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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAttachment C_CR_Reports_cov.pdfAttachment C. Cultural Resources State of Washington • Department of Archaeology & Historic Preservation P.O. Box 48343 • Olympia, Washington 98504-8343 • (360) 586-3065 www.dahp.wa.gov August 4, 2016 Ms. Margaret Berger Archaeologist Cultural Resource Consultants, Inc. 197 Parfitt Way SW, Suite 100 P.O. Box 10668 Bainbridge Island, WA 98110 In future correspondence please refer to: Project Tracking Code: 2016-07-05037 Property: Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program Re: No Historic Properties Affected Dear Ms. Berger: Thank you for contacting the Washington State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) on behalf of the Renton Housing Authority regarding the above referenced proposal. Your communication on this action has been reviewed by Dr. Rob Whitlam and myself on behalf of the SHPO under provisions of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended) and 36 CFR Part 800. Our review is based upon documentation provided in your submittal. First, we agree with the project area of potential effect (APE) as mapped in your documentation. We also concur that no historic properties will be affected by the current project as proposed. As a result of our concurrence, further contact with DAHP on this proposal is not necessary. However, if new information about affected resources becomes available and/or the project scope of work changes significantly, please resume consultation as our assessment may be revised. Also, if any archaeological resources are uncovered during construction, please halt work immediately in the area of discovery and contact the appropriate Native American Tribes and DAHP for further consultation. Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me. Sincerely, Russell Holter Project Compliance Reviewer (360) 586-3533 russell.holter@dahp.wa.gov Location Address:3027 NE 15th St, Renton, Washington, USA Geographic Areas:King Certified Local Government, King County, T23R05E04, MERCER ISLAND Quadrangle Information Number of stories:N/A Local Registers and Districts Name Date Listed Notes Project History Thematics: Architect/Engineer: Category Name or Company Architect Stoddard & Hubbard Historic Context: Category Historic Use: Category Subcategory Domestic Domestic - Multiple Family House Domestic Domestic - Multiple Family House Construction Type Year Circa Construction Dates: Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 1 of 5 Historic Property Report Evergreen Terrace 706382Resource Name:Property ID: Project Number, Organization, Project Name Resource Inventory SHPO Determination SHPO Determined By, Determined Date 2016-07-05037, , Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program 7/26/2016 Determined Not Eligible Russell Holter, 8/4/2016 Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 2 of 5 Historic Property Report Evergreen Terrace 706382Resource Name:Property ID: 4plexes and breezeway.jpg property overview.jpg 4plex.jpg Photos Evergreen Terrace air.jpg bldg wtih common areas.jpg Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 3 of 5 Historic Property Report Evergreen Terrace 706382Resource Name:Property ID: Inventory Details - 7/26/2016 Characteristics: Category Item Cladding Brick Roof Type Gable Roof Material Asphalt/Composition - Shingle Plan Rectangle Foundation Concrete - Poured Form Type Multiple Dwelling - Four Unit Block Detail Information Common name:Evergreen Terrace Date recorded:7/26/2016 Field Recorder:Margaret Berger Field Site number: SHPO Determination Surveyor Opinion Significance narrative:Following the end of World War II, the federal government aided Renton͛s construction of housing projects and residential infrastructure, which included the Highlands north and south of Sunset Highway (Buerge 1989). Evergreen Terrace was completed in 1968 as a part of Renton's public housing program. Evergreen Terrace was planned to be a "50 dwelling unit development for the elderly" operated by the Housing Authority of the City of Renton (The Seattle Times 6 Apr. 1967:61). Twelve fourplexes and an administrative building with two living units were built, with units averaging 400 to 500 square feet (The Seattle Times 9 Apr. 1967:88). All units would be one-bedroom or modified one- bedroom. Construction materials noted in 1967 included brick exterior walls, decks are made of laminated wood beams, and aluminum window sashes (The Seattle Times 9 Apr. 1967:88). The architectural firm that designed Evergreen Terrace was Stoddard & Hubbard, the same firm that designed other Renton Housing Authority projects including Sunset Terrace Public Housing Complex (Elder et al. 2010). Similar to RHA's Sunset Terrace and Hillcrest Terrace, both previously evaluated and determined not eligible for the NRHP, Evergreen Terrace does not appear to meet NRHP criteria of significance. Evergreen Terrace continues to be used for senior housing administered by Renton Housing Authority. Property appears to meet criteria for the National Register of Historic Places:No Property is located in a potential historic district (National and/or local):No Property potentially contributes to a historic district (National and/or local):No Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 4 of 5 Historic Property Report Evergreen Terrace 706382Resource Name:Property ID: Physical description:The housing development was sited on a "hilly" 13-acre tract that was landscaped (The Seattle Times 9 Apr. 1967:88). Exteriors of the buildings appear very similar to the plans described in 1967. Walls are clad in cream brick and the window sashes are aluminum. The complex consists of 50 residential units distributed among eight single-story buildings. One building has two units and an administrative wing. Five of the buildings consist of two fourplexes connected by a breezeway. Two fourplexes are freestanding. Bibliography:Buerge, David M. 1989 Renton, Where the Water Took Wing: An Illustrated History. Windsor Publications, Inc., Chatsworth, California. Elder, J. T., M. Cascella, and C. Hetzel 2010 Cultural Resources Survey Report - Potential Sunset Terrace Redevelopment Subarea and NE Sunset Boulevard. ICF International, Seattle. Prepared for City of Renton and Renton Housing Authority. "Bids Are Asked on Apartments for Elderly." The Seattle Times 9 Apr. 1967: 88. "Invitation for Bids." The Seattle Times 6 Apr. 1967: 61. Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 5 of 5 Historic Property Report Evergreen Terrace 706382Resource Name:Property ID: BALLARD LABS 1416 NW 46TH ST., STE 105 PMB 346 SEATTLE, WA 98107 PHONE 206 855-9020 - info@crcwa.com TECHNICAL MEMO 1605M-2 DATE: August 4, 2016 TO: Lisa Grueter Berk Consulting FROM: Margaret Berger, Principal Investigator/Project Archaeologist RE: Cultural Resources Assessment for the Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA The attached short report form constitutes our final report for the above referenced project. No further archaeological evaluation is recommended. One previously unrecorded historic site was identified and recorded but is recommended not eligible for the NRHP. No further historical evaluation is recommended. Please contact our office should you have any questions about our findings and/or recommendations. CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET Author: Margaret Berger Title of Report: Cultural Resources Assessment for the Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Date of Report: August 4, 2016 County(ies): King Section(s): 4 & 16 Township: 23 N Range:05 E Quad: Bellevue South, WA and Renton, WA Acres: < 1 PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? Yes No Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No TCP(s) found? Yes No Replace a draft? Yes No Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No DAHP Archaeological Site #: ¥ Submission of PDFs is required. ¥ Please be sure that any PDF submitted to DAHP has its cover sheet, figures, graphics, appendices, attachments, correspondence, etc., compiled into one single PDF file. ¥ Please check that the PDF displays correctly when opened. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 1 Management Summary This report describes a cultural resources assessment for the Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, in Renton, King County, Washington. The project involves proposed interior and exterior improvements at Renton Housing Authority public housing facilities. This assessment was developed to identify any previously recorded archaeological or historic sites in the project location and evaluate the potential for the project to affect historic properties. Cultural Resource Consultants, LLC (CRC) has conducted background research to identify any recorded archaeological or historic sites within the project and to assess the potential for as-yet unrecorded historic properties to be present. The project is considered to have a very low potential to affect archaeological sites. One property over 45 years in age (Evergreen Terrace) was identified; a historic property inventory form (HPI) was completed and reviewed by the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP). The property is not considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). No further work is recommended. 1. Administrative Data Report Title: Cultural Resources Assessment for the Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Author (s): Margaret Berger Report Date: August 4, 2016 Project Background: Berk Consulting requested a cultural resources assessment on behalf of Renton Housing Authority. Renton Housing Authority is planning for capital projects at Cole Manor (built 1981), Evergreen Terrace (built 1968), Hillcrest Terrace (built 1962-63), and the Sunset Terrace redevelopment site that will receive federal funding from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). This federal undertaking must comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It is CRC’s understanding that specific locations of site improvements, sidewalk, and fencing at Cole Manor, Evergreen Terrace, and Hillcrest Terrace are yet to be determined. At Hillcrest Terrace, proposed work includes: Site improvement: ¥ 2016: Garbage recycling station: The station has been constructed as of March 2016 in correlation with preceding budget requests. As it was not part of its own environmental clearance, it is addressed in this assessment. ¥ 2017 – 2020: Americans with Disability Act (ADA) access upgrades. These may include: Possible replacement of current failing sidewalks, extra ADA curb cuts, and possible ADA mail box areas. Depending on the length and amount of ground disturbance, the activity may be considered categorically excluded or subject to an environmental assessment. In any case, it is programmatically addressed in this assessment. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 2 Dwelling Structures: ¥ 2016: Shop building modernization. Utilize old laundry/office/foyer area for maintenance storage and work space. Some of the work may be considered rehabilitation and categorically excluded; however, it is encompassed in the current assessment. ¥ 2016-2017: Interior repairs including paint, flooring, cabinets, fixtures. Paint type is anticipated to be latex base paint. The work includes a mix of maintenance and rehabilitation, which are exempt or categorically excluded, respectively. Asbestos abatement of flooring and base adhesives by contractors at the time of vacant unit renovation work. Dwelling Equipment: ¥ 2016-2020: Replace appliances and hot water heaters. These are considered exempt maintenance. At Evergreen Terrace, proposed work includes: Site improvement: ¥ 2017 – 2020: ADA access upgrades. Possible replacement of current failing sidewalks, extra ADA curb cuts, and possible ADA mail box areas as well as improvements in the common laundry room area. Depending on the length and amount of ground disturbance, the activity may be considered categorically excluded or subject to an environmental assessment. In any case, it is programmatically addressed in the environmental assessment. Dwelling Structures: ¥ 2016-2017: Interior repairs including paint, flooring, cabinets, and fixtures. The work includes a mix of maintenance and rehabilitation, which are exempt or categorically excluded, respectively. Asbestos abatement of flooring and base adhesives by contractors at the time of vacant unit renovation work. Dwelling Equipment: ¥ 2016-2020: Replace appliances and hot water heaters. These are considered exempt maintenance. At Cole Manor, proposed work includes: Site improvement: ¥ 2016: Perimeter fence replacement and sidewalk work. Perimeter fence replacement may exceed one cubic foot soil disturbance as new post holes may be required to be dug for fence post placement. Sidewalk work includes replacing current damaged sidewalks with new. ¥ 2017 – 2020: ADA access upgrades include ADA curb cuts, dumpster locations, and common laundry room area. Depending on the length and amount of ground disturbance, the activity may be considered categorically excluded or subject to an environmental assessment. In any case, it is programmatically addressed in the environmental assessment. Dwelling Structures: ¥ 2016: Replace exterior siding with new siding material (Hardy-Plank type siding); old material to be removed by contractor for disposal. Activities are rehabilitation in nature, and categorically excluded, but addressed in the environmental assessment. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 3 ¥ 2016-2017: Interior repairs: paint, flooring, cabinets, fixtures. Paint is anticipated to be latex based paint. Cabinet replacement would occur as needed; floors to be replaced. No asbestos containing materials have been identified. Activities are a mix of maintenance and rehabilitation, which are exempt or categorically excluded, respectively; however, the activities are programmatically addressed in the environmental assessment. Dwelling Equipment: ¥ 2016-2020: Replace appliances and hot water heaters. These are considered exempt maintenance but are programmatically addressed in the environmental assessment. The 2016 Capital Facility Program also includes development planning and design of replacement units at Sunset Terrace, but effects to cultural resources were evaluated in the following NEPA studies: ¥ CH2MHill and ICF International. 2011. Sunset Area Community Planned Action NEPA/SEPA Environmental Impact Statement. Final. April. (ICF 00593.10.) Bellevue and Seattle, WA. Prepared for City of Renton and the Renton Housing Authority, Renton, WA. ¥ Reevaluation / Addendum, Renton Sunset Terrace Redevelopment 2014, Prepared By: BERK Consulting in association with CH2MHill, Mithun, and Weinman Consulting LLC ¥ Reevaluation / Addendum Renton Sunset Terrace Redevelopment 2016, Prepared By: BERK Consulting in association with CH2MHill, CRC, Mithun, Perteet, and Weinman Consulting LLC Additional assessment at Sunset Terrace is not needed at this time to meet compliance with Section 106 and NEPA. As a result, Sunset Terrace is not included in the analysis presented in this report. It is CRC’s understanding that Hillcrest Terrace was previously evaluated for historical significance and determined not eligible for the NRHP. No further historical built environment investigations are needed for Hillcrest, nor are historical built environment investigations needed at Cole Manor due to its age. DAHP requested information about Evergreen Terrace to determine whether further historical evaluation and assessment of potential effects to historic properties at Evergreen Terrace would be needed. Location: This assessment addresses proposed work at three Renton Housing Authority Subsidized and Senior Housing properties in the City of Renton, Washington 98056 (Figures 1 – 4). The physical addresses are as follows: ¥ Cole Manor, 2811 NE 4th Street; ¥ Evergreen Terrace, 3027 NE 15th Street; and ¥ Hillcrest Terrace, 1442 Hillcrest Lane NE. Cole Manor is located in the NW¼ of the NW¼ of Section 16, and Hillcrest Terrace and Evergreen Terrace are in the E½ of the SW¼ of Section 4, T. 23 N., R. 5 E., W.M. USGS 7.5’ Topographic Map (s): Bellevue South, WA (1983) and Renton, WA (1994) (see Figure 1). Total Area Involved: Total acreage of the properties is 9.66 acres, but a much smaller area (< 1 acre) is involved in potential ground disturbance. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 4 Recorded Cultural Resources Present: Yes [x] No [ ] The Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex was recorded as a historic site, evaluated for significance, and was determined not eligible for the NRHP in 2011 (Hetzel 2010; reference #091010-31-HUD-CDBG). No other recorded archaeological or historic sites are within the project. Objective (Research Design): This assessment was developed as a component of preconstruction environmental review with the goal of ensuring that no cultural resources are disturbed by the proposed project. CRC’s work was intended, in part, to assist in addressing agency responsibilities regarding the identification of potential effects to historic properties in accordance with NEPA, Section 106 of the NHPA of 1966, as amended, and implementing regulations (36CFR800), and state laws and regulations protecting cultural resources (e.g., RCW 27.44, RCW 27.53). The Archaeological Sites and Resources Act (RCW 27.53) prohibits knowingly disturbing archaeological sites without a permit from DAHP, and the Indian Graves and Records Act (RCW 27.44) prohibits knowingly disturbing Native American or historic graves. Under NEPA, agencies must consider the environmental consequences of a proposal, including impacts to cultural resources, before taking action. Under Section 106, agencies involved in a federal undertaking must take into account the undertaking’s potential effects to historic properties (36 CFR 800.16(l)(1)). Assessment methods consisted of review of available project information provided by Berk Consulting, local environmental, cultural, and historical information, and records on file at DAHP. CRC also contacted the cultural resources department at the Duwamish, Muckleshoot, and Snoqualmie tribes to inquire about project-related cultural information or concerns (Attachment A). At the time this assessment was completed, no response had been received. If new information is provided, it would be incorporated into a revision of this document. This assessment utilized a research design that considered previous studies, the magnitude and nature of the undertaking, the nature and extent of potential effects on historic properties, and the likely nature and location of historic properties within the area of potential effects (APE), as well as other applicable laws, standards, and guidelines (per 36CFR800.4 (b)(1)) (DAHP 2015). 2. Background Research Background research was conducted in July 2016. Archival Sources Checked: DAHP WISAARD [x] Recorded archaeological sites are located well outside the project. Hillcrest Public Housing Complex was previously recorded and determined not eligible for the NRHP. Web Soil Survey [x] The soil units mapped in the project location are Arents, Everett material; Arents, Alderwood material, 6 to 15 percent slopes; and Indianola loamy sand. 5 to 15 percent slopes (USDA NRCS 2016). Library [x] Various historical, archaeological, and ethnographic references in the Seattle Public Library and in CRC’s library. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 5 Context Overview: Environmental and cultural context information for this project is derived from relevant published reports, articles, and books (e.g., Marino 1990; Nelson 1990; Suttles and Lane 1990); historical maps and documents (e.g., USSG 1865); geological and soils surveys (e.g., USDA NRCS 2016; WA DNR 2016); ethnographic accounts (e.g., Waterman ca. 1920, 1922, 2001); and archaeological reports (e.g., Elder et al. 2010; Stevenson et al. 2011) in the local area. The following discussion of project area geology, archaeology, history, and ethnography incorporates context information from CRC’s prior work in the Renton area by reference (e.g., Berger 2007, 2009; Schumacher 2015). Environmental Context: The project is geographically situated within the Willamette-Puget Lowland physiographic province. This province is characterized by the wide “trough” between the Coast and Cascade Ranges formed during the advance and retreat of Pleistocene epoch glaciers (McKee 1972:290). The project is in the Tsuga heterophylla vegetation zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1973) in the Lake Washington/Cedar River Watershed. The project is situated on a terrace above the southeast side of Lake Washington and north of the Cedar River; this area of Renton is known as Highlands. Elevation ranges from approximately 320 feet above sea level at Cole Manor to 380-390 feet at Hillcrest Terrace and Evergreen Terrace. The contemporary topography and surface geology of the project area were shaped by multiple glaciations that occurred during the end of the Pleistocene (Kruckeberg 1991:12). The most recent glacial event in the Puget Sound, called the Vashon Stade, is largely responsible for the region’s contemporary landscape; glacial advance and retreat scoured and compacted underlying geology while meltwaters carved drainage channels into glacial outwash deposits (Downing 1983; Booth et al. 2003). By about 13,600 years ago, the last of the Pleistocene glaciers had retreated as far north as Seattle (Thorson 1980), exposing the predominately north-trending ridges and relatively level uplands characteristic of the Puget Sound region. Local geological and soil maps indicate that sediments in the project area are derived from late Pleistocene glacial activity. According to the Washington Interactive Geologic Map (WA DNR 2016), the surface geologic units mapped in the project are Fraser-age continental glacial outwash (Qgo) and Fraser-age continental glacial till (Qgt), both dating to the late Pleistocene. The soil units mapped in the project location are Arents, Everett material; Arents, Alderwood material, 6 to 15 percent slopes; and Indianola loamy sand, 5 to 15 percent slopes (USDA NRCS 2016). The Arents soils formed on till plains in basal till parent material. The typical profile for Arents, Everett material is gravelly sandy loam from 0 to 8 inches and very coarse gravelly sand from 8 to 60 inches. The typical profile for Arents, Alderwood material is gravelly sandy loam from 0 to 26 inches and very gravelly sandy loam from 26 to 60 inches. The Indianola soil formed on terraces, eskers, and kame risers in sandy glacial outwash. The typical profile is slightly decomposed plant material over loamy sand from 1 to 17 inches below surface, followed by sandy horizons to a depth of 60 inches (USDA NRCS 2016). The locally mapped soils and geology indicate that deposition in the Holocene has been minimal and any archaeological material would have been relatively near the present-day ground surface. Archaeological sites may occur on the surface of outwash or till deposits, but would not be deeply buried. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 6 Archaeological Context: Regional and local studies have provided an archaeological and historical synthesis of approximately the last 10,000 years of human occupation in the Puget Sound region (Nelson 1990). Human use of the area is generally structured around the value of natural resources available in local environments including fresh water, terrestrial and marine food resources, forests, and suitable terrain. The archaeological context for evaluating the project area is provided by the regional chronological sequence and research domains as included in Morgan et al. (1999), Suttles and Lane (1990), Wessen and Stilson (1987), and others. The landscape of the project area would have been available for occupation once the Puget Lobe and meltwaters receded, over 10,000 years ago, and archaeological evidence from the region supports this (Carlson 1990). Archaeological sites from the Paleoindian period are scarce in the Puget Lowland and Cascade foothills. Recently, a Paleoindian component was identified in stratified sediments at a site on Bear Creek, a tributary of the Sammamish River (Kopperl et al. 2010), approximately 12 miles northeast of the project. Archeologists have identified broad similarities among sites and lithic assemblages that date to between 9000 and 5000 B.P. Many of these early archaeological sites comprise the Olcott Phase in Western Washington and are contemporaneous with similar Cascade Phase sites identified east of Cascade Mountains. The Olcott Phase is characterized by occupation sites located on uplands or atop upper river terraces, lithic workshops, and temporary hunting camps that contain a wide variety of flaked stone tools and laurel-leaf-shaped bifaces suggestive of large game hunting, butchering and processing (Morgan et al. 1999). Several Olcott sites have been documented and studied throughout Western Washington and the Olympic Peninsula (e.g., Dancey 1968; Kidd 1964; Morgan et al. 1999; Samuels 1993). Generally, changes in subsistence economy and occupation patterns are reflected in archaeological assemblages that date between 5000 and 3000 B.P. During this time, an increasing number of tools were manufactured by grinding stone, and more antler and bone were utilized for tools. This period is also indicated by the occurrence of smaller triangular projectile points. Living floors, evidence of structural supports and hearths are more common during this period in contrast to the Olcott Phase. In the Puget Lowland, evidence of task-specific, year- round activities that include salmon and clam processing, woodworking, basket and tool manufacture, date from approximately 4200 B.P. (Larson and Lewarch 1995). Characteristic of the ethnographic pattern in the region, seasonal residence and logistical mobility occurred from about 3000 B.P. Organic materials, including basketry, wood and food stuffs, are more likely to be preserved in sites of this late precontact period, both in submerged, anaerobic sites and in sealed storage pits. Sites dating from this period represent specialized seasonal spring and summer fishing and root-gathering campsites and winter village locations. These kinds of sites have been identified in the Puget Lowland, typically located adjacent to rivers or marine transportation routes. Fish weirs and other permanent constructions are often associated with large occupation sites. Common artifact assemblages consist of a range of hunting, fishing and food processing tools, bone and shell implements and midden deposits. Similar economic and occupational trends persisted throughout the Puget Sound region until the arrival of European explorers. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 7 Ethnographic Context: The project area is located in the traditional territory of the Duwamish Tribe, a Salish-speaking people who lived in the general vicinity of Seattle (Castile 1985; Spier 1936; Smith 1940). Pre-contact Duwamish settlements were often located along major waterways and at heads of bays or inlets, where abundant resources of coastal and estuarine environments supported a relatively rich, diverse, and reliable subsistence base. During the winter months, the Duwamish lived in large villages at permanent settlements, while the summers were spent fishing, hunting and gathering at temporary camps. Prior to local Euro- American settlement, Duwamish villages were reported along Elliot Bay, Lake Washington, Lake Union, and Salmon Bay, and the Duwamish, Black, Green (now called White), and Cedar Rivers and their tributaries (Ruby and Brown 1992:72; Spier 1936:34; Suttles and Lane 1990:486; Waterman ca. 1920). The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe exercises Duwamish fishing rights on Lake Washington, as recognized as successors to the Duwamish. The Duwamish tribal organization does not currently have federal recognition. Ethnographers (Smith 1940, 1941; Spier 1936; Waterman ca. 1920, 2001) gathered locations of villages and names for resource areas, water bodies, and other landscape features from native informants. Numerous ethnographic sites are recorded in the Renton area. These are primarily around the southern shoreline of Lake Washington, and along the Duwamish, Cedar, Green, and former Black River channels (Smith 1941; Waterman ca. 1920, 2001). To the west of the project near the south end of Lake Washington, there was a village where the Cedar River flowed into the former Black River called TuxE’b-qo, “confluence” (Waterman 2001:149). Smith (1940:16) also refers to a place name that may be in the same location, katílbabc, “where the Cedar River joined the outlet from Lake Washington, present town of Renton.” Waterman (2001:149) recorded SkEte’lubc as “the present habitation of Mrs. Jimmy Moses, an Indian informant, in the town of Renton.” This place is mapped on the east side of the former Black River (Waterman 2001:148). The head of the former Black River at the south end of Lake Washington was called Ciq´ed, translated as “head” or “source” (Waterman 1922:191). One name is recorded as in the vicinity of the Highlands area (Waterman’s map is not exacting): Tuqwi’tLûs, which is translated as “ ‘red face,’ for a high bluff east of Renton” (Waterman 2001:148-149). No specific ethnographic references to the project location were found. The sources reviewed did not disclose any recorded traditional cultural properties (TCPs) in the project area. Historic Context: Euro-American settlement began in the Renton area around 1850 (Bagley 1929:27). An increased number of settlers began to populate the region in search of homesteads and employment. This was due in part to the enactment of Oregon Donation Land Act in 1850, which drew settlers to the area by offering free 320-acre parcels to those who would reside on and cultivate the land for four consecutive years. By the mid-1850s, increased Euro-American settlement had drastically impacted Indian people and their traditions through disease, violence, and the disruption of settlements and subsistence economies. In 1855, the Duwamish and other Puget Sound tribes signed the Point Elliot Treaty, which forced local tribes onto reservations. The Duwamish were not assigned their own reservation, but rather were required to live on either the Port Madison Indian Reservation on the Kitsap Peninsula or the Muckleshoot Indian Reservation between Auburn and Enumclaw. This time period was marked by heightened tension and violence between tribes and white settlers throughout Puget Sound. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 8 Early Euro-American settlement activity focused on easily accessed areas such as shorelines and river valleys. The Renton area, particularly the Black River and its confluence with the Cedar River, had attracted homesteaders by the early 1850s. According to an online search of federal land records, patents for lands containing the project were not issued until the late 1880s to early 1890s (BLM 2016) (Table 1). Coal deposits in the Renton area attracted numerous prospectors to the local area. Dr. R. M. Bigelow identified coal along the Duwamish River in 1853 and began to actively pursue mining in the area (Kirk and Alexander 1990:281). By the 1870s, Renton coal had sparked the interest of investors and entrepreneurs who were able to improve industry productivity and profits by expanding mine tunnels, bunkers and building company housing (Kirk and Alexander 1990:281, 348). Among those who invested in early industry in the area was William Renton of the Port Blakely Mill Company, who learned of coal deposits in the vicinity of the project and was a cofounder of the Renton Coal Company (Phillips 1971:117), incorporated in 1874 (Buerge 1989:26). To help meet increased demand for coal, the Seattle & Walla Walla Railroad was built connecting Renton to Elliot Bay beginning in 1874 (Robertson 1995:265). Lines were later extended from Renton to other coal mining centers at Newcastle and Black Diamond. The logging industry also figured prominently in early economic activity in the greater Renton area, as it did in most of western Washington. One of the first businesses in the vicinity of downtown Renton was a sawmill operated by Henry Tobin on the Black River from 1854 until his death in 1856 (Slauson 1976:2). William Renton, for whom the City of Renton is named, became interested in the area for its timber and started logging the south end of Lake Washington in the 1870s (Slauson 1976:6). After lands were logged, they were often sold off to private individuals and cleared for agricultural uses. As previously summarized by Schumacher (2015:6), the Renton coal mines began to close by the 1890s; however, the city’s location on a transportation corridor continued to stimulate industrial, commercial, and residential development (Kirk and Alexander 1990). Sunset Highway was built through the Highlands area by 1910, and until 1940 was the main road between Seattle and Snoqualmie Pass (Buerge 1989). In 1940, establishment of the Boeing Company aircraft manufacturing plant brought greater industrial prosperity. By 1942 and the entry of the United States into the Second World War, Boeing employed over 40,000 people. In contrast to the concentration of mid to late nineteenth century developments in the Cedar and Black River valleys, Euro-American use of the project vicinity remained sparse and rural until the early 1940s, when demand for worker housing skyrocketed. Many Renton neighborhoods were established during the war years. Following the end of the war, the federal government aided Renton’s construction of housing projects and residential infrastructure, which included the Highlands north and south of Sunset Highway (Buerge 1989). Historical Maps: The General Land Office (GLO) surveyed the township surrounding the project in the late 1850s, at which time the landscape was undeveloped and sparsely populated. Trails passing through Renton are recorded on early maps (United States Surveyor General [USSG] 1865) (Figure 5). These trails provided access to Elliott Bay and to eastern Washington CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 9 (Lewarch 2006:Figure 3; Prater 1981:6-13). One trail led from the Black River up the Cedar River, and there was another trail from the Black River to the Snoqualmie River (USSG 1865). The Homestead Act of 1862 brought an increase of settlers to the region. No other cultural features such as homestead improvements or Indian villages are shown in the vicinity of the project. At the end of the nineteenth century, all portions of the project were mapped as within an area that had been burnt, but timber stands were restocking (USGS 1897a, 1897b). Some roads extended to the Highlands area, connecting it to Renton, the Cedar River valley, and the May Creek valley. The land classification and topographic maps from this period do not show any roads, structures, or other developments in the project location (USGS 1895, 1900). In the first decade of the twentieth century, more roads were built in the area and the Snoqualmie Falls Power Company had an electrical transmission line passing near Cole Manor, connecting the company’s Renton substation to its powerhouse at Snoqualmie Falls. The Cole Manor location is shown as within a tract of School Land in early twentieth century county atlases (Anderson Map Company 1907; Kroll Map Company 1912). By 1926, the portion of Section 16 containing Cole Manor had been acquired by the heirs of I. Sartorie (also listed as Jennie Sartorie et al.) (Kroll Map Company 1926; Metsker 1936). There was a mine or pit in the Cole Manor location in 1949 (USGS 1949). The Hillcrest and Evergreen Terrace locations are mapped as within lands owned by Thomas J. White, Jr. (Anderson Map Company 1907; Kroll Map Company 1912, 1926; Metsker 1936). The Evergreen Terrace location remained undeveloped in 1950, while single-family residences had been built along Kirkland Avenue in the Hillcrest location (USGS 1950). Historical air photos of the area are available beginning in 1936. The Cole Manor location was in an area of shrub forest with a network of logging areas. A road had been established in the present-day NE 4th Street corridor by this time (King County 2016). Similar vegetation conditions were in place at Evergreen Terrace and Hillcrest Terrace, and farms had been established within 1,000 feet to the west, south, and east (King County 2016). By 1964, Hillcrest Terrace had been built but the Evergreen Terrace location remained forested (NETR 2016). The 1968 air photos show Evergreen Terrace construction as complete (NETR 2016). In 1964, the Cole Manor location contained one building, likely a shop or maintenance building; the surrounding area is characterized by clearings, vehicle tracks, and blade scars consistent with sand and gravel mining or other mass grading to prepare level development sites (NETR 2016). In 1968, the location appears to be in a similar industrial use (NETR 2016). These conditions persisted in 1980 (NETR 2016), immediately prior to construction of Cole Manor. DAHP WISAARD: Seventeen cultural resource studies have been carried out within approximately one mile from the project. These include assessment of proposed transportation improvements to the I-405 corridor (e.g., Bundy 2008; Smith 2014), proposed cell towers (e.g., Stipe 2007), road widening projects (Chambers 2006), and bridge replacement (Baldwin 2016), as well as data recovery excavations (e.g., Kaehler et al. 2004). Cultural resources assessments have also been conducted for other Renton Housing Authority developments in close proximity to the current project. Two studies addressed potential effects to cultural resources from the Sunset Terrace redevelopment (Elder et al. 2010; Stevenson et al. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 10 2011); one study addressed potential effects of construction of a new community building at Hillcrest Terrace (Hetzel and Elder 2010); and CRC recently conducted archaeological and historical investigations at Sunset Court (Schumacher 2015). These studies involved background research, inventory and evaluation of historic buildings, and archaeological survey including subsurface testing. None of these studies identified any archaeological sites in proximity to the current project. These surveys identified subsurface conditions consistent with the non- depositional geological setting and developed urban character of the area, in which the near- surface deposits that would have contained archaeological sites have been removed, graded, or otherwise disturbed, eliminating potential for intact sites (Elder et al. 2010:7.1; Hetzel and Elder 2010:4.1; Schumacher 2015:8; Stevenson et al. 2011:7.1). Nine archaeological sites have been recorded within a distance of approximately two miles from the project (Table 2). The archaeological site located nearest to the project is site 45KI786, which consisted of early twentieth century human remains and coffin hardware that was found in a construction trench about 1/3 of a mile northwest of the project (Rooke 2008). Other sites within two miles from the project are in the May Creek valley and near the historical confluence of the Black and Cedar rivers south of Lake Washington. Archaeological sites have not previously been recorded within or adjacent to the project. The NRHP, Washington Heritage Register (WHR), and King County Landmarks Register (KCLR) do not include any properties in proximity to the project. The project is not within or adjacent to any historic districts. The register-listed historic properties nearest to the project are nearly one mile away in downtown Renton (Table 3). The project would not affect these historic properties. Dozens of historic buildings have previously been inventoried within approximately 500 feet from the project. These are predominantly mid-twentieth century residences that were added to the Historic Property Inventory (HPI) as part of DAHP’s 2011 HPI Upload Project, which involved the addition of available information from the County Assessors’ building records to WISAARD (Artifacts Consulting 2011). None of the uploaded data was field verified at the time, nor were eligibility assessments conducted. Aside from the previously determined NRHP-ineligible Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex, all of the previously inventoried structures are well outside the limits of the project. Given the scope and nature of the project, effects to aboveground historic properties are not anticipated. Archaeological Predictive Model: The DAHP statewide predictive model uses environmental data about the locations of known archaeological sites to identify where previously unknown archaeological sites are more likely to be found. The model correlates locations of known archaeological to environmental data “to determine the probability that, under a particular set of environmental conditions, another location would be expected to contain an archaeological site” (Kauhi and Markert 2009:2-3). Environmental data categories included in the model are elevation, slope, aspect, distance to water, geology, soils, and landforms. Model rankings for the project location are variable. The Hillcrest site is ranked mostly as “Survey Contingent on Project Parameters: Moderately Low Risk,” with the eastern part ranked as “Survey Recommended: Moderate Risk.” The Evergreen Terrace site is ranked “Survey Recommended: Moderate Risk.” The Cole Manor site is ranked mostly as “Survey Highly Advised: High Risk” with the southeastern part ranked “Survey Recommended: Moderate Risk” (DAHP 2016). The low-risk rankings are generally supported by the local historic, ethnographic, and archaeological CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 11 records, as well as the historical upland forest setting elevated above river valleys and minor drainages (e.g., May Creek) with fresh water sources. The high-risk ranking for Cole Manor appears to be driven by relative proximity (distance ca. one mile) to the Cedar River, recorded archaeological sites (distance less than one mile) and a historically mapped trail (distance less than ¼ mile) (see Figure 5), but this location is also in an upland forest setting elevated above the river. Archaeological Expectations: Based upon the review of environmental and cultural information about the project location, the Hillcrest Terrace, Evergreen Terrace, and Cole Manor locations are all considered to have a very low potential to contain potentially significant cultural resources (i.e. intact archaeological deposits). The project area likely served as a locus of temporary and transitory activities such as resource procurement activities and as a hunting, foraging, travel, or for individual religious activities for Puget Sound peoples in the precontact and historic periods. Potential types of precontact archaeological materials in the project might include lithic scatters, fire-modified rock, tools or other isolated materials lost or discarded in the course of these activities. Historic-period archaeological materials may include objects related to logging, farming, and domestic activities, although background research suggests that the potential for historic-period historic properties is low. 3. Results Cultural Resources Identified: As noted above, the previously recorded and determined NRHP-ineligible Hillcrest Terrace Housing Complex was identified within the project. The Evergreen Terrace Housing Complex was recorded on an HPI form (WISAARD Property #706382) that was submitted to DAHP for review on August 2, 2016. This reconnaissance level inventory did not identify any evidence that the property meets criteria for historical significance. DAHP provided a determination that the property is not eligible for the NRHP on August 4, 2016. Because Hillcrest and Evergreen Terrace have been determined not eligible for the NRHP, any alterations would not constitute an effect to historic properties (36 CFR 800.4 (2)(d)(1)). Project Conclusions, Findings and Recommendations: The project will not affect any previously recorded historic properties. None of the proposed activities at Cole Manor, Evergreen Terrace, or Hillcrest Terrace will affect aboveground historic properties, nor did the addition of the garbage recycling station at Hillcrest in March 2016. No further historical evaluation is recommended for the project. Background research did not identify any high-probability locations for archaeological sites at Cole Manor, Evergreen Terrace, or Hillcrest Terrace. Conditions identified through review of local geological and soils maps, historical maps, and historical air photos suggest a very low potential for archaeological deposits to be preserved due to the project’s geomorphic setting and impacts of prior disturbances. Since the soils in the project are derived from parent material deposited and exposed during glacial activity, cultural materials are not expected to be found below the surface of the glacial deposits. Any potential evidence for buried cultural resources in the project would be expected to be between glacial material, which is shallowly buried, and the present-day ground surface. Near-surface sediments in the project have previously been CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 12 disturbed by late nineteenth century logging and construction of the present-day facilities in the latter half of the twentieth century. Construction of the existing buildings and grounds would have required mass grading as well as some filling and excavation. Based upon the coverage of the involved parcels by existing buildings, parking lots, manicured lawns, and other improvements, past disturbance is expected to have impacted all native surfaces; any new ground disturbance for the current project is expected to be within previously disturbed sediments or culturally sterile glacial deposits. Intact archaeological deposits, either precontact or historic in age, are highly unlikely to be preserved in this setting. Pedestrian survey and subsurface testing would be very unlikely to identify archaeological deposits given the geological setting, history of landscape modification, distance from known archaeological sites, and the strong probability that the project area was used for temporary and transitory activities such as hunting, foraging, travel, or for individual religious activities unlikely to leave a generate significant archaeological sites. CRC therefore recommends that the project be permitted to proceed without further archaeological oversight. An inadvertent discovery plan is included as Attachment B. In the event that ground disturbing or other activities do result in the inadvertent discovery of archaeological deposits, work should be halted in the immediate area and contact made with DAHP in Olympia. Work should be halted until such time as further investigation and appropriate consultation is concluded. In the unlikely event of the inadvertent discovery of human remains, work should be immediately halted in the area, the discovery covered and secured against further disturbance, and contact effected with law enforcement personnel. Attachments: Figures [x] Photographs [x] Other [x] Copies of project related correspondence between CRC and cultural resources staff at the Duwamish, Muckleshoot, and Snoqualmie tribes. [x] Proposed inadvertent discovery plan. 4. Limitations of this Assessment No cultural resources study can wholly eliminate uncertainty regarding the potential for prehistoric sites, historic properties or traditional cultural properties to be associated with a project. The information presented in this report is based on professional opinions derived from our analysis and interpretation of available documents, records, literature, and information identified in this report, and on our field investigation and observations as described herein. Conclusions and recommendations presented apply to project conditions existing at the time of our study and those reasonably foreseeable. The data, conclusions, and interpretations in this report should not be construed as a warranty of subsurface conditions described in this report. They cannot necessarily apply to site changes of which CRC is not aware and has not had the opportunity to evaluate. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 13 5. References Anderson Map Company 1907 King County Atlas. Anderson Map Company, Seattle. Artifacts Consulting, Inc. 2011 Assessors Data Project: King County. Prepared for DAHP by Historic Preservation Northwest, GeoEngineers, Historic Preservation Northwest, and Artifacts Consulting, Inc. (Project Lead). On file at Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. Ballard, A. C. 1951 Deposition of Oral Examination of Arthur Condict Ballard In Muckleshoot Tribe of Indians on Relation of Napoleon Ross, Chairman of the General Council, Claimant v The United States of America, Defendant. 2 volumes. Heard before the Indian Claims Commission of the United States, 26-28 November, Seattle, Washington. Carolyn T. Taylor, Court Reporter, Seattle. Bagley, Clarence B. 1929 History of King County. Volume 1. Clarke Publishing Company, Seattle. Baldwin, G. L., K. Lewis, and O. Patsch 2016 Cultural Resources Review for NE 31st Street Bridge Replacement Project, Renton. Drayton Archaeology, Bellingham, Washington. Prepared for Widener & Associates, Everett, Washington. Berger, Margaret 2007 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rainier Avenue/Hardie Avenue Project: Rainier Avenue Improvements, City of Renton, King County, Washington. WSHS Technical Report #305. Prepared for Widener & Associates. 2009 Cultural Resources Assessment of the Renton Lutheran Compass Center – Regional Veterans Complex Project, Renton, King County, WA. Cultural Resource Consultants, Inc., Bainbridge Island, Washington. Prepared for Shelter Resources. Booth, Derek B., Ralph A. Haugerud, and Kathy Goetz Troost 2003 The Geology of Puget Lowland Rivers. In Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers, Chapter 2, edited by David R. Montgomery, Susan Bolton, Derek B. Booth, and Leslie Wall, pp. 14-45. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Buerge, David M. 1989 Renton, Where the Water Took Wing: An Illustrated History. Windsor Publications, Inc., Chatsworth, California. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 14 Bundy, B. 2008 Cultural Resources Survey Interstate 405 Corridor Survey: Phase 1 Interstate 5 to State Route 169 Improvements Project. Washington State Department of Transportation Environmental Services Office, Olympia. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 2016 Land Patent Search – BLM GLO Records. Electronic resource, http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/search/default.aspx, accessed July 11, 2016. Carlson, Roy L. 1990 Cultural Antecedents. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 60-69, edited by Wayne Suttles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Castile, George P. 1985 The Indians of Puget Sound: The Notebooks of Myron Eells. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Chambers, J. 2006 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Duvall Avenue NE / Coal Creek Parkway SE Road Widening Project, King County, Washington. Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc., Bainbridge Island, Washington. Prepared for BergerABAM Engineers, Inc., Federal Way, Washington. Dancey, William S. 1968 Archaeology of Mossyrock Reservoir, Washington. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. Downing, John 1983 The Coast of Puget Sound. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Elder, J. T., M. Cascella, and C. Hetzel 2010 Cultural Resources Survey Report - Potential Sunset Terrace Redevelopment Subarea and NE Sunset Boulevard. ICF International, Seattle. Prepared for City of Renton and Renton Housing Authority. Franklin, Jerry F., and C. T. Dyrness 1973 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW-8. Gibbs, George 1967 Indian Tribes of Washington Territory. Ye Galleon Press, Fairfield, Washington Google Inc. 2016 Google Earth Pro (Version 7.1.4.1529) [Software]. Available from http://www.google.com/earth/download/gep/agree.html, accessed July 11, 2016. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 15 Hetzel, C. 2010 State of Washington Historic Property Inventory Form, Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex. On file at DAHP, Olympia. Hetzel, Christopher, and J. Tait Elder 2010 Cultural Resources Survey Report: Hillcrest Terrace Community Building. ICF International, Seattle. Prepared for City of Renton and Renton Housing Authority. Kaehler, G. A., S. E. Trudel, D. E. Lewarch and L. L. Larson 2004 Data Recovery Excavations at the Henry Moses Aquatic Center Site (45KI686), Renton, King County, Washington. Larson Anthropological Archaeological Services, Gig Harbor, Washington. Prepared for City of Renton. Kauhi, Tonya C., and Joanne Markert 2009 Washington Statewide Archaeology Predictive Model Report. Prepared for Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. GeoEngineers, Seattle. Kidd, R. S. 1964 A Synthesis of Western Washington Prehistory from the Perspective of Three Occupation Sites. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. King County 2016 iMAP – Property Information. Electronic resource, http://www5.kingcounty.gov/iMAP/viewer.htm, accessed July 13, 2016. Kopperl, R., C. J. Miss, and C. M. Hodges 2010 Results of Testing at the Bear Creek Site 45KI839, Redmond, King County, Washington. Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc., Seattle. Prepared for City of Redmond and David Evans and Associates, Inc. Kroll Map Company 1912 Kroll’s Atlas of King County, Washington. Kroll Map Company, Seattle. 1926-1927 Kroll’s Atlas of King County, Washington. Kroll Map Company, Seattle. Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1991 The Natural History of Puget Sound County. University of Washington Press. Seattle. Larson, Lynn L., and Dennis E. Lewarch (editors) 1995 The Archaeology of West Point, Seattle, Washington: 4,000 Years of Hunter-Fisher- Gatherer Land Use in Southern Puget Sound. Larson Anthropological Archaeological Services, Gig Harbor, Washington. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 16 Lewarch, Dennis E. 2001 State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form for 45KI501, Renton High School Indian Site. On file at Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. 2006 Renton High School Indian Site (45KI501) Archaeological Data Recovery, King County, Washington. On file at Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. Marino, Cesare 1990 History of Western Washington Since 1846. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7: Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 169-179. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. McKee, Bates 1972 Cascadia: The Geologic Evolution of the Pacific Northwest. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York. Metsker, C. F. 1936 King County 1936. Charles F. Metsker, P.E., Tacoma, Washington. Morgan, Murray 1979 Puget’s Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Morgan, Vera, Glenn Hartmann, Susan Axton, and Craig Holstine 1999 Cultural Context. In The SR-101 Sequim Bypass Archaeological Project: Mid- to Late- Holocene Occupations on the Northern Olympic Peninsula, Clallam County, Washington, edited by V.E. Morgan, pp. 3.1-3.36. Report prepared for Washington Department of Transportation. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-108, Archaeology and Historical Services, Cheney. Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC (NETR) 2016 HistoricAerials.com. Electronic resource, http://historicaerials.com/, accessed July 14, 2016. Nelson, Charles M. 1990 Prehistory of the Puget Sound Region. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 481-484. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Phillips, James W. 1971 Washington State Place Names. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Porter, Stephen C., and Terry W. Swanson 1998 Radiocarbon Age Constraints on Rates of Advance and Retreat of the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Research 50:205-213. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 17 Prater, Yvonne 1981 Snoqualmie Pass, From Indian Trail to Interstate. The Mountaineers, Seattle. Robertson, Donald B. 1995 Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History, Volume III: Oregon and Washington. The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho. Rooke, Lara 2008 State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form, 45KI786. On file at DAHP, Olympia. Ruby, Robert H. and John A. Brown 1992 A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Slauson, Morda C. 1976 Renton – From Coal to Jets. Renton Historical Society, Renton, Washington. Smith, Marian W. 1940 The Puyallup-Nisqually. Columbia University Press, New York. 1941 The Coast Salish of Puget Sound. American Anthropologist 43(2):197-211. Smith, T. 2014 Cultural Resources Survey for the WSDOT’s I-405 / SR 167 Direct Connector Project. Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney. Prepared for Washington State Department of Transportation. Snyder, D. E., P. S. Gale, and R. F. Pringle 1973 Soil Survey of King County Area, Washington. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. Spier, Leslie 1936 Tribal Distribution in Washington. General Series in Anthropology, Number 3. George Banta Publishing Company, Menasha, Wisconsin. Stevenson, Alexander E., J. Tait Elder, Melissa Cascella, and Christopher Hetzel 2011 Cultural Resources Survey Report: Development of Three Project Sites in the Renton Sunset Terrace Neighborhood. ICF International, Seattle. Prepared for City of Renton and Renton Housing Authority. Stipe, F. 2007 Verizon Wireless SEA Renton Voc-Tech Cellular Tower Cultural Resources Review. Tetra Tech, Bothell, Washington. Prepared for Verizon Wireless. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 18 Suttles, Wayne, and Barbara Lane 1990 Southern Coast Salish. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 485-502. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Thorson, Robert M. 1980 Ice-Sheet Glaciation of the Puget Lowland, Washington, during the Vashon Stade (Late Pleistocene). Quaternary Research 13:303-321. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS) 2016 Web Soil Survey. Electronic resource, http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx, accessed July 11, 2016. United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1895 Snohomish. Washington 1:125,000 topographic quadrangles. Scale 1:125,000. USGS, Washington, D.C. 1897a Land classification sheet, Washington, Seattle quadrangle. Scale 1:125,000. USGS, Washington, D.C. 1897b Land classification sheet, Washington, Tacoma quadrangle. Scale 1:125,000. USGS, Washington, D.C. 1900 Tacoma. Washington 1:125,000 topographic quadrangles. Scale 1:125,000. USGS, Washington, D.C. 1949 Renton Quadrangle, Washington. 1:24,000. 7.5-Minute Series. USGS, Washington, D.C. 1950 Mercer Island Quadrangle, Washington. 1:24,000. 7.5-Minute Series. USGS, Washington, D.C. 1983 Bellevue South Quadrangle, Washington. 1:25,000. 7.5-x-15-Minute Series. USGS, Washington, D.C. 1994 Renton Quadrangle, Washington. 1:24,000. 7.5-Minute Series. USGS, Washington, D.C. United States Surveyor General (USSG) 1865 General Land Office Map, Township 23 North, Range 5 East, Willamette Meridian. Electronic resource, http://www.blm.gov/or/landrecords/survey/yPlatView1_2.php?path=PWA&name=t230n 050e_001.jpg, accessed July 13, 2016. Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) 2015 Survey and Inventory Standards: Washington State Standards for Cultural Resource Reporting. Electronic document, http://www.dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/CR%20Update%202015%282%29.pdf, accessed August 6, 2015. 2016 The Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data. Electronic resource, https://secureaccess.wa.gov/dahp/wisaard/, accessed July 10, 2016. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 19 Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WA DNR) 2016 Washington Interactive Geologic Map. Division of Geology and Earth Resources – Washington’s Geological Survey. Electronic resource, https://fortress.wa.gov/dnr/geology/, accessed July 14, 2016. Waterman, T. T. ca. 1920 Puget Sound Geography. Unpublished manuscript, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle. 1922 Geographic Names Used by Indians of the Pacific Coast. Geographical Review 12:175- 194. 2001 sda?da? gweł dibeł lešucid ?acaciłtalbixw Puget Sound Geography. Vi Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai Zahir, contributing editors. Lushootseed Press, Federal Way, Washington. Wessen, Gary, and M. Lee Stilson 1987 Resource Protection Planning Process Southern Puget Sound Study Unit. An RP3 Document prepared for Washington State Department of Community Development, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 20 6. Figures and Tables Figure 1. Project shown on portions of the Bellevue South, and WA Renton, WA (USGS 1983, 1997) topographic quadrangles. Cole Manor Evergreen Terrace Hillcrest Terrace CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 21 Figure 2. Cole Manor marked on aerial imagery from 2015 (base map: Google Earth). Figure 3. Evergreen Terrace marked on aerial imagery from 2015 (base map: Google Earth). CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 22 Figure 4. Hillcrest Terrace marked on aerial imagery from 2015 (base map: Google Earth). CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 23 Figure 5. Project location marked on GLO map (USSG 1865). Table 1. Land patents recorded within the project (BLM 2016), all located in Township 23 N., Range 5 E., W.M. Name Date BLM Serial No. Authority Sections and Aliquots Total Acres Thomas J. White 4/23/1891 WASAA 068133 Sale-Cash Entry S½ of SW¼ and NE¼ of SW¼ of Section 4 120 Washington State 11/11/1889 WAORAA 000126 Enabling Act of 1872 N½ of Section 16 1,518,676.68 Table 2. Archaeological sites recorded within approximately two miles from the project. No archaeological sites have been recorded in or adjacent to the project. Site Number Site Type Distance from Project Historic Register Status Potential Project Effects 45KI786 Historic Cemetery/Burial .34 mile NW Unevaluated. None. 45KI404 Historic Military Properties 1.47 miles W Unevaluated. None. 45KI686 Pre Contact Feature .71 mile SW Recommended eligible for NRHP. None. Cole Manor Evergreen Terrace Hillcrest Terrace CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 24 Site Number Site Type Distance from Project Historic Register Status Potential Project Effects 45KI538 Historic Railroad Properties .79 mile S Recommended not eligible for NRHP. None. 45KI542 Historic Debris Scatter/Concentration; Historic Structures Not Specified .83 mile SW Unevaluated. None. 45KI501 Pre Contact Shell Midden 1.5 miles WSW Recommended eligible for NRHP. None. 45KI821 Historic Structures Not Specified 1.25 mile NE Unevaluated. None. 45KI211 Historic Debris Scatter/Concentration; Historic Mining Properties 1.49 mile SW Listed on WHR. None. 45KI848 Historic Commercial Properties 1.42 mile SW Determined not eligible for the NRHP. None. Table 3. Register-listed historic properties recorded within 1.5 miles from the project. No historic properties have been recorded in or adjacent to the project. Register Name Address Historic Function Built Date Historic Register Status Potential Project Effects Renton Fire Station 235 Mill Ave S Government – Fire Station 1939 Listed on WHR. None. Renton Substation, Snoqualmie Falls Power Company 1017 S 3rd St Industry / Processing / Extraction – Energy Facility 1898 Listed on WHR. None. CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 25 Attachment A. Copies of project correspondence sent to the cultural resources staff of the Duwamish, Muckleshoot, and Snoqualmie tribes. PO BOX 10668, BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 98110 PHONE 206.855.9020 -­ sonja@crcwa.com         July  15,  2016         Duwamish  Tribe   Cecile  Hansen,  Chairwoman   4705  W  Marginal  Way  SW   Seattle,  WA    98106-­1514     Re:    Cultural  Resources  Assessment  for  the  Renton  Housing  Authority  Project,  Renton,  King   County,  WA     Dear  Cecile:     I  am  writing  to  inform  you  of  a  cultural  resources  assessment  for  the  above  referenced  project   and  to  seek  additional  information  about  the  project  area  the  Tribe  may  have  that  is  not  readily   available  through  other  written  sources.  The  project  is  located  in  Renton,  Washington.  Berk   Consulting  is  requesting  this  assessment  on  behalf  of  Renton  Housing  Authority.  Renton   Housing  Authority  is  planning  for  capital  projects  at  Cole  Manor  (built  1981),  Evergreen  Terrace   (built  1968),  and  Hillcrest  (built  1962-­63)  that  will  receive  federal  funding  from  the  Department   of  Housing  and  Urban  Development  (HUD).  This  federal  undertaking  must  comply  with  the   National  Environmental  Policy  Act  (NEPA)  and  Section  106  of  the  National  Historic   Preservation  Act.         We  are  in  the  process  of  reviewing  available  information.  Background  research  will  include  a   site  files  search  at  the  Washington  State  Department  of  Archaeology  and  Historic  Preservation,   review  of  previously  recorded  cultural  resource  reports,  and  review  of  pertinent  published   literature  and  ethnographies.  Results  of  our  investigations  will  be  presented  in  a  technical  memo.       We  are  aware  that  not  all  information  is  contained  within  published  sources.  Should  the  Tribe   have  additional  information  to  support  our  assessment,  we  would  very  much  like  to  include  it  in   our  study.  Please  contact  me  at  sonja@crcwa.com  or  360-­395-­8879  should  you  wish  to  provide   any  comments.  I  appreciate  your  assistance  in  this  matter  and  look  forward  to  hearing  from  you.     Sincerely,      Sonja  Kassa   Projects  Manager     CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 26 PO BOX 10668, BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 98110 PHONE 206.855.9020 -­ sonja@crcwa.com         July  15,  2016         Muckleshoot  Indian  Tribe   Laura  Murphy,  Archaeologist/Cultural  Resources   39015  172nd  Ave  SE   Auburn,  WA    98092     Re:    Cultural  Resources  Assessment  for  the  Renton  Housing  Authority  Project,  Renton,  King   County,  WA     Dear  Laura:     I  am  writing  to  inform  you  of  a  cultural  resources  assessment  for  the  above  referenced  project   and  to  seek  additional  information  about  the  project  area  the  Tribe  may  have  that  is  not  readily   available  through  other  written  sources.  The  project  is  located  in  Renton,  Washington.  Berk   Consulting  is  requesting  this  assessment  on  behalf  of  Renton  Housing  Authority.  Renton   Housing  Authority  is  planning  for  capital  projects  at  Cole  Manor  (built  1981),  Evergreen  Terrace   (built  1968),  and  Hillcrest  (built  1962-­63)  that  will  receive  federal  funding  from  the  Department   of  Housing  and  Urban  Development  (HUD).  This  federal  undertaking  must  comply  with  the   National  Environmental  Policy  Act  (NEPA)  and  Section  106  of  the  National  Historic   Preservation  Act.         We  are  in  the  process  of  reviewing  available  information.  Background  research  will  include  a   site  files  search  at  the  Washington  State  Department  of  Archaeology  and  Historic  Preservation,   review  of  previously  recorded  cultural  resource  reports,  and  review  of  pertinent  published   literature  and  ethnographies.  Results  of  our  investigations  will  be  presented  in  a  technical  memo.       We  are  aware  that  not  all  information  is  contained  within  published  sources.  Should  the  Tribe   have  additional  information  to  support  our  assessment,  we  would  very  much  like  to  include  it  in   our  study.  Please  contact  me  at  sonja@crcwa.com  or  360-­395-­8879  should  you  wish  to  provide   any  comments.  I  appreciate  your  assistance  in  this  matter  and  look  forward  to  hearing  from  you.     Sincerely,      Sonja  Kassa   Projects  Manager     CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 27 PO BOX 10668, BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 98110 PHONE 206.855.9020 -­ sonja@crcwa.com         July  15,  2016         Snoqualmie  Indian  Tribe   Steven  Mullen-­Moses   8130  Railroad  Ave,  Suite  103   PO  Box  969   Snoqualmie,  WA    98065     Re:    Cultural  Resources  Assessment  for  the  Renton  Housing  Authority  Project,  Renton,  King   County,  WA     Dear  Steven:     I  am  writing  to  inform  you  of  a  cultural  resources  assessment  for  the  above  referenced  project   and  to  seek  additional  information  about  the  project  area  the  Tribe  may  have  that  is  not  readily   available  through  other  written  sources.  The  project  is  located  in  Renton,  Washington.  Berk   Consulting  is  requesting  this  assessment  on  behalf  of  Renton  Housing  Authority.  Renton   Housing  Authority  is  planning  for  capital  projects  at  Cole  Manor  (built  1981),  Evergreen  Terrace   (built  1968),  and  Hillcrest  (built  1962-­63)  that  will  receive  federal  funding  from  the  Department   of  Housing  and  Urban  Development  (HUD).  This  federal  undertaking  must  comply  with  the   National  Environmental  Policy  Act  (NEPA)  and  Section  106  of  the  National  Historic   Preservation  Act.         We  are  in  the  process  of  reviewing  available  information.  Background  research  will  include  a   site  files  search  at  the  Washington  State  Department  of  Archaeology  and  Historic  Preservation,   review  of  previously  recorded  cultural  resource  reports,  and  review  of  pertinent  published   literature  and  ethnographies.  Results  of  our  investigations  will  be  presented  in  a  technical  memo.       We  are  aware  that  not  all  information  is  contained  within  published  sources.  Should  the  Tribe   have  additional  information  to  support  our  assessment,  we  would  very  much  like  to  include  it  in   our  study.  Please  contact  me  at  sonja@crcwa.com  or  360-­395-­8879  should  you  wish  to  provide   any  comments.  I  appreciate  your  assistance  in  this  matter  and  look  forward  to  hearing  from  you.     Sincerely,      Sonja  Kassa   Projects  Manager   CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 28 Attachment B. Proposed Inadvertent Discovery Protocol Protocols for Discovery of Archaeological Resources The Archaeological Sites and Resources Act (RCW 27.53) prohibits knowingly disturbing archaeological sites without a permit from the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP), and the Indian Graves and Records Act (RCW 27.44) prohibits knowingly disturbing Native American or historic graves. In the event that archaeological resources are encountered during project implementation, the following actions will be taken: All ground disturbing activity at the find location will stop, and the work supervisor will be notified immediately. The find location will be secured from any additional impacts. The project proponent will immediately contact the agencies with jurisdiction over the lands where the discovery is located, if appropriate. The appropriate agency archaeologist or the proponent’s contracting archaeologist will determine the size of the work stoppage zone around the discovery location in order to sufficiently protect the resource until further decisions can be made regarding the work site. The project proponent will consult with DAHP regarding the evaluation of the discovery and the appropriate protection measures, if applicable. Once the consultation has been completed, and if the site is determined to be NRHP-eligible, the project proponent will request written concurrence that the agency or tribe(s) concurs that the protection and mitigation measures have been fulfilled. Upon notification of concurrence from the appropriate parties, the project proponent will proceed with the project. Within six months after completion of the above steps, the project proponent will prepare a final written report of the discovery. The report will include a description of the contents of the discovery, a summary of consultation, and a description of the treatment or mitigation measures. Protocols for Discovery of Human Remains If human remains are found within the project area, the project proponent, its contractors or permit-holders, the following actions will be taken, consistent with Washington State RCWs 68.50.645, 27.44.055, and 68.60.055: If ground-disturbing activities encounter human skeletal remains, then all activity will cease that may cause further disturbance to those remains. The area of the find will be secured and protected from further disturbance. The project proponent will prepare a plan for securing and protecting exposed human remains and retain consultants to perform these services. The finding of human skeletal remains will be reported to the county medical examiner/coroner and local law enforcement in the most expeditious manner possible. The remains will not be touched, moved, or further disturbed. The county medical examiner/coroner will assume jurisdiction over the human skeletal remains and make a determination of whether those remains are forensic or non- forensic. If the county medical examiner/coroner determines the remains are non-forensic, then they will report that finding to DAHP, which will then take jurisdiction over the remains. DAHP CRC Technical Memorandum #1605M-2 Cultural Resources Assessment, Renton Housing Authority 2016 Capital Facility Program, Renton, King County, WA Page 29 will notify any appropriate cemeteries and all affected tribes of the find. The State Physical Anthropologist will make a determination of whether the remains are Indian or Non-Indian and report that finding to any appropriate cemeteries and the affected tribes. DAHP will then handle all consultation with the affected parties as to the future preservation, excavation, and disposition of the remains. Contact Information Duwamish Tribe 4705 W Marginal Way SW Seattle, WA 98106-1514 Primary Contact: Cecile Hansen, Chair, 206-431-1582 Muckleshoot Indian Tribe 39015 172nd Ave SE Auburn, WA 98092 Primary Contact: Laura Murphy, Archaeologist/Cultural Resources, 253-876-3272 Snoqualmie Indian Nation PO Box 969 Snoqualmie, WA 98065 Primary Contact: Steven Mullen-Moses, Director of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, 425- 495-6097 Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation PO Box 48343, Olympia, WA 98504-8343 Lead Representative: Allyson Brooks, State Historic Preservation Officer, 360-586-3066 Primary Contact: Rob Whitlam, State Archaeologist, 360-586-3080 Primary Contact for Human Remains: Guy Tasa, State Physical Anthropologist, 360-586-3534 King County Medical Examiner’s Office 325 9th Avenue, Box 359792, Seattle, WA 98104 Lead Representative and Primary Contact: Richard Harruff, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Examiner, 206-731-3232 Renton Police Department 1055 S Grady Way, Renton, WA 98057 Lead Representative: Kevin Milosevich, Chief of Police, 425-430-7500 Primary Contact: Non-Emergency Number, 425-235-2121 Location Address:1456-1485 Hillcrest Ln NE, Renton, WA 98056 Tax No/Parcel No:7227800140 Geographic Areas:King County, MERCER ISLAND Quadrangle, T23R05E04 Information Number of stories:1 Architect/Engineer: Category Name or Company Builder Nelse Mortensen & Company Architect Stoddard-Huggard & Associates Historic Context: Category Architecture Historic Use: Category Subcategory Domestic Domestic - Multiple Family House Domestic Domestic - Multiple Family House Construction Type Year Circa Built Date 1963 Construction Dates: Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 1 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: Project Number, Organization, Project Name Resource Inventory SHPO Determination SHPO Determined By, Determined Date 091010-31-HUD-CDBG, , Sunset Terrace Redevelopment Subarea 11/14/2010 Determined Not Eligible , 5/2/2011 2010-11-00142, , Hillcrest Terrace Community Building Local Registers and Districts Name Date Listed Notes Project History Thematics: Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 2 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: West Elevation, Looking Northeast East and South Elevations, Looking Northwest West Elevation, Looking Northeast Photos East Elevation, Looking Southwest South Elevation, Looking Northwest Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 3 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: West Elevation, Looking Southeast East Elevation, Looking South West Elevation, Looking North West Elevation, Looking Northeast Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 4 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: Inventory Details - 11/14/2010 Characteristics: Category Item Foundation Concrete - Poured Cladding Brick Roof Material Asphalt/Composition Form Type Multiple Dwelling Roof Type Gable Structural System Wood - Platform Frame Styles: Period Style Details Modern Movement Modern Detail Information Common name:Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex Date recorded:11/14/2010 Field Recorder:Hetzel, Christopher Field Site number: SHPO Determination 091010-31-HUD-CDBG determined on 5/2/2011 Surveyor Opinion Significance narrative:The property was evaluated at a reconnaissance level in a cultural resources survey completed for the proposed Hillcrest Terrace Community Building in the City of Renton, King County, Washington. It is one of four buildings constructed by the Housing Authority of the City of Renton as part of the Hillcrest Terrace public housing complex authorized in 1962 and completed in 1963. Hillcrest Terrace was reported as having been the Pacific Northwest͛s first low-rent housing project for senior citizens upon its completion. It was constructed by contractor Nelse Mortensen & Company at a cost of $659,925 and designed by the architectural firm Stoddard-Huggard & Associates (Stoddard-Huggard & Associates 1961; The Seattle Times 1962:33). Stoddard-Huggard & Associates is known to have designed several public housing projects for the Renton Housing Authority, including the Sunset Terrace public housing complex (1958-1959) and the Evergreen Terrace public housing complex (1967-1968). Architect Francis E. Huggard, principal of the firm, is credited with the design of Hillcrest Terrace. Huggard͛s design for Hillcrest Terrace incorporated modernist design elements to create compact housing units for elderly residents with focus on accessibility and privacy, while at the same time maximizing the establishment of bright, open living spaces and Property appears to meet criteria for the National Register of Historic Places:Yes Property is located in a potential historic district (National and/or local):Yes Property potentially contributes to a historic district (National and/or local):Yes Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 5 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: providing for a sense of community. Each housing unit was equipped with individual alarm systems for when someone might need help, illuminating a red light at the entrance; bathrooms were equipped with special grab bars and low tubs that had a seat; and entrances and hallways were specifically designed with wheelchair accessibility in mind (The Seattle Times, 1963:41). In achieving these goals, the architecture appears to have involved an evolution of low-rent housing design away from the influences of the Garden City movement and the characteristics of garden style apartment construction, which had predominated in most prior public housing projects in the Seattle area (and the western United States) through the 1940s and 1950s. For example, in comparison to the Sunset Terrace public housing complex (located less than a mile south of Hillcrest Terrace and designed by Stoddard-Huggard & Associates in 1958-1959) the Hillcrest Terrace public housing complex has a strikingly different arrangement of housing units around open courtyards and other public spaces. Whereas the Sunset Terrace public housing complex contained traditional one and two- story Garden style apartment blocks, each building of the Hillcrest Terrace public housing complex contains 16 housing units set in compact groups of eight around two central, open courtyards. From above, this configuration provides each building the appearance of a figure eight plan. The plan actually consists of small blocks united by a common roof. The housing units are oriented at varied angles towards the buildings͛interior and exterior spaces to maximize privacy in a smaller space. Four units open to each courtyard, with the rest opening outward. The units themselves are set in groups of two and four, separated by covered walkways and corridors to create physical separation between the units, while adequately sheltering them from the sun and weather. The connecting corridors also help create pleasant, usable outdoor space for the building ͛s residents. Each unit has an open patio, shared with a neighboring unit, accessed by a large sliding glass door and windows, and the courtyards serve as secure communal recreation areas. In addition, the buildings incorporate materials that typified the practicality and efficiency of Modern style construction at the time, including platform frame construction with brick-veneer walls, concrete slab foundations, and interior plasterboard ceilings and walls (The Seattle Times 1962:33). The Renton Housing Authority removed the original fenestration at Hillcrest Terrace with new vinyl doors and windows in 2009. The original door and window openings were not altered. Other changes have included the installation of new roofing in 2005, enclosing the buildings͛soffits, and upgrading the cabinets, vertical furnaces, and floors in the housing unit interiors. The property has been evaluated according to the eligibility criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The Hillcrest Terrace public housing complex resulted from federal investment in public housing during the postwar period and is associated with a recognized Seattle architect. Based on our review, the property is considered eligible for the NRHP as a contributor to a possible NRHP-eligible historic district encompassing the entire Hillcrest Terrace public housing complex under criterion C at the local level of significance. The Hillcrest Terrace public housing complex is considered a unique example of the Modern style in an early 1960s public housing complex and embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type and style of construction. Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 6 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: Physical description:The property contains a one-story 16 unit apartment building constructed as part of the Hillcrest Terrace public housing complex in 1962-1963. It is one of four nearly identical buildings in the complex. The building has a north-south orientation, facing west, and consists of platform frame wood construction on a poured concrete slab foundation. It is largely characterized by its figure eight plan formed by the placement of housing units around two central, open courtyards, all sharing a common low-pitch gable roof. The roof is covered with composition membrane roofing and features wide overhanging eaves at every other elevation of its 16-sided design. The building͛s exterior walls are clad with an original cascade brick veneer. The housing units are set in groups of two and four and oriented at varied angles towards the buildings͛interior and exterior spaces. Four units open to each courtyard, with the rest opening outward. Each group of units is separated by covered open corridors with poured concrete walks that help to create physical separation between the units. Each unit also has an open patio, shared with a neighboring unit, recessed beneath the roof͛s wide overhang. The patios feature slender metal support posts and poured concrete floors, and are accessed from each unit by a large sliding glass doors. Regularly spaced, window openings punctuate the other elevations. The window openings vary in size and feature soldier-course brick sills. The fenestration consists of non-original vinyl sliding windows and sliding doors in original openings. The original windows and doors were replaced in 2009. At the building͛s west elevation, an entrance courtyard is formed by a low, brick capped masonry wall. A break in the wall͛s center creates a formal entry to the building, which is defined by free- standing lamp posts set on brick masonry pillars and a simple, free-standing arch over the entrance. The arch is constructed from pairs of slender wood posts and cross beams and has signs displaying the name ͞Hillcrest Terrace͟and the building͛s unit numbers. Bibliography:Hanchett, Thomas W. The Other 'Subsidized Housing': Federal Aid to Suburbanization, 1940-1960s. In From Tenements to the Taylor Homes; In Search of an Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth-Century American. John F. Bauman, Roger Biles, Kristin M. Szylvian, eds. Pp. 163-179. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2000. Howard, Ebenezer. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd., 1902. Karolak, Eric J. No Idea of Doing Anything Wonderful: The Labor-Crisis Origins of National Housing Policy and the Reconstruction of the Working-Class Community, 1917-1919. In From Tenemants to the Taylor Homes; In Search of an Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth-Century American. John F. Bauman, Roger Biles, Kristin M. Szylvian, eds. pp. 60-80. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2000. Lord, Tom Forrester. Decent Housing: A Promise to Keep. Federal Housing Policy and its Impact on the City. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company, Inc., 1977. Madison, Charles A. Preface. In How the Other Half Lives. Jacob A. Riis. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1971. Rabinowitz, Alan. Urban Economics and Land Use in America: The Transformation of Cities in the Twentieth Century. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2004. The Seattle Times, Housing Units to Cost $659,925. 10 June 1962, Seattle, WA. __________. For Senior Citizens: $659,925 Project Opens. 9 June 1963, Seattle, WA. StoddardʹHuggard & Associates. Housing Authority of the City of Renton: Project Washington 11-2, Hillcrest Terrace, Renton Highlands, Renton, Washington. Construction Plans. 27 December 1961. On file with Renton Housing Authority, Renton, WA. Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 7 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: Monday, June 25, 2018 Page 8 of 8 Historic Property Report Hillcrest Terrace Public Housing Complex 112569Resource Name:Property ID: