (United States Surveyor General 1864), May Creek was known to the Duwamish of Lake Washington as Sbal't° meaning "place where things are dried" (Waterman 1922:191). The name referred to the "great quantities of redfish" that were harvested at a point of land which was the mouth of May Creek (Waterman 1922:191). "Redfish" were the run of sockeye salmon that were taken here each year. It is unclear if the "redfish" noted by Waterman (1922:191) are the resident "lake salmon" recorded by Sfnith (1940:236) or a "select race" of sockeye salmon that migrated to outside marine waters (Williams et al. 1975:8.601). May Creek was the site of a Duwamish village consisting of "two medium houses" known as Shub-alugh each measuring "8 by 16 fathoms" (48 feet by 96 feet) (Duwamish et al. 1933). This name, which is an anglicized approximation of the term Sbal't° recorded by Waterman (1922:191), originates from testimony given by Duwamish informants for the Indian Claims Commission in 1927 (Duwamish et al. 1933). Harrington (ca. 1909:Frame 421) recorded a group of Duwamish called the Subaltuabs, who took their name from May Creek, an obvious reference to the people who lived in the May Creek village. The Subaltuabs probably caught the sockeye and the smaller resident salmon using a combination of traps, weirs, and dipnets. The marine run of sockeye salmon were probably smoked in the customary way, either in a cedar planked smokehouse or dried on racks using a combination of sunlight and a small, smoky fire (Smith 1940:238). "Lake salmon" spawned in the small drainages of Lake Washington, such as May Creek (Smith 1940:236). They were cleaned with the backbone left in, smoked and stored for later use. ' The Subaltuabs of May Creek had strong contacts with the neighboring villages of Skatelbs, Tuwe"b-qo and the other Duwamish villages at the confluence of the Black and Cedar Rivers. This connection is also suggested by a historic trail from the Black River to the mouth of May Creek, documented by U.S. territorial government surveyors in 1864 and 1865 (Figure 3) (United States Surveyor General 1864, 1865). The largest concentration of Duwamish villages was on the Black and Cedar Rivers, giving the May Creek villagers incentive to maintain the trail as an overland route between villages for economic and social purposes. The trail was also part of a system that included the trail over Naches Pass used by the Klickitat and other plateau groups for trade missions with the Duwamish and other Puget Sound groups. The Puget Sound groups also used the trail to gain access to upland hunting and berrying grounds (Prater 1981:9-I1). The Subaltuabs lived at their homes on May Creek continuously until events related to the increased Euroamexican settlement of the Seattle area began to affect aboriginal settlement patterns. Introduced diseases, such as smallpox, were the first effects of non-native contact felt by the Duwamish, in addition, settlers began to occupy gathering sites and fishing places, 10 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment causing the Duwamish great concern about the increasing population of non -natives in their territory (Lewarch et al. 1996:5.162). The United States Government attempted to address their fears by negotiating treaties with the Duwamish and other Puget Sound tribes in 1855: The Treaty of Point Elliot was signed in January of 1855 by Chief Seattle for the Suquamish and Duwamish Tribes (Lane 1975:22-23). Original surveys of the area record the village on the Black River but fail to note any houses on May Creek (United States Surveyor General 1864, 1865). The absence of houses at May Creek in the 1860s suggests that the Subaltuabs had moved from their winter village and perhaps resettled at other Duwamish villages or on nearby reservations such as the Muckieshoot or Port Madison Indian Reservations. The Subaltuabs and the other "Lake Indians," were considered part of the larger Duwamish Tribe by the United States Government. The Treaty assigned the Duwamish to live on the Port Madison Indian Reservation on the Kitsap Peninsula, far from their aboriginal territory. Some Duwamish moved to the Port Madison Indian Reservation while others found the notion of living in Suquamish territory unsatisfactory and stayed in their homes on the Cedar and Black Rivers. The treaty terms and occupation of usual and accustomed fishing and gathering places motivated some of the more aggressive tribal groups to engage in skirmishes with regular army troops and volunteers. These were called the Indian War of 1855-56_. Federal officials were fearful that the Duwamish would engage in hostile activities. They were especially concerned about the Duwamish on Lake Washington, because they had marital and trade ties to the plateau groups like the Yakama, who maintained a strong stance against the military. Indian agency officials attempted to restrain the Duwamish from joining the conflict through removal to a temporary reservation in Seattle and by monitoring their movements. It appears that the Subaltuabs remained at or near their village at May Creek for several months after the Indian War ended according to the local Indian Agent in his December 1856 letters. He stated that "on the eastern shore of the Lake there are three large houses containing 38 persons" (Paige 1856a) and "the band of Labe Indians are encamped on the east side of the Lake near the South end" (Paige 1856b). Most of the Subaltuabs and the other "Lake Indians" eventually moved to either the Port Madison or Muckleshoot Indian Reservations with other Duwamish people. Relocation to the reservations was probably complete by 1930, after it became obvious to the remaining Duwamish that a reservation was not going to be established for their exclusive use. Today, the Muckieshoot Tribe exercises Treaty fishing rights in Lake Washington as successors to the aboriginal rights of the "Lake Indians" and other Duwamish groups. The types of hunter -fisher -gatherer resources expected in the JAG Development project area would primarily relate to food gathering activities and permanent winter settlement. Remnants of weirs, traps, smokehouses, and drying racks built for harvesting the annual sockeye runs may be preserved beneath the ground surface. Middens and fire hearths from fish processing and consumption of marine and freshwater resources may also be present. The project area may also contain house posts, post molds, depressions and other remnants of former winter II JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment houses. Projectile points, scrapers, debitage, and adze blades related to hunting and processing land game, fish processing, and winter house maintenance and construction may also be expected. HISTORY Isaac Ebey was the first non-native to observe Lake Washington while he ascended the Duwamish River in 1850, in search of a homestead (Bagley 1929:1:27). After following the Black River into Lake Washington., Ebey described the lake as "surrounded principally with woodland, consisting of cedar, fir, ash, oak, etc ... the water is clear and very deep" (Bagley 1929:1:27). Ebey named the body of water Lake Geneva, a short-lived appellation (McDonald 1979:15-19). r Lake Washington was permanently renamed Lake Washington in 1854 (McDonald 1979:15-19). Lake Washington was also known as Lake Dawamish (sic) in early United States territorial surveys (United States Surveyor General 1864, 1865). Ebey may have passed May Creek, called Honeydew Creek in the 1860s (United States Surveyor General 1864), during his investigation of Lake Washington. The proposed JAG Development project area was first settled by James Madison Colman in 1875 (Bagley 1929:1:413; Fawcett 1979). Colman, who is also listed as James Manning Colman by a local historian (McDonald 1979:75), should not be confused with James Murray Colman.., who was a prominent Seattle sawmill operator, railroad financier and coal mine developer. James Murray Colman originally came to Puget Sound in 1861 to operate the Port Madison Mill (Bagley 1929:2:48-55). James Murray Colman was very active in the development of the Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad, a line that went from Seattle to the Newcastle coal mines 2.2 miles east of the project area. The historical occurrence of two J. M. Colmans in close proximity to each other has caused the men to be mistakenly identified. The J. M. Colman of May Creek will be referred to as J. Madison Colman to avoid further confusion. J. Madison Colman, who was born in Kentucky, came to Seattle from his home in Georgia by ship with his wife Clarissa in approximately 1875 (Fawcett 1979; McDonald 1979:75). Shortly after his arrival, J. Madison Colman acquired a 160 -acre parcel of land bisected by May Creek, formerly the homestead of Jeremiah Sullivan, who, in turn, had acquired the property from the United States Government in 1873 (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:1,1). He cleared one acre of his property and built a house where he lived with his wife and four children (McDonald 1979:75-77). J. Madison Colman was elected to a position as King County Commissioner in 1880 and 1882 (McDonald 1979:77). He was murdered in 1886 while rowing to Seattle to testify in a land claim dispute. The suspect in the murder was a neighbor that Colman had accused of illegally obtaining title to his lands. The suspect was tried three times and finally convicted, however, his sentence was later overturned (Bagley 1929:1:413--414; McDonald 1979:77-78). Coleman Point at Kennydale, approximately one- half mile south of the project area, was named for J. Madison Colman (McDonald 1979:75). 12 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment J. Madison Colman's widow, Clarissa, maintained ownership of the homestead after his death but the property remained unused for several years. Lands near the northern boundary of the project area were used for access to coal fields in the Newcastle Hills. The 1864 survey of the area in which the JAG Development project area is Iocated shows an unfinished wagon road one-quarter mile northeast of the project boundary. The road runs east to west from the shoreline of Lake Washington parallel to the northern boundary, but is entirely outside the project area. This road was built to haul coal to Lake Washington from Newcastle for shipment to Seattle (Bagley 1929:1:285; United States Surveyor General 1864). In 1902, the timber on the Colman property, which still encompassed the entire project area, was sold (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:1.1). A year later, the Northern Pacific Railroad acquired a right -of -,way through the Colman property for construction of a railroad spur along the eastern shore of Lake Washington that connected Woodinville and Renton. The Lake Washington Belt Line Railroad had attempted to build the same spur in 1890, but this railroad was only partially completed (McDonald 1979:53). The Lake Washington Belt Line Railroad was intended to unite iron ore from the Cascades with coal from near the Carbon River for processing purposes. The railroad route along the eastern shore was later built by the Northern Pacific Company around 1905 (O'Hare 1905; Slauson 1976:182; Way 1989:37- 38) with five stations along Lake Washington: Kirkland, Houghton, Northrup, Wilburton, and May Creek (Scott and Turbeville 1983:53). The Colman family began selling parts of their 160 -acre homestead after 1908. In 1916, Peter Reilly purchased a waterfront portion of the original Colman property (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:1.1). This parcel of land became the Quendall Terminals Property where Reilly established the Republic Creosote Company in 1917; later, the company was known as the Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation (McDonald 1979:78; Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:3.1). Lake Washington was lowered just a few months after Reilly purchased his parcel when the Lake Washington Ship Canal and the Hiram Chittenden Locks were constructed in the summer of 1916. The project was initiated to provide improved navigation to Puget Sound, to help control flooding, and to provide moorage for Naval ships (Ballard News Tribune 1988:88; Chrzastowski 1983:7). Lowering Lake Washington's water level expanded Reilly's holdings to over 29 acres (Kroll Map Company 1926). The Quendall area received its name from a mistaken creosote order from England addressed to a plant at Port Quendall and a variation of the name is still used on modern maps and by current owners (McDonald 1979:78). The Reilly Tar Company used the tar by-products generated by the Lake Union Gas Works to produce creosote and other refined products (McDonald 1979:78; Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:3.2). The plant was operational from 19117 to 1969. Another parcel of the Colman property, which was eventually owned by the Baxter Company, was sold in approximately 1914 for establishment of a shingle production facility (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:4.1). The property was owned by Sound Timber Company in 1926 which owned and operated the shingle mill (Kroll Map Company 1926). The shingle mill was just outside the project area and was demolished between 1936 and 1946 (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:4.1). The remaining property was owned by 13 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Peter Reilly and two other individuals, a Mr. Falk and Emil GauphoIm, who built residences on the property, according to Remediation Technologies, Incorporated (1996:2.1). The property was owned by J. B. Polk in. 1936 (Metsker 1936) but was sold to Mr. Rydeen by 1940 (Kroll Map Company 1940), The property may have changed hands many times over the years or county -atlases were not frequently or reliably updated resulting in the contradictions between title records and county atlases. The property was finally leased to the Baxter Company in 1955 which established a wood treatment facility where logs were debarked and treated for use for telephone poles and pilings (McDonald 1979:78; Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:4.2). A few years later the Baxter Company purchased the property. The majority of facility operations has recently been transferred to another site in Arlington, Washington. The last parcel of the Colman property within the proposed JAG Development project area was held by the Colman family through 1940. From 1926 to 1936 the land was owned by James Colman, possibly one of J. Madison Colman's descendants, or the name is a reflection of the persistence of the deceased Colman's name in land records (Kroll Map Company 1926), In 1940, the land was owned by George Lathrop Coleman (sic), a son of J. Madison Colman (Fawcett 1979). The land was sold by the Colmans to the Barbee Marine Yards in 1943, a company that built ships for the military during World War II (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:2.2). A sawmill was built on-site to process wood for shipbuilding. After the war ended, the Barbee Mill abandoned shipbuilding and concentrated on sawmill operations.' The Barbee Mill is in operation today. Most of the remaining lands around the project area were sold by the Colmans to C. D. Hillman, a real estate developer who established the Garden of Eden tracts in the early 19008. The Garden of Eden tracts were the stimulus for the development of Kennydale, named for Hillman's brother-in-law and best salesperson (Kroll Map Company 1926; McDonald - 1979:78; Slauson 1976:180-181). Hillman's development attracted several families which established homes and small farms. Many others were employed in logging local timber that was transported to Lake Washington on the May Creek Lumber Company's log railroad along May Creek (Slauson 1976:180-181). The first road along the lake shore was built in 1918 and is now known as Lake Washington Boulevard (Slauson 1976:181). Interstate 405 was completed in the early 1960s as part of the expanding interstate highway network. Historic archaeological resources which may be expected in the JAG Development project area would be associated with early residential and industrial development. Types of resources would be structural remnants of early creosote refinery -structures and equipment, remains of the first Northern Pacific Rahway tracks, evidence of the May Creek Lumber Company's logging railroad, and/or other early sawmill activity. Indications of these occupations would, be railroad timbers and trackage, historic refuse, machinery parts and components, and roadbeds. Evidence of early residential development would be indicated by house foundations,. root cellars, structural remnants, and historic artifact assemblages. 14 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment FIELD RECONNAISSANCE FIELD METHODS The proposed JAG Development properties are currently developed as the Barbee Mill, Port Quendall Log Yard, the Baxter Property, and the Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property. The Baxter Property is divided into two parcels; one of the parcels contains two areas. The North Baxter Property includes the northern end of the Baxter Property and a small wedge of property east of Ripley Lane (Hazelwood Lane) and west of Interstate 405 called the North Baxter Property East Wedge (Figure 2). The South Baxter Property contains the area where the Baxter Wood Treating facility was located (Figure 2). These properties were historically occupied and recently modified to such an extent that few surfaces or exposures of native soil were available throughout the proposed JAG Development site for field investigation. The Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property and the Barbee Mill Properties are paved with asphalt and subsurface investigation was only possible at the extreme margins of the properties. The Baxter Property is currently undeveloped but the southern portion of the property was a wood treating plant between 1955 and the early 1960s (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:4-2). Contamination of the soil on the South Baxter Property from creosote forbade subsurface archaeological investigation (Mike Paulson, personal communication 1997). Creosote and other chemicals were manufactured on the Port Quendall Property between the late 1910s and late 1960s and could not be shovel -probed due to contamination of the soil (Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996:3-5; Mike Paulson, personal communication 1997). The North Baxter Property and the North Baxter Property East Wedge were the only large parcels that were available for subsurface investigation. The field reconnaissance was conducted by LAAS archaeologist Bradley Bowden on March 4, 5, and 7, 1997. Joe Gibbons and Mike Paulson of Remediation Technologies, Incorporated, monitored Bradley Bowden's movements throughout the project area to insure that no potentially hazardous materials were encountered during the field reconnaissance. Joe Gibbons monitored fieldwork on March 4, between 8:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. and on March 5, between 8:00 a.m. and 2:30 p.m., and Mike Paulson monitored fieldwork on March 4, between 10:30 a.m. and 4:30 p -.m. and on March 7, between 8:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. Shovel probes were placed in areas of the proposed JAG Development parcels that appeared to exhibit minimal disturbance based on historic maps and information relating to the previous and current use of the properties. Reconnaissance was focused primarily on the eastern portion of the JAG Development project area because most of the western portion of the properties was under water prior to the construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and because no soil contamination was in these areas. Shovel probes were approximately 35 centimeters in diameter and were an average of 80 centimeters deep. Two shovel probes were excavated to depths below one meter and two shovel probes were terminated between 20 and 30 centimeters below the surface because large cobbles related to fill episodes were encountered. The shoveled portion of the probes was 15 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment j terminated at approximately 65 centimeters below the surface and a five and one quarter -inch (13 centimeter) diameter auger was used to complete the probe. All sediments excavated in the shovel probes were passed through 1/4" and 1/8" screen. Field notes, photograph records, and photographs are stored in LAAS project files. FIELD RESULTS One cobble -sized, possibly fire modified rock (FMR), was identified in Shovel Probe #9 ort the Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property (Figure 2). This rock was recovered in pebble -sized stream deposits and may have been broken naturally. The possible FMR was recovered from soils buried 90 to 100 centimeters below the surface. No other cultural materials were identified in Shovel Probe #9: Shovel Probe #12, at the southeast corner of the Port Quendall Log Yard, contained small -charcoal deposits within the soil at a depth of 90 to 100 centimeters that may have been related to human activities in the area. No other cultural materials or archaeological sites were identified during the field reconnaissance. Fill was encountered in all but two of the shovel probes and was between 30 and 90 centimeters in depth. The most shallow fill episodes were noted in the eastern portion of the North Baxter Property near the railroad tracks. The deepest fill episode was in the southeastern portion of the Port Quendall Log Yard, near the old channel of May Creek. Four of the 12 shovel probes were terminated because the fill was impenetrable. Approximately 10 percent of the proposed JAG Development Project area was shovel -probed for buried archaeological deposits. The remaining 90 percent of the project area was not field assessed because access to buried deposits was not possible. The Barbee Mill and the Pan Abode Cedar Homes Properties were mostly paved with asphalt or contained existing structures. Three shovel probes were successfully excavated in these areas, comprising 27 acres of the 60 -acre JAG Development Project area. The Port Quendall Log Yard and the South Baxter Property were identified as having hazardous and dangerous materials on and below ground surface by Remediation Technologies, Incorporated (Mark Larsen, personal communication 1997). Access to the majority of these properties was not possible due to contamination of soils below the surface. One shovel probe was excavated at the extreme southeast corner of the Port Quendall Log Yard within one meter of a Remediation Technologies, Incorporated, soil probe that was free of contaminants (Mike Paulson, personal communication 1997). The Port Quendall Log Yard Property and the South Baxter Property comprise 20 acres of the 60 -acre JAG Development project. area. The North Baxter Property is divided into two parcels; the larger is adjacent to the South Baxter Property and is 19 acres in area. Three of four shovel probes in this parcel encountered impenetrable fill and were terminated before native soils could be observed. The smaller North Baxter Property is the North Baxter Property East Wedge, a one -acre wedge-shaped parcel east of Ripley (Hazelwood) Lane and west of Interstate 405 (Figure 2). Three shovel probes were excavated in this area and native soils were encountered in all three shovel probes: 16 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Soils that appeared to be native and undisturbed ranged from sand to loam and contained abundant waterworn pebbles and cobbles. The soil identified in shovel probes in the eastern portion of the project area tended to be a mixture of sandy loam and sandy silts and contained moderate amounts of pebbles and small cobbles. These soils appeared to be remnant alluvial deposits from flooding and movement of May Creek. Soils in the western portion of the proposed JAG Development project area tended to be fine to coarse sands with abundant waterworn pebbles and cobbles. These deposits were suggestive of beach deposits associated with the changing shoreline of Lake Washington. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS No cultural resources eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places were identified in the proposed JAG Development project area during archival review or field reconnaissance. Literature review indicated that the mouth of May Creek was in the Port Quendall Log Yard portion of the proposed JAG Development Project area prior to modern channelization. Waterman (ca. 1920) identified the Duwamish site Sbal't° at this location, a village with two winter houses known as a good place for fishing and drying redfish (sockeye or kokanee salmon). The village was recorded by two anthropologists shortly after the turn of the century and was occupied at least until the Treaty of Point Elliot was signed in 1855. No Duwamish 'village occupations or any type of archaeological sites have been recorded on Lake Washington. Environmental factors and the location of archaeological sites south of Lake Washington on the old Slack River channel suggest that archaeological remains are probably extant under fill and or pavement associated with the proposed JAG Development. However, field reconnaissance of the propose-- eve opment project area was mite y modern and historic changes to the area, including fill episodes, asphalt and concrete paving, and potentially hazardous materials on and below the ground surface. Lake fluctuations from earthquakes and historic modifications have alternately submerged and uplifted the Lake Washington shoreline, burying and/or eroding hunter -fisher -gatherer deposits over time. In addition, the mouth of May Creek has moved across the landscape leaving alluvial deposits or scouring earlier surfaces. Predicting the location of high probability areas for cultural resources becomes a challenge. Nevertheless, it is entirely likely that archaeological remains are extant on the proposed JAG Development project area. MONITORING Monitoring for archaeological materials is recommended in all future subsurface activities in high probability areas within the proposed JAG Development project area. Monitoring should be included in any future activities relating to the cleanup of the potentially hazardous materials in high probability areas of the project area as well as during any construction activities related to the proposed JAG Development. High probability areas are those that are most likely to contain archaeological deposits (Figure 4). A professional archaeologist should be .on-site to monitor any subsurface activities to insure that no intact archaeological materials 17 0 1000 Feet N -Je Project Area Boundaries .7 Shoreline . .. ....... Recommended Cultural Resource Monitoring Locations North Baxter I or Property So6th Baxter - Prope. ....... ... rty J z IL .e 4-1 X 72 North Baxter Property ee East Wedge , Jim -7, "" Port Quen all 1) T `4 Log YardINN 17 h `��'; St M Barbee Mill (7 77- 7 Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property Lai1. — F Base Map From USGS Bellevue South, Washington, 1983 Figure 4. Recommended monitoring areas in the JAG Development project area. 18 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment or features are adversely affected during such activities. If any archaeological materials or features are identified during monitoring of subsurface activities, the activity should be halted immediately in areas large enough to maintain the integrity of the remains to allow the archaeologist to determine the integrity and significance of the materials and/or features. If the archaeologist determines that a probably significant archaeological site is present, a testing strategy for evaluation should be developed through consultation with the Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation and the Muckleshoot Tribe. If human remains are identified during subsurface activities, construction must halt in an area large enough to maintain integrity of the remains and the Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation and the Muckleshoot Tribe contacted immediately. HIGH PROBABILITY AR.YAs Areas that are most likely to contain archaeological deposits within the JAG Development project area are those that border old channels of May Creek, areas that border the trail shown on the U. S. Surveyor General map from 1864, areas adjacent to the 1864 shoreline and areas near the current shoreline in the May Creek mouth vicinity that may have been exposed and inundated repeatedly over time because of water level fluctuations. High probability areas in the JAG Development project area include all of the Port Quendall Log Yard, a portion of the South Baxter Property, the central portion of the North Baxter Property, and northern portions of the Pan Abode Cedar Homes and Barbee Mill Properties (Figure 4). The Port Quendall Lag Yard contains the old channel of May Creek visible on the 1864 GLO map and the 1920 DNR map (United States Army Corps of Engineers 1920; United States Surveyor General 1864). It also contains the end of the historic trail shown on the 1864 GLO map. The 1920 DNR map shows a marsh in the eastern portion of the Port Quendall Log Yard where the mouth of May Creek f-ormed a delta ('Figure 3T—This area wasun ocf—u toy _UseT5y Me inhabitants of the Duwamish village Sbal't° to gather plants such as wapato and to fish. The South Baxter Property borders the Port Quendall Log Yard on the north and was probably also occupied by hunter -fisher -gatherers. The 1920 DNR map of the project area shows two small promontories that were probably formed when stream -born alluvial deposits entered the lake (Figure 3). The early historic period shoreline shown in the 1864 United States Surveyor General Map traverses the North Baxter Property and may have been used by hunter -fisher - gatherers after 1,100 years ago. Non -village, lacustrine sites may be adjacent to the shoreline. It is likely that an old channel of May Creek was in the southern portion of the South Baxter Property and: that native inhabitants of the JAG Development project area used the area for fishing and gathering. The northern portion of the Barbee Mill also borders the Port Quendall Log Yard and may contain archaeological resources related to the activities mentioned previously. The northern portion of the Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property contains old channels of May Creek that were several meters east of fluctuating lake shorelines. The property was probably not subject to inundation and may have been occupied when lake levels were high and the Port Quendall Log Yard was under water. The historic trail shown on the 1864 GLO map intersected with May Creek in the northern portion of the Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property which suggests that an archaeological site may be in the immediate vicinity. 19 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Low PROBABiLiTx AREAS The North Baxter Property and the North Baxter Property East Wedge were successfully shovel probed below fill and contained no archaeological deposits, however, areas near the early historic period shoreline may have undiscovered cultural deposits, Likewise, the southern portion of the Pan Abode Cedar Homes Property was successfully shovel probed and contained no archaeological deposits. These areas may have been slightly outside the use area of the inhabitants of the Duwamish village Sbal'tl, The North Baxter Property East Wedge, portions of the North Baxter Property away from the early historic period shoreline, and the southern portion of the Patz Abode Cedar Homes Property are considered to have a low probability of containing archaeological deposits. Shovel probes were attempted in the southern portion of the Barbee Mill but were completely inundated with ground water and appeared to contain several feet of fill. This portion of the project area may have been under water prior to historic use of the JAG Development project area and is considered to be a low probability area as well. The current shoreline of the JAG Development project area is fill material that was placed from 100 to 1.000 feet west of the 1864 shoreline (Figure 3). Contemporary offshore bathymetry with water depth in two meter contours (Figures 1 and 3) shows a broad submarine platform west of the project area to a depth of 10 meters below the low water elevation of Lake Washington. This is probably the submarine portion of the May Creep delta. Higher elevations of this offshore platformm may have been exposed during low stands of Lake Washington during the past 1,100 years, but were probably not available for hunter -fisher -gatherer use before then, when the landform eras probably uplifted during an earthquake. The current shoreline is therefore considered low probability in all areas of the JAG Development project area. in areas that are considered to be high probability and have shoreline portions, e.g. the Port Quendall Log Yard, the South Baxter Property, and the northern portion of the Barbee Mill Property, a 100 foot (approximately 30 meter) area from the shoreline east should be considered to be low probability. 20 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment BIBLIOGRAPHY Bagley, Clarence B. 1929 History of King County. 4 vols. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, Seattle. Ballard News Tribune 1988 Passport to Ballard: The Centennial Story. Ballard News Tribune: A Division of Newspaper Enterprises of Washington State Company, Seattle. Ballard, Arthur C. 1929 Mythology of Southern Puget Sound. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 3(2):131-150. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Butler, Virginia L. 1990 Fish Remains from the Black River sites (45KI59 and 45KI51-D). Archaeology in Washington 2:49-65. Carter, M. J. 1917 Lake Washington's New Beach Line. Town Crier 14 April, 1917. Cawley, Martinus 1994 Indian Journal of Rev. R. W Summers. Guadalupe Translations, Lafayette, Oregon. Chatters, James C. 1981 Archaeology of the Sbabadid Site 45KI51, King County, Washington. Office of Public Archaeology, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Washington. On file Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. 1988 Tualdad Altu (45KI59), a 4th Century Village on the Black River, King County, Washington. First City Equities, Seattle. Chrzastowski, Michael 1983 Historical Changes to Lake Washington and Route of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, King County, Washington. Water Resources Investigation Open -File Report 81-1182. CNA Architecture 1997 Port Quendall Planned Action EIS Information, Proposed Conditions. CNA Architecture, Seattle. 21 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Crandell, Dwight R. 1963 Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the Lake Tapps Quadrangle, Washington. Geological Survey Professional Paper 388-A. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C. Dragovich, Joe D., Patrick T. Pringle, and Timothy J. Walsh 1994 Extent and Geometry of the Mid -Holocene Osceola Mudflow in the Puget Lowland: Implications for Holocene Sedimentation and Paleography. Washington Geology 22(3):3-26. Diuwamish et al. Tribes of Indians v. The United States of America 1933 Testimony before the Court of Claims of the United States. Proceedings of the Indian Court of Claims, No. F-275. Fawcett, Clarissa M. 1979 Colman Family History, Letter from Clarissa M. Fawcett to Renton Museum, 3 March. On file at the Renton Historical Society, Renton, Washington, Forsman, Leonard and Lynn Larson 1995 Regional Wastewater Services Plan Cultural Resource Management Overview .Draft Technical Memorandum. LAAS Technical Report 95-12. Submitted to CH2M Hill, Bellevue, Washington. Galster, Richard W. And William T. Laprade 1991_ Geology of Seattle Washington, United States of America. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, Volume XXVIII, Number 3:235-302. Gibbs, George 1877 Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon.. Contributions to North American Ethnology 1(2):157-361. John Wesley Powell, editor. U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. Reprinted. Shorey Books, Seattle, 1970. Greengo, Robert E. 1966 Archaeological Excavations at the Marymoor Site (45K19). A Report to the National Park Service Region 4, Order Invoice Voucher 34-703 Sammam,ish Flood Control Project. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. Gunther, Erna 1981 Ethnobotany of Western Washington, the Knowledge and Use of .Indigenous Plants by Native Americans. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 22 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Harrington, John P. ca. John P. Harrington Papers. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian 1909 Institution. Reel 15, 1907-1957, on microfilm at Suzzallo Library, University of Washington, Seattle. Indian Claims Commission 1955 Defendant's Request for Findings of Fact, Objections to Findings of Fact requested by Petitioner, and Brief, Docket No. 109, The Duwamish Tribe of Indians v. The United States of America. Indian Claims Commission, Washington, D.C. Frederick W. Post collection, Box 23. On file Suquamish Tribal Archives, Suquamish, Washington. Karlin, Robert E. and Sally B. Abella 1992 Paleoearthquakes in the Puget Sound Region Recorded in Sediments of Lake Washington, U.S.A. Science 258:1617-1620. 1993 A History of Past Earthquakes Recorded in Lake Washington Sediments. Paper presented in the U.S. Geological survey and Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington Conference on Large Earthquakes and Active Faults in the Puget Sound Region. Kroll Map Company 1926 Kroll's Atlas of King County. Kroll Map Company, Seattle. 1940 Kroll's Atlas of King County. Kroll Map Company, Seattle. Lane, Barbara 1975 Identiry and Treaty Status of the Duwamish Tribe of Indians. Report prepared for the US Department of the Interior and the Duwamish Tribe. Ms. on file at Special Collections, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle. Larson, Lynn L. 1986 Ethnographic and Historic Duwamish Land Use. On file. at Larson Anthropological/ Archaeological Services, Seattle. 1988 Cultural Resource Investigation of a Proposed Warehouse in Renton, King County, Washington. Submitted to Public Storage, Incorporated, Renton, Washington. Letter report on file Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. Leopold, Estella B., Rudy J. Nickman, John I. Hedges, and John R. Ertel 1982 Pollen and Lignin Records of Late Quaternary Vegetation, Lake Washington. Science 218:1305-1307. 23 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Lewarch, Dennis E. 1994 Cultural Resources .Field Assessment of the Fred Meyer Corporation Building Project Area, Renton, King County, .Washington. Submitted to Fred Meyer Corporation, Portland, Oregon. Letter report on file Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Lewarch, Dennis E., Lynn L. Larson, and Leonard A. Forsman 1995 Introduction. In The Archaeology of West Point, Seattle, Washington, 4, 000 Years of Hunter -Fisher -Gatherer Land Use in Southern Puget ,sound, 2 vols, pp, 1-1-1--39. Edited by Lynn L. Larson and Dennis E. Lewarch. Larson Anthropological/ Archaeological Services, Seattle. Submitted to the King County Department of Metropolitan Services, Seattle. Lewarch, Dennis E., Lynn L. Larson, Leonard A. Forsman, Guy F. Moura, Eric W. Bangs, and Paula Mohr Johnson 1996 King County Department of Natural Resources, Water Pollution Control Division, Alki Transfer/CSO Project Allentown Site (45KI431) and White Lake Site (45KI438 and 45KI438A) Data Recovery. LAAS Technical Report #95-8. Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services, Seattle. Submitted to HDR Engineering, Bellevue, Washington and King County Department of Natural Resources, Water Pollution Control Division, Seattle. Lorenz, Thomas H. 1976 Archaeological Assessment, Army Corps of Engineers, Permit Number 071-0YB-1- 002916, Phase 1- May Creek Interceptor,, METRO/King County Water District Number 107. Letter report submitted to Moore, Wallace and Kennedy, incorporated, Seattle. On file Washington State Office of Archaeology and historic Preservation, Olympia. McDonald, Lucile 1979 The Lake Washington Story. Superior Publishing Company, Seattle. Metsker, Charles 1936 Metsker's Atlas of King County. Metsker Map Company, Seattle. Mullineaux, Donald R. 1970 Geology of the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond Quadrangles, King County, Washington. Geological Survey Professional Paper 672, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. O'Hare, Daniel 1905 State of Washington. Compiled from the Official Records of the General Land Office and other sources. In Early Washington Atlas, 1981, Ralph Preston, Binford and Mort, Portland, Oregon. 24 j JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Paige, George 1856a Report to Isaac I. Stevens, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Washington Territory. December 29, 1856, Fort Kitsap, Washington Territory. On microfilm, U.S. National Archives, Records of the Washington Superintendency of Indian Affairs, Letters received from Puget Sound, Microcopy 5, Roll 10. 1856b Report to Isaac I. Stevens, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Washington Territory. December 31, 1856, Fort Kitsap, Washington Territory. On microfilm, U.S. National Archives, Records of the Washington Superintendency of Indian Affairs. Letters received from Puget Sound, Microcopy 5, Roll 10. Prater, Yvonne 1981 Snoqualmie Pass, From Indian Trail to Interstate. The Mountaineers, Seattle. Reid, Al 1991 Archaeological Monitoring at Sbabadid Site (45M1) During the Earlington Woods Development Project, 1990. Submitted to the Holly Corporation, Tacoma, Contract Job No. 947001. Remediation Technologies, Incorporated 1996 Review of Historical Information and Environmental Records for the Baxter, Quendall and Barbee Mills Properties. Prepared for JAG Development Corporation, Bellevue, Washington. Robinson, Joan 1982a SR 405: Factoria to Northup Way-HOV, Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Prepared for Washington State Department of Transportation, Seattle. Letter report on file Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, 1982b SR 90: Bellevue Access Study, Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney. Prepared for Washington State Department of Transportation, Seattle. Letter report on file Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. 1990 A Cultural Resources Survey of SR 900: Junction SE May Valley Road, .Ding County, Washington. Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney. Prepared for Washington State Department of Transportation, Seattle. Letter report on file Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Scott, James W. and Daniel Turbeville III 1983 Whatcom County in Maps 1832-1837. Center for Pacific Northwest Studies and the Fourth Corner Registry, Bellingham, Washington. 25 JAG Development Cultural Resource Assessment Slauson, Morda C. 1971 One Hundred Years Along the Cedar River. Maple Valley Historical Society, Maple Valley, Washington. " 1976 Renton, From Coal to Jets. Renton Historical Society, Renton, Washington. Smith, Marian W, 1940 The Puyallup-Nisqually. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, Volume 32. Columbia University Press, New York, United States Army Corps of Engineers 1920 Survey of Lake Washington Shoreline at May Creek. On file at Washington State ' Department of Natural Resources, Olympia. United States Geological Survey 1983 Bellevue South, Washington 7:5 Quadrangle. United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA. United States Surveyor General 1864 General Land Office Map, Township 24 North, Range 5 East, Willamette Meridian. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia. 1865 General Land Office Map, Township 23 North, Range 5 East, Willamette Meridian, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia. 1864- General Land Office Surveyor's Notes, Township 24 North, Range 5 East, 1865 Willamette Meridian. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Waterman, T. T. ca. Puget Sound Geography. Unpublished manuscript on file Pacific Northwest 1920 Collection, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle, 1922 Geographic Names Used by Indians of the Pacific Coast. Geographical Review 12:175-194. Way, Nancy 1989 Our Town Redmond. Publishers Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, Williams, R. Walter, Richard M. Laramie, and James J. Ames 1975 Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization, volume 1, Puget Sound Region. Washington State Department of Fisheries, Olympia. 26 Appendix 1 Agencies and Individuals Contacted Agencies and Indiividuals Contacted Jim Spitze, Director, CNA Architecture, telephone, 9 January, 1997, 17 January, 1997, 21 January, 1997, 11 March, 1997, 12 March 1997. Mark Larsen, Redevelopment Specialist, Remediation Technologies, Incorporated, telephone, 10, March 1997, Joe Gibbons, Hydrogeologist, Remediation Technologies, Incorporated, in person, 4 and S March, 1997. Mike Paulson, Environmental Scientist, Remediation Technologies, Incorporated, in person, 4 and 7 March, '1997. Stan Greene, Researcher, Renton Historical Society and Museum, in person, 7 and 8 March, 1997. Jason Wear, Administrative Assistant, Duwamish Tribe, telephone, 21. February, 1997. Walter Pacheco, Community Services Director, Muckieshoot Tribe, telephone, 26 March, 1997. Appendix 2 Tribal Correspondence i L A A S I i i January 17, 1997 Virginia Cross Chairperson Muckleshoot Indian Tribe 39015 172nd Avenue S.E Auburn, WA 98002 Dear Ms. Cross: L.ARSON ANTH ROPOtOGICAL ARCHA -PCLOG IC AL S RV1CcS CNA Architecture Group, Incorporated, has retained Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services to conduct a cultural resource assessment for a Planned Action Environmental impact Statement for JAG Development's proposed redevelopment of the Quendall Terminal Site. The project area is a 69 acre site on the southeastern shoreline of Lake Washington at May Creek, a quarter mile north of Kennydale, Washington (Figure 1). JAG Development has preliminarily proposed development of office buildings, residential housing, a.-hotel/conference center, a marina, and restaurant space on the property to be phased over a 10-15 year period. LAAS' cultural resource assessment includes identification of archaeological sites and potential traditional cultural use areas within the boundaries of the JAG Development. A field survey will be conducted on the 69 acre parcel to determine the existence or probability for significant cultural resources. LAAS is currently gathering existing archaeological, historic, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric data from the State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, University of Washington Libraries, and pertinent local King County repositories. However, we believe that the Muckleshoot Tribe may have information gathered from elders and/or the Tribe may currently use areas for traditional cultural activities. We encourage a cultural representative from the Muckleshoot Tribe to contact LAAS if the Tribe has information that might be useful in the assessment. We understand that traditional cultural use areas.are private, but LAAS .welcomes the opportunity to work with the Tribe regarding incorporation of this type of information in a secure and respectful manner. Please phone Lynn Larson or Leonard Forsman at LAAS at your earliest convenience if you would like to discuss the matter further. Otherwise, Leonard Forsman will phone your cultural representative within a week of your receipt of this letter. Sincerely, Lynn L. Larson Principal Investigator LLL/LF enclosure cc: Walter Pacheco, Community Service Coordinator P O BOX 70106 SEATTIE WASHINGTON 98107 :�v !n(1Al 7an nn all L A A S January 17, 1997 Cecile Maxwell -Hansen Chairperson Duwamish Indian Tribe 212 Wells Avenue South, Suite C Renton, WA 98055 Dear Ms. Maxwell -Hansen: 1,AeSC) N ANTHROPOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES CNA Architecture Group, Incorporated, has retained Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services to conduct a cultural resource assessment for a Planned Action Environmental Impact Statement for JAG Development's proposed redevelopment of the Quendall Terminal Site. The project area is a 69 acre site on the southeastern shoreline of Lake Washington at May Creek, a quarter mile north of Kennydale, Washington (Figure 1)• JAG Development has preliminarily proposed development of office buildings, residential housing, a hotel/conference center, a marina, and restaurant space on the property to be phased over a 10-15 year period. LAAS' cultural resource assessment includes identification of archaeological sites and potential traditional cultural use areas within the boundaries of the JAG Development. A field survey will be conducted on the 69 acre parcel to determine the existence or probability for significant cultural resources. LAAS is currently gathering existing archaeological, historic, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric data from the State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, University of Washingtazrl�ibrar-ies—and-per-t tezrt 1oca1-I urs C-aunty-zepe itor-ies--Haw-ewer-,- i-,-belie-ue_that_the Duwamish Tribe may have information gathered from elders and/or the Tribe may currently use areas for traditional cultural activities. We encourage a cultural representative from the Duwamish Tribe to contact LAAS if the Tribe has information that might be useful in the assessment. We understand that traditional cultural use areas are private, but LAAS welcomes the opportunity to work with the Tribe regarding incorporation of this type of information in a secure and respectful manner. Please phone Lynn Larson or Leonard Forsman at LAAS at your earliest convenience if you would like to discuss the matter further. Otherwise, Leonard Forsman will phone your cultural representative within a week of your receipt of this letter. Sincerely, Lynn L. Larson Principal Investigator LLL/LF enclosure cc: James Rasmussen, Tribal Council Member 0 BOX 70106 SEATTLE WASHINGTON 49107 =t f2061 782 . 0980 Appendix 3 Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation Cultural Resources Survey Cover Sheet I I _1 - Cultural Resources Survey Cover Sheet i 7 Author: Bradley Bowden Leonard A Forsman Lvnn L. Larson, Dennis E. Lewarch Title: Cultural Resource Assessment, JAG Development, King County, Washington Date: March 27, 1997 County: Kina Sections: 19, 32 Township: 24N Range: 5E Quad: Bellevue South. Washington Total Pages: 33 Acres:60 Site No. : OAHP Use Only (For Author's review) This report: X Describes the objectives & methods. _X _ Summarize the results of the survey. _X_ Reports where the survey records and data are stored. Has a Research Design that: Details survey objectives Details specific methods Details expected results Details area surveyed Details how results will be feedback in the NADB Document No: OAHP Log No: My review results in the opinion this survey report does does not conform with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Identification. Signed: Date: